Alingatong Plant

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY
The National Center for Teacher Education

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
Coagulation also known as blood clotting is the process by which the
blood changes from liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot that stop the blood
from the wounds. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss
from a damage vessel, followed by repair (David Lollicrap, 2009). The
mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion, and aggregation of
platelets along with deposition and maturation of fibrin.
Normal blood clotting depends on the presence in the blood of certain
proteins called clotting factors. Those people who lack one of these clotting
factors often due to an inherited disorder may be given specific blood products,
which are concentrated supplements of the missing protein. For example, a
blood product called Factor VIII is needed for the treatment of the inherited
bleeding disorder haemophilia, in which a defective gene causes a deficiency of
natural Factor VIII in the blood. Another blood product, fresh frozen plasma, is
given to counteract abnormally prolonged or severe bleeding due to causes such
as an excessive dose of anticoagulants (Medical Guide, 2010).
But other proven studies said that there are many herbal medicines that
promote blood coagulation such as these certain products containing stinging
nettle have shown, when applied to the skin, can reduce bleeding during
surgery. The product, called Ankaferd blood stopper, is made up of alpinia,


licorice, thyme, common grape vine and stinging nettle, and has also shown
evidence of reducing bleeding after dental surgery. In Chinese researchers they
used Persicae Semen (Taoren) and Carthami Flos (Honghua) used in pair which
is named as Taoren–Honghua (TH) herb pair has been used in traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) for promoting blood circulation to dissipate blood
stasis for many years in China. Other researches also said that a common
pathological syndrome in the elderly called blood stasis. In traditional Chinese
medicine, the treatment for the syndrome is by herbs which activates blood
circulation to remove blood stasis. The herbs have the efficacy of improving
hemorheological events. Therefore, the herbs are the source for developing
hemorheologicals. Ligustrazine isolated from Chuangxiong is an example. It
showed significant inhibition on shear induced platelet aggregation and on
platelet intracellular calcium demonstrated by laser confocal microscope.
In the article titled better health care it is stated that side effect can be
caused by all kinds of medicines, including prescription and over-the –counter
medicines. Estimated that around 230,000 are admitted in the hospital every
year because of the problems associated with the use of medicines. Examples of
this are antibiotics such as those in the sulfonamide and penicillin families
cause allergic reactions in around five per cent of the population. Skin rashes
are a common reaction.
The use of medicinal plants was mandated in the Philippines that most
of the medicinal plants in the Philippines are not scientifically proven. In 1997,

President Fidel V. Ramos realized that the value of the traditional medicines in
the Philippines and signed into law republic Act (R.A. 8423), also known as the
traditional and alternative medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997. The law that was
created by the President created the Philippine institute of traditional and
alternative health care (PITAHC) whose mandate is to promote and advocate
the use of traditional and alternative healthcare modalities through scientific
research and product development. (Althea, 2018).
Alingatong tree is as a deciduous shrub or small tree, growing to a
height of 3 to 5 meters. Leaves are ovate to broadly elliptic-ovate, 20 to 40
centimeters long, 10 to 22 centimeters wide, entire, with shortly pointed at the
tip, and somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Upper surface is green and smooth,
the underside paler and rather densely covered with numerous, soft and stinging
hairs, abundant on the margins of the leaves. As stated in the journal of
Philippine medicinal plant the hairs of alingatong have a large bulbous base
from which projects a long tapering tube that ends in a curved tip that breaks
off easily. Contact with the leaves causes breaking of the tips of the hairs and a
poison is released that cause’s immediate and intense skin irritation. The stings
are painful and may cause the formation of blisters, immediate and possibly
progressing to confluence. With these characteristics the alingatong trees don’t
have market values and often cut by the farmers when seen because of its
harmful effect when in contact with your skin. But alingatong tree was known
to be a medicinal plant in a lot of areas in the Mindanao especially in the Santa


Maria, Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur one of the barangays of Agusan Del Sur to
have the practice of used alingatong (laportea batanendsis) as a medicinal tree
cure for wounds.
By these problems of the people lack of medicinal need and help, the
researchers conduct a research about the alingatong plant, to help the people in
the remote areas know the value of this plant, with no economic values of this
plant, free and can be found in their areas it is a great advantage by this far land
people to have more knowledge and experiments on these plant for future uses.
The researchers conducted a study about the chemical components of the
Alingatong Leaf Extract (ALE) and to know the coagulation time on the blood
of its extract. The researchers used phytochemical experiment to know the
components of ALE. Hence, this study, the researchers will conduct and
experiment on the blood and get the chemical properties of the Alingatong
Extract with the use of Phytochemical Screening.
1.2. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.1 the official journal of Ostomy wound management stated that
Based on oriental medicine (OM) theory, wounds are considered acute or
chronic. Acute wounds often are caused by external factors, including six
external pathogenic factors (wind, cold, heat, dampness, dryness, and fire),
micro-organism invasion, and trauma. Other theories also have been gathered
by the researchers to support the idea of using the Alingatong leaf extract as an
indigenous herbal medicine. The use of herbal medicine for acute wounds was

stated on the theory of OM that external therapy consists of various applications
of herbal plaster or herbal solutions for debridement and promoting granulation
tissue growth. Using the extract of various herbal plants for healing wounds
was one way to fasten the coagulation on the blood and heal the wound.
The use of herbal extract was stated in the research titled Oriental
Medicine and Chronic Wound Care: Theory, Practice, and Research it said that
herbal formulas and individual herbs seem effective for the treatment of chronic
wounds and acute wounds. Other theories also support the use of herbal plants
as a healing factor for wounds stated in the steady health journal 2005 the
theory of herbalism states that certain herbs possesses actual medicinal value
and can be beneficial to human health. Some of the herbs can alleviate the
symptoms of various diseases, or even cure them, while the others help to
prevent different ailments.
Hence, in this study ALE will be characterized by its chemical
composition for its medicinal value. As what the researchers have gathered in
the barangay of Santa Maria most of the residents know the plant as a plant that
were used as a wound healing plant specially in the remote areas. The chemical
composition of ALE may open a new knowledge that can be develop and can
be introduces its other beneficial uses on health. However the researchers will
only focus on its chemical composition by using the result of the phytochemical
screening and to know the duration of coagulation in the blood by using blood
test.
Alingatong Leaf Extract (ALE)
 Chemical Composition
 Time Duration in coagulating blood
Figure 1.1
1.3. Statement of the Problem
This study is conducted to characterize alingatong leaf extract (ALE)
through phytochemical analysis and conduct an exprirement to determine the
duration of coagulation in the blood,
This specially, aims to answer the following questions:
1. Do people use Alingatong as indigenous herbal plant used for healing
wounds?
2. What are the chemical properties of Alingatong leaf extract (ALE)?
3. How long will the blood coagulate using ALE?
1.4. Significance of the Study


