Universitas Airlangga Repository

KKC KK MPB.69/17 Gay p, December 2017

Available online at http://repository.unair.ac.id/id/eprint/62867
Deposited at 27 December 2017

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS FORMULAS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF

PROBIOTIC IN BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION
RATIO (FCR) ON BROILER CHICKEN (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Nimas Roro Gayatri, Drs. Agus Supriyanto, Kes. and Sugiharto, S.Si., M.Sc.
Major Bachelor of Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and
Technology,
Airlangga University, Surabaya
Email: nimasroro.bio@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to determine influence of probiotic which made by molasses
with various consentration toward body gain weight and FCR (Feed Convertion
Ratio) on broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). This research is
experimental characteristic, use Randomized Completely Design (RCD) with 2x5
factorial. First factor consist of 2 levels, those are probiotic of formula 1 and
formula 2. Probiotic of formula 1 consist of 7 groups of microbes (Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillis licheniformes, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus plantarum,
Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei and Saccaharomyces cerevisiae)
and probiotic of formula 2 consist of 3 groups of microbes (Bacillus subtils,
Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cereviseae). Second factor consist of
5 levels, those are probiotic with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% concentration. Every
treatment has five replications. Probiotic have been given everyday in chicken
feed. Chicken productivity cover weight of chicken which weighing once that on
fourth week. The result of observation data has been analyzed use Two-way
ANOVA test and Duncan continued test with significant degree 5%. The result of
this research mean that probiotic treatment has significant difference on body
weight gain and FCR on broiler chicken. In F1 4% treatment (giving probiotic of
formule 1 with 4% concentration) give highest result for body weight gain (1502,2
± 57,27 g). The lowest value FCR of broiler chicken exist on F1 4% treatment
(giving probiotic of formula 1 with 4% concentration) with 0,68 ± 0,03 value.

Keywords: body weight gain, broiler chicken, FCR, probiotic

INTRODUCTION
Chicken meat production from year to year is increasing very rapidly. In
2013, chicken meat production reached 1.7 million tons and 16% of the total
amount come from the local chicken meat and 84% comes from race chicken meat
(Ministry of Agriculture, 2014).
 However, there is a problem in the growth of the poultry industry in the
farming sector, which the increasing of chicken performance do not support the
growing number of live chicken production yet, the constraints of weight gain is
not optimum, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is high and poultry deaths are still
high. It causes chicken farmer does not get the benefit greatly (Anonymous,
2014).
The solution is to provide additional feed in the form of probiotics.
Probiotics are feed additive containing beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract of
poultry. Based on research conducted by Roghwani et al. (2007), the
concentration of probiotics that can be given to poultry feed or drinking water is
0.1% to 0.15%. In the study conducted by Shareef (2009), the dose of probiotics
used range between 0% - 2% in poultry feed and drinking water which provided
by adlibitium. Results from these studies demonstrate that optimal results at a
concentration of 2%. Probiotic diet significantly increase production as well as
reduce mortality (Kompiang et al., 2004).
The use of local probiotic (Lactic Acid Bacteria / BAL) as a probiotic in
poultry shown to improve the performance of commercial broiler and layer
chickens, increase cattle body resistance from disease (Aziz et al ,. 2010).
Kumprech et al. (1994) provide a mix of Saccharomyces cerevisae on Broiler
chicken and the results led to the number of bacteria Escherichia coli was reduced
by 50%. In addition, there is the genus Lactobacillus which is also very beneficial
for the digestive system of poultry. Lactobacillus produce cellulase enzymes that
help the digestive process. This enzyme capable of breaking down crude fiber
which is a component that is difficult to digest in the digestive tract of poultry.
Poultry feed generally contain high crude fiber. The use of probiotics containing
microbes producing cellulase enzymes causing crude fibers can be used in the
digestion process for tissue growth and weight gain of poultry (Budiansyah,
2004).
Research on the variation of the proper dosage to determine the
concentration and composition of the optimal probiotic and at relatively
inexpensive prices has not been done. In fact, if probiotics can influence the
increase in body weight and reduce the consumption of chicken feed, it may be
profitable for farmers. From the description, the author is interested to observe the
effect of probiotic with varying concentrations and the different composition of
the body weight gain and feed intake or Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of broilers
(Broiler). Thus, in this study will be able to know the variations of dose and
probiotic compositions mixed into chicken feed and water and is expected to
provide benefits for chicken Broiler farmer.

