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C H A P T E R S U M M A RY BIG IDEA The electromagnetic spectrum includes

CHAPTER 13 Summary all light waves, not just those visible to humans. Ray
diagrams can be used to describe light waves and to
predict the results of interactions with surfaces.
Teaching Tip
Writing down difficult concepts SECTION 1 Characteristics of Light KEY TERM

can help students better understand • Light is electromagnetic radiation that consists of oscillating electric and electromagnetic
magnetic fields with different wavelengths. wave
them and can enhance students’
• The frequency times the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is equal to
communication skills. Have students c, the speed of light.
summarize the differences between • The brightness of light is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the light source.
images formed by convex mirrors and
images formed by concave mirrors. Their
SECTION 2 Flat Mirrors KEY TERMS
writings should include a thorough
explanation of the mirror equation, sign • Light obeys the law of reflection, which states that the incident and reflection
reflected angles of light are equal. angle of incidence
conventions, and ray diagrams for each
• Flat mirrors form virtual images that are the same distance from the angle of reflection
case. Be sure students explain concepts mirror’s surface as the object is.
virtual image
clearly and correctly, and use good
sentence structure. SECTION 3 Curved Mirrors KEY TERMS

• The mirror equation relates object distance, image distance, and focal concave spherical
length of a spherical mirror. mirror
• The magnification equation relates image height or distance to object real image
height or distance, respectively. convex spherical
mirror

SECTION 4 Color and Polarization KEY TERM

• Light of different colors can be produced by adding light consisting of the linear polarization
primary additive colors (red, green, and blue).
• Pigments can be treated as subtractive colors (magenta, yellow, and cyan).
• Light can be linearly polarized by transmission, reflection, or scattering.

VARIABLE SYMBOLS DIAGRAM SYMBOLS

Light rays
Quantities Units
(real)
Light rays
p object distance m meters
(apparent)

q image distance m meters Normal HRW • Holt Physics

lines PH99PE-C14-CHS-001A
R radius of
m meters HRW • Holt Physics
curvature PH99PE-C14-CHS-002A Problem Solving
Flat mirror
f focal length m meters HRW • Holt Physics
See Appendix D: Equations for a summary
Concave PH99PE-C14-CHS-003A
Convex of the equations introduced in this chapter. If
mirror mirror you need more problem-solving practice,
M magnification (unitless) see Appendix I: Additional Problems.
HRW • Holt Physics
PH99PE-C14-CHS-005A

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CHAPTER REVIEW
CHAPTER 13 Review
Answers
Characteristics of Light 7. How fast do x-rays travel in a vacuum?
1. a. radio waves
8. Why do astronomers observing distant galaxies talk
REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS about looking backward in time? b. gamma rays
1. Which band of the electromagnetic spectrum has
9. Do the brightest stars that you see in the night sky 2. b
a. the lowest frequency?
necessarily give off more light than dimmer stars? 3. Its speed is accurately known.
b. the shortest wavelength?
Explain your answer.
Measuring the time it takes light to
2. Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the
highest frequency? PRACTICE PROBLEMS travel a distance allows the distance
a. radio to be determined. (Alternatively, if
b. ultraviolet radiation For problems 10–13, see Sample Problem A.
c. blue light
the source’s brightness is known, its
10. The compound eyes of bees and other insects are
d. infrared radiation highly sensitive to light in the ultraviolet portion of apparent brightness can be meas-
3. Why can light be used to measure distances the spectrum, particularly light with frequencies ured and its distance calculated.)
between 7.5 × 1014 Hz and 1.0 × 1015 Hz. To what
accurately? What must be known in order to
wavelengths do these frequencies correspond? 4. The wave front at B would be an arc
make distance measurements?
of a large circle. The rays would point
4. For the diagram below, use Huygens’s principle to 11. The brightest light detected from the star Antares
has a frequency of about 3 × 1014 Hz. What is the radially outward from A to B.
show what the wave front at point A will look like
at point B. How would you represent this wave front wavelength of this light? 5. Apparent brightness equals the
in the ray approximation? 12. What is the wavelength for an FM radio signal if the actual brightness divided by the
number on the dial reads 99.5 MHz?
Source New wavefront square of the distance between
position
A B 13. What is the wavelength of a radar signal that has a observer and source.
frequency of 33 GHz?
6. 1999 CE + 2 yr (11.5 ly/yr) = 2022 CE
7. 3.00 × 108 m/s
Flat Mirrors
8. The light from galaxies was emitted
5. What is the relationship between the actual REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS
HRW • Holt Physics
brightness of a light source and its apparent
millions of years ago.
PH99PE-C14-CHR-001A
14. For each of the objects listed below, identify whether
brightness from where you see it?
light is reflected diffusely or specularly. 9. no; Those stars may be closer so
a. a concrete driveway they appear brighter.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS b. an undisturbed pond
c. a polished silver tray
10. 4.0 × 10−7 m, 3.0 × 10−7 m
6. Suppose an intelligent society capable of receiving
and transmitting radio signals lives on a planet d. a sheet of paper 11. 1 × 10−6 m
orbiting Procyon, a star 11.5 light-years away from e. a mercury column in a thermometer
12. 3.02 m
Earth. If a signal were sent toward Procyon in 1999,
what is the earliest year that Earth could expect to 13. 9.1 × 10−3 m (9.1 mm)
receive a return message? (Hint: A light-year is the
distance light travels in one year.)
14. a. diffusely
b. specularly
c. specularly
d. diffusely
e. specularly

