‘ned gTu’ f.ngh.j.

cau;jug; guPl;ir – 2022

,urhadf; fUj;juq;F

1. (a) fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s %yfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspf;Ff.

Cl, Ba, S, Mn, N, P, Cr, Al

(i) maNlhkhd epakpg;gpy; Na2SO3 cld; njhlu;Ggl;L Nru;itia cz;lhf;Fk;

%yfk; / %yfq;fs; ..............................................

(ii) xNu xl;rpNaw;wepiyapy; NtWgl;l epwq;fisf; nfhz;l ,U xl;rp

md;dad;fis cUthf;Ffpd;w %yfk; %yfq;fs; ..............................................

(iii) ePUld; jhf;fKw;W ntspw;Wk; ,ay;Gila Nru;itiaf; nfhLf;Fk;

FNshiul;bid cUthf;Fk; %yfk; ..............................................

(iv) NaOH fiurYld; jhf;fKw;W vupgw;W thAit ntsptpLk; %yfk; / %yfq;fs;

..............................................

(v) kpfTk; xl;rpNaw;w epiyAilaJk;> mkpy %y <upay;Gila xl;irl;Lf;fis

cz;lhf;ff;$baJkhd %yfk; / %yfq;fs; ..............................................

(b) N3 MdJ CH3COCl cld; jhf;fk; Gupe;J CH3CON3 I cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. mjd;
mbg;gil fl;likg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) CHN gpizg;Gf;Nfhzk; mz;zsthf 118 vdTk>; N -- N gpizg;G ePsq;fs;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkdw;wit vdTk; nfhz;L> kpfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f
Y}apapd; fl;likg;ig tiuf.

(ii) ,f;fl;likg;gpw;Fupa tiuaf;$ba NkYk; ehd;F fl;likg;Gfis tiuf.

1
(c) H2O3PN2 Xu; md;dadhFk;. ,J mkpy ,ay;ig ntspf;fhl;Lk.; mjd;
rhj;jpakhd Y}apapd; fl;likg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

(i) fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

O1 N2 N3 P4
VSEPR Nrhbfs;
,yj;jpud; Nrhbf; Nfj;jpufzpjk;
tbtk;
fyg;Gepiy

(ii) gpd;tUk; xt;nthd;wpdJk; mz;zsthd gpizg;Gf; Nfhzq;fisj; jUf.

I. HON : ……………………………………………………………………
II. ONN : ……………………………………………………………………
III. NNP : ……………………………………………………………………
IV. NPO : ……………………………………………………………………
(d) gpd;tUk; xt;nthU $w;Wk; rupahdjh jtwhdjh vdf; Fwpg;gpLf. (fhuzq;fs;
mtrpakpy;iy.
(i) LiN3, NaN3 Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cWjpahd %yf;$WfshFk;. ( )
(ii) ,uz;lhk; $l;l %yf Ijnuhl;irl;Lf;fspd; fiujpwd; $l;lk;
topNa mjpfupg;gjw;F gpujhd fhuzk; fw;wadpd; ePNuw;wy;
ntg;gTs;Siw FiwtNj MFk;. ( )
(iii) CaCl2 I Nru;g;gjd; %yk; NaCl ,d; cUFepiy Fiwf;fg;gLk;. ( )
(iv) BeCO3,d; ntg;gg;gpupif CaCO3 ,Yk; ghu;ff
; ,yFthfpd;wJ. ( )

2
 (e) fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

Sodium
ngau; Butane Diethyl ether n-butanol
n-butoxide
%yf;$w;Wr;
C4H10 C4H10O C4H7OH C4H7ONa
#j;jpuk;
%yf;$w;wpilj;
jhf;fk;

(i) ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; : gq;fPl;L tYg;gpizg;G> mad;gpizg;G> Ijurd; gpizg;G>

,UKidT - ,UKidT> fyg;G ,ilaPug ; ;Gfs;

(ii) NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ehd;F Nru;itfspdJk; nfhjpepiy mjpfupf;Fk; xOq;F

