Genre (Jenis Teks) Category 12 Genres

1. Procedure 2. Recount 3. Narrative 4. Description 5. News Item 6. Report 7. Analytical Exposition 8. Spoof 9. Hortatory Exposition 10. Explanation 11. Discussion 12. Review

1. PROCEDURE
Social function: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions. Text organization: 1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction) 2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions) 3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose) Language features : Use of imperative ( Cut.., Dont mix..) Use of action verbs (turn, put) Use of connectives(first, then, finally) Salah satu teks yang dipelajari di kelas X semester 1 adalah procedure. Kalian pasti punya barang-barang elektronik kan? Jika kalian amati, kalau kalian membeli handphone, pasti ada buku panduannya kan? Di dalam buku panduan tersebut berisi instruksi atau tata cara pengoperasian, contohnya: instruksi bagaimana mengirimkan pesan, megambil gambar, dan lainlain. Kalian juga pernah membaca buku resep masakan kan? Nah, di dalam resep masakan ada petunjuk bagaimana cara memasak sesuatu. Contoh lainnya, dalam melakukan suatu permainan, pasti ada petunjuknya. Sekarang kalian sudah mengerti betapa seringnya kita menggunakan teks procedure dlam kegiatan sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, kalian harus menguasai teks ini. Social Function : Help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instruction or directions. Text Organization: 1. Goal (The final purpose of doing the instructions) 2. Materials (Ingredients, utensils, equipments to do the instructions) 3. Steps (A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)

Contoh teks procedure: Recipe for French Toast You are going to need: 4 pieces of bread 1 spoon of sugar 2 eggs A quarter of a cup of milk Butter Pan Fork Bowl Before you start to cook, you have to read the recipe. Now you can get ready. After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter. When everything is ready, break the eggs, pour a quarter of the milk in the bowl, then add a small spoon of sugar. Mix the eggs, milk and sugar. Next, put a piece of bread in the bowl with the eggs, milk and sugar. Turn over the bread. Now, put some butter in the pan. Turn on the stove. When the pan is hot, take the bread out of the bowl and put it into the pan. After you cook one side of the bread, cook the other side. After you finish the first place of the bread, cook the other pieces. Now you have French toast!

2. RECOUNT
Social function: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events. Generic Structure: 1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Re-orientation ( optional closure of events) Language features: Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she) Use of action verbs in past (went, studied) Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo) Use of adverbial phrases Use of adjectives Have you ever been to Bali? How did you go there? How long did you stay there? What did you do there? Explain clearly. Well, to tell your experience is the purpose of recount. Jadi, kalau kalian ingin menceritakan pengalaman kalian kalian bisa menggunakan teks recount. Recount adalah jenis teks yang menceritakan pengalaman seseorang, selain itu juga teks yang menceritakan biografi seseorang secara detail. Dalam recount ada tiga bagian penting. Yang pertama adalah Orientation, yaitu pendahuluan yang berupa pengenalan tokoh. Biasanya berupa who, when, and where (siapa, kapan, dan kapan suatu peristiwa terjadi. Yang kedua adalah event, yaitu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi secara berurutan. Dan yang terkahir adalah Re-orientation, yaitu menjelaskan kesimpulan dari pengalaman yang diceritakan, apakah pengalaman tersebut menyedihkan, membahagiakan, atau mungkin menakutkan.

Contoh: My Day at the Beach (Orientation) Last week my friend and I were bored after three weeks of holidays, so we rode our bikes to Smith Beach, which is only five kilometers from where I live. When we arrived at the beach, we were surprised to see there was hardly anyone there. After having a quick dip in the ocean, which was really cold, we realized one reason there were not many people there. It was also quite windy. (Events) After we bought some hot chips at the takeaway store nearby, we rode our bikes down the beach for a while, on the hard, damp part of the sand. We had the wind behind us and, before we knew it, we were many miles down the beach. Before we made the long trip back, we decided to paddle our feet in the water for a while, and then sit down for a rest. While we were sitting on the beach, just chatting, it suddenly dawned on us that all the way back, we would be riding into the strong wind. (Re-orientation) When we finally made it back home, we were both totally exhausted! But we learned some good lessons that day.