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Light and Reflection 475


CHAPTER REVIEW
15. point normal halfway between sun
and aircraft
16. 2 m behind; M = 1
17. The gas molecules in air do not
reflect the light.
18. Reflection is diffuse if λ is
smaller than surface irregularities
of reflector.
19. no; Diagram should show that the ray
from feet reflected at bottom of
mirror goes to the top of the head
above the eyes.
´
20. θ 2 = 55°; Ray reflected from the
second mirror is always parallel to
the incoming ray.
21. 1.2 m/s; The image moves toward
you.
22. Images serve as objects for more
images. Each reflection doubles the
apparent distance from “object”
to mirror.
23. concave
24. real, inverted image; in front
25. No, rays always diverge from
a convex mirror.
26. no, h’ < h for convex mirrors
27. no spherical aberration
28. through the focal point
29. A real image appears at the former
object position.
30. no; no; Image is upright and virtual
when p < f.
31. The light is spread out more in the
larger image.
32. try to project image on paper
33. Produce rays parallel to and far from
the principal axis. All rays focus at F
for a parabolic mirror.
34. a. M = −0.384; real, inverted
b. M = −1.00; real, inverted
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c. M = 1.67; virtual, upright
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CHAPTER REVIEW
15. If you were stranded on an island, where would you 24. If an object is placed outside the focal length of a
align a mirror to use sunlight to signal a searching concave mirror, which type of image will be formed?
aircraft? Will it appear in front of or behind the mirror?
16. If you are standing 2 m in front of a flat mirror, how 25. Can you use a convex mirror to burn a hole in paper
far behind the mirror is your image? What is the by focusing light rays from the sun at the mirror’s
magnification of the image? focal point?
26. A convex mirror forms an image from a real object.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Can the image ever be larger than the object?
17. When you shine a flashlight across a room, you see 27. Why are parabolic mirrors preferred over spherical
the beam of light on the wall. Why do you not see the concave mirrors for use in reflecting telescopes?
light in the air?
18. How can an object be a specular reflector for some CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
electromagnetic waves yet be diffuse for others?
28. Where does a ray of light that is parallel to the
19. A flat mirror that is 0.85 m tall is attached to a wall principal axis of a concave mirror go after it is
so that its upper edge is 1.7 m above the floor. Use the reflected at the mirror’s surface?
law of reflection and a ray diagram to predict whether
this mirror will show a person who is 1.7 m tall his
29. What happens to the real image produced by a
concave mirror if you move the original object to the
or her complete reflection.
location of the image?
20. Two flat mirrors make an
30. Consider a concave spherical mirror and a real
angle of 90.0° with each
Mirror B
object. Is the image always inverted? Is the image
other, as diagrammed at
= 35 always real? Give conditions for your answers.
right. An incoming ray
makes an angle of 35° with 31. Explain why enlarged images seem dimmer than the
the normal of mirror A. Use Mirror A original objects.
the law of reflection to
determine the angle of reflection from mirror B. What 32. What test could you perform to determine if an image
is unusual about the incoming and HRWreflected rays of
• Holt Physics is real or virtual?
PH99PE-C14-CHR-002A
light for this arrangement of mirrors?
33. You’ve been given a concave mirror that may or may
21. If you walk 1.2 m/s toward a flat mirror, how fast does not be parabolic. What test could you perform to
your image move with respect to the mirror? In what determine whether it is parabolic?
direction does your image move with respect to you?
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22. Why do the images produced by two opposing flat
mirrors appear to be progressively smaller? For problems 34–35, see Sample Problem B.
34. A concave shaving mirror has a radius of curvature of
Curved Mirrors 25.0 cm. For each of the following cases, find the
magnification and determine whether the image
REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS formed is real or virtual and upright or inverted.
23. Which type of mirror should be used to project movie
a. an upright pencil placed 45.0 cm from the mirror
b. an upright pencil placed 25.0 cm from the mirror
images on a large screen?
c. an upright pencil placed 5.00 cm from the mirror
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CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER REVIEW

