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11-15-2020, 01:31 PM #1

Laptop battery charging circuit

piernov
Super Moderator

Join Date: Jan 2016

City & State: Valbonne, 06
My Country: France
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 3,985
1. Some theory
1.1. Introduction
Almost every laptop has a charging circuit of some sort, that does a few things:
Manages switching between AC adapter and battery power
Manages battery charging and generates power rail to charge battery

O
There are 2 different designs to handle switching between AC adapter and battery power and feeding the
system:

Hybrid power boost (HPB) and traditional circuits without power boost (see Warning in HPB section)
Narrow VDC (NVDC)

Texas instrument has a nice overview of these technologies with some more details at
M https://e2e.ti.com/blogs_/archives/b...ing-topologies . The essential information is summarized below.

There are also 2 different designs to handle battery charging rail generation:

Buck converter
Buck-Boost converter

Almost all laptops without USB-C charging capabilities use a buck converter. Most of these use HPB, except
Apple laptops which always use NVDC. A bunch of non-Apple ultrabooks use NVDC as well.
E
Almost all laptops (incl. Apple) with USB-C charging capabilities use NVDC with a buck-boost converter.
Some netbooks or entry-level laptops (especially ARM platforms and some Atom platforms) can have a circuit
different to what is presented here, using a PMIC that handles almost every power-related features. Since
these aren't common and highly depend on the board and the ICs used, they are not covered here.

For MacBooks without USB-C you have some more details on the charger IC here:
https://logi.wiki/index.php/ISL6258_...roubleshooting
D

1.2. Hybrid power boost design

From https://en-support.renesas.com/knowledgeBase/13886169

Quote:

Originally Posted by Renesas

In a Hybrid Power Boost configuration, the synchronous buck converter runs as a normal buck
converter when the adapter provides power to the system and is charging the battery. When the
adapter power is not sufficient, the synchronous buck converter runs in reverse to boost the battery
voltage to around 20V. Thus the battery supplements the adapter whenever the adapter power is not
sufficient. This requires no circuit changes from a traditional adapter.

The change is required in the control circuit (the battery charger controller). The advantage of this
system over a traditional charger is that the battery is able to assist the adapter during turbo
workloads. This system has the disadvantage that the light load efficiency is pretty low as it is difficult
to achieve high light load efficiency at high input voltage.

In this design, the system is fed from the AC adapter, and a MOSFET (we will call it battery-to-system
MOSFET) allows the current to flow from the battery to the system when on battery only, while prevent current
from flowing directly from the AC adapter to the battery when AC adapter is plugged in.

Therefore, when on AC adapter, the main power rail voltage will be the voltage provided by the AC adapter. In
general this voltage is between 19V and 20V. A few machines use 12V or 16V.
When on battery, the main power rail voltage will be the voltage provided by the battery. This depends on the
number of cells in series in the battery and the state of charge, but it is lower than 19V. (see Battery voltage
section)

Warning: Hybrid power boost provides an additional feature where the battery can provide additional power to
the system even when running on AC adapter. Older designs used the same circuit but the charger IC was not
able to provide this feature. The presence or abscence of this feature is irrelevant to this article, so the older
designs will fall under the hybrid power boost term as well.
1.3. Narrow VDC design
https://en-support.renesas.com/knowledgeBase/6680047

Quote:

Originally Posted by Renesas

This figure shows the Narrow VDC (NVDC) topology. Here, the system bus (Vsys) is not connected
directly to the adapter. It is connected to the output of the buck converter. Hence, NVDC operates only
as a buck converter, both when NVDC charges the battery and when the battery supplements the
adapter and provides power to the system. NVDC implementation reduces the switch-over period
between the charging mode and the hybrid power mode. NVDC implementation allows the system to
minimize the period of overloading the input power source when CPU is in Turbo Boost mode.

The advantage of using the NVDC system is that the overall system efficiency is better compared to
the Hybrid Power Boost (HPB) charger. The system can be designed for a smaller voltage rating since
the system has a lower Vin. The disadvantage is that the charger components’ size and power
dissipation increases.

In this design, the system is fed directly from the battery charging rail. The voltage on the main power rail is
always close to the voltage on the battery. (see Battery voltage section)

1.4. Buck converter

This works the same as any single-phase synchronous buck converter. There's one high-side MOSFET and one
low-side MOSFET turning on and off alternatively to step down the voltage from the input, for example from
19V to 12.6V.

O
(from bq24715 datasheet)

1.5. Buck-Boost converter

A synchronous 4-switch buck-boost converter uses a first set of high-side and low-side MOSFETs before the
inductor. They can act as a regular buck converter to step down the voltage coming from the AC adapter.
There's a second set of MOSFETs after the inductor, they are used as a boost converter to step up the voltage
M
coming from the AC adapter.
That way, the machine can take 5V to 20V from an USB-C charger and still be able to charge the battery. Of
course, with only 5V as the input, the power will be lower than with 20V, so the battery will charge slower and
the laptop may not turn on without battery or when the battery is discharged.

(From ISL9238 datasheet)

1.6. Battery voltage

Laptops battery packs are based around lithium cells.
E
These are either Li-ion cells, round cylinder similar to your alkaline battery but in a 18650 package, or LiPo
cells, flat rectangular cell like in a smartphone.

Li-ion cells typically have a nominal voltage of 3.6V to 3.7V, LiPo cells typically have a nominal voltage of 3.7V
to 3.85V. It varies depending on the brand and series of the cell.
D

The battery voltage and by extension the voltage used to charge the battery depends directly on how many
cells there are in series inside the battery pack.
Battery packs can be described with a "xSyP" number, where y is the number of cells in a group connected in
parallel, and x is the number of groups connected in series.
All cells in parallel in a group will have the same voltage across them. Putting groups in series will sum their
voltages.

For example a 3S2P pack with 11.1V nominal voltage contains 6 cells, 3 groups in series of 2 cells in parallel,
for a total voltage across the pack of 3×3.7V = 11.1V.
The number of cells put in parallel in a group helps increasing the capacity, but it doesn't change the voltage.
We are interested in the voltage here, so we will ignore the cells in parallel.

The "nominal voltage" represents the voltage around which the cell is throughout most of its discharge, it
should be what you are able to measure on the pack when it's charged to around 50%.
When charged fully, the voltage will be higher, when completely discharged, the voltage will be lower.

Charging voltage will be a bit higher than the fully charged voltage of the pack. For example, an 11.55V pack
(3S of 3.85V nominal) can in general be charged at 13.1V (4.35V per cell). An 11.1V pack (3S of 3.7V
nominal) can in general be charged at 12.6V (4.2V per cell). A 10.8V pack (3S of 3.6V nominal) can in general
be charged at 12.3V (4.1V per cell).
This of course highly depends on the exact type of cells used, and using a voltage that's too high for a given
cell type can at best damage the cell, at worst be a safety threat.
Attached Images
HPB.png (19.0 KB, 7312 views)
NVDC.png (17.0 KB, 7173 views)
4-switch buck-boost.png (15.4 KB, 7150 views)
buck converter.png (8.6 KB, 7125 views)

__________________
OpenBoardView — https://github.com/OpenBoardView/OpenBoardView
Last edited by piernov; 08-04-2021 at 02:30 PM..
 11-15-2020, 01:31 PM #2

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

piernov
Super Moderator

Join Date: Jan 2016

2. Troubleshooting charging circuit
City & State: Valbonne, 06
My Country: France
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
2.1. No power
Posts: 3,985 First thing to check if the machine is not powering on is if the main power rail is present. If it is present, then
in general the problem is not in the charging circuit. You can still check "Shorted DC-in MOSFET" and "Missing
voltage on the charger IC" as they could still be a source of trouble in some cases.

To be able to check the main power rail, you have to identify if you have an HPB or an NVDC configuration.

With an HPB configuration you have to check the voltage after the 2nd DC-in MOSFET and after the
current sensing resistor for AC adapter power input. You are supposed to find the AC adapter voltage.

(from Quanta X63 schematics)

With an NVDC configuration, you are supposed to find the battery voltage (see Battery voltage section):
If it's a buck converter you have to check the voltage after the buck converter inductor and after
the fuse if it exists.

(from Apple 820-00165 schematics)

If it's a buck-boost converter you have to check the voltage at the output of the 2nd set of
MOSFETs and after the fuse if it exists.

(from Apple 820-00239 schematics)

If you confirmed your main power rail is missing, there are several possibilities

O
2.1.1. Burnt fuse
You found voltage before the fuse (after the buck converter output inductor or buck-boost 2nd set of
MOSFETs), but not after it: fuse is blown. Replace it and go to the next section "Short to ground on main power
rail". Don't apply power before resolving the short to ground.

2.1.2. Short to ground on main power rail

Most common issue in this case is a short to ground on main power rail caused by a capacitor, and IC, a
M MOSFET…
In this case you have to measure *exact* resistance to ground on the main power rail (same point as
previously). If it is lower than several kohms there's a short to ground.
As indicated in the "Begginer's guidelines: what not to do" section, DO NOT inject 19V. Check high-side
MOSFETs for short, easiest way is to place one probe on the main power rail and the other probe on each large
inductor of the board. If one is lower than 1 ohm, there's a possibility of high-side MOSFET short. If not, you
can start injecting voltage *at 1V*, and double check none of the large BGA is warming up. If 1V is not
enough, you can start increasing voltage, after making sure none of the large BGA is warming up again.
Once you find the bad component, remove it, confirm short to ground is gone, and replaced it. Don't apply
E
power to the board if the component is removed without being sure that it'll not cause any harm.

2.1.3. Shorted DC-in MOSFET

This is the second most common issue. What is troubling for beginners here is that the MOSFET that is
blocking the current is *not* the MOSFET that has failed.
What happens here is that the MOSFET that shorts is the one with the body diode in forward (in the illustration
below, the 2nd one, note that they can be exchanged), not the one with the body diode in reverse.
D

Effectively, the shorted MOSFET will have drain/source/gate connected together. Both DC-in MOSFET gates are
also connected together. And Both DC-in MOSFET sources are connected together. So with gate/source of DC-in
MOSFET in forward bias shorted, it also causes gate/source of the DC-in MOSFET in reverse bias to be shorted.
This MOSFET is therefore turned off permanently, not letting the current through.

The other MOSFET could also be shorted, in the case of an HPB topology the main power rail will be present
since current will flow through the shorted MOSFET and through the body diode of the other MOSFET, but some
signal from the charger IC might be missing causing the platform not to turn on. In an NVDC topology the
main power might be missing.

Simply check resistance between drain/source/gate of both DC-in MOSFETs to confirm they are not shorted. It
should show at least several kohms.

(from Quanta X63 schematics)

2.1.4. Burnt current sensing lines

The charger IC also monitors the current flowing from the AC adapter, and from/to the battery to prevent
overcurrent conditions. It can happen that the current sensing circuits get burnt, either the current sensing
resistors themselves or the resistors that connect them to the current sensing amplifier inputs of the charger
IC.
Easiest way is to measure resistance directly across the pins of the current sensing amplifier inputs of the
charger IC. The measured resistance should be the sum of the current sensing resistors, and the resistors that
connect it to the charger IC. This also accounts for a possible break in the line that could be caused by liquid
damage for example.

(from Quanta X63 schematics)

2.1.5. Missing voltage on the charger IC

Charger IC requires several voltages to work.
Exact names depend on the charger IC used, but there is at least:

DCIN/VCC: input voltage from the AC adapter, should be close to AC adapter voltage
ACIN/ACDET: voltage divider from the AC adapter to detect a correct voltage range. Exact required
voltage depends on the charger IC but it often needs to be higher than 2.4V or 2.6V
REGN/VDD: internal LDO output in general between 5V and 6V, input taken from DCIN/VCC.
 CMSRC (present only on some charger IC paired with N-channel MOSFETs): voltage reference/source
taken in between the 2 DC-in MOSFETs to generate N-channel DC-in MOSFET gate drive voltage
(ACDRV). Should be close to AC adapter voltage.