……………..……< ………………… < ………………… < ………….………

2. (a) X, Y, Z Mfpa %d;W %yfq;fSk; 20 ,Yk; Fiwe;j mZntz;izAila

mLj;JtUk; ,U $l;lq;fisAk; ,U Mtu;j;jdq;fisAk; Nru;e;j %yfq;fshFk;.
mtw;wpd; jhf;Fjpwd; Z < X < Y mZMiu Y < Z < X, kpd;ndjpu;j;jd;ik X < Z <
Y MFk;. Y MdJ IjurDld; cUthf;fg;gLk; Nru;it xd;W #upa xsp
Kd;dpiyapy; gpupifailaf;$baJ. X ck; Z ck; xNu $l;lj;ijNah xNu
Mtu;j;jdj;ijNah rhuhjit.

(i) X, Y, Z Mfpa %yfq;fis ,dq;fhz;f.

X : .................................. Y : .................................. Z : ..................................

(ii) I. Z MdJ Y cld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J cUthf;Fk; %d;W Nru;itfs; njhlu;ghd

gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

xl;rpNaw;w epiy Nru;it %yf;$w;Wr;#j;jpuk;

3
 II. Z ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; xl;rpakpyk; xd;W ,Utoptpfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;L
epwKila thA xd;iwj; jUk;. ,j;jhf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;nra;j ,urhadr;
rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

.......................................................................................................................................................
III. fhgdpw;Fk; Z,dhy; cUthf;Fk; nrwpe;j xl;rpakpyk; xd;Wf;Fk;
,ilapyhd jhf;fj;jpd; <Lnra;j ,urhadr; rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

.......................................................................................................................................................

IV. Z ,d; kpf mjpfstpy; fpilf;Fk; ,dk; Fiwe;j jhf;FjpwDilaJ

Vndd tpsf;Ff.

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

(iii) X MdJ IjurDld; Nru;it A I cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. Y MdJ IjurDld;

B, D vd;Dk; ,U Nru;itfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. Y ,d; xl;rpNaw;w vz; B
,Yk; ghu;ff
; D ,y; cau;T

I. A, B, D Mfpatw;wpd; ,urhadr; #j;jpuq;fis vOJf.

A : ............................. B : ............................. D : ............................................

II. A, B, D Mfpatw;wpd; fl;likg;Gfis tiue;J mtw;wpd; mz;zsthd

gpizg;Gf;Nfhzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
.

III. NkNy ePu; tiue;j %tZ %yf;$Wfspd; gpizg;Gf;Nfhzq;fspd; khwiy

tpsf;Ff.

…………………………………………………………………………….........
…………………………………………………………………………….........
…………………………………………………………………………….........
…………………………………………………………………………….........

4
 IV. A ,w;Fk; Ijhd NaOH ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd jhf;fj;jpd; rkg;gLj;jpa
,urhadr; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.

…………………………………………………………………………….........
…………………………………………………………………………….........
V. A, B, D Mfpatw;wpy; xd;W #upa Kd;dpiyapy; ,Utoptpfhuj;jpw;Fl;
gLfpd;w jhf;fj;jpd; rkd;nra;j rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

…………………………………………………………………………….........

VI. A, B Mfpa Nru;itfspd; gad;ghL xt;nthd;W tPjk; Fwpg;gpLf.

…………………………………………………………………………….........

…………………………………………………………………………….........

(iv) X ,d; xl;rpakpyk; E MdJ gpupifaile;J X ,d; Nru;itfisj; jUfpd;wJ.

I. E ,d; ngau; vd;d?

…………………………………………………………………………….........

II. E ,d; fl;likg;ig tiuf.

III. rk;ge;jg;gl;l jhf;fj;jpd; rkg;gLj;jpa ,urhadr; rkd;ghlil vOJf.

......................................................................................................................................................
IV. E ,d; md;daidf; nfhz;l fiuryhdJ Ma;T$l epakpg;gpy;;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mj;jhf;fj;jpid vOJf.

......................................................................................................................................................

