POWERHOUSE LOCATION Where valley is relatively narrow :

Less-unit plants have lower operating and maintenance costs because there are
fewer machines to service. The number of units can best be determined by a careful
weighing of the foregoing limitations and criteria, rather than by following a fixed
rule.
When the discharge is divided into three or say 9 or say 17 then the discharge is
less but when the discharge is divided into 6 then the discharge is more and so the
Francis turbine efficiency is more ; this efficiency increment is important in terms
of annual financial revenues. Efficiency decreases as flow decreases
The capital cost per kilowatt of a generating with lowest energy costs, $/ kWh (as
population less able paying) for energy hydroelectric plant of a given total capacity
generally degreases as the number of units decreases. A minimum of two units is
usually preferred but in special cases one unit may be acceptable.
In developing countries , generating with lowest energy costs, $/ kWh (as
population is less able paying for energy) is aimed. Your lowest unit energy cost
($/kWh) will decide the best choice.
Generally spoken, the investment costs of turbines plus generators typically amount
to only about 20 to 30% of the total investment costs of a hydro power plant.

Karakaya Dam
The Arch-gravity Karakaya Dam completed in 1987. The hydroelectric dam generates power with six units
of 300 MW, totalling the installed capacity to 1,800 MW. 80 m long 6 penstock s of 6 m. in diameter with 233
m3/s capacity each.
Building the Hoover Dam https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9Gy_1Ppw5U

It has an installed capacity of 2,080 megawatts (MW). Its 17 turbines generate enough electricity to power 1.3 million homes. There 17 main turbines (122 MW). in the
Hoover Powerplant -- nine on the Arizona wing and eight on the Nevada wing. The original turbines were replaced through an uprating program between 1986 and 1993.
The plant has a nameplate capacity of about 2,080 megawatts.
Penstock erection cost may be taken as from 20 to 25 percent of the cost of fabrication ,
but maybe considerably higher (E.g. if longitudinal joints must be prepared at the site , i.e.
if half cylinders only can be transported.)

Under average conditions the cost of the penstock amounts to about 5 to 10 percent of
the total investment , yet in some cases the share of the penstock was from 15 to 20
percent.

The total cost of the penstock is at high- head developments in many cases equal to the
aggregate cost of all mechanical and electrical equipment (including the switchyard and
the transformer station)

Please see Page 266/582 of Mosony’s book at link :

https://pdfslide.us/documents/emil-mosonyi-water-power-development-high-head-power-plants-vol-ii-b.html

Please see Page 268/582 of Mosony’s book (text just above at Page 266/582 is continuing
below) at link :
https://pdfslide.us/documents/emil-mosonyi-water-power-development-high-head-power-plants-vol-ii-b.html
Please see Page 277/582 of Mosony’s book at link :
https://pdfslide.us/documents/emil-mosonyi-water-power-development-high-head-power-plants-vol-ii-b.html