Telnet protocol

The default port for Telnet protocol client connections is 23

 Telnet commonly provides remote access to a variety of communications systems.
Telnet is also often used for remote maintenance of many networking communications
devices including routers and switches.
 Telnet is a client-server protocol that enables remote control over computers
The default port for SSH client connections is 22

Network hub
 Network hub is a node that broadcasts data to every computer or
Ethernet-based device connected to it. A hub is less sophisticated than a
switch, the latter of which can isolate data transmissions to specific devices.
Network hubs are best suited for small, simple local area network (LAN)
environments.
 Hubs cannot filter data so data packets are sent to all connected
devices/computers and do not have intelligence to find out best path for data
packets.
 Hubs are used on small networks where data transmission is not very high.

Bridge
 Is a device used to connect multiple LANs together with a larger Local
Area Network (LAN).
 The bridge is a physical or hardware device but operates at the OSI model's
data link layer and is also known as a layer of two switches
 To Connects two or more different LANs that has a similar protocol
and provides communication between the devices (nodes) in them. By
joining multiple LANs, bridges help in multiplying the network capacity of a single
LAN
 Data or information is not stored and sent in the form of packets.
 Router
 Router is also a network device which works in network layer.
 data or information is stored and sent in the form of packets.
 Router provides traffic control:

Security

Filtering

Redirecting information

What is the Network Layer of Hub?

This table shows that Hub is in the First (Physical) Network Layer.

Wireless
Device Hub Bridge Switch Router Access Repeater
Point

1 (Physical) ,2
Network 1 2 2 (Data) or 3 3 1 (Physical)
(Data) or 3
Layer (Physical) (Data) (Network) (Network) or 2 (Data)
(Network)

What is the difference between a hub and a switch?

The hub is similar with the switch, but they still have differences:
Device Hub Switch

Physical layer. Hubs are

classified as Layer 1 Data Link Layer. Network switches operate at
Layer
devices per the OSI Layer 2 of the OSI model.
model.

To connect a network of
personal computers
Allow to connect multiple device and port can be
Function together, they can be
manage, VLAN can create security also can apply
joined through a central
hub.

Data
Transmission Electrical signal or bits Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch)
form

Hubs always perform

Transmission frame flooding; may be
First broadcast; then unicast & multicast as needed.
Type unicast, multicast or
broadcast

Ports 4/12 ports Switch is multi-port Bridge. 24/48 ports

Passive Device (Without Active Device (With Software) & Networking

Device Type
Software) device

Used in (LAN,
LAN LAN
MAN, WAN)

A network hub cannot Switches use content accessible memory CAM

Table learn or store MAC table which is typically accessed by ASIC
address. (Application Specific integrated chips).

Transmission
Half duplex Half/Full duplex
Mode

Broadcast Hub has one Broadcast Switch has one broadcast domain [unless VLAN
Domain Domain. implemented]

An electronic device that A network switch is a computer networking device

connects many network that is used to connect many devices together on a
Definition devices together so that computer network. A switch is considered more
devices can exchange advanced than a hub because a switch will on send
data MSG to device that needs or request it
 Speed 10Mbps 10/100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

Address used for

data Uses MAC address Uses MAC address
transmission

Device Category Not Intelligent Device Intelligent Device

Collisions occur
Collisions commonly in setups No collisions occur in a full-duplex switch.
using hubs.

Spanning-Tree No Spanning-Tree Many Spanning-tree Possible

What is ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)?

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology that facilitates
fast data transmission at a high bandwidth on existing copper wire
telephone lines to homes and businesses.

ADSL simultaneously accommodates analog (voice) information and

data on the same phone line.

How does ADSL work?

ADSL works on existing copper phone lines by using a DSL filter, or splitter, to isolate the

bands with higher frequencies so that the landline and the ADSL modem can be used at
the same time
At the central office, or telephone exchange, the line ends at the DSL
access multiplexer (DSLAM).
It is a cost-effective method for internet access at faster speeds
compared to a traditional dial-up connection.

What is CCNA used for?

The CCNA is an entry-level networking certification that can prepare you for
networking roles in IT like network specialist, network administrator, and network
engineer.
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification validates your ability to
 Install
 Configure
  operate and troubleshoot routed & switched networks.

CCNA certified professionals can make connections to remote sites via a wide area network (WAN),
mitigate basic network security threats, and understand fundamental networking concepts and
terminology.

Skills Measured by CCNA Certification

Key knowledge areas and skill sets covered by the Cisco CCNA certification exam include the
following. Cisco Certified Network Associates can:

 Understand how different network topologies interact to form a secure IT network

 Explain how a computer network works and how it interacts with networked devices
 Configure, verify and troubleshoot a switch with VLAN & interswitch communications
 Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP Services to meet specific network requirements
 Configure, verify and troubleshoot routing and router operations on current Cisco devices
 Identify network security threats and describe threat mitigation methods & countermeasures
 Describe and perform the appropriate tasks for wireless local area network (WLAN)
administration
 Setup and verify WAN links and execute the proper methods for connecting to a wide area
network
 Implement & support Network Address Translation (NAT) and Access Control Lists (ACLs) in
branch office networks

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1. A domain name
Is a unique, easy-to-remember address used to access websites, such as 'google.com',
and 'facebook.com'. Users can connect to websites using...