5
 (b) (i) %d;whk; Mtu;j;jd %yfq;fs; mtw;wpd; cau;e;j xl;rpNaw;wepiyapy;
cUthfpd;w xl;irl;Lfspd; #j;jpuq;fis vOjp mtw;wpd; mkpy - %y
,ay;gpid xg;gpLf.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l xl;irl;Lfs; ePUld; GupAk; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd rkg;gLj;jpa

,urhadr; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. (a) 25°C ,y; Ma;T$lj;jpy; Ca(OH)2 ,d; fiujpwidj; Jzptjw;fhf gpd;tUk;

eilKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Kfitnahd;wpy; 0.060 moldm3 NaOH fiurypd;
100.0 cm3 gFjpnahd;W vLf;fg;gl;L mjpy kpif Ca(OH)2 MdJ fiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;fiurypypUe;J 25.00 cm3 gFjpnahd;W vLf;fg;gl;L nghUj;jkhd
fhl;bnahd;wpd; Kd;dpiyapy; 0.10 moldm HCl fiurypdhy; epakpj;j NghJ
3

Efug;gl;l HCl ,d; fdtsT 15.00 cm3 MFk;.

(i) epakpg;gpd; KbTg;Gs;spapy; epwkhw;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Nkw;gb fiuryhd Ca(OH)2 ,dhy; epuk;gyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij vt;thW

cWjpg;gLj;JtPu;?

………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii) 25°C ,y; Ca(OH)2 fiujpwd; ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitia vOJf.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

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 (iv) 25°C ,y; Ca(OH)2 ,d; fiujpwd; ngUf;fj;ijf; fzpf;f.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
(v) NaOH fiurypy; Ca(OH)2 ,d; fiujpwid mgdm3 ,y; fzpf;f.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(vi) NaOH fiurypy; Ca(OH)2 ,d; fiujpwidtpl ePu;f;fiurypy; Ca(OH)2 ,d;

fiujpwd; cau;thdJ Vd; vd tpsf;Ff.
………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(vii) ,Nj eilKiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Al(OH)3 ,d; fiujpwidj; JzpaKbAk; vd

tpsf;Ff.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) M vd;Dk; J}a gjhu;j;jj;jpd; mtj;ij tiuglk; xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. M

,d; Kk;ikg;Gs;spAk; mjw;fhd mKf;fKk; KiwNa 217 K, 511 bar MFk;.

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 (i) jpz;k mtj;ij - S, jput mtj;ij - l> Mtp mtj;ij - g > Kk;ikg;Gs;sp T
vd;gtw;iw NkNyAs;s tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;f.

(ii) gpd;tUk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gjhu;j;jk; M ,d; ngsjpf khw;wq;fis

tpgupf;f.
A; mKf;fj;jpid 1 bar ,y; Ngzpf;nfhz;L ntg;gepiy 150 K ,ypUe;J 300
K ,w;F cau;j;Jjy;.

......................................................................................................................................................

B; 10 bar mKf;fj;jpy; M ,d; mKf;fj;jpid khwhJ Ngzpf;nfhz;L

ntg;gepiyia 290K tiu cau;j;JJy;.

......................................................................................................................................................

C; 1 bar mKf;fj;jpYk; 298 K ntg;gepiyapYk;> ntg;gepiyia khwhJ

itj;Jf; nfhz;L mKf;fj;jpid cau;j;Jjy;.

......................................................................................................................................................
(iii)ePupd; mtj;ij tiuglj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ M ,d; mtj;ij tiuglj;jpYs;s
jpz;k jput mtj;ijg;gpupNfhl;bd; gpujhd NtWghL ahJ?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. (a) A, B, C, D Mfpad CnH(2n1)Br (%yu;j;jpzpT = 135g mol1) IAila rf;fukw;w

Viyl;LfshFk;. A, B, C Mfpad Nfj;jpufzpj rkgFjpaj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk;
mNjNtis D xspapay; rkgFjpaj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk;. Kjy; Viyl;Lf;fs;.
Nfj;jpufzpj my;yJ xspapay; jpwdw;wit> mit epiyr; rkgFjpaq;fshFk;.
,d;ndhU Viyl;L E MdJ mw;fNfhy;Nru; KOH cld; ntg;gNkw;Wk;NghJ
gupTf;fl;likg;GfisAila ,U <d; (diene) Nru;itiaAk; F MdJ mNkhdpahNru;
AgNO3 cld; ntz;zpw tPo;gbitj; jUk;. A, B Mfpad HgSO4 / Ijhd H2SO4
cld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J cUthFk; tpisnghUl;fs; 2,4-DNP cld; nrk;kQ;rs;
tPo;gbitj; jUfpd;wd. (C = 12, H = 1, Br = 20)

8
I. A, B, C, D, E, F Mfpatw;wpd; fl;likg;Gfis tiuf.

II.
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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(b) A  D tiuahd Nru;itfspy; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,ay;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Nru;itapidj; njupT nra;f.

(a) ,yj;jpud; ehl;lg;gpujpaPl;Lj;jhf;fj;jpy; mjpf ehl;lk; fhl;Lk; Nru;it

(b) eypthd C -- Cl gpizg;igf; nfhz;l Nru;it

(c) 1-butene ,d; GNuhkpNdw;wj;jpw;fhd nghwpKiwia vOJf.

…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......

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5. (a) 500° ,w;F Nkw;gl;l ntg;gepiyapy; gpd;tUk; gpupifj; jhf;fk; eilngwf;$baJ.

MX2O4(s) 2MO(s) + XO2(g) + XO(g)

27°C ntg;gepiyapy; 4.157 dm3 fdtsTila ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; 8.0 g jpz;k MX2O4

MdJ Nru;ff ; g;gl;lJ. 527°C ,w;F ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;l 10 epkplq;fspy;
rkepiyahdJ milag;gl;lJ. rkepiyapy; XO(g) ,d; gFjpaKf;fk; 4 × 104 Pa
MFk;.
I. 527°C apy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw fzpf;f.
(i) njhFjpapy; rkepiyapYs;s XO, XO2 Mfpatw;wpd; %y; vz;zpf;if
(ii) rkepiyapy; XO(g) ,d; jpzpT (M = 40)
(iii) Nkw;gb jhf;fj;jpw;fhd KC, KP Mfpad.

II. 527°C ,y; ,Wjp mKf;fk; 12 × 104 Pa MFk;tiu 1.4 g MO(g) ck; rpwpjsT
XO2(g) ck; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. njhFjpapd; ntg;gepiyahdJ 727°C ,w;F
cau;j;jg;gLk;NghJ NkNy jug;gl;l rkepiyf;F Nkyjpfkhf gpd;tUk;
rkepiyAk; milag;gl;l ,e;epiyapy; XO2, XO Mfpatw;wpd; gFjpaKf;fq;fs;
KiwNa 4 × 104 Pa, 6 × 104 Pa MFk;.

XO2 + MO(s) MO3(s)

(a) 727°C apy; rkepiyapYs;s XO2, XO, MO Mfpatw;wpd; %y;

vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f.
(b) 727°C apy; KP, KC Mfpatw;iwf; fzpf;f.
(c) H ,idj; Jzpe;J mjd; FwpapidAk; (+ / ) Fwpg;gpLf.
(d) Neuj;Jld; XO ,dJk; XO2 ,dJk; %y; vz;zpf;ifapd; khwiyf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhd tiunghd;iw tiuf.

III. 727°C apy; cNyhfk; N MdJ njhFjpapy; Nru;ff

; g;gl;lNghJ gpd;tUk;
rkepiyj; jhf;fkhdJ ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
N(s) + nXO(g) N(XO)n(g)

ntg;gepiyahdJ 127° ,w;F Fiwf;Fk;NghJ N(XO)n(g) ,d; nrwpT 1.5 × 103

moldm3 MfTk; nkhj;j mKf;fkhdJ 2.54 × 104 Pa MfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. n
,idj; Jzpf.

11
 (b) CaCO3(g) ,id ntg;gg;gpupif Xu; mfntg;gj;jhf;fkhFk;. ,j;jhf;fk; njhlu;ghd
rpy ntg;g ,urhadtpay; juTfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) CO2(g)

H°f (kJmol1) 1207 636 394
S° (Jmol1 K1) 93 40 213
10 dm3 fdtsTila tpiwj;j ghj;jpuk; xd;wpd; Nkw;gb rkepiy nra;ag;gl;ljhapd;
CO2(g) ,d; gFjpaKf;fj;jpid fzpf;f. 
  G = RT lnk (ln =2.303 log K); (K = rkepiy khwpyp)

6. (a) 25°C ,y; 0.10 moldm3 CH3NH2 ,d; 25.00 cm3 MdJ 0.10 moldm3 HCl ,id
epakpg;G nra;ag;gl;lNghJ pH ,y; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s tisapapy;
cs;sJ.

(i) 25°C ,y; CH3NH2(aq) ,y;; Kb If; fzpf;f.

(ii) miur;rktYg;Gs;spapy; pH ,y; Kb If; fzpf;f.
(iii) B, C Mfpa Gs;spfspy; pH ,y; Kb If; fzpf;f.
(iv) Nkw;gb epakpg;gpw;F nghUj;jkhd fhl;bia fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s gl;baypypUe;J
njupT nra;f.
P : 4.2 - 6.3
Q : 8.3 - 10.0
R : 3.0 - 4.6

12
(b) XNrhd; glykhdJ O2, O3 Mfpa ,UthAf;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; mit
,aw;ifapy; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Nkw;gb jhf;fk; Xu; Kjd;ikj; jhf;fkhf ,Ug;gJld; Kw;jhf;fj;jpw;Fk;>

gpw;jhf;fj;jpw;Fkhd Vtw;rf;jpfs; KiwNa 80 kJmol1, 100 kJmol1 MFk;.
(1) Kjd;ikj; jhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
(2) rf;jp tiuglnkhd;iw tiue;J (energy diagram) mjpy; jhf;fpfs;>
tpisnghUl;fs;> Vtg;gl;l rpf;fy;> Kw;jhf;fk;> gpw;jhf;fk; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd
Vtw;rf;jpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;f.
(3) CFC khrhdJ Cl cld; XNrhdpd; jhf;fj;jpid Cf;Ftpg;gJld; jhf;fk;
nghwpKiw gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
𝐶𝑙 ̇ + 𝑂3  𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑙 ̇ nkJthdJ
𝐶𝑙𝑂̇ + 𝑂3  𝐶𝑙 ̇ + 2𝑂2 tpiuthdJ
NkNy (3) ,y; tiue;j rf;jp tiuglj;jpy; ,j;jhf;fg; nghwpKiwf;fhd rf;jp
tiuglj;ijAk; tiue;J pH ,idf; fzpf;f.

(c) T K ,y; V fdtsTila tpiwj;j ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; thA A ,d; Fwp msthdJ

vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; gupNrhjidj; juTfs; ngwg;gl;ld.
2A 2B + C

Muk;g mKf;fk; 100s ,d; gpd;

gupNrhjid
(P )0 mKf;fk; (P1)
1 8.2 × 103 10.68 × 103
2 10 × 103 13 × 103
(1) gFjpaKf;fk;> ntg;gepiy Mfpa thA khwpypf;F vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
nrwpTf;Nfhit xd;iw vOJf.
(2) P0, P1 Mfpa rhu;ghf thA C ,d; gFjp mKf;fk; PC ,w;fhd Nfhit xd;iw
vOJf. (100 s ,d; gpd;du;)
(3) thA A njhlu;ghd tupir n vdpd; P0, P1, n, k Mfpatw;wpd; rhu;ghf tPjtpjpf;fhd
Nfhitnahd;iw vOJf.
(4) ,jpypUe;J n ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fzpf;f.
(5) Nkw;gb fzpg;GfSld; njhlu;Ggl;l vLNfhs;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

13
7. (a) (i) fyky; kpd;thapid tiue;J Fwpf;f.
(ii) epak kpd;dpurhadf; fynkhd;wpd; tiuglk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

I. Nkw;gb fyj;jpd; xl;rpNaw;w miuj;jhf;fj;ij vOJf.

II. Nkw;gb fyj;jpd; jho;j;jy; miuj;jhf;fj;ij vOJf.
III. fyj;jhf;fj;jpid vOJf.
IV. Nkw;gb fyj;jpd; epak kpd;dpaf;ftpiriaf; fzpf;f.
V. fyf;FwpaPl;bid vOJf.
VI. KCl ,d; nrwpthdJ NkNy fzpf;fg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;f tpirapy; vt;thW
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; vd RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
VII. Nkw;gb fyj;jpypUe;J 25°C ,y; 80 epkplq;fSf;F 0.15A vd;Dk; khwh
(guNlapd; khwpyp 96500 Cmol1, Cl = 35.5, Hg = 200)
VIII.gFjp (VII),y; Xl;lk; ngwg;gl;l gpd;du; Hg2Cl2(s) ,d; jpzptpy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wk; gw;wp fUj;Jj;; njuptpf;f.
IX. 80 epkplq;fspy; Cl,d; nrwpT ahjhapUf;Fk;?

(b) S vd;gJ Nru;it B ,d; epwkw;w fiuryhFk;. ,f;fiurYf;F ePiur; Nru;fF; k;

NghJ njspthd ntz;zpw tPo;gbT P cUthfpaJ. ,t;to P ;gbT> nrwp HCl ,y;
fiue;J xU njspthd fiuriy cUthfpaJ. S ,d; Ijhd fiurnyhd;wpw;F
H2S thAitr; nrYj;Jk;NghJ fWg;G epw tPo;gbT Q cUthfpaJ. Ijhd HCl
,y; Q MdJ fiue;J epwkw;w fiurnyhd;iwAk; epwkw;w thA xd;iwAk;
cUthf;fpaJ. B ,d; fiuryhdJ Pb(NO3)2 cld; gupfupf;fg;gLk;NghJ xU
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT R cUthfpd;wJ. ntg;gNkw;Wk;NghJ ,t;to P ;gbT fiue;J xU
njspthd fiury; ngwg;gl;lJ. tPo;gbT R tbf;fg;gl;L ngwg;gl;l tbjputj;jpy;
X ,d; %tYtsT (trivalot) fw;wad; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. X ,d; xU tYtsT
(monovalent) xl;Nrh md;dadpy; X ,d; xl;rpNaw;w epiy +5 Mf ,Ug;gJld; mJ
xU typikahd xl;rpNaw;Wk; fUtpahfj; njhopw;gl;L MnSO4 fiuriy Cjh
epwf;fiuryhf (T) mkpy Clfj;jpy; khw;Wfpd;wJ. ,j;jhf;fj;jpy; X ,d;
%tYtsT fw;wad; cUthfpd;wJ.
(i) %yfk; X ,id ,dq;fhz;f.

14
 (ii) B, P, Q, T Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;f.
(iii) xl;Nrh md;dad; X ,id ,dq;fhz;f.
(iv) X ,d; xl;Nrh md;daDf;F MnSO4 ,w;FkpilNa mkpy Clfj;jpy; eilngWk;
jhf;fj;jpw;fhd rkg;gLj;jpa ,urhadr; rkd;ghl;bid vOJf.

8. (a) gl;baypy; jug;gl;Ls;s Nrhjidg;nghUl;fis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp VO (7)

gbfSf;F Nkw;glhjtiuapy; fPNo jug;gl;ls;s Nru;itia vq;qdk; njhFg;gPnudf;
fhl;Lf.

Nrhjidg;nghUl;fs; :
H2O, H+ / KMnO4, CH3CH2Cl, ePuw;w AlCl3,
cyu; <ju;> Mg, C6H6, LiAlH4, PCC

(b) ,urhadr;Nru;itfs; X1, X2, Y1  Y5 Mfpatw;iwAk; Nrhjidg; nghUl;fshd

R1  R6 vd;gtw;iwAk; ,dk; fhz;f.