3. NARRATIVE
Social function: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem. Generic Structure: 1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems) 3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem) Language features: 1. Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple) 2. Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago) 3. Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village) 4. Use of action verbs ( walked, slept) 5. Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

4. DESCRIPTION Social Function: To describe a particular person, place or thing. Generic Structure: 1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described) 2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics) Language features: Focus on specific participants Use of attributive and identifying processes Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups. Use of the Simple Present Tense

5. NEWS ITEM
Social function: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Generic structure: 1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form) 2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident) 3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event) Language features: Information on the use of head lines. Use of action verbs( hit, attack) Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed) Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004) Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured) NEWS ITEM text adalah jenis teks yang menceritakan mengenai suatu kejadian. Teks listening news item banyak kita temui di radio dalam acara berita tentunya dan juga untuk teks reading news item kita bisa membacanya di koran. Selain itu jika kita sering menonton program berita di televisi, artinya kita juga sedang menonton teks news item. News yang artinya berita, jenis teks ini memang bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi baik kepada pendengar, pembaca maupun penonton. Adapun susunan dari jenis teks ini adalah: 1. Newsworthy event (inti berita) 2. Background event (latar belakang berita) 3. Sources (sumber informasi) Teks News Item adalah teks yang cukup mudah untuk dibedakan, contohnya: Seven people were killed in a collision between a bus, a car and a truck on Jalan Sultan at 10:35 p.m. last night. The dead were all passengers of the car. The police believed the car had been trying to overtake the bus when it was struck by a truck coming from the opposite direction. The driver of the car might not be using his lights, as the truck driver said he did not see the car approaching. The police said the car should not have tried to pass the bus, since overtaking is not allowed on

Jalan Sultan. In addition, the police reported that the car, a small Japanese car, should not have been carrying more than five people. If the passengers had brought their identity cards, the police would have identified the names of the victims easily. Dari teks tersebut di atas, disebutkan dalam paragraph pertama bahwa ada kecelakaan yang terjadi, yang merupakan inti berita. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan penyebab kecelakaan, yaitu karena the car should not have tried to pass the bus, since overtaking is not allowed on Jalan Sultan. Ciri lainnya adalah adanya sumber The police said the car should not . Contoh kedua: Jakarta (JP). The number of people injured in the weekend earthquake in the Central Sulawesi capital of Palu reached 26. The earthquake, measuring 5,8 in the opened Ritcher Scale, also damaged or destroyed hundreds of buildings. So far no deaths have been reported. Only 3 of the 26 injured are still being treated at a government clinic. In the Sausu Trans village, the rest have returned home, Mohammad Haerollah, an official of the Central Sulawesi Office of the Ministry of Social Services, told the Jakarta Post yesterday. Officials at the meteorology and geophysics office in Palu said earlier that the epicenter was in the Gulf of Tomini, 32 kilometers east of Palu, at a depth of 32 kilometers. The office recorded 396 tremors between 5.30 p.m on Saturday and 12.00 a.m on Sunday. However, locals felt 47 of the tremors. Antara News Agency reported on Saturday that most of the casualties were adults, injured by collapsing structures. The agency also said, that victims were mainly residents of the Sausu, Suli, Torono, and Malakosa villages. Kalau kita analisa inti berita dari teks kedua adalah The number of people injured in the weekend earthquake in the Central Sulawesi capital of Palu reached 26. Latar belakangnya adalah most of the casualties were adults, injured by collapsing structures dan sumber beritanya adalah Officials at the meteorology and geophysics office in Palu said Antara News Agency reported. Genre: News Item Social function: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered

newsworthy or important. Generic structure: 1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form) 2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident) 3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event) Language features: Information on the use of head lines. Use of action verbs( hit, attack) Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed) Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004) Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