METHODS
Place and Time
Production of probiotics conducted in the Laboratory of Microbiology,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of
Airlangga while treatment was conducted in Jalan Panduk number 50, Surabaya
and in Rungkut Kidul 3 No. 1, Surabaya in October 2016 - January 2017.
Materials and equipment
The materials that used in this study is the Day Old Chicks (DOC) or day-
old chicks Broiler-type strain Cobb (Gallus gallus domesticus) as many as 50
individuals, concentrate (chicken feed), water, rice bran and vitamins.
Microorganisms used include Bacillus subtilis, Bacillis licheniformes, Bacillus
megaterium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus
casei and Saccaharomyces cerevisiae. The growth media used were Nutrient Agar
(NA) (Oxoid), Nutrient Broth (NB) (Oxoid), Potatos Dextrose Agar (PDA)
(Oxoid), 1% glucose, molasses, and sterile distilled water. Total Plate Count
(TPC) media is Nutrient Agar (NA) (Oxoid) and Potatos Dextrose Agar (PDA)
(Oxoid). The tools used are vortex (GFL), autoclave (OSK 6500, ALP Co. Ltd.),
colony counter (Galaxy 230), an analytical balance (Shimadzu), Erlenmeyer flasks
(Herma, Duran and Pyrex), glass bottles (300 mL and 500 mL), petri dishes, test
tubes (Pyrex), pipette measure (Pyrex), measuring glass (Pyrex and Herma),
beaker (Pyrex), Laminar Air Flow (ESCO), cuvettes, spectrophotometer, cage,
feeder, drinker, light 10 watt, tarps or banners, digital cake scales (SF-400) a
precision of 1 gram, and a spray bottle.

Isolates Revitalization
Isolates rejuvenation phase is done by taking each of the two ose microbe
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus
plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacilluscasei. Then streaked on
Nutrient Agar media (NA) 2% in 100 mL of distilled water and take two ose
Saccharomyces cereviseae and streaked on Potatos Dextrose Agar (PDA) 3.9% in
100 mL of distilled water. These isolates were then incubated in an incubator at
37°C for three days.

Poultry Probiotic Starter Production

Production of starter is done by moving each one isolates of rejuvenation
media into the media Nutrient Broth 1.3% and 1% glucose in 100 mL of distilled
water. Isolates were transferred as much as 2 ose. The starter then incubated for
seven days in an incubator at 37 ° C.

Poultry Probiotic Starter Propagation

Propagation starter is done by the removal of individual isolates from
media-making starter to the media Nutrient Broth 1.3% and 1% glucose in 270
mL of distilled water. Isolates were moved as much as 30 mL, so everybottle
starter includes 300 ml of starters. The starter then incubated for seven days in an
incubator at 37°C.

Microbial Quantity Measurement

Microbial quantity measurement is done by measuring the OD of each
culture with a spectrophotometer. Then it was measured by Total Plate Count
(TPC).
Mixing Probiotic Poultry Starter
After an incubation period of seven days, each isolate in the media
Nutrient Broth 1.3% moved within one container. The number of isolates were
transferred adjusted to the lowest OD value is 0.5 ± 0.05, using a dilution formula.

Poultry Probiotics Propagation

Propagation is done to increase the number of consortium become tenfold
much. Propagation is done by moving the starter probiotic in a carrier containing
molasses and distilled water.

Probiotics Administration In Poultry Feed

Poultry feeding granted in accordance with the dosage recommended by
the manufacturer. Administration of probiotics in poultry feed is in accordance
with the selected concentration of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. Probiotic formula is
also given in accordance with the selected composition for formula 1 which
contains seven microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillis licheniformes, Bacillus
megaterium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus
casei and Saccaharomy cescerevisiae) and for formula 2 which contains three
microbes (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae). Administration of probiotics in feed is done every day during morning
and afternoon.

Data Analysis
Data were compared and analyzed using ANOVA using the Statistical
Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). Data were tested for normality and
homogeneity respectively with Smirnow Kolmagorov Test and Levene Test. If the
data is normal and homogeneous, then the data were analyzed using Two Way
ANOVA with significance level of 5%. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by
Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to compare between treatments.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Effect of Formula Variations in Probiotic Against Body Weight Gain
and Feed Conversion Ratio Broiler Chickens
The results from One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene Test
showed that the variation of the probiotic formulas to the weight and value of
FCR chicken have a normal and homogeneous data. The results of two-way
ANOVA test for probiotic formula variations in body weight gain chickens
indicate significance at 0.005 and 0.004 FCR value. Therefore, H 0 is rejected and
H1 accepted, which variations liquid probiotic formula provides a real difference
to the body weight gain and FCR value of broiler chickens. The average body
weight gain and FCR values broilers with treatment variations of probiotic fomula
can be seen in Figure 3.1 and 3.2.
 1340
1320 a

Body weight (g)

b
1300
1280
1260
1240
F1 F2
Formula

Figure 3.1 Graphs of the average Broiler weight gain treated with variations of
probiotic formula in chicken feed. Different letters indicate significant
differences by Duncan test significance level of 5%.

0.84 a b
0.83
0.82
0.81
FCR

0.8
0.79
0.78
F1 F2
Formula

Figure 3.2 Graph of Broiler FCR value treated with variations of probiotic
formula in chicken feed. Different letters indicate significant
differences by Duncan test significance level of 5%.

The Effect of Concentration Variations in Probiotic Against Body Weight

Gain and Feed Conversion Ratio ( FCR)
The results from One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene Test
showed that the concentration variations of probiotics on body weight gain and
FCR values of broiler chicken have a normal and homogeneous data. The results
of two-way ANOVA test of probiotic concentration variations in body weight
gain of chickens indicate significance at 0.000 and 0.000 at FCR value. Therefore,
H0 is rejected and H1 accepted,which concentration variations of probiotic
provides a significant difference to the body weight gain and FCR value of broiler
chickens. The average body weight gain and FCR values broilers with the
treatment of concentration variations in probiotic can be seen in Figure 3.3 and
3.4.
 2000

Body weight (g)

e
1500 b c d
a
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4
Dosis (%)

Figure 3.3 Graphs of the average body weight gain of Broiler treated with
concentration variations of probiotics in chicken feed. Different letters
indicate significant differences by Duncan test significance level of
5%
1.2
1 a
0.8 b c d
0.6 e
FCR

0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4
Dosis (%)

Figure 3.4 Graph of Broiler FCR value treated with concentrations variation of
probiotics in chicken feed. Different letters indicate significant
differences based on Duncan test significance level of 5%

The Effect of Combination of Formula and Concentration Variations in

Probiotic Against Body Weight Gain and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The results from One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene Test
showed that the combination treatment of formula and concentration variations in
probiotics on body weight gain and FCR values of Broiler chicken have a normal
and homogeneous data. The results of two-way ANOVA test combination of
formula and concentration variations in probiotics on body weight gain of Broiler
chickens indicate significance at 0.991 and 0.944 at FCR value. Therefore, H0 is
received and H1 rejected, which the combination of variations in probiotic
formulas and concentrations did not significantly different on body weight gain
and FCR value of Broiler chickens compared to control diet group. The average
body weight gain and FCR values of Broiler with combination of formulas and
concentrations in probiotic treatment can be seen in Figures 3.4 and 3.5.
 2000

Body weight (g)

1500 a a a a
a a a a a a
1000
500 F1
F2
0
0 1 2 3 4
Concentration (%)

Figure 3.5 Graph of the average body weight gain of Broiler with combination
treatment of variation formulas and concentrations of probiotics in
chicken feed.

2000
Body weight (g)

a a a a
1500
a a a a a a
1000
500 F1
F2
0
0 1 2 3 4
Concentration (%)

Figure 3.6 Graph of Broiler FCR value with combination treatment of variation
formulas and concentrations of probiotics in chicken feed.