35. A concave spherical mirror can be used to project an
image onto a sheet of paper, allowing the magnified
image of an illuminated real object to be accurately
traced. If you have a concave mirror with a focal
length of 8.5 cm, where would you place a sheet of
paper so that the image projected onto it is twice as
far from the mirror as the object is? Is the image
upright or inverted, real or virtual? What would the
magnification of the image be?
For problem 36, see Sample Problem C.
36. A convex mirror with a radius of curvature of 45.0 cm
forms a 1.70 cm tall image of a pencil at a distance of
15.8 cm behind the mirror. Calculate the object
distance for the pencil and its height. Is the image real
or virtual? What is the magnification? Is the image
inverted or upright?
Color and Polarization
REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS
37. What are the three primary additive colors? What
happens when you mix them?
38. What are the three primary subtractive colors
(or primary pigments)? What happens when you
mix them?
39. Explain why a polarizing disk used to analyze light
can block light from a beam that has been passed
through another polarizer. What is the relative
orientation of the two polarizing disks?
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
40. Explain what could happen when you mix the
following:
a. cyan and yellow pigment
b. blue and yellow light
c. pure blue and pure yellow pigment
d. green and red light
e. green and blue light
41. What color would an opaque magenta shirt appear to
be under the following colors of light?
a. white d. green
b. red e. yellow
c. cyan
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42. A substance is known to reflect green and blue light.
What color would it appear to be when it is 35. q = 26 cm; real, inverted; M = −2.0
illuminated by white light? By blue light?
36. p = 52.9 cm; h = 5.69 cm;
43. How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses has polarizing M = 0.299; virtual, upright
lenses?
37. red, green, blue; They make
44. Why would sunglasses with polarizing lenses remove
the glare from your view of the hood of your car or a white light.
distant body of water but not from a tall metal tank 38. cyan, magenta, yellow; They make
used for storing liquids?
black pigment.
45. Is light from the sky polarized? Why do clouds seen
39. The polarized light from the first
through polarizing glasses stand out in bold contrast
to the sky? polarizer is blocked by the second
polarizer when the component
Mixed Review of the light that is parallel to the
second polarizer’s transmission axis
REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS
equals zero; The light must be
46. The real image of a tree is magnified −0.085 times by
a telescope’s primary mirror. If the tree’s image forms
perpendicular (90°) to the second
35 cm in front of the mirror, what is the distance polarizer’s transmission axis.
between the mirror and the tree? What is the focal
length of the mirror? What is the value for the mirror’s
40. a. green pigment
radius of curvature? Is the image virtual or real? Is the b. white light
image inverted or upright?
c. black pigment
47. A candlestick holder has a concave reflector behind
d. yellow light
the candle, as shown below. The reflector magnifies a
candle −0.75 times and forms an image 4.6 cm away e. cyan light
from the reflector’s surface. Is the image inverted or
upright? What are the object distance and the 41. a. magenta
reflector’s focal length? Is the image virtual or real?
b. red
c. blue
d. black
e. red
42. cyan; blue
43. Rotate the sunglasses while
looking at the sky or sunlight
reflecting off a horizontal surface.
48. A child holds a candy bar 15.5 cm in front of the If brightness changes, the glasses
convex side-view mirror of an automobile. The image have polarizing lenses.
height is reduced by one-half. What is the radius of
PHYSICS 44. Light reflected from a horizontal
curvature of the mirror? Spec. Number PH 99 PE C14-CHR-003-A
Boston Graphics, Inc. surface like an auto hood is polarized
617.523.1333
horizontally and is blocked by the
lenses. Light reflected from tall
Chapter Review 477
narrow surfaces like the tank will be
vertically polarized, and almost all of
it will pass through the lenses.
25/01/16 7:02 PM
45. yes; Light from the sky is polarized,
but light from the clouds is not
polarized.
46. p = 4.1 × 102 cm; f = 32 cm;
R = 64 cm; real, inverted image
47. inverted; p = 6.1 cm; f = 2.6 cm; real
48. R = −31.0 cm

Light and Reflection 477

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49. A glowing electric light bulb placed 15 cm from a
49. q2 = 6.7 cm; real; M1 = −0.57, concave spherical mirror produces a real image
8.5 cm from the mirror. If the light bulb is moved to
M2 = −0.27; inverted
a position 25 cm from the mirror, what is the position
50. f = −13.7 cm; M = 0.0656; of the image? Is the final image real or virtual? What
virtual, upright are the magnifications of the first and final images?
Are the two images inverted or upright?
51. p = 11.3 cm
50. A convex mirror is placed on the ceiling at the
52. concave; M = −20.0; real; inverted intersection of two hallways. If a person stands
directly underneath the mirror, the person’s shoe is a
53. (Go online to see the full solution.)
distance of 195 cm from the mirror. The mirror forms
54. (Go online to see the full solution.) an image of the shoe that appears 12.8 cm behind the
mirror’s surface. What is the mirror’s focal length?
55. R = −25.0 cm What is the magnification of the image? Is the image
56. a. 15.0 cm real or virtual? Is the image upright or inverted?
b. 59.9 cm 51. The side-view mirror of an automobile has a radius of
curvature of 11.3 cm. The mirror produces a virtual
c. Mconvex = 2.00, Mconcave = 0.667 image one-third the size of the object. How far is the
d. virtual object from the mirror?
e. upright 52. An object is placed 10.0 cm in front of a mirror.
What type must the mirror be to form an image of
57. concave, R = 48.1 cm; the object on a wall 2.00 m away from the mirror?
M = 2.00; virtual What is the magnification of the image? Is the image
real or virtual? Is the image inverted or upright?
58. (Go online to see the full solution.)
53. The reflecting surfaces of two intersecting flat mirrors
are at an angle of θ (0° < θ < 90°), as shown in the
figure below. A light ray strikes the horizontal mirror.
Use the law of reflection to show that the emerging
ray will intersect the incident ray at an angle of
ϕ = 180° − 2θ.
ø upright. (Note: A flashlight beam shined on these
54. Show that if a flat mirror is assumed to have an
“infinite” radius of curvature, the mirror equation
reduces to q = −p.
HRW • Holt Physics
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55. A real object is placed at the zero end of a meterstick.
A large concave mirror at the 100.0 cm end of the
meterstick forms an image of the object at the
70.0 cm position. A small convex mirror placed at the
20.0 cm position forms a final image at the 10.0 cm
point. What is the radius of curvature of the convex
mirror? (Hint: The first image created by the concave
mirror acts as an object for the convex mirror.)
56. A dedicated sports-car enthusiast polishes the inside
and outside surfaces of a hubcap that is a section of a
sphere. When he looks into one side of the hubcap,
he sees an image of his face 30.0 cm behind the
hubcap. He then turns the hubcap over and sees
another image of his face 10.0 cm behind the hubcap.
a. How far is his face from the hubcap?
b. What is the radius of curvature of the hubcap?
c. What is the magnification for each image?
d. Are the images real or virtual?
e. Are the images upright or inverted?
57. An object 2.70 cm tall is placed 12.0 cm in front of a
mirror. What type of mirror and what radius of
curvature are needed to create an upright image that
is 5.40 cm in height? What is the magnification of the
image? Is the image real or virtual?
58. A “floating coin” illusion consists of two parabolic
mirrors, each with a focal length of 7.5 cm, facing
each other so that their centers are 7.5 cm apart
(see the figure below). If a few coins are placed on the
lower mirror, an image of the coins forms in the small
opening at the center of the top mirror. Use the mirror
equation, and draw a ray diagram to show that the
final image forms at that location. Show that the
magnification is 1 and that the image is real and
images has a very startling effect. Even at a glancing
angle, the incoming light beam is seemingly reflected
off the images of the coins. Do you understand why?)
Small hole
Parabolic
mirrors
Coins
HRW • Holt Physics
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59. Use the mirror equation and the equation for
magnification to prove that the image of a real object
formed by a convex mirror is always upright, virtual,
and smaller than the object. Use the same equations
to prove that the image of a real object placed in front
of any spherical mirror is always virtual and upright
when p < | f |.
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. Suntan lotions include compounds that absorb the
ultraviolet radiation in sunlight and therefore prevent
the ultraviolet radiation from damaging skin cells.
Design experiments to test the properties of varying
grades (SPFs) of suntan lotions. Plan to use blueprint
paper, film, plants, or other light-sensitive items.
Write down the questions that will guide your
inquiry, the materials you will need, the procedures
you plan to follow, and the measurements you will
take. If your teacher approves your plan, perform the
experiments and report or demonstrate your findings
in class.
2. The Egyptian scholar Alhazen studied lenses, mirrors,
rainbows, and other light phenomena early in the
Middle Ages. Research his scholarly work, his life,
and his relationship with the Caliph al-Hakim.
How advanced were Alhazen’s inventions and
theories? Summarize your findings, and report them
to the class.
3. Work in cooperative groups to explore the use of
corner and ceiling mirrors as low-tech surveillance
devices. Make a floor plan of an existing store, or
devise a floor plan for an imaginary one. Determine
how much of the store could be monitored by a clerk
if flat mirrors were placed in the corners. If you could
use curved mirrors in such a system, would you use
concave or convex mirrors? Where would you place
them? Identify which parts of the store could be
observed with the curved mirrors in place. Note any
disadvantages that your choice of mirrors may have.
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60. Use trigonometry to derive the mirror and
magnification equations. (Hint: Note that the
incoming ray between the object and the mirror
forms the hypotenuse of a right triangle. The
reflected ray between the image point and the
mirror is also the hypotenuse of a right triangle.)
4. Research the characteristics, effects, and applications
of a specific type of electromagnetic wave in the
spectrum. Find information about the range of
wavelengths, frequencies, and energies; natural and
artificial sources of the waves; and the methods used
to detect them. Find out how they were discovered
and how they affect matter. Learn about any dangers
associated with them and about their uses in
technology. Work together with others in the class
who are researching other parts of the spectrum to
build a group presentation, brochure, chart, or
webpage that covers the entire spectrum.
5. The Chinese astronomer Chang Heng (78–139 ce)
recognized that moonlight was a reflection of
sunlight. He applied this theory to explain lunar
eclipses. Make diagrams showing how Chang might
have represented the moon’s illumination and the
path of light when Earth, the moon, and the sun were
in various positions on ordinary nights and on nights
when there were lunar eclipses. Find out more about
Chang’s other scientific work, and report your
findings to the class.
6. Explore how many images are produced when you
stand between two flat mirrors whose reflecting
surfaces face each other. What are the locations of
the images? Are they identical? Investigate these
questions with diagrams and calculations. Then
test your predicted results with parallel mirrors,
perpendicular mirrors, and mirrors at angles in
between. Which angles produce one, two, three,
five, and seven images? Summarize your results
with a chart, diagram, or computer presentation.
Chapter Review
CHAPTER REVIEW
59. (Go online to see the full solution.)
60. (Go online to see the full solution.)
Alternative
Assessment Answers
1. Students’ answers will vary. Be sure
plans are safe and experimental
designs reflect a controlled
experiment.
2. Alhazen (965–1038) studied light,
pinhole cameras, and parabolic mirrors.
When he failed to invent a machine to
control the Nile’s floods, the Caliph
sentenced him to death. Alhazen
escaped by pretending to be insane.
3. Students’ discussions will vary.
Students should recognize that
convex mirrors will work best.
Check that plans take into account
the law of reflection.
4. Students’ answers will vary. Be sure the
class covers the entire spectrum.
Students should provide source
references.
5. Students’ answers will vary but should
indicate that when the sun is on one
side of Earth and the moon is on the
other side, the moon will be bright
at night.
6. Students’ summaries will vary. Parallel
mirrors produce an infinite number of
images that are smaller and smaller.
The angles for one, two, three, five,
and seven images are 180°, 120°, 90°, 60°,
and 45°, respectively.
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CHAPTER REVIEW CHAPTER REVIEW

Mirrors
Mirrors produce many types of images: virtual or real, Magnification values that are greater than 1 or less than –1
enlarged or reduced, and upright or inverted. The mirror indicate that the image of an object is larger than the object
equation and the magnification equation can help sort things itself. Negative magnification values indicate that an image
out. The mirror equation relates the object distance (p ), is real and inverted, while positive magnification values
image distance (q ), and focal length (f ) to one another. indicate that an image is virtual and upright.
1 +_
_ 1 =_
1 In this graphing calculator activity, the calculator will
p q f produce a table of image distance and magnification for
Image size can be determined from the magnification various object distances for a mirror with a known focal
equation. length. You will use this table to determine the characteris-
h' = -_ q tics of the images produced by a variety of mirrors and
M=_
h p object distances.
Go online to HMHScience.com to find the skillsheet and
program for this graphing calculator activity.

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