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Light
Chapter 9 : Learning outcomes:
Ray Model of Light You will learn:
• To recognise that light travels in straight lines

• To investigate and state the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror

• To explain how reflection of light is affected by a smooth and rough surface

• To describe the effects and uses of plane and curved reflecting surfaces

• To describe some effects and consequences of refraction

• To describe the dispersion of white light by a prism

• To explain how we see the colour of objects in white light and coloured light

• To investigate and state the effects of reflection and refraction

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Light Light in everyday life

(ie. sun, rainbow, reflection and mirror)
SWBAT
1. State the properties of light
2. Differentiate between ray and beam of
light
3. Identify and draw the 3 types of light
beams
4. Explain how human eyes see objects

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Light Light
What is Light? Comparing the speed of light
• Light is an important source of energy.
Explain why we can see the lightning before we can
• It enables us to see. hear the accompanying thunder?
• It forms part of the electromagnetic
Speed in m/s
spectrum.
• It travels through vacuum from the Sun to Cruising aeroplane 291

Earth at the speed of 3 x 108 m/s. Sound in air 340

• The Sun is the most important source of Bullet Up to 1500

natural light.
Light travels at a speed of 300,000,000 m/s, faster
than the speed of sound in air at 340 m/s.

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Light Light

How does Light travel? Rays and Beams

• Light travels in straight lines. • A ray = a thin line of light
• Evidence:

• A beam = a bundle of light rays

• Light from the torch light can only be seen when we look
through the straight tube
• Hence, a ray of light is represented by a straight line.
• A bundle of light ray is known as a beam of light.

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Light Light

Types of Beam – Parallel Beam Types of Beam – Divergent Beam

Parallel Beam Example: Spotlight Divergent Beam Example: Lighthouse

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Light What have we learnt?

Types of Beam
Properties of Light
• It forms part of the electromagnetic
Convergent Beam Example: Magnifying glass spectrum.
• It travels in straight lines.
• It travels at 3 x 108 m/s in
vacuum.

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Light
How the eye sees
How do we ‘see’ an object?
 There are 2 types of objects:
Discuss the direction in which light travels between an - Luminous objects which give out light
object and our eyes, allowing us to see the object.
on its own.
Examples: Sun, lamps, lighted candle
- Non-luminous objects which do not give
out light on its own.
Light rays are reflected off the
object. Reflected light travels Examples: Table, wall, book.
from the object to our eyes.

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Luminous & Non-luminous bodies What happens when light hits an

object?
• There are 4 different outcomes that can
happen when light hits an object:
1. Light can be reflected or scattered off
the object.
2. Light can be refracted by the object.
3.Light can be absorbed by the object.
4. Light can pass through or transmitted
through the object with no effect.

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Light
SWBAT Reflection is the bouncing of light rays off a
1. Define reflection surface
2. Draw a reflection ray diagram
3. State the laws of reflection

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Light Light
Reflection on a mirror
Reflection Ray Diagram
(Normal)
N
A B

Incident
ray
Things to take note
1 Normal:
-Drawn in dotted line
-Perpendicular to the surface
-Labelled with “N”
2 Arrows to be drawn to indicate
direction of light
Reflected
(Angle of (Angle of
ray
incidence) reflection)
i r
The law of reflection:
1.The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the surface all
lie in the same plane.
2.The angle of reflection is the same as the angle of incidence.

3 Light rays to be drawn in solid

lines

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Light
SWBAT
Types of reflection
1. State the 2 types of reflection
Regular reflection Irregular/ Diffused reflection
2. Compare the 2 types of reflection
Surface
Smooth Rough
3. State the 3 types of mirrors (plane, concave &
Image No reflected
Clear
convex) image

4. List the characteristics of the images formed in Diagram

the 3 types of mirror

5. Identify some examples of the mirrors in daily

life
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Light Light

Regular Vs. Diffused Reflection Mirror, mirror on the wall…

How do we see an image of ourselves

in a plane mirror?

The image in a mirror is

formed when light rays
reflects off the mirror
and travel into our eyes.

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Plane Mirror Image Observations about the image

Image is
Image Mirror You Image is Image is
laterally
upright. virtual.
inverted.

Same
size
as
object

Equal perpendicular distance away from mirror

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Light Light
Characteristics of plane mirror images Real image vs Virtual image
The image in a plane mirror is:
1. virtual
2. upright
1. Real image can be formed on screen.
3. laterally inverted
4. same size as the object 2. Virtual image cannot be formed on screen
5. perpendicular distance between the image and
the mirror is the equal to the perpendicular
distance between the object and the mirror.

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Light Light
Do you know?
Laterally Inversion
• Why do you think the word ‘AMBULANCE’ is written in
this way?

“Left becomes Right and Right becomes Left.”

Answer: This is done so such a driver in front of the

ambulance, upon looking at his car’s rear mirror, will be able
to see the word “ambulance” in the correct way.

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Light Light

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Light Other uses of plane mirrors

Uses of plane mirrors
Images formed are upright and undistorted.
Where can it be found? Used for:

Wall Placed at the wall to make a

room look bigger
To line the walls of dance studios
Periscope See over obstacles such as
walls
Enable the driver in double-deck
bus to see people on the upper
deck
Can you think of other examples?
2. Reflection of light:
1. Optical testing: Letters
Allow camera to show
are laterally inverted so
the food images in
that patient can see the
cooking programmes.
letters correctly in the
mirror.
3. Instrument scales:
Image of pointer is aligned
with pointer to eliminate
parallex error when taking
reading.

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Light Light
How does a periscope work? How does a periscope work?

• The image formed is

- same size as
the object
- is not laterally
inverted
- upright

• Uses: Submarine

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SWBAT
1. State the properties of image formed by
convex and concave mirrors
2. Identify at least 2 examples of convex and
concave mirror in daily examples
Light
What is a Curved Mirror?
• Makes use of a curved surface.
• Two types:
- convex (like the back of a spoon)
- concave (like the front of a spoon)
• The images formed by these mirrors are different
from those formed by plane mirrors.

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Light Comparison between convex mirror

Comparing the images formed: and plane mirror
Convex and Concave Mirrors
Convex mirrors Concave mirrors
• Image is laterally • Image is laterally
inverted and inverted and
diminished magnified
• Have a wider ‘field of L L
view’; that is, they
allow many things to
be seen

Both will produce a laterally inverted image

• A convex mirror has a wider field of view which allows the
viewer to see more objects as compared to the plane mirror.

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Light Light

Uses of convex mirrors Uses of concave mirrors

• Do you know of other uses of convex mirrors? • Do you know of other uses of concave mirrors?

Blind-corner
security mirrors mirrors Microscope Dentist mirror

Side view mirror

Telescope

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