Discussion
Body weight gain of Broiler chickens was measured by subtracting the
weight at the end of treatment with a chicken weight at the beginning. Based on
the analysis of this study, the variation of formulas and concentrations in
probiotics proven effect on gaining the body weight of chickens. A similar study
conducted by Ashayerizadeh et al. (2011) in his research found no significant
difference in the performance of chickens fed a diet containing a mixture of
Lactobacillus cultures and other bacteria as compared with non-microbial diet.
Stanley et. al. (2004) in Gao et. al. (2009) reveal that feed adminitered by
probiotic product by S. cerevisiae (0.25 to 0.75%) had no significant effect on
growth performance of Broiler at 1 to 21 days. On the other hand, there are many
studies that reported positive effects of various performance probiotic in chickens,
such as those conducted by Kusworo (2015), in his research revealed that the use
of probiotics with a concentration of 3 tablespoons per ten liters of water / day can
increase the body weight gain of chicken until 47.79 ± 2.07 g / head / day.
Compared with previous studies, this study provides a better effect on
body weight gain of chicken, which is the highest weight gain was 1502.2 ± 57.27
grams at the time of harvest. Variation effects of probiotics on Broiler growth
performance probably due to different strains of bacteria used as dietary
supplements. Another possibility is the concentration of probiotic used. It is
possible that higher concentrations of probiotics in feed can exert a greater
positive response on growth performance.
In addition to body weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is also one
of indicator that be able to give an idea of the efficiency level of feed utilization.
The lower the value of FCR, the higher the utilization efficiency. FCR (Feed
Conversion Ratio) was measured by dividing the weight of feed to the total body
weight at harvest. Based on the analysis of this study, variation in probiotic
formulas and concentrations give effect to the Broiler value of FCR. FCR lowest
value contained in the treatment of F1 4% that is equal to 0.69 ± 0.03. This
suggests that probiotics may decrease the value of FCR in Broiler, which in
accordance with the research by Astuti et al. (2015) which states that the presence
of probiotics in the diet can increase the enzymatic activity and improve digestive
activity. As a result, nutrients such as fat, protein, and carbohydrates that are
usually wasted in the faeces will be reduced. Therefore, the feed conversion of
chicken treated with probiotics to be better when compared to controls. This
statement is also confirmed by Kompiang (2009), that the probiotics improve
digestive enzyme activity so that the absorption of food becomes more perfect
with the growing extent of absorption area because probiotics may affect gut
anatomy, namely intestinal villi become longer and more solid density.
Research on probiotics on the Broiler FCR value have been carried out by
many researchers, for example, research conducted by Susinarla et al. (2016)
demonstrated the use of probiotics with a concentration of 4% can decrease the
value of FCR to 1.19. While the research conducted by Winedar et al. (2004)
states that the use of probiotics containing Effective Microorganisms-4
(Lactobacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Pencillium sp.,) give FCR
value to its lowest 1.61. Compared with previous studies, this study provides a
better FCR value against Broiler. This may be due to the composition of the
bacteria on probiotic more complete, or the higher concentrations used.
In this study, there are two parameters that are measured, hence there is a
link between body weight and the value of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in
Broiler chickens. Astuti et al. (2015) stated that the presence of probiotics in feed
can enhance enzymatic activity and improve digestive activity. As a result,
nutrients such as fat, protein, and carbohydrates that are usually wasted in the
faeces will be reduced. Weight gain is correlated with a feed conversion which is
a comparation between feed consumption and weight gain in the period of
production. Feed conversion involves the growth of chickens and feed
consumption. If the chicken grow rapidly, but the amount of feed intake is less, it
indicates a high feed efficiency. This is an indication that the feed supplemented
with the probiotic formula 1 with a concentration of 4% is the most efficient feed
to achieve maximum growth and more favorable when compared to the control
diet (D0%). The higher the value of feed conversion shows more feed that needed
to increase the weight per unit weight. In contrary, the lower the feed conversion
ratio, the less feed is needed to increase the weight per unit weight.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusion
1. Variation of probiotic formulas affect on body weight gain and FCR value of
Broiler chickens. The highest average weight gain were formula 1 group,
which is 1282.2 g. The lowest FCR value were also in formula 1 group, which
is 0.80.
2. Variation of probiotic concentrations affect on body weight gain and FCR
value of Broiler chickens. The highest average weight gain highest were in
concentration 4% group, which is 1497.7 g. The lowest FCR value were also
in concentration 4% group, which is 0.69.
3. The combination of probiotic formulas and concentrations probiotic did not
significantly different on the average weight and value Feed Conversion Ratio
(FCR) Broiler chickens compared to control diet.