The study was conducted to add more knowledge in the field of
medicine and give more emphasis on the use of herbal plants. The researchers
deemed this study significant to the:
Native people. Add more information that the alingatong leaf was a
good wound healing plant and can be used as remedies for wound instead of
buying costly medicines.
Herbal therapist. A new knowledge on curing wounds will be used in
the field of herbal medicine.
Farmers. To give more importance on the alingatong plant and be
known to more places as an herbal plant that need to be protected.
Students. Those students who don’t know the background of the ALE
wanted to have knowledge about the plant. And be able to continue the study
about the “Alingatong” plant to widen the range of knowledge about this plant.
Medicinal researchers. To give the more ideas and information on
conducting more experiments on the plant to develop new medicines.
Community. To give more information’s, ideas, and choices that there
are a lot of herbal medicine presents in our surrounding.
1.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study is focused only in a blood coagulation property which is
observed through a blood sample and a drop of ALE (Alingatong Leaf Extract).
It will be witnessed through its duration on how long did it coagulated in a
blood sample.

Moreover, there are cases that can used in some ways such as in curing
illnesses for example is anti-fungal and cures prostate cancer, but in this sort of
study we focuses only on the coagulation on the blood and by identifying its
time duration in the certain surveillance. It enables to categorizes the result of
the experiment conducted between the ALE and the blood sample and can be
the key to promote this study.
Thus, the researchers is only tasked to recognize the chemical properties
of ALE and the time occurred by the coagulation of the blood sampled in our
type of tryout which will be the main highlights of this study in order to be
valid and reliable.
In this study there are sort of terms we used and the words you may
encountered but are not familiar. Here are there definitions or details in order
for you to relate and understand the keywords and the acronyms that will
appear in this sort of research.
1.6. Definition of Terms
ALE. Alingatong Leaf Extract a plant that has hollow stinging hairs
called trichomes on the leaves, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting
histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted
by humans and other animals. Also the subject of this study.
Bulbous. Big and round often in an unattractive way having a bulb used
to describe the alingatong plant or the dependent variable of this research.


Chemical composition. Also known as chemical makeup or simply,
composition is a concept in chemistry that has different, but similar, meanings
if referred to a single pure substance or a mixture.
Coagulation. (Widely known as clotting) is the process by which blood
changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
Phytochemical Screening. A test using different methods in determining
the presence and absence of phytochemicals in the sample. The extract of ALE
will undergo Phytochemical Screening in DOST-Ampayon. The results are
analyzed according to the mechanism of action a phytochemical exhibits.
Phytochemicals. Naturally occurring compounds in plants that are
responsible for the taste, color and uses of ALE. Phytochemicals present in
ALE was determined.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Literature
Studies shows that about 25% of drugs prescribed worldwide are
derived from plants. The researchers focus on the study of the AL who is
known to be a poisonous plant. It is native to Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and
western North America, and introduced elsewhere. The species is divided into
six subspecies, five of which have many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes
on the leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine
and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted by
humans and other animals. The plant has a long history of use as a source of
medicine, food, and fiber.
It has been used for hundreds of years to treat painful muscles and
joints, eczema, arthritis, gout, and anemia. Today, many people use it to treat
urinary problems during the early stages of an enlarged prostate (called benign
prostatic hyperplasia or BPH). It is also used for urinary tract infections, hay
fever (allergic rhinitis), or in compresses or creams for treating joint pain,
sprains and strains, tendonitis, and insect bites.


Although AL contains impressive amounts of vitamins and minerals,
some of the vitamins it contains include vitamins A, C, D, E, and K. It also
contains amino acids and antioxidants, which help in fighting off free radicals.
It helps detoxify the body; a diuretic, which means that it, helps in flushing out
harmful chemicals and excess liquids from the body. Herbalists have prescribed
the use of AL in treating urinary tract infections as well, because of its ability to
cleanse and dispel toxins while physical contact with the AL can cause allergic
reactions, it can be used to aid in the prevention of rhinitis, or the inflammation
of the mucous membrane in the nose.
Therefore, AL can also have bad effects regarding to individuals
allergic reaction upon contact. However, the root of it is a common treatment in
Europe for symptoms of BPH. This is a noncancerous condition that causes the
prostate gland to enlarge, making urination difficult. Studies show that stinging
nettle root may be helpful in treating this problem.
Moreover, it is needed to show that the treatment is indeed effective. It
is also said to be a cure for Eczema a dry, itchy rash that can last on sufferers
for a very long time. Because of stinging nettle’s antihistamine and anti-
inflammatory qualities, it can be a natural treatment for eczema, as the Penn
State University College of Medicine study referenced above notes.
Moreover ALE is also now in many areas for it is a stimulant and
rubefacient substance, making it very effective against various inflammatory
conditions, such as arthritis or chronic muscle pain. Research has shown that