6. REPORT
Social function: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class. Text organization: 1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.) 2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour). Language features: Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer) Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg) Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun) Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen) Use of relating verbs (is, are, has) Its a little bit difficult to convey a text in form of Report. Lumayan agak susah kalau minta siswa tampil di depan untuk menyampaikan teks dalam bentuk Report. To make it easier, I ask them to create Pw. Pointnya. Before they do their assignment, I ask them to find the data from internet. Setelah itu mulai deh menulis. Beda siswa, beda temanya. Biar lebih creative of course. Setelah menulis, trus di edit by teacher, then ask them to create Pw. Point at home. The next day, all students are able to convey a monolog in form of Report. Kalau lupa dikit, kan bisa liat di Pw. Pointnya. Gampang kan There are so many questions about Report. Im going to to give you short explanation. hope youll understand easily. Well, its absolutely different between REPORT text and Laporan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Report as one of the genres that we learn does not mean laporan in Indonesia. So, what is a report text? Report means a text which describe things in general. Its a little bit different from descriptive text which describe specific thing. To tell the facts of the things described, the writer usually uses present simple tense. Kecuali bendanya sudah punah, seperti dinosaurus. Penulis

atau pembicara akan menggunakan simple past tense jika benda yang diceritakan sudah punah, alias dah jadul. Report text contains the class or subclass of the topic described, and then followed by telling the shape, parts, behaviour, etc in details. Kalian pasti pernah mendeskripsikan sesuatu, bisa berupa hewan, tumbuhan, benda, dan hal lain secara umum. Contoh nyata jika ada turis asing yang meminta kalian menjelaskan tentang karakteristik orang Indonesia, kalian pasti akan mendeskripsikan orang Indonesia secara umum bukan mendeskripsikan diri kamu sendiri tentunya. Atau dalam pelajaran Biologi, kalian biasanya mempelajari karakteristik hewan secara umum, baik itu kelasnya (classification) hingga mempelajari sifat-sifat hewan tersebut secara detail (description). Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita mengenal teks deskripsi. Namun dalam pelajaran bahasa Inggris teks deskripsi dibedakan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu descriptive dan report. Yang harus diingat adalah Report adalah jenis teks yang mendeskripsikan sesuatu secara umum. Beda dengan Descriptive yang mendeskripsikan sesuatu secara spesifik atau tertentu (alias cuma satu). Contoh: Ada dua teks tentang komputer yaitu Computer dan My Own Computer, kalau dilihat dari judulnya kedua teks tersebut beda jenis teksnya: Computer (Umum; jenis teksnya Report); My own computer (Khusus, kan cuma komputer saya, makanya jenis teksnya Descriptive). For example: For many years, many people believed that the cleverest animals after man were the chimpanzees. Now, however, there is proof that dolphins may be even cleverer than these big apes. Although a dolphin lives in the sea it is not a fish. It is a mammal. It is in many ways, therefore, like a human being. Dolphins have a simple language. They are able to talk to one another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talk to dolphins. But this will not be easy because dolphins cannot hear

the kind of sounds man can make. If man wants to talk to dolphins, therefore, he will have to make a third language which both he and the dolphins can understand. Dolphins are also very friendly toward man. They often follow ships. There are many stories about dolphins guiding ships through difficult and dangerous water. Text di atas menjelaskan tentang dolphin secara umum. Di paragraf kedua tercantum jelas bahwa dolphin belongs to mammal. Ini menjelaskan bahwa dophin termasuk ke dalam kelas mamalia. Di paragraf ketiga dan selanjutnya menjelaskan tentang kebiasaan dari dolphin secara umum. Contoh lain: A razor is a tool which is found in nearly every bathroom. A man who has thick hair on his face may have to shave twice a day. It is a habit which can be dangerous. For many years, a razor was a handle with a long piece of steel which was sharp and flat at one end. These razors had a long open blade. But todays razors are safer and more convenient to use. The thing which makes todays razor safe is that the blade is small thin sharp piece of steel. The person who invented razor blades was a man called King Gillette. He was a clever man who had many ideas for new inventions. He wanted to make a blade that was safe and which could be used several times. In 1891, he invented a new type of razor blade. It was short and it was held in a special handle. The sharp edge of the blade did not stick out very far. It was a razor which was safe to use. It was more difficult to cut yourself than with the older type of razor. Gillettes razor blade became popular. It was an invention which worked well and which everybody need because each blade only lasted 8 to 10 times. Gillette sold many of his new safety blades and soon became a millionaire. Teks di atas menceritakan tentang benda mati yaitu razor. Di paragraf awal menggambarkan tentang suatu alat berupa razor secara umum. Di paragraf berikutnya menjelaskan tentang bagian dan bentuk dari razor.

Its clear that both of the texts above describe things in general. Report teks biasanya kita temukan dalam buku-buku ilmiah, science khususnya. Social Function: Describe the way things are (for example: a man-made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class. Text organization/Generic Structure: 1. General classification (Introduce the topic of the report, such as: the class or the subclass) 2. Description (tell the shape/form, parts, behaviour, habitat, way of survival) Language Feature: 1. The use of general nouns 2. The use of relating verbs 3. The use of present tense 4. The use of behavioral verbs

Description VS Report
A little bit confused mempelajari teks description and report?? Dont worry, now youll read the difference between them. Check it out.

Description adalah jenis teks yang berisi uraian tentang sesuatu. To describe yang artinya menggambarkan, maka jenis teks ini menceritakan sesuatu dengan jelas, sehingga tanpa melihat objek yang diceritakan, pembaca atau pendengar seolah-olah bisa melihat dengan jelas objek tersebut. Hampir mirip dengan teks bergenre REPORT. Namun tentu saja ada perbedaannya. Report menceritakan sesuatu secara umum, tetapi teks Descriptive hanya menceritakan satu objek tertentu.

Coba perhatikan contoh teks berikut:

Text 1 I have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie. It is a Chinese breed. It is small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur feels soft. Brownie doesnt like bones. Everyday it eats soft food like steamed rice, fish or bread. (Bergenre DESCRIPTIVE karena menceritakan tentang seekor anjing yang bernama Brownie) Text 2 A kangaroo is an animal found only n Australia, although is has a small relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island in Tasmania and also in New Guinea.(Bergenre REPORT karena menceritakan tentang Kangaroo secara umum) Coba perhatikan lagi contoh berikut: CAT belongs to mammal (report) MY CAT has thick fur. (descriptive)

Perhatikan juga susunan berikut: Genre : Descriptive Social Function : To describe a particular person, place, or thing Generic Structure : 1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described) 2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics) Bandingkan dengan: Genre : Report Social Function : To describe the way things are (for example a man-made thing, animals, plants). Text organization : 1. General Classification (Introduce the topic of the report such as: the class or the subclass) 2. Identification (tell the shape/form, parts, behaviour, habitat, way of survival) Well, must be clear enough ya.

7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain. Generic Structure: 1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writers position.) 2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence). 3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented). Language features: Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried. Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore. Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences Kalian pasti sering beda pendapat dengan teman, kakak, atau bahkan dengan orang tua sendiri. Well, its okay to have different opinion. Dalam mengungkapkan pendapat, kalian pasti berusaha untuk meyakinkan lawan bicara agar mau mengikuti apa yang kalian inginkan. Makanya kalian juga akan memberikan argumen-argumen yang kuat untuk mendukung opini kalian sehingga lawan bicara bisa terpengaruh dan mengiyakan pendapat kalian. Kasus di atas erat kaitannya dengan salah satu jenis teks yaitu Analytical Exposition. Analytical Exposition is one of the genre which presents arguments. Jadi, untuk membedakan teks Analytical Exposition dengan teks lainnya adalah di lihat dari isi dan tujuannya. The social function is to persuade by presenting arguments. Tujuannya adalah untuk membujuk pendengar atau pembaca sehingga mereka mau mengikuti keinginan kalian. Teks ini berisi tentang argumen atau alasan. Jenis teks ini di awali dengan THESIS, yaitu pendapat kalian tentang suatu masalah. Biasanya di awali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, etc. Setelah kalian menuliskan

thesis atau pendapat, kalian harus menuliskan ARGUMENTS, yaitu argumen-argumen atau alasan-alasan yang disertai dengan fakta dan bukti-bukti yang relevan sehingga pendengar atau pembaca terpengaruh dengan argumen yang kalian kemukakan. Biasanya dimulai dengan Firstly, Nest, Third, The last, etc. Untuk mengakhiri teks, kalian harus menuliskan REITERATION, yaitu simpulan dari thesis dan arguments yang telah kalian bicarakan sebelumnya. Kalian bisa mengungkapkannya melalui kalimat In my conclusion, To conclude, From the facts above, we can conclude that, etc. Contoh: I personally think learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning. Firstly, the song stuck in my head Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-andlong term memory. Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample. Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types dont have precise people, place or time reference. In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.

Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture. From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun. Coba perhatikan teks di atas. Kalian pasti sudah tau kan yang mana thesis, argument dan reiteration. I personally think (thesis) Firstly, Secondly, Furthermore, In addition, Last but not least (arguments) From the elaboration above (reiteration)

8. SPOOF
Social function: To tell an event with a humorous twist. Generic structure: 1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story) Language features: Use of connectives (first, then, finally) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village) Teks bergenre spoof berisi tentang cerita lucu. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, you or your friends pasti suka mendengar cerita lucu, dalam bahasa Indonesia kita mengenal anekdot. Biasanya kita menemukan teks spoof di koran, atau dari cerita teman sendiri. Banyak siswa yang menyamakan cerita lucu dengan aktivitas yang bisa membuat orang tertawa seperti terpeleset di depan umum, salah kostum, dsb. Menurut saya aktivitas yang saya sebutkan terakhir adalah aktivitas yang memalukan bukan lucu. Lucu bukan berarti memalukan. Dalam membuat teks spoof, kalian harus bisa bermain kata-kata sehingga bisa menghasilkan suatu cerita lucu. I think spoof bisa diartikan sebagai suatu cerita yang unpredictable, dimana kejadian lucu itu sendiri disajikan hanya di akhir cerita. Beda tentu jika kita menonton film lawak yang dari awal sampai akhir menyajikan peristiwa yang lucu. Spoof di awali dengan ORIENTATION, yaitu pengenalan tokoh, tempat, dan waktu. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan EVENT, yaitu urutan kejadian secara detail. Lalu di akhiri dengan TWIST, yaitu bagian terlucu. Contoh: Last week I took my five-year old son, Willy, to a musical instrument store in my hometown. I wanted to buy him a set of junior drum because his drum teacher advised me to buy him one. Willy likes listening to music very much. He also likes asking me everything he wants

to know. Even his questions sometimes seem precocious for a boy of his age. He is very inquisitive. We went there by car. On the way, we saw a policeman standing near a traffic light regulating the passing cars and other vehicles. He blew his whistle now and then. Seeing the policeman blowing his whistle, Willy asked me at once, Dad, why is the policeman using a whistle, not a drum? Hearing his unexpected question I answered reluctantly, Because he is not Phil Collin!

9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case. Generic structure: 1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern) 2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation) 3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen) Language features: Emotive words: alarmed, worried Words that qualify statements: usual probably Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Hortatory Exposition
Pada semester sebelumnya kalian pasti sudah mengenal jenis teks analytical expostion, di semester ini kalian akan mempelajari jenis teks exposition yang lainnya, yaitu hortatory exposition. Teks hortatory exposition berisi tentang teks yang mengemukakan alasan-alasan dengan tujuan untuk membujuk pendengar atau pembaca agar mau mengikuti apa yang dikemukakan penulis. Dalam pelajaran bahasa Indonesia kita tentu sudah mengenal teks persuasi, yang sama isinya dengan teks hortatory. Teks hortatory di awali dengan Thesis, yaitu menuliskan opini penulis tentang suatu masalah. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan argumen, yaitu alasan-alasan yang mendukung pendapat penulis. Terakhir, menuliskan saran atau nasihat. Contoh Teks hortatory dalam bentuk surat: Dear Editor,

We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons. First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes. Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not. Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someones favourite. For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to peoples favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels. David Coba perhatikan teks di atas. Paragraf pertama berisi thesis, yang dilanjutkan dengan arguments (alasan) di paragraf 2, 3, dan 4. Paragraf ke 5 berisi tentang recommendation (saran). Isi dari paragraf terakhir inilah yang membedakan teks horatatory dan analytical.

