IOT BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER

Submitted in partial fulfilment

of there requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
By

D. SAI VIVEK 19C91A0417

G.ANJANA 19C91A0426

B.AVANTIKA 19C91A0410

Under the Guidance of

Mr.P.RAMESH
Associate Professor

HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ Grade)

BOGARAM(V), KEESARA(M),MEDCHