Displacement method

The lens can be moved on the axis of

system until a sharp image obtained on
the screen.
Position of object and screen are fixed
and lens is free to move.
 For real image
.
 Spherical aberrations

It arises with converging and diverging nature of lenses

y
a l ra
gin
ar
M
Paraaxial ray

Rafracted ray intersect

at different point on PA

M ar
gina
l ray

Marginal ray converges nearer to lens than paraxial ray

 Methods to reduce spherical abbreviations

Mathod1: Can be reduced by using a variable aperture

diaphragm to block marginal ray

Method2: Lens with parabolic surfaces are also used to

reduce spherical aberrations.

Parabolic surface
 Chromatic aberrations

A white light contains seven colours of different wavelengths.

And different colours has different velocity in a medium. So
they have different refractive indices in same medium.

Same lens offers different focal length for different wavelengths

According to Cauche’law

Refractive index depends on material and wavelength

So same material offers a smaller focal length for blue

colour and bigger focal length for red colour
 Calculation of linear chromatic aberration ( LCA)

Partial differentation

Dispersive power
Dis
als pers
its o de ive p
co foca fined owe
ref lours l len as r of
rac co gth the a l
tiv e
e i rresp for a relat ns ca
nd i
ex ondi give ve ch n be
. ng n r a
to ang nge
ch
an of in
e
ge
in

Chromatic aberration = dispersive power * mean focal length

Note: For mirrors, focal length does not depend upon medium.
That’s why there is no chromatic aberration with mirrors
 Condition for achromatic

No colour splitting

For achromatic my, we use two

lens together

For achromatic,

Condition for achromatism

We use two lens one converging and other diverging in nature.

Their focal length should have opposite sign

Since w is same for a material. So we use two lens made of

different material. If we use lens of same material, their w become
same. That’s why effective focal length of combination become
zero. So it will start behaving as a slab
 Prism
Prism is a homogeneous medium
At first surface

At second surface
Deviation in ray
Condition for minimum deviation
Condition for maximum deviation
Or grazing emergence
Graph between And
Thin prism
Find separation between object and its image
How many images are formed and what is separation between
them
 Dispersion of light
When light ray passes through a prism, it splits up into rays of
constituent colours or wavelengths. This phenomena is known
as dispersion of light

Prism introduces different refractive indices with different

wavelengths.

According to Chauche’s law,

Angular dispersion

Difference between angle of deviation for violet

colour and red colour
 Mean deviation

Dispersive power
 Combination of prism

Deviation without dispersion

In combination of two different prisms, what is the net

deviation if net dispersion is zero
 Dispersion without deviation

In combination of two different prisms, what is the net

dispersion if net deviation is zero