Professional Documents
Culture Documents
KINDS OF TEXT
Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided
into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical
exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news
item. These variations are known as GENRES.
TEXT GENRES:
1. Procedure
2. Recount
3. .Narrative
4. Description
5. News Item
6. Report
7. Analytical Exposition
8. Spoof
9. Hortatory Exposition
10. Explanation
11. Discussion
12. Review
1). PROCEDURE
Purpose of text : to explain how something can be done such as directions, recipes,
instruction manual, and itineraries.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
ü Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
ü Use of action verbs (turn, put)
ü Use of connectives(first, then, finally)
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)
Language features:
ü Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
ü Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
ü Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
ü Use of adverbial phrases
ü Use of adjective ( The smart remarks and a bald head)
Travelling
Mr. and Mrs. Charly were on a tour to Europe. They were travelling on a guided tour
to five countries. They were going to travel through The Netherland, Belgium, Germany,
Switzerland, and France for two weeks.
The guide for the tour was a Swiss. On the day of the travel the guide told them to check
their passports, their traveler cheques, and their foreign cash. He told them to keep them
safely.
They traveled in a comfortable coach with a toilet, music, and video. The guide
stopped the coach at many famous places. He explained the cultural importance of the
places. They stayed in big hotels for the night and ate in the restaurants.
On the way, they stopped at small inns to eat lunch. In big towns, they went for
shopping. They bought many souvenirs for their friends. They enjoyed the two-week tour.
3). NARRATIVE
Purpose of text : To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary
experience in different ways / to entertain the readers. Narrative always deals with some
problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features:
1. Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
2. Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
3. Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
4. Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
5. Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
THREE FISH
Once three fish lived in a pond. One evening, some fishermen passed by the pond and saw
the fish. “This pond is full of fish”, they told each other excitedly. “we have never fished here
before. We must come back tomorrow morning with our nets and catch these fish!” So
saying, the fishermen left.
When the eldest of the three fish heard this, he was troubled. He called the other
fish together and said, “Did you hear what the fishermen said? W must leave this pond at
once. The fishermen will return tomorrow and kill us all!” The second of the three fish
agreed. “You are right”, he said. “We must leave the pond.”
But the youngest fish laughed. “You are worrying without reason”, he said. “We have lived in
this pond all our lives, and no fisherman has ever come here. Why should these men return?
I am not going anywhere – my luck will keep me The eldest of the fish left the pond that very
evening with his entire family. The second fish saw the fishermen coming in the distance
early next morning and left the pond at once with all his family. The third fish refused to
leave even then.
The fishermen arrived and caught all the fish left in the pond. The third fish’s luck did
not help him – he was caught and killed.
4). DESCRIPTION
Purpose of text : To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure:
1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features:
ü Focus on specific participants
ü Use of attributive and identifying processes
ü Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
ü Use of the Simple Present Tense
5) NEWS ITEM
News item is a type of the text that has the main function or communicative purpose
to inform readers of listeners or viewer about events of the day that are considered
newsworthy or important. The generic structure of news item has elements as follows.
Purpose of text : To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the
event)
Language features:
ü Information on the use of head lines.
ü Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
ü Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
ü Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
ü Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
6). REPORT
Purpose of text : To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing,
animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization:
1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under
discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical apparts, qualities, habits/behaviour).
Language features:
ü Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
ü Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
ü Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
ü Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
ü Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s
position.)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary,
but each must be supported by discussion and evidence).
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented).
Language features:
ü Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
ü Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
ü Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
ü Usually present tense
ü Compound and complex sentences
Example of Analytical Exposition
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands
people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as
die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by
smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a
day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke
twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer
of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die
of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and
pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing
cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from
smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
8). SPOOF
Language features:
ü Emotive words: alarmed, worried
ü Words that qualify statements: usual probably
ü Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
ü Usually present tense
ü Compound and complex sentences
ü Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must
10) EXPLANATION
Purpose of text : To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural
or socio cultural phenomena.
Generic structure:
1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
3. Closing
Language features:
ü Focus on generic, non-human participants.
ü Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive
voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical
language.
11). DISCUSSION
Purpose of text : To present information and opinions about more than one side of
an issue (“for” points “against” points).
Generic structure:
1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation.
Language features:
ü Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
ü Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
ü Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
ü Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
ü Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
ü Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
ü Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
ü Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.
12). REVIEW
Purpose of text : To critique an art work or event for a public audience.
Generic structure:
1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist
of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the
art works being criticized.
Language features:
ü Focus on specific participants
ü Use of adjectives
ü Use of long and complex clauses
ü Use of metaphor
Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie,
TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.