Analytical VS Hortatory Exposition

Bingung cara membedakan teks analytical exposition dan hortatory exposition? Dont worry its so easy. Study the followings ya Sebelum kita mengetahui perbedaan teks analytical dan hortatory, mari kita mengenal persamaan dari kedua teks ini. Teks exposition dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu analytical exposition dan hortatory exposition. Exposition adalah jenis teks yang berisi tentang argumen-argumen tentang suatu topik. Dalam menulis teks ini, penulis perlu mencari sumber informasi agar argumen yang

dikemukakan cukup kuat untuk mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita bisa menemukan teks exposition dalam diskusi, pidato, iklan, surat, dsb. Contohnya, ada seorang teman yang merokok, kita bisa saja memberikan pendapat kita bahwa merokok itu tidak baik. So the thesis is Smoking is not good for your health. Kemudian kita akan memberikan alasan-alasan mengapa merokok itu tidak baik, so we tell the arguments that support our thesis. The social function of exposition is to persuade the reader or listener. So the difference is.. Study the text organization of analytical exposition below. Ada 3 tahapan dalam teks analytical, yaitu: 1. Thesis, berisi tentang suatu pernyataan tentang permasalahan tertentu. Biasanya diawali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, dll. 2. Arguments, berisi tentang alasan-alasan untuk medukung Thesis yang dikemukakan. Diawali dengan kata, atau f rase First, Second, Furthermore, In addition, The last, dll. 3. Reiteration, berisi tentang simpulan dari Thesis, dan Arguments yang dikemukakan. Kata-kata yang digunakan biasanya In my conclusion, Based on the arguments above, dll Perbedaan Analytical Exposition dan Hortatory Exposition terletak di paragraf terakhir. Dalam penulisan Hortatory juga ada 3 bagian, yaitu: 1. Thesis, berisi tentang suatu pernyataan tentang permasalahan tertentu. Biasanya diawali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, dll. 2. Arguments, berisi tentang alasan-alasan untuk medukung Thesis yang dikemukakan. Diawali dengan kata, atau f rase First, Second, Furthermore, In addition, The last, dll. 3. Recommendation, berisi tentang saran dari penulis atas Thesis dan Arguments yang dikemukakan. Biasanya ada kata-kata should, should not, ought to, ought not to, dll. For example:

Text 1 Smoking in restaurants Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude, harmful to others and dangerous for the smokers. Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul smelling smoke. Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do to others. Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to asthma attacks and even cancer. Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause heart and lung disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants. Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants. Text 2 Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc. A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration. Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive. Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight. Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips: 1. Limit television viewing to 1 2 hours each day 2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms 3. Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch 4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show

Kedua teks di atas hampir sama, perbedaannya hanya ada di paragraf terakhir. Coba perhatikan paragraf terakhir pada teks 1 yang hanya berisi simpulan tidak ada saran. Memang ada kata shouldnt be allowed in the restaurants, namun itu bukan saran melainkan penguatan dari thesis. Perhatikan lagi thesisnya It must be allowed because Bandingkan dengan paragraf terakhir pada teks kedua yang berisi saran melalui empat tips yang harus dilakukan to protect the children. Clear right?

10 EXPLANATION
Social function: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena. Generic structure: 1. A general statement to position the reader 2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs. 3. Closing Language features: Focus on generic, non-human participants. Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language. Masih ingat teks procedure kan? Itu loh, teks yang membahas tentang resep masakan, tata cara pengoperasian suatu benda, atau aturan permainan. Trus.. apa ada hubungan antara teks procedure dengan teks explanation. Jawabnya pasti ada. Persamaannya yaitu keduanya membahas tentang cara-cara membuat sesuatu. Trus Apa dong bedanya? Perbedaannya teks procedure lebih simple. Namun teks explanation lebih ilmiah. Genre: Explanation Social function: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena. Generic structure: 1. A general statement to position the reader 2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs. 3. Closing Contoh: Bread Almost everyone eats bread daily, especially for breakfast. Bread making is not a complicated task. You must have an oven, water, sugar, salt, flour and yeast. The basic ingredient is flour comes from wheat. There are two kinds of flour which is soft, and the hard one. Hard flour, made by Winter wheat, is better choice for making bread. Bread using hard flour