(c) CH3CH = CHCH2Cl ,w;Fk; vjNdhy; Nru; KOH fiurypw;Fkpilapyhd jhf;fj;ijf;

fUJf.
(1) fhNghfw;wadpd; cWjp njhlu;ghd ckJ mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;gb jhf;fj;jpd;
gpujhd tpisnghUisAk; Fiwe;jsT fpilf;Fk; tpisnghUisAk; vOJf.
(2) Nkw;gb gpujhd tpisnghUisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jhf;fg; nghwpKiwia vOJf.

15
9. (a) fiury; X MdJ ehd;F cNyhff; fw;wad;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpid
,dq;fhz;gjw;F gpd;tUk; Nrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Nrhjid mtjhdk;
X ,d; xU gFjpf;F Ijhd HCl Nru;ff
; g; tPo;gbT vJTk;
I.
gl;lJ. Njhd;wtpy;iy.
NkNy I ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;l fWg;Gepw tPo;gbT (P1)
II.
tbjputj;jpw;F H2S thA Fkpopaplg;gl;lJ. cUthfpaJ.
P1 MdJ tbf;fg;gl;L> tbjputk;
ntg;gNkw;wg;gl;L H2S mfw;wg;gl;lJ. xU epwKs;s tPo;gbT P2
III.
gpd;du; njhFjp Fsputplg;gl;L kpif cUthfpaJ.
NH4Cl / NH4OH Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
P2 mfw;wg;gl;L tbjputj;jpDs; H2S thA
IV. tPo;gbT cUthftpy;iy.
Fkpopaplg;gl;lJ.
NkNy IV ,d; Kbtpy; ngw;w
V. tPo;gbT cUthftpy;iy.
tbjputj;jpw;F (NH4)2CO3 Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Tbjputj;jpw;F 8-hydroxyquinoline xU kQ;rs; - gr;ir tPo;gbT
VI
Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. cUthfpaJ.
P1, P2 Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gpd;tUk; Nrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

(i) fiury; X ,Ys;s ehd;F fw;wad;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;f.

(ii) tPo;gbTfs; P1, P2, P3 Mfpatw;iwAk; fiury;fs; S1, S2 Mfpatw;iwAk;
,dq;fhz;f.
(iii) tPo;gbT P3 ,dJk; fiury; S1 ,dJk; cUthf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila
rkg;gLj;jpa ,urhadr; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.
(iv) tPo;gbT P1 ,Ys;s cNyhf fw;wadpid ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf Nrhjid xd;iwj;
jUf.

(b) fiurnyhd;wpYs;s SO32, NO2, NO3 Mfpa mad;fspd; nrwpitj; Jzptjw;F

gpd;tUk; eilKiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
I. Nkw;gb fiurypd; 25.00 cm3 gFjpnahd;wpw;F Al, NaOH vd;gd Nru;j;J
ntg;gkhf;fg;gl;lNghJ cUthfpa thAthdJ 1.0 moldm3 H2SO4fiurypd; 20.00
cm3 ,dhy; cwpQ;rg;gl;lJ. kPjp H2SO4 MdJ 0.5 moldm3 NaOH ,dhy;
epakpj;jNghJ KbTg;Gs;sp 20.00 cm3 MFk;.