Suggestions
1. Administration of probiotic formula 1 which consists of microbe Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillis licheniformes, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus plantarum,
Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus casei and Saccaharomyces cerevisiae
with a concentration of 4% in the chicken feed can be applied in the
maintenance of Broiler chickens, because it gives a good the mean results of
body weight gain and FCR values of Broiler chickens.
2. In this research has not found an optimum point in the variation of
concentrations of probiotics, so it needs further research on a larger
concentration variations to match the optimum point of probiotics in chicken
feed.
3. Further study is required on the effect of probiotics on the performances of
broiler chickens, such as the protein or fat content in Broiler chicken meat.

REFERENCES
Anonim. (2014). Kontribusi Daging Ayam Terhadap Produksi Daging Nasional.
Edisi Desember 2014: Jakarta.
Ashayerizadeh, A., Dabiri, N., Mirzadeh, K., & Ghrobani, M. (2011). Effect od
Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic and Prebiotic on Growth Indices and
Serum Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chicken. Journal of Cell and
Animal Biology , 5(8): 152-156.
Astuti, F. K., Busono, W., & Sjofjan, O. (2015). Pengaruh Penambahan Probiotik
Cair Dalam Pakan Terhadap Penampilan Produksi Pada Ayam Pedaging.
J-PAL, Vol. 6, No. 2 , 99-104.
Aziz, A., Manin, F., & Afriani. (2010). Penampilan Produksi Ayam Broiler yang
Diberi Bacillus circulans dan Bacillus sp. Selama Periode Pemulihan
Setelah Pembatasan Ransum. Media Peteternakan. 33 , 12-17.
Budiansyah, A. (2004). Pemanfaatan Probiotik Dalam Meningkatkan Penampilan
Produksi Ternak Unggas. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian
Bogor.
Gao, J., Zhang, H. J., Wu, S. G., Yu, S. H., Yoon, I., Moore, D., et al. (2009).
Effect of Saccharomyces cereviseae FermentationPproduct on Immune
Function of Broilers Challenged with Eimeria tenella. Poult. Sci. ,
88:2121-2151.
Kementan. (2014). Laporan Tahunan Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan
Kesehatan Hewan. Jakarta: Kementrian Pertanian.
Kompiang, I. P. (2009). Pemanfaatan Mikroorganisme Sebagai Probiotik Untuk
Meningkatkan Produksi Ternak Unggas di Indonesia. Jurnal
Pengembangan Inovasi Pertanian , 2(3): 177-191.
Kompiang, I. P., Supriyati, & Sjofjan, O. (2004). Pengaruh Suplementasi Bacillus
apiarius Terhadap Penampilan Ayam Petelur. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan
Veteriner 9 , 1-4.
Kumprech, L., Zobac, P., Gasnarek, Z., & Robosova, E. (1994). The Effect of
Continues Application of Probiotics Preparation Based on S.cerevisiae var
elipsoideus and Streoptococcus faecium C-68 (SF-68) on Chicken Broiler
Yield. Zivocisma-yroba 39 (6) , 491-503.
Kusworo, F. B. (2015). Pengaruh Pemberian Probiotik Terhadap Pertambahan
Berat Badan Harian dan pH Feses Pada Ayam Broiler. Lomba Karya Tulis
Jurusan Penyuluhan Peternakan. Sekolah Tinggi Penyuluhan Pertanian
Magelang , 2-3.
Roghwani, E., & Zamiri, M. J. (2007). Effect of Additives on Chemical
Composition, Degradability Coefficients and Ruminal-intestinal
Dissapearance of Dry Matter and Crude Protein of Laboratory Ensiled
Olive Cake. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol. 8 No.1 , 32-39.
Shareef, A. M.-D. (2009). Effect Probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on
Performance of Broiler Chicks. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Vol.
23, Supplement I , 23-29.
Susinarla, L., Tini, S., Salamun, & Agus, S. (2015). Penggunaan Berbagai Dosis
Probiotik Sebagai Biosupplement Dengan Interval Dua Kali Seminggu
Pada Pakan Terhadap Produktivitas Ayam Pedaging (Gallus domesticus).
Skripsi. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga.
Winedar, H., Shanti, L., Sutarno. (2004). Daya Cerna Protein Pakan, Kandungan
Protein Daging, dan Pertambahan Berat Badan Ayam Broiler etelah
Pemberian Pakan yang Difermentasi dengan Effective Microorganisms-4
(EM-4). Bioteknologi , 3 (1): 14-19.