produces better texture and taste. Luke warm water is added to the flour to make dough. Yeast is a microscopic organism, the size may not be impressive but it is capable of producing carbon dioxide. It is also easy to use. Powered yeast needs only be dissolved in water to be used instantly. Yeast works best in the presence of sugar and warmth. Besides, encouraging yeast to grow quickly in the dough, sugar is added to give flour to the bread. Salt is added for the same purpose, to make the bread taste nice. However, it has the reverse effect on yeast, unlike sugar. The next ingredient is oil, olive oil, com oil, peanut oil and butter. It is essential for making the bread tender. After mixing with all these ingredients, the flour are hard beaten before sent to the oven. Teks di atas berisi tentang proses pembuatan roti. Coba bandingkan dengan contoh teks procedure berikut ini: Recipe for French Toast You are going to need: 4 pieces of bread 1 spoon of sugar 2 eggs A quarter of a cup of milk Butter Pan Fork Bowl Before you start to cook, you have to read the recipe. Now you can get ready. After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter. When everything is ready, break the eggs, pour a quarter of the milk in the bowl, then add a small spoon of sugar. Mix the eggs, milk and sugar. Next, put a piece of bread in the bowl with the eggs, milk and sugar. Turn over the bread. Now, put some butter in the pan. Turn on the stove. When the pan is hot, take the bread out of

the bowl and put it into the pan. After you cook one side of the bread, cook the other side. After you finish the first place of the bread, cook the other pieces. Now you have French toast! Teks di atas menerangkan tata cara membuat roti panggang. Well, kedua teks tersebut memang membahas tentang cara membuat roti. Namun kalau kalian perhatikan tata cara penulisannya berbeda. Teks yang pertama ditulis dengan menggunakan uraian kalimat yang disusun sedemikian ilmiah. Contohnya kalimat Yeast is a microscopic organism, the size may not be impressive but it is capable of producing carbon dioxide (dilihat dari kata-katanya, kesannya science banget kan..) Teks yang kedua ditulis dengan menggunakan kalimat perintah atau instruksi. Contohnya pada kalimat After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter.

11. DISCUSSION
Social function: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (for points against points) Generic structure: 1. Opening statement presenting the issue 2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons) 3. Concluding recommendation. Language features: Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc. Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc. Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc. Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc. Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc. Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc. Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc. Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

12. REVIEW
Social function: To critique an art work or event for a public audience. Generic structure: 1. Orientation ( background information on the text) 2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one. 3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot). 4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized. Language features: Focus on specific participants Use of adjectives Use of long and complex clauses Use of metaphor Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc. Salah satu teks yang mudah dibedakan dibandingkan teks lainnya adalah teks review. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kalian pasti pernah denger atau baca resensi buku, film, atau kaset. Nah, dalam bahasa Inggris kalian akan mempelajari juga resensi tersebut, cuma.. namanya diganti jadi review. Mudah kan? Yup.. review teks adalah teks yang membahas mengenai resensi baik buku, film, kaset, dan sebagainya. Genre: Review Social function: To criticize an art work or event for a public audience. Generic structure: 1. Orientation ( background information on the text) 2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one. 3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).

4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized. Contoh: Cinta (Dian Sastrowardoyo) is a beautiful, smart and confident seventeen year old. Born in a loving family, surrounded by caring and supporting friends. Cinta seems to have everything in the world. She has four best friends, Milly (Sissy Pricillia), Karmen (Adinia Wirasti), Alya (Ladya Cheryl), and Maura(Titi Kamal) who always protect her. Shes also the object of Bornes affection, the most eligible boyfriend at school. But things are starting to change when Cinta meets Rangga (Nicholas saputra), a cool and arrogant boy whose presence is never taken into account at school. The unpredictable character of Rangga has disturbed Cinta. It creates a new and unfamiliar sensation which leads Cinta into a new and strange world. The next thing she knows, she has fallen in love with someone who has a very different character and comes from a very different world. Bit by bit, Cinta starts to change. She becomes a new person, a stranger to her friends and even to herself. She doesnt understand what has happened, let alone her friends.