16
 II. Nkw;gb fiurypd; gpwpnjhU 25.00 cm3 gFjpahdJ 0.3 moldm3 mkpy KMnO4 ,dhy;
epakpj;jNghJ KbTg;Gs;sp 30.07 cm3 MFk;.
III. gbKiw II ,ypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tbjputj;jpw;F kpif BaCl2 Nru;f;fg;gl;lNghJ
cUthfpa tPo;gbT tbfl;lg;gl;L> cyutplg;gl;lgpd; ,Wjp khwhj;jpzpT 1.864 g
MFk;.
Muk;gf;fiurypy; cs;s NO3, SO32, NO2Mfpa mad;fspd; nrwpTfis
jdpj;jdpNa Jzpf. (Ba = 137, S = 32, O = 16)

10. (a) fly;ePUld; njhlu;Ggl;l %d;W gpujhd ifj;njhopw; nrad;KiwfSf;fhd

gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L tiuglk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

nrad;Kiw gpujhd tpisnghUs; / gf;ftpisnghUs;

%yg;nghUs;
(i) nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iyj; njupT nra;J A  I tiu Fwpg;gpLf.
(kpd;gFg;G> rtu;f;fhukhf;fy;> mNkhdpah Vw;wk;> nrwpT HCl Nru;j;jy;>
fpspruPid mfw;Wjy;> gspq;fhjy;> J}a;ikahf;fy;> tPo;gbtjy;> cUFjy;)
(ii) D1, D2 Mfpa nrad;KiwfSf;fhd rkg;gLj;jpa ,urhadr; rkd;ghLfis
vOJf.
(iii) P1 - P10 tiu cUthFk; gpujhd tpisnghUl;fisAk;> gf;ftpis
nghUl;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

17
 (iv) nrad;Kiw P6 ,id mjpfupg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngsjPf ,urhadj;
jj;Jtq;fis vOJf.
(v) nrad;Kiw E Ald; njhlu;Ggl;l ,urhadr; rkd;ghLfis vOJf.
(vi) X, Y Mfpa %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngaupLf.

(b) (i) ePu;epiynahd;wpy; fiue;Js;s xl;rprdpd; msitj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf

gpd;tUk; eilKiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
eilKiw I : 250.00 cm3 Nghj;jy; xd;wpDs; Fwpj;j ePu; khjpup
epug;gg;gl;lJ.
eilKiw II : Nrfupf;fg;gl;l ePiu nfhz;l Nghj;jypy; cldbahf 2.0
cm3 fhu KI ck; 2.00 cm3 MnSO4 ck; Nru;ff
; g;gl;ld.
eilKiw III : Fwpj;j Nghj;jyhdJ ,Wf %lg;gl;L Ma;T$lj;jpw;F
nfhz;Ltug;gl;L mq;F 10 epkplq;fs; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
eilKiw IV : rpwpjsT nrwp H2SO4 Nru;f;fg;gl;L fiuryhdJ
0.025 moldm3 Na2S2O3 fiurypdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJ
KbTg;Gs;sp 12.00 cm3 MFk;.
(i) ePu;khjpupapy; fiue;Js;s xl;rprdpd; msit mgdm3 ,y; jUf.
(ii) Fwpj;j ePu; epiyapYs;s ePupd; ,urhad xl;rprdpd; Njitapid vt;thW
jPu;khdpg;gPnud tpsf;Ff.

(c) #oy; khriljYld; njhlu;Ggl;l rpy Nru;itfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

I. CO2 II. NOx III. CxHy IV. CClF3
(i) gpd;tUk; #oy; ghjpg;G xt;nthd;WlDk; njhlu;Ggl;l ,urhad ,dq;fis
Nkw;gb njhFjpapypUe;J njupTnra;J vOJf.
(a) XNrhd; gil eyptiljy;.
(b) G+Nfhs ntg;gKwy;
(c) mkpy kio
(d) xsp ,urhadg; Gfhu;

(ii) NkNy (a) njhlf;fk; (d) tiu xt;nthU #oy; ghjpg;gpdJk; jPik gaf;Fk;
tpisTfs; ,uz;L tPjk; Fwpg;gpLf.

(iii) NkNy (i) cld; njhlu;Ggl;l xt;nthU ghjpg;gpw;Fkhd xt;nthU khR Kjy;
tPjk; Fwpg;gpLf.

(iv) RahjPd FNshupd; %yfk; (𝐶𝑙 ̇) cs;s epiyapy; XNrhd;gil vt;thW

ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wJ vd;gij rkg;gLj;jpa ,urhadr; rkd;ghLfisf;
nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

18