These signals should come up once the previous signals are good and the previous problems have been
excluded:

ACOK: asserts that the input voltage is good. For P-channel DC-in MOSFETs it often drives their gates
directly and is active low. For N-channel DC-in MOSFETs it should be active high and may be pulled-up
externally to a 3.3V rail.
ACDRV: only present with N-channel MOSFETs, drives their gate, should be 6V above input voltage so in
general around 25V

2.1.6. Damaged passive component

This will be harder to spot, but depending on the circuit a missing/bad resistor or bad capacitor could be the
culprit. Visual inspection is the key here. This is very rare though, except in case of liquid damage. If there is
liquid damage, follow the visual hints.
One possible issue would be the gate resistors for the DC-in MOSFET, as well as the resistor connected to
CMSRC pin when it is present, so you can always check them if you're in doubt.

2.1.7. Dead charger IC

If you excluded all the previous possibilities, the most probable is that the charger IC itself is dead. Replace it
and see if the behaviour changes.

2.2. Battery not charging

First thing is to try another battery. Then try another battery. Finally try another battery. 99% of battery

O
problems are the battery itself, even "new", market is filled with garbage batteries. A "new" battery should
come charged at around 50%, at worst between 20% and 80%, and the machine should turn on from it. Some
batteries need to be "kickstarted" by plugging in the AC adapter for a short while to turn them on.

Some laptops with non-removable battery (newer Acer) have a battery enable/disable switch. Back cover must
be properly assembled otherwise the battery won't work.

Some of the above points at 2.1 No Power can also apply to battery charging so you should check them as well
M
(in particular 2.1.3. Shorted DC-in MOSFET).
Once again it is important to know if you have an NVDC or an HPB topology.
Battery has to be detected to start charging.

2.2.1. AC adapter not detected, wrong AC adapter

Laptops with AC adapter identification circuits such as HP and Dell won't charge the battery if the AC adapter is
not properly recognized or of the incorrect power rating.
For HP, the laptop must be able to turn on from AC adapter only. For Dell the AC adapter must be recognized
properly in the BIOS setup with the correct power rating.
E
2.2.2. Battery not detected
Issue on charging circuit SMBUS.
Check voltage and diode mode to ground on charging circuit SMBUS SDA and SCL lines

(from Quanta X63 schematics)

D

2.2.3. Low voltage on battery charging rail

If it's an NVDC topology, the machine wouldn't turn on with a too low voltage on the battery charging rail.
However with NVDC there is a charging MOSFET between the buck converter output and the battery power rail
that could be the culprit or its gate resistor.

If it's HPB topology, the battery is in general connected directly to the buck converter output. A bad or deep
discharged battery will pull down the output. Let the battery charge overnight and see if it recovers, if not,
replace the battery. Without battery, in HPB tology the output of the battery charging rail will often be low.
DC-in MOSFET or current sensing could be the problem, see "No power section".

Some charger IC have a "CELL" pin to control the default voltage to apply to a battery relative to its number of
cells in series. Wrong setting can cause wrong voltage.

2.2.4. High voltage on battery charging rail

It could be a shorted high-side MOSFET on the buck converter for the battery charging rail.
In the case of HPB toplogy, it can also be a shorted battery-to-system MOSFET.

(from Quanta X63 schematics)

Some charger IC have a "CELL" pin to control the default voltage to apply to a battery relative to its number of
cells in series. Wrong setting can cause wrong voltage.
Attached Images
SMBUS.jpg (262.7 KB, 7326 views)
Current sensing.jpg (279.3 KB, 7200 views)
DC-in MOSFET.jpg (258.1 KB, 7194 views)
Battery MOSFETs.jpg (263.2 KB, 7129 views)
HPB Buck main power rail.jpg (266.4 KB, 7159 views)
NVDC Buck main power rail.jpg (238.0 KB, 7353 views)
NVDC Buck-boost main power rail.jpg (274.4 KB, 7111 views)

Last edited by piernov; 07-13-2021 at 04:19 PM..

 11-15-2020, 01:31 PM #3

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

piernov
Super Moderator
Reserved
Join Date: Jan 2016
City & State: Valbonne, 06
My Country: France
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 3,985

11-16-2020, 02:15 PM #4

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

Pedro147
Senior Member
Thanks for this wealth of information all in one place Piernov, it's very welcomed

Join Date: Sep 2016

City & State: Canberra ACT
My Country: Australia
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O
11-17-2020, 03:30 AM #5

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

ronelex
Senior Member
thanks for the useful info
Join Date: Oct 2016
City & State: Tagbilaran City,
Bohol
M
My Country: Philippines
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 115

11-17-2020, 07:27 AM #6

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

lazyboi11
E
New Member
Thank you..Very useful tutorial especially for beginners like me...
Join Date: Dec 2014
City & State: Western Visayas
My Country: Philippines
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 12
D

11-17-2020, 06:35 PM #7

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

guipmw
New Member
Thank you very much Piernov, for taking the time to post such useful material
Join Date: Aug 2019
City & State: TO
My Country: Brazil
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 10

11-20-2020, 08:33 AM #8

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

mcplslg123
Badcaps Veteran
Good job @piernov. Well researched post.
Join Date: Jun 2015
City & State: siliguri
My Country: india
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I'm a: Professional Tech
Posts: 5,471

11-22-2020, 07:55 AM #9

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

lapfix
Badcaps Veteran
Another ABC dignostic ..nice thread and very helpful..Chapeau bas pierre
Join Date: Mar 2020
City & State: my house
My Country: my workshop
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Posts: 2,042
 11-22-2020, 09:26 PM #10

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

NEUTRONS
New Member
Quote:
Join Date: Apr 2020 Originally Posted by piernov
City & State: Tlemcen
My Country: ALGERIA Reserved
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 7
Merci infiniment pour ta contribution oh combien précieuse, félicitation pour ta maîtrise du sujet, j'aurais une
question a te poser si tu permets , quelle est la manière dont est détectée la charge maximale de la batterie
qui fait basculer la led orange vers la led blanche ( pour HP par exemple) , en précisant le role des différents
circuits qui interviennent dans le processus . MERCI en attente de ta réponse qui sera pour moi une lanterne
dans une caverne obscure.

Thank you very much for your contribution oh how precious, congratulations on your mastery of the subject, I
would have a question to ask you if you allow, what is the way in which the maximum charge of the battery is
detected which switches the orange led to the led white (for HP for example), specifying the role of the
different circuits involved in the process. THANK YOU waiting for your answer which will be for me a lantern in
a dark cave.
Last edited by SMDFlea; 11-23-2020 at 11:10 AM.. Reason: google translate ,merci beaucoup

11-25-2020, 12:50 AM #11

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

stingerchamp

O
Badcaps Veteran
Lol some jealous person deleted my post.
Join Date: Sep 2020
City & State: Pakistan Talk about freedom of speech 🤣
My Country: Pakistan
Line Voltage: 230 VAC 50 Hz
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 427 Anyhow just helping
M You have forgotten cmsrc line resistor resistance check , beginners fail to understand and keep changing
charging ic and KBC but unable to repair. Sometimes cmsrc resistor value increase to out of range due to short
in somewhere and this cmsrc signal will not reach charging ic and it will not let current pass until cmsrc signal
received and your laptop charging led will blink for a second and turn off . In this situation if you change KBC
or Io it will not work until you pull out resistor and replace it.

Do not delete this as well ,I am helping people.

E
11-25-2020, 08:52 AM #12

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

piernov
Super Moderator
It is true that missing/damaged resistor going to CMSRC pin when it exists on the charger IC will prevent it
Join Date: Jan 2016 from working properly (N-channel DC-in MOSFETs gate drive voltage won't be generated).
City & State: Valbonne, 06 It's far from being a common problem though and not all charger IC have a CMSRC pin. It's also basically part
D

My Country: France of "2.1.6. Damaged passive component", others damaged/missing resistor or capacitors can cause an issue
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 3,985 (like bootstrap cap/resistor for example) but without liquid damage they're very rarely the problem.
I still added a note regarding that pin in 2.1.5. and 2.1.6 as it might be useful to some people, thanks.

11-26-2020, 04:48 PM #13

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

nassih
Badcaps Veteran
very important topic tanks
Join Date: Oct 2015
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Posts: 255

11-27-2020, 11:16 PM #14

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

ruletero
Senior Member
Thank you for the information, is very usefull.
Join Date: Nov 2018
City & State: Pachuca Now, in case of battery not detected and not short in SMBUS SDA and SCL lines, what other thing can cause
My Country: Mexico the fail?
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 143

12-01-2020, 01:12 PM #15

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

jessy
New Member
Hello, good morning thanks for accepting me I have a question
Join Date: Oct 2020 It had a board in which there was no scheme but its input mosfets were channel N, the charger source was the
City & State: Chile
My Country: america sur
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 1
Bq25a, therefore the charger activated the gates to the mosfets, however, in the gates of the mosfets there
was no voltage, now the charge ic was powered it had the acdet = 2.41, the acin was 0v and the regn = 0v but
the capacitor that goes in that Regn line was beeping on both sides, I took the capacitor to measure outside
and it was fine to feed the plate without that capacitor and in the regn terminal had no voltage, my query is,
could the ic charger be bad?
I also took out the second mosfet to measure it outside and it's ok, thanks
Last edited by piernov; 12-01-2020 at 03:08 PM.. Reason: google translate

12-05-2020, 07:04 AM #16

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

Gnikosalalalal33
Senior Member
thamks
Join Date: Nov 2017
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My Country: algeria
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Posts: 173

12-07-2020, 06:09 AM #17

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

stingerchamp
Badcaps Veteran
Quote:
Join Date: Sep 2020 Originally Posted by jessy
City & State: Pakistan
My Country: Pakistan Hello, good morning thanks for accepting me I have a question

O
Line Voltage: 230 VAC 50 Hz It had a board in which there was no scheme but its input mosfets were channel N, the charger source
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker was the Bq25a, therefore the charger activated the gates to the mosfets, however, in the gates of the
Posts: 427 mosfets there was no voltage, now the charge ic was powered it had the acdet = 2.41, the acin was 0v
and the regn = 0v but the capacitor that goes in that Regn line was beeping on both sides, I took the
capacitor to measure outside and it was fine to feed the plate without that capacitor and in the regn
terminal had no voltage, my query is, could the ic charger be bad?
I also took out the second mosfet to measure it outside and it's ok, thanks
M If charging ic is not generating REGN and charging ic vcc is ok and acdet is normal then yes you are right
otherwise check logic and signal state Active on low or high

If you read sheet there you will find comparing circuit read it for more information

12-11-2020, 07:22 PM #18

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Re: Laptop battery charging circuit
kalilinux25
Badcaps Veteran
new ideas noted keep sharing
Join Date: Mar 2018
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SIBUGAY
D

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Posts: 1,207

01-11-2021, 06:45 PM #19

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

DavidThijs
New Member
Join Date: Jan 2015
City & State: Lembeek
My Country: Belgium
I'm a: Knowledge Seeker
Posts: 3
I have a question for a problem with the two n-channel mosfets - which I already replaced to be on the safe
side. The BQ24725 emits every 1.3 seconds a very short pulse with an amplitude of approx 11v on the gates of
the two N channel mosfets. When does the charge controller go in such a mode ? On battery alone, the
mainboard correctly powers up. On the DC jack alone, I get nothing unless I bridge the 1st mosfet. Then the
power button starts the laptop. Having both battery and a lab power supply connected to the DC jack won't
start the laptop unless I bridge again the 1st mosfet. But then the current limiter of the lab psu kicks in for
good reasons. Any ideas would be appreciated.

01-27-2021, 04:35 AM #20

Re: Laptop battery charging circuit

dhan
Member
Thank You for this informative thread
Join Date: Jun 2018
City & State: hp
My Country: hp
Line Voltage: 230VAC 60Hz
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