M2 Lesson 1: Converging & Diverging

Lenses-2

1. A light ray coming from a rarer medium

to a denser medium will be bents towards
the normal.
2. A light ray coming from a denser
medium to a rarer medium will be bent
away from the normal.
A light ray that is incident on the front M2 Lesson 2: Physical & Optical Properties
surface, will be bent towards the normal. of Lens-2
The light ray will then be incident on the
The following is a table showing the
back surface. Since it is coming from a
Physical and Optical Properties of a Lens.
denser medium, it will be refracted away
from the normal.
PLUS MINUS
If we trace another light ray below it will Converging Lens Diverging Lens
follow the same behavior. We can then
appreciate the convergence of Positive Lens Negative Lens
light. Hence, we call this lens Thicker at the
a CONVERGING LENS. A converging lens is Thinner at the Center,
Center, Thinner at
also known as a Plus Lens. Thicker at the Sides
the Sides
Magnifies Image Minifies Image
Real, Inverted
Virtual, Erect Image
Image
Correction of
Correction of Myopia
Hyperopia(Farsight
(Nearsightedness)
edness)

M2 Lesson 3 : Primary Points of Lens-2

Apply the same behavior of light on the

lens given, using the behavior of light
during refraction.
This time, the light rays will be
divergent. Hence, this lens is a DIVERGING
LENS. A converging lens is also known as a
Minus Lens.
These are the basic points or references on Note: It takes at least 2 light rays to trace
a lens: the formation of the image.

PRINCIPAL / OPTICAL AXIS: Imaginary line

passing through the center of the front &
back surfaces.

PRINCIPAL FOCUS: Point where rays of light

coming from infinity after passing through a
lens meet or seem to come from.
OPTICAL CENTER: It is a point on a lens
where a ray of light will be undeviated
after passing through.
FOCAL LENGTH: Linear distance from the
optical center to the lens.
M2 Lesson 4 A : Definite Behaviors of Light
on a Plus Lens-2
There are infinite bundles of light that are
emanating from an object. And there are
only 3 light rays that will have a definite
behavior when it passes through a lens.
M2 Lesson 4b : Definite Behaviors of Light
on a Minus Lens-2
The following are the definite behaviors of
light on a Minus Lens.
1. A ray of light parallel with the principal
axis will be bent as if coming from the
principal focus.
2. A ray of light passing through the optical
center is undeviated.
3. A ray of light directed to the principal
focus will be bent parallel with the
principal axis.

The following are the definite behaviors of

light on a Plus Lens.

1. A ray of light parallel with the principal

axis will be bent passing through the
principal focus.

2. A ray of light passing through the optical

center is undeviated.

3. A ray of light passing through the

principal focus will be bent parallel with the
principal axis.
 M2 Lesson 5 : Object & Image Location-2 M2 Lesson 6 : The Diopter-2

The following table shows the object and The focal length as stated before is the
image location on a Plus Lens. distance between the principal focus and
the lens.
The focal length is inversely proportional to
Object Nature of Size of Image
the power of a lens.
Location Image
The higher the power of the lens, the
At Real Point Image (at shorter the focal length.
Infinity f)
A 1 Diopter lens will have a 1 Meter focal
length. The power of the lens refers to its
Between Real, Minimize converging and diverging capacity.
Infinity & Inverted
2f The relationship between the Diopter and
the Focal Length is shown in this formula:
At 2f Real, Equal with D=1/f
Inverted Object (at 2f)

Between Real, Magnified

2f & f Inverted

At f Real, Magnified (at

Inverted Infinity)

Between Virtual, Magnified

f & lens Erect

Below are the Object and Image Location

on a Minus Lens.

Object Nature of Size of

Location Image Image

At Infinity Virtual Point

Image (at
f)

Between Virtual, Minimize

Infinity & Erect
lens