stinging nettle tea or herbal supplementation can effectively treat gout, soothe
muscle pain, and reduce symptoms of arthritis.
Certain products containing stinging nettle have shown, when applied to
the skin, can reduce bleeding during surgery. The product, called Ankaferd
blood stopper, is made up of alpinia, licorice, thyme, common grape vine and
stinging nettle, and has also shown evidence of reducing bleeding after dental
surgery.
The ALE was used in most places in Agusan Del Sur as a wound
healing plant. Not all people now about this except for those Lumad that was
leaving in rural areas. They have been using this plant for curing stomach ache,
fever, wound, and cough. They can use the dried or powdered leaf to stop
bleeding, pounded roots applied externally for scrofula and sometime the
decoction used for nosebleeds.
Moreover, these examples are the gathered articles of the researchers
that prove that this plant has been constantly used in rural areas as an herbal
plant. That is why the researchers want to find out if the AL has a factor of
coagulation.
A case study of Winston J Craig states that in different herbs, a wide
variety of active phytochemicals, including the flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans,
sulfides, polyphenolics, carotenoids, coumarins, saponins, plant sterols,
curcumins, and phthalides have been identifiedon various herbs that possess
hypolipidemic, antiplatelet, antitumor, or immune-stimulating properties that


may be useful adjuncts in helping reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and
cancer. These related case studies are based on the advantage and dis advantage
that can affect the result of our study about the factors that affect the
coagulation of the blood using ALE.
The following researches are arranged according to the chemical
composition conducted in the phytochemical results:
In relation to this case study there is an advantage of alkaloids in
tobacco leaf nicotine affected the clot-formation property of the enzyme,
thrombin, on the substrate, plasma or fibrinogen (thrombin time). From this
experimental evidence conducted by Martine Michael Ph.D., it is suggested that
nicotine does alter the clot-forming properties of thrombin on fibrinogen. Since
nicotine is present in alkaloid researchers presume that same nicotine contains
in the ALE.
Although some case studies suggests that alkaloid as antiplatelet agents
with a possible mechanism of action based on the literature in recent decade.
Bin Nan Wu Ph.D.) The research analyzed that it is a potent agent with a
description of structural relationship activity and possible lead compounds for
future drug discovery.
Thereof, in other tannins case studies it stated that it has factor in
fastening the coagulation clumps of the blood in an abstract that examined the
antibacterial action of several tannins on plasma coagulation by
Staphylococcuse (bacteria). Also in some related abstract concluded that


tannins have also been reported exert other physiological effects, such as to
accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level,
produce liver necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses. Tannins and Human
Health: A Review | Request PDF. Available from: Tannins and Human Health
A Review [accessed Mar 09 2018].
Hisanori research team (KazuyasuFujii, Osamu Yamasaki,
TakashiOono, and KeijiIwatsuki) suggest that inhibition of plasma coagulation
by tannic acid is due to a decrease in the concentration of ionic calcium,
inhibition of enzyme production and hindrance of the enzyme reaction. The
mechanism of inhibition of plasma coagulation by tannic acid should be
investigated further.
Moreover in flavonoids related abstract about polyphenol compounds
belonging to flavonoids inhibits activity coagulation factor, states that blood
coagulation consists of series of zymogens which can be converted by limited
proteolysis to active enzymes leading to the generation of thrombin and
conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by this enzyme. They concluded that they
observed only four polyphenols belonging to flavonoids group according to
Bijak M, Ponczek MB, and Nowak P. The results presented here showed that
flavonoids might be potential structural bases for design of new nature-based,
safe, orally bioavailable direct inhibitors
Moreover, an abstracts in saponnins by PubMed, that the study supports
that sapponins investigated the effects of total ginseng saponinon the cutaneous

wound healing process using histological analysis. PubMed stated Saponins are
compounds extensively found in most plants which exist in a variety of types
and are classified based on their internal structure. Researches had revealed that
saponins can accelerate numerous biological activities including hemolytic,
anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-oxidative functions. In addition, saponins
reportedly have anti-inflammatory activity which can reduce edema and skin
inflammation.
Therefore, sapponins consist with great potential in coagulation there
are some studies propose that too much sapponins could cause prolonged the
bleeding time and the whole blood decalcified clotting time, but not the plasma
decalcified clotting time.
Using Yong Nam Han, Jae-Ihn Song, and In Kyung Rhee statement
that the plasma will not decalcified clotting time. It did not affect the recalcified
clotting times of platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma while in the
presence of tissue factor the compound prolonged the reduced prothrombin
times PRP and PPP in the dose-dependent manner.
Moreover, Triterpenoids in inhibitory Effect of Triterpenoids from
Panax ginseng on blood clotting time Factor a case study about the panax
ginseng that propose that enzyme involved in the coagulation process have
received attention among attention as potential targets for the development of
oral anti-coagulants according to Schrödinger.


Moreover, there some disadvantage of herbal remedies is used to treat a
large variety of diseases, including blood-related disorders. However, a number
of herbal preparations have been reported to cause variations in clotting time,
this is mainly by disruption of the coagulation cascade.
The compilations of plants phytochemicals investigated for effects on
the coagulation cascade. Information was withdrawn from Google Scholar, the
journal databases Scopus and PubMed. Sixty-five herbal remedies were
identified with antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or coagulating ability. Bioactive
compounds included polyphenols, taxanes, coumarins, saponins, fucoidans, and
polysaccharides.
Although research has been conducted on the effect of herbal
remedies on blood, most information relies on in vitro assays. Contradictory
evidence is present on bleeding risks with herbal uses, though herb-drug
interactions pose a threat. The researchers conclude that as the safety of many
herbals has not been proven, nor their effect on blood parameters determined,
the use of herbal preparations before undergoing any surgical procedure should
discontinued.
2.2 Research Literature
In this part contains the related studies and works of other people in
which is used to relate our sort of research. It somehow determine our research
on where it belong or categorized as sort of review or reading that may transmit
to our type of study. It also contains facts that can be added throughout our

