

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 

 K٪٧٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHW‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 

        K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

         K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
     K‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ W 
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ W
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W?
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬  J٢
K  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W?
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬K‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 K‫א‬W‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬،  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D
 J ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬D
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬D
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ D
 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ D
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬D
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Short circuit          ‫א‬ J١
 Open circuit          ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Grounding           ‫א‬ J٣
 Mechanical faults       ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Blown fuse         ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
Increased heat        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
  Low voltage         ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
High amperage        ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
Smoke           J٥

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Shocks ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
Blown fuse      ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Abnormal voltage reading      ‫א‬ K٢
Abnormal resistance reading     ‫א‬ K٣
  Shocks         ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 Abnormal circuit performance     K‫א‬ K٥
 Tripped ground-faultinterrupters  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  Periodic blown fuses or interrupters    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
KKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬chassis‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Noisy operation       ‫א‬ K١
Abnormal operation       K٢
  Visual clues         K٣
Circuit failure        ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 Trouble Shooter ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Integrated Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K15W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
Troubleshooting Methods
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Voltage measurement     ‫א‬ K١
 Amperage measurement      ‫א‬ K٢
 Resistance measurement       ‫א‬ K٣
Substitution‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 Bridging        K٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Heat      ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 Signal tracing       ‫א‬ K٧
Freezing     ‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
Components test ‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
Resold ring and adjusting      ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
Bypassing       EF‫ א‬K١١
 
KOscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ♦
Short ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcircuit
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Parallel‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K
 E٢{١‫א‬F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
Clamp-onE‫א‬FAmmeter‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 E٢{٢F‫א‬‫א‬Series‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 
 
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٢F
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Continuity‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 E٢{٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٣F
 
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬BridgingEF‫א‬
 E٢{٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KBridging‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٤F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
WFreezing‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Triggering
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Radio ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ♦
E٢{٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ receivers
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 K‫א‬WE٢{٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،Speaker ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
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K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  Data‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Testing electrical and electronic components
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
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Multimeter     ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
Mega ohmmeters     ‫♦ א‬
 Capacitor checkers     ‫א‬ ♦
Lamps tester   ♦
Transistor and diode tester   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
  Integrated circuits     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 KKKKKK ♦
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‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K،،W10 %١٠٠٠ Ω‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١١٠٠ ‫ و‬٩٠٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
E٢{٦F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 E٢{٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٧F
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫♦ א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣١‫א‬ ٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢{٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬         
   ٣‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬        
             
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٨F
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬K 1.6 V‫א‬1.5V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
 K1.5 V‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Speaker‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ K
 KµF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
Resistance measurement (ohmmeter) EF‫א‬ ƒ
 Capacitor checkers  ‫א‬ ƒ
Spark test ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Bridging‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 Substitution ‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.25µF‫א‬‫א‬
 KShort‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.25 µ F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
،K‫א‬10,000 Ω ‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K 
 KE‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢{٩FShorted‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٩F
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ Spark Test‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.10F
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٠F
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
EFEFE٢{١١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DigitalVoltmeter (DVM)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFE٢{١١F
 

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFE٢{١١F
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EΩF‫א‬‫א‬
 K1/50
 
 
NPN ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
E٢{١٢FKPNP
 K(Collector) C‫א‬(EmitterFE‫א‬،(BaseFB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
N P N P N P

ECE  C    
B    B

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٢F
 
 KE،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{١٣‫א‬F
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬       
 
 
 
 
 
         
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K ‫א‬NPN‫א‬
 E 2.14F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .(2.15‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٥F
‫א‬ FET( field effect transistor )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  E PNP ‫ و‬NPN F

  ‫א‬‫א‬ drain - gate-source ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
 E2.16FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N and P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٦F
 

‫א‬‫א‬Diode junction  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Forward-biased‫א‬‫א‬Reverse-biased
K ‫א‬K‫א‬
KJunction-gate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

JFET( junction-field-effect transistor)‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢{١٧F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 

 KJEFT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٧F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢{١٩٢{١٨F MOSFET‫א‬ ♦
 
 
 
 
 
 

 KMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٨F 
 
 
 
 
KMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{١٩F

 
E٢{١٩F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬E٢{٢٠‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
15KΩ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬WE٢{٢٠F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،RX 10000 Ω‫א‬K‫א‬ 
،1 M Ω ‫ﻣ ﻦ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،SCR 0Ω‫א‬
 .O Ω‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 KSCR‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٢١F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Integrated Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Dual-In-line‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFlat Type‫א‬‫א‬،Round Type‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

.
KKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Use of senses        ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
Heating and freezing    K٢
Voltage check ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 Capacitor bypass  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
Substitution      ‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
Logic pulse probe ‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫؟‬‫؟‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K(2.22F

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.22F
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Pulses and levels‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(LED'S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E٢{٢٣F

 
 

 
 
 
 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٢٣F

 
 
 KKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 

- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKW
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
FK ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKE‫א‬F
 
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 Electronic Test Instruments
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.International Standardization ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Traceability‫א‬،Reliability
،Durability‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Calibration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،.Accuracy and performance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Readout and display‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

  W‫א‬‫א‬E،،‫א‬F
Multimeter (Ohm -Amper –Volt)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{٢٤F
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٢٤F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Digital Multimeter(DMM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 

 KDMM‫א‬WE٢{٢٥F
 
 
 
 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Kpeak- to-peak voltage ‫א‬
 KE٢{٢٦FKKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٢٦F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬IntensityW‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬Focus W‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬Vertical center controlW ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Horizontal center controlW

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ Vertical gainW‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K‫א‬. Horizontal gain : ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Sweep controlW‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Sync. Selector W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬Z-axiszW  J٩
K‫א‬ Calibration scaleW‫א‬ J١٠
 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kintensity, focus and sync ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬scopeEF  J٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
KSharp trace
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K‫א‬ 6.3 V  J٦
‫א‬1.8‫א‬،١٨9 V6.3  J٧
KE2.4FK‫א‬Division
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
KSet up ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩

‫א‬Vertical attenuator‫א‬‫א‬K 10‫א‬

 WDivisions‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK(10:1)(1:10)
 
E ‫א‬F‫א‬Internal calibrator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K1scope
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSelf setup and adjusting‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Low-capacitance probe‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Demodulation
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Bandwidth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTriggering‫א‬،rise time‫א‬
 K100 MHz10MHz ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Specialized Test Instruments‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Transistor tester        ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Capacitor tester        ‫א‬ K٢
Frequency tester         ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Signal generator        ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 Mega ohmmeter       ‫א‬ K٥
Volt tester        ‫א‬ K٦
 Clamp-on ammeter      ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  Neon voltage tester       ‫א‬ K٨
Lamp tester        ‫א‬ K٩
Digital logic pulsar     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
Digital logic prob ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K١١
Logic troubleshooter kit   ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 K K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Leakage‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٢٧F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢{٢٨FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬WE٢{٢٨F
 E 2.29F600110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬WE2.29F
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2.30‫א‬F
 K‫א‬ 2000‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٣٠F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

KE 2.31FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE2.31F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K(2.32FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 K‫א‬ : (2.32)
 
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٣٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 KHigh or Low‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢{٣٣F
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2.34‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLCD
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 K‫א‬: (2.34) 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E2.35‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 K‫א‬W(2.35)
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2.36‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 MHZSampling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KReal time‫א‬
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 KW(2.36)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
     ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
     ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ ‫א‬
     ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
     ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K٥
     ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
     ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧  
     10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
   ١٠ ‫א‬
 
   
 ١٠
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   ‫א‬ ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٤
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٤
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٥
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EKKKK، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
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1. Daniel R.Tomal, Neal S. Widmer, Electronic Trouble Shooting, SECOND
EDITION
2. Floyd, Principles of Electric Circuits, SIXTH EDITION

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