research. Such as promoting the coagulation effect using medicinal plants
through its extracts and chemical properties.
There was trial conducted to investigate the influence of Ginkgo biloba
special extract EGb 761 on hemostasiological parameters. There are Fifty
healthy, male volunteers underwent 7 days of crossover treatment with 2 × 120
mg/day EGb 761 and placebo in randomized sequence. Between the two
treatment phases, a washout-period of at least 3 weeks was inserted. The study's
main outcome measures were bleeding time, coagulation parameters, platelet
activity in response to various agonists and platelet morphology. (Köhler,et. al.)
Moreover, Treatment safety was investigated by clinical laboratory and
vital signs assessment and by adverse events monitoring. Among the 29
coagulation and bleeding parameters assessed, none showed any evidence of an
inhibition of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation through EGb 761.It
increase of gastrointestinal complaints during administration of the herbal
extract. (Köhler,et. al.)
Furthermore another study was established in Ankaferd Blood Stopper
(ABS), a standardized mixture of five plants, has been used historically as a
haemostatic agent but its mechanism of action remains unknown. This study
investigated the in vitro effects of ABS on haemostatic parameters. The levels
of coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XIII were not affected by
ABS. ABS has the therapeutic potential to be used for the management of

haemorrhage and this agent should be investigated further in clinical trials.
(Goker H.et. al.)
There are also another studies which herbal plants had been observed
such as the effects of guava leaf extract on the bleeding time and the three main
mechanisms of haemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and blood
coagulation, were investigated. The water extract of guava leaves did not
shorten bleeding times in rats. Guava leaf extract potentiated the vascular
muscle contraction induced in rabbits by phenylephrine, and when given alone
it stimulated human platelet aggregation in vitro in a dose‐dependent manner.
On the other hand, it significantly prolonged blood coagulation; activated
partial thromboplastin time the higher the concentration of the extract, the
longer APTT was observed. Thus, a water extract of guava leaves showed
ambiguous effects on the haemostatic system. Guava leaf extract did not affect
bleeding times, it stimulated vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation but it
inhibited blood coagulation. Therefore, guava leaf extract is not recommended
as a haemostatic agent. (John Wiley & Sons, 2001)
Also, a native to Africa, is also known as “lily of the desert” or the plant
of immortality. Its name was derived from the alloeh meaning “bitter” because
of the bitter liquid found in its leaves. Egyptians recorded use of this herbal
plant in treating burns, infections and parasites as early as 1500 B.C... Its clear
gel has a dramatic ability to heal wounds, ulcers and burns by forming a
protective coating on the affected areas and speeding up the healing process.

The fresh plant contains 96% of water and rest is essential oil, amino acids,
minerals, vitamins, enzymes and glycoproteins. Various constituents of Aloe
vera have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity. They also stimulate
wound healing. Some clinical reports suggest topical Aloe vera gel is useful in
healing minor burns and that such application of the gel is harmless as
hypersensitive reactions to it are rare. However, in some severe burns, aloe gel
may actually impede healing (Schmidt & Greenspoon, 2008).
There are also certain plants that can heal wounds such as Azardica
indica it is commonly called as Neem and the plant has diverse medicinal
properties. Neem oil contains margosic acid, glycerides of fatty acids, butyric
acid and trace of valeric acid. Various active principles are nimbidin, nimbidal,
azardirachtin, nimbin, azadirine, gedunin, salanin. They have diverse medicinal
activities.
Neem oil is also for curing skin ailments. Oil is used for dressing for
foul ulcers, eczema and skin diseases like ringworm, scabies and mange in
dogs. It is a powerful insect repellant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-
inflammatory and also strengthens the body’s overall immune responses. Neem
oil contains fatty acids which build collagen, promote wound healing and
maintain the skin’s elasticity. The active ingredients of neem oil help in the
process of wound healing and the skin is able to retain its suppleness as the
wounds heal. Neem oil has a high content of essential fatty acids. They keep the
site moist and give a soft texture to the skin during the healing process.

Alcoholic extract of neem is useful in eczema, ringworm and scabies. Neem
leaf extracts and oil from seeds has proven anti-microbial effect. This keeps any
wound or lesion free from secondary infections by microorganisms. Clinical
studies have also revealed that neem inhibits inflammation as effectively as
cortisone acetate, this effect further accelerates wound healing.(Rajinder
Raina,2008)
St. John’s wort is a bushy perennial plant with numerous yellow
flowers. It is native to many parts of the world including Europe and the United
States. It has an age old history of safe and effective usage in many folk and
herbal remedies. It is claimed to be useful in mental depression, anxiety, sleep
disorders, menstrual cramping, sciatica and arthritis. The blossoms have been
used in folk medicine to relieve patients suffering from ulcers, gastritis,
diarrhea and nausea. This plant has an antiseptic action, relieves inflammation
and promotes healing when used externally on cut surfaces of the body. The
tincture of Hypericum spp. when given orally has a remarkable effect in
lacerated and suppurated wounds with restoration of tissue vitality (Fayazuddin,
1981). Pro-healing action of Hypericum spp. tincture is evidenced by enhanced
epithelization phase with an increase in wound contraction rate and granulation
tissue breaking strengths (Rao et al, 2008).
Tridax procumbens plant is another a native of tropical America and
naturalized in tropical Africa, Australia and Asia including India. Which is also
studied Leaf of Tridax procumbens mainly contains crude protein (26%), crude

fiber (17%), and soluble carbohydrate (39%0 and calcium oxide (5%) (Chadha,
2007). The juice of the leaves of this plant is used by villagers to arrest bleeding
from cuts and bruises in animals. This juice accelerates two phases of healing
namely epithelization and collagenization; however it retards scar formation
and granulation (Diwan et al, 1983).
Tridax procumbens antagonized anti-epithelization and tensile strength
depressing effect of dexamethasone without affecting its anti-contraction and
anti-granulation action. (Diwan et al, 2004). The effect of various extracts
(whole plant extract, aqueous extract, butanol extract and ether fraction) of this
plant has been studied in dead space wound models. Compared to various
extracts, the whole plant extract has the greatest pro-healing activity with
increase in tensile strength and lysyl oxidase activity. Aqueous extract was also
effective in increasing lysyl oxidase but to a lesser degree (Udupa et al, 2010).
Leaf extracts of this plant also promote wound healing in both normal and
immuno-compromised (steroid treated) rats in dead space wound model. The
plant increased not only lysyl oxidase but also, protein and nucleic acid content
in the granulation tissue, probably as a result of increase in glycosamino glycan
content (Udupa et al, 2011).
However, Chromolaena odorata was first identified in Central America
and Vietnam. The aqueous extract and the decoction from leaves of this plant
have been used throughout Vietnam for the treatment of soft tissue wounds and
burn wounds. Aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata enhances hemostatic


activity (Akah, 2008) and stimulates granulation tissue and re-epithelization
processes (Lee, 2009). The extract also inhibits wound contraction reversibly.
Therefore, the plant can be of much therapeutic value in minimizing post burn
scar contracture and deformities.
Hence, the oil of Hydnocarpus spp. has been used for several years as
anti-leprosy drug and as an anti-parasitic drug in the treatment of guinea worm
infestation. The oil of Hydnocarpus spp. when given orally or administered
topically helped to heal the wounds and gangrene faster in leprosy and diabetic
patients (Manjrekar, 2009). The wound healing effect of oil of Hydnocarpus
spp. was studied with reference to collagenation and the strength of scar tissue
(Oomen et al, 2000). The drug treated group showed a significant increase in
strength of scar tissues in the incision wound model and also increased the
strength of collagen tissue and hydroxyl-proline content in the dead space
wound model. Hydnocarpus oil administered orally promoted epithelization,
but not wound contraction (Oomen et al, 2000). External application of oil of
Hydnocarpus spp. and its paste significantly shortened the epithelization period
when compared to control group. Oil may act as adjuvant in healing of wounds
and ulcer in leprosy patients and therefore, may be clinically useful.
Another plant is Helianthus annus Linn an ornamental annual herb, with
erect, rough and hairy stem is common in Indian Gardens in swampy areas. In
traditional medicine the plant is used by tribals for inflammation of eyes, sores,
dysuria, colic, tiger bites and bone fractures (Jain & Tarafdar, 2001). In a study

the alcoholic extract of whole plant of H. annus applied in the form of an
ointment on the excised wound of rat led to a significant reduction in total
healing period. This has been confirmed by histology where earlier appearances
of fibroblasts were seen. Early appearance and higher accumulation of muco-
polysaccharides has been stated as indicators of hastened repair (Deshpande et
al, 2009).
Though Urcuma longa Linn. Commonly known as turmeric and haldi in
Hindi. C. longa has been reported to possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-
inflammatory activities (Chopra et al,). The part used are rhizomes and it
contains curumin (diferuloyl methane), turmeric oil or turmerol and 1,7-bis, 6-
hepta-diene-3, 5-dione. Curcumin has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activities (Srimal et al, 2011).
Likewise Volatile oil isolated from C. longa also exhibits antibacterial
and potent anti-inflammatory activity. Curcuma longa also contains protein,
fats, vitamins (A, B, C etc) all of which have an important role in would healing
and regeneration. Turmeric has been used for treating the wounds in the rats
(Rao et al, 2003). The anti-inflammatory property and the presence of vitamin
A & proteins in turmeric result in the early synthesis of collagen fibers by
mimicking fibroblastic activity (Kumar et al, 2008). Juice of the fresh rhizome
is commonly applied to recent wounds, bruises & leech bites. A paste of
turmeric & leaves of Justica adhatoda with cow urine is rubbed on skin affected

with prurigo & eczema. It can also be mixed with ginger oil to prevent skin
eruptions.
Additionally Centella asiatica (Brahmi) also known as “gotu kola”, is
the main herb in Ayurveda for nervous system, it is used in the repair of
nervous tissue from crushing trauma, such as spinal injury, neuromuscular
disorders, and to increase general brain function and memory concentration. It
is used extensively in the treatment of leprosy, a host of skin conditions
including cellulites, varicose vein and wounds. The active principles of Centella
asiatica are triterpenes and asiaticoside which are responsible for promotion of
rapid wound healing (Shukla et al, 2008). Aqueous extract of Centella asiatica
suspended in 5% propylene glycol promoted wound healing on topical
administration in experimentally induced open wounds in rats as compared to
other extracts (alcoholic, petroleum ether and chloroform). This was evidenced
by the increase in collagen content and thickness of epithelium (Rao et al,
2006). However, Suguna et al, (2008) demonstrated that alcoholic extract of
Centella asiatica orally or topically improved the rate of wound healing in rats.
Topical administration of the aqueous extract increased cellular proliferation,
promoted the collagen synthesis at the wound site as evidenced by the increase
in DNA, protein, collagen content of granulation tissue and in tensile strength.
The treated wound epithelized faster as compared to control. Among the
various formulations (ointment, cream and gel) of aqueous extract, the process
of healing was better with gel formulation.


Last of all is the healing effects of Ocimum sanctum, and Begia odorata
on infected experimental wounds in laboratory animals have been reported. All
these plants, notably Ocimum sanctum promote healing (Thaker & Anjaria
2006). The aqueous extract Euphoribia nerrifolia when applied topically
facilitates the healing of surgically produced cutaneous wounds in guinea pigs.
It increases the gain in tensile strength, DNA content and promoted
epithelization (Rasik et al, 2006). Alcoholic extract of Indigofera aspalathoides
has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect. The crude betal nut
extract and its polyphenols promoted healing of incision and dead space
wounds (Padmaja et al, 2008). Fresh leaves of Kalanchoea integra showed
encouraging results in healing inflammatory conditions associated with
wounds. Mango butter which is extracted from the seeds of Mangifera indica is
known to have wound healing properties.. Anecdotal evidence, some clinical
observations, animal model studies and few randomized clinical trials support
the efficacy of honey in managing wounds (Molan, 2000).
Thereof, in other tannins case studies it stated that it has factor in
fastening the coagulation clumps of the blood in an abstract that examined the
antibacterial action of several tannins on plasma coagulation by
Staphylococcuse (bacteria). Also in some related abstract concluded that
tannins have also been reported exert other physiological effects, such as to
accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level,
produce liver necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses. Tannins and Human


Health: A Review | Request PDF. Available from: Tannins and Human Health
A Review [accessed Mar 09 2018].
Moreover, there some disadvantage of herbal remedies is used to treat a
large variety of diseases, including blood-related disorders. However, a number
of herbal preparations have been reported to cause variations in clotting time,
this is mainly by disruption of the coagulation cascade.
Generally this related researchers approved that medicinal plants having
its chemical properties has the capability in healing wounds. Especially in
external wounds. However this related researches synchronized every medicinal
plants occurred. Suguna et al alcoholic extract of Centella asiatica orally or
topically improved the rate of wound healing. And the aqueous extract from
leaves of this plant have been used for the treatment of soft tissue wounds and
burn wounds. (Akah, 2008). These natural agents occurring from medicinal
plants induce healing and regeneration of the lost tissue by multiple
mechanisms. However, there is a need for scientific validation, standardization
and safety evaluation of plants of the traditional medicine before these could be
recommended for healing of the wounds. ( Rajinder Raina,et al)
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter includes the information concerning oh how does the
experiment conducted, and how does the data gathered and analyze.
3.1 Research Design


This study follows the experimental method type of research. Its main
topic is to determine if the ALE will have factors that can help coagulation in
which concerning only in external wounds.
3.2 Setting of the Study
This study had revolved on the knowledge about the evident practice of
using ALE as an herbal remedies and the conduct of tests to further determine
its coagulation factors in wounds and cuts. An interview is conducted at Santa
Maria, Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur for documentation.
Furthermore, the leaf is collected from Santa Maria, Prosperidad,
Agusan Del Sur where the practice of using the leaf extract for wounds and cuts
is mostly used. The leaf was ensured that no other insects and dirt will
contaminate the extract.
The ALE will then be transported to the laboratory- DOST, Ampayon to
undergo phytochemical screening
3.3 Data Gathering Procedure
The leaf of alingatong was gathered and cut in the branch for the leaf of
alingatong has stinging hairs that can be so irritated when in contact in the skin.
The leaf was cut fresh in the branch of the Alingatong tree. The leaf that will be
gathered should make a 100 mL extract as a requirement for the Phytochemical
Screening. Figure 3.2 (a) shows the exact alingatong tree where the alingatong
leaf (Figure 3.2 (b)) were cut.

Figure 3.2 (a) Alingatong tree Figure 3.2 (b) Alingatong Leaf
The leaf had been cut into small pieces, was labeled and then placed in a
sealed plastic bag. The leaves were ensured that no other dirt, water, and other
chemicals may contaminate the leaf. . This was transported right after it was
gathered to the testing facility at Department of Science and Technology -
Ampayon, Agusan Del Sur situated at Caraga State University.
It had undergone extraction procedures. The extraction method used
was by a rotary evaporator. The extract was then subjected to phytochemical
screening following the procedures from the book entitled, “A Guidebook to
Plant Screening: Phytochemical and Biological” to determine the
phytochemicals present in the sample using many test to determine the
chemical present in the ALE. Figure 3.3 shows the deferent Test tube test to
determine the presence of these components. In the Alkaloids test a
confirmatory test and quaternary bases and Amino Oxide test was conducted, in
the steroid test a Keller-Killiani test and Liebermann-burchard test was
conducted, in the test for flavonoids a Bate-Smith and Metcalf method was
conducted, for the test of saponins a Froth test was conducted, and the last for
tannin test a Ferric Chloride test was conducted.
Test Chemicals Laboratory Test Tube Method


Confirmatory Test
Test for Alkaloids Test for Quaternary bases and /
or Amino Oxide
Keller-Killiani Test
Test for Steroids Liebermann-Burchard test
Test for Flavonoids Bate-Smith and Metcalf Method
Test for Saponins Froth test
Test for Tannins Ferric Chloride Test
Figure 3.3 Phytochemical Screening Test
After the Phytochemical Screening, the results were given after fourteen
(14) working days given by the condition of the testing facility. The researchers
were then conducted the blood test to determine the duration of coagulation in
the blood. The blood was classified in three type’s blood type O, A, A/B and B,
each of the blood type was given three samples to get the mean and compare
which of the three types was the fastest to coagulate using ALE. Each the three
blood samples will be compared by its normal coagulation and the coagulation
using the ALE. The method we will used is “Slide Method or Drop Method”.
“Slide method or drop method”
Materials
 70% alcohol
 Sterile gauze
 Sterile disposable lancet


 Stopwatch
 Clean glass slide
 Needle
Procedure
1. Disinfect the site of puncture with 70% of alcohol
2. Puncture to depth of 3mm
3. Wipe off the drop of blood
4. Start the timer soon as the 2nd drop of blood appears
5. Transfer to a clean glass slide three separate drops of blood
6. Observe for clot formation or coagulation by using the lancet to check for
fibrin threads in the blood. This appear as a “threadlike” substance that clings
to the tip of the lancet
7. Record the time when the first thread was formed
Normal time
 2-4 minutes
3.4 Data Analysis
Blood NC AC NC AC NC AC Mean Mean

Type 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd NC AC
attempt attempt attempt attempt attempt Attemp
t
AB 99s 98s 96s 96s 101s 98s 98.67s 97.3s

A 158s 134s 156s 132s 157s 132s 157s 132.7s
O 113s 101s 110s 98s 125s 103s 116s 100.7s
B 74s 68s 78s 74s 83s 68s 78.3s 70s
Legend: NC- Normal Coagulation
AC- ALE Coagulation
Figure 3.4 Blood Coagulation duration result using the Slide method.
Figure 3.4 shows that there is a possibly that Alingatong Leaf Extract (ALE)
can make the coagulation faster compared to its normal coagulation in the
four blood types, Hence the data we gathered is from the method we user
widely known as Sliding Method or the Drop-off Method. This data will be
the main highlights of our research, so that our study can be successful,
moreover the researchers used a lot of Laboratory apparatus in conducting our
experiment. We used the four blood types of blood got by the living person’s
blood, However after we interviewed some of the individual of Brgy. Sta
Maria, Agusan Del Sur and got the result of Phytochemical analysis. The
researchers will proceed to analyze the data in the coagulation of ALE in the
blood and determining its blood duration.
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA


This chapter shows how the data was presented with the use of the
results given by the other chapter, it will also show how the data was analyze
and interpreted by the researchers.
4.1. Alingatong plant used for healing wounds
Herbal medicine was mostly and widely used now a day for the
increasing price of medicinal drugs. The developments of new drugs for
treatments are also one of the priorities these days. An interview was conducted
in the place of the Santa Maria, Prosperidad Agusan Del Sur with its residents
for the documentation on the use of ALE as an herbal remedies for wounds.
Person 1 said that “Yes I used Alingatong plant in treating my muscle pain by
the used of decoction and secondhand the leaf through applying it in the part
where the pain is located”.
Person 2 stated that “Yes I used Alingatong plant in the treatment of my
arthritis by boiling it and drink the soup of the boiled plant”.
Person 3 communicated that “Yes I used Alingatong plant in threatening such
wounds by getting its leaf extract and applied it in my wounds”.
4.2. Results of the Phytochemical Screening
The researchers conducted a phytochemical screening on its chemical
components for wound healing. Table 4.1 the phytochemical result shows that
there are a lot of properties in the ALE that are present. The alkaloid in the ALE
was given a result of (++) means that it has a secondary alkaloid present in the
ALE. The steroids also have (+) in the deoxysugar and unsaturated alkaloid.

Flavanoid also have (+) meaning that it has a presence of that chemical. The
Saponins have (+) also meaning that ALE has presence of this chemical. The
(+) also in the tannins means that it has a presence of this chemical having a
color of blue black indicates also the presence of hydrolysable tannins.
PHYTOCHEMICAL RESULT
SCREENING
Alkaloids
Confirmatory test
(+) primary Alkaloid

++
(++) secondary Alkaloid
(+++) tertiary Alkaloid
Steroids
Keller-Killiane test: For +
2-deoxysugar +
Liebermann-
burchardtest=for Unsaturated
Steroids
Flavonoids
Bate-Smith & Metcalf +
Method= For
Leucoanthocyanins

Saponins
Froth Test +
Tannins
Ferric Chloride Test
*brownish-green color indicate the

+
presence of condensed tannins
Blue-black
*blue-black color indicate the
presence of hydrolysable tannins.
Figure 4.1 Phytochemical Screening Result
(+) indicate the presence of the chemical
(-) indicate the absence of chemical
4.3. The time duration of blood coagulation with ALE
Blood NC AC NC AC NC AC Mean Mean

Type NC AC
AB 99s 98s 96s 96s 101s 98s 98.67s 97.3s
A 158s 134s 156s 132s 157s 132s 157s 132.7s
O 113s 101s 110s 98s 125s 103s 116s 100.7s
B 74s 68s 78s 74s 83s 68s 78.3s 70s
Figure 4.2 ALE Coagulation Time Duration Result


Figure 4.2 shows that ALE is proven and tested to fasten the coagulation of
blood by testing its time duration, Moreover the ALE was applied through the
three samples of blood which is the type A, A/B, B and O and undergoes into
three trials where in the type A blood dominates the fastest coagulation of the
three blood samples. It is proven through the comparison of its normal
coagulation and the ALE coagulation which was used by a “Sliding Method
or Drop-off Method, Hence the study validates by getting the mean of result
of its time duration between the comparison of the mean normal coagulation
and the mean ALE coagulation. We the researchers asked the permission
through our advisee to conduct the such experiment and by researching it in
the internet on how to determine the coagulation time in a blood and we
succeed in conducted the experiment by the used also of the laboratory
equipment that are found in our “Bio Chem.” Laboratory and Physics
Laboratory. The researches extracted by using the specific laboratory
equipment and by filtering it with a clean 100% cotton, the researchers also
found out that there is a chemical reaction due to its bad smell and it greenish
color. We practically used the blood from a living person. Moreover the ALE
can be used as coagulation agent in such wounds and best applied in wounds
that the blood type that is A.
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS


This chapter includes the summary of the study, conclusion and
recommendations for the improvement of the study.
5.1 Summary
This study desires to determine the used Alingatong Leaf Extract
(ALE), specifically the aims to:
1. Found out the used of ALE in the residents of Sta Maria, Agusan
Del Sur as an indigenous plant in their Barangay.
2. To evaluate chemical composition of ALE by the used of
Phytochemical Analysis.
3. Observed the time duration of ALE by its coagulation when applied
in the four type of blood which are A, A/B, B, and O.
ALE as a treatment for wounds and cuts is a common practice in the
residents of Sta. Maria, Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur for generations which
makes it a medicinal plant. ALE is a common plant and can only be found in
the deep of the jungle where in known for other human a plant with no uses and
harmful due to its stinging hairs. Where in some other native people said that it
is used for fastening the healing of wounds and cuts. The results of the
phytochemical test showed that the extract has phytochemicals present of
Alkaloids, Steroids, Flavonoids, Triterpenes, Saponins, Tannins.
Alkaloids exhibit antimalarial, Steroids exhibit antidiarrhoeal activity.
Flavonoids exhibit antimicrobial and antidiarrhoeal, Saponins exhibit
antidiarrhoeal, anticancer and anthelmintic. Tannins and Triterpenes, exhibit


antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic. On the other hand, out of the five
phytochemicals tested, alkaloids are not present in the extract.
Therefore, phytochemical test on the sample determines the presence of
Alkaloids. Wherein Alkaloids Steroids, Flavonoids Saponins, Tannins are the
factors that can lead in coagulation activity on treating wound and cuts.
However, by conducting the experiment using the Sliding Method or Drop-off
Method we the researchers observed that ALE is an effective used in fastening
the coagulation time duration as it is applied in the four type of blood which are
the type A, A/B, B, and O by getting its mean through the comparison of the
normal coagulation and the coagulation of ALE.
5.2. Conclusion
Therefore Alingatong plant is used by the residence of the Brgy, Sta
Maria, Agusan Del Sur. Results of the phytochemical analysis showed that the
ALE is presented with Alkaloids Steroids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and
tannins. This further proved that the extract has a coagulation activity by
evaluating the mechanism of action of the phytochemicals. ALE has a strong
presence of coagulation activity and was proven through the experiment using
the Sliding Method or Drop-Off Method and observed and compared its normal
coagulation and the coagulation of ALE in the four types of blood.
5.3 Recommendation

Based on the conclusions and the summary of the findings of the study,
here are the recommendations for the improvement of the research and for
future purposes:
5.3.1. To conduct an interview it must be in all the remote areas of the
Philippines where in Alingatong plant is used.
5.3.2. To conduct the experiment in determining the blood coagulation it
must be approved by the DOH and any blood Doctors.
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APPENDIX A
Semi-structured Interview
Case Report no. 1
NAME
ADDRESS
GENDER
AGE
OCCUPATION
MEDICINAL STATUS
Have you ever used Alingatong plant as treatment which is

evident in your place?
Yes (Answer the questions below) No
1. Specify the illness/es or disease/s, any health problem, etc. that

USE OF is treated or applied with the Alingatong plant for treatment.
ALINGATON
2. What are the sensations felt by applying the extract?
G FOR
MEDICATION
3. Is Alingatong effective in the treatment?
4. Do you recommend Alingatong extract as a treatment?
5. Do you have any other recommendations on the manner of

using or applying this treatment?

Case Report no. 2
NAME
ADDRESS
GENDER
AGE
OCCUPATION
MEDICINAL STATUS


ALINGATON
G FOR
MEDICATION

Case Report no. 3

NAME
ADDRESS
GENDER
AGE
OCCUPATION
MEDICINAL STATUS


ALINGATON
G FOR
MEDICATION

APPENDIX B

Results of the Phytochemical Screening
APPENDIX C

Documentations
Actual Photo in the DOST, Ampayon during the

Phytochemical Test
Actual Photo Sample ALE
Actual Photo Left Side Type B with ALE right side

ALE

Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
Name: Ryan Mark C. Aunzo
Birthdate: October 10, 1998
Birthplace: Salvacion, Prosperidad Agusan del sur
Address: P-2, Salvacion, Prosperidad, Agusan del sur
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Parent’s Name
Father: Joel M. Aunzo
Mother: Maria Lisa C. Aunzo
Academic Background
Tertiary: Philippine Normal University - Mindanao
Secondary: Agusan Sur National Science High School
Primary: Salvacion Elementary School


Name: Wilven Lloyd P. Gaviola
Birthdate: March 12, 1997
Birthplace: Sta. Maria, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur
Address: Sta. Maria, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur
Religion: ECOFI
Parent’s Name
Father: Baldwin A. Gaviola
Mother: Anecita P. Gaviola
Academic Background
Secondary: Agusan Sur National High School
Primary: Pilot Central San Francisco Elementary School


Name: Florencio C. Maceda II
Birthdate: June 30, 1999
Birthplace: Pisaan,SanFrancisco, Agusan del Sur
Address: P-3, Pisaan, SanFrancisco,, Agusan del Sur
Religion: Roman Catholic
Parent’s Name
Father: Gil B.Maceda
Mother: Vita C. Maceda
Academic Background
Secondary: Agusan Sur National High School
Primary: Pisaan Elementary School

Alingatong Plant

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Alingatong Plant

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PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

The National Center for Teacher Education

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Coagulation also known as blood clotting is the process by which the

from a damage vessel, followed by repair (David Lollicrap, 2009). The

mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion, and aggregation of

platelets along with deposition and maturation of fibrin.

Normal blood clotting depends on the presence in the blood of certain

which are concentrated supplements of the missing protein. For example, a

bleeding disorder haemophilia, in which a defective gene causes a deficiency of

given to counteract abnormally prolonged or severe bleeding due to causes such

as an excessive dose of anticoagulants (Medical Guide, 2010).

promote blood coagulation such as these certain products containing stinging

surgery. The product, called Ankaferd blood stopper, is made up of alpinia,

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evidence of reducing bleeding after dental surgery. In Chinese researchers they

is named as Taoren–Honghua (TH) herb pair has been used in traditional

Chinese medicine (TCM) for promoting blood circulation to dissipate blood

pathological syndrome in the elderly called blood stasis. In traditional Chinese

hemorheologicals. Ligustrazine isolated from Chuangxiong is an example. It

showed significant inhibition on shear induced platelet aggregation and on

platelet intracellular calcium demonstrated by laser confocal microscope.

caused by all kinds of medicines, including prescription and over-the –counter

are a common reaction.

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created by the President created the Philippine institute of traditional and

alternative health care (PITAHC) whose mandate is to promote and advocate

the use of traditional and alternative healthcare modalities through scientific

research and product development. (Althea, 2018).

Alingatong tree is as a deciduous shrub or small tree, growing to a

height of 3 to 5 meters. Leaves are ovate to broadly elliptic-ovate, 20 to 40

centimeters long, 10 to 22 centimeters wide, entire, with shortly pointed at the

hairs, abundant on the margins of the leaves. As stated in the journal of

progressing to confluence. With these characteristics the alingatong trees don’t

to be a medicinal plant in a lot of areas in the Mindanao especially in the Santa

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have the practice of used alingatong (laportea batanendsis) as a medicinal tree

cure for wounds.

The researchers conducted a study about the chemical components of the

of its extract. The researchers used phytochemical experiment to know the

Extract with the use of Phytochemical Screening.

1.2. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Based on oriental medicine (OM) theory, wounds are considered acute or

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of herbal plaster or herbal solutions for debridement and promoting granulation

prevent different ailments.

Hence, in this study ALE will be characterized by its chemical

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Alingatong Leaf Extract (ALE)

1.3. Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to characterize alingatong leaf extract (ALE)

through phytochemical analysis and conduct an exprirement to determine the

duration of coagulation in the blood,

This specially, aims to answer the following questions:

1. Do people use Alingatong as indigenous herbal plant used for healing

2. What are the chemical properties of Alingatong leaf extract (ALE)?

3. How long will the blood coagulate using ALE?

1.4. Significance of the Study

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deemed this study significant to the:

buying costly medicines.

Herbal therapist. A new knowledge on curing wounds will be used in

the field of herbal medicine.

Farmers. To give more importance on the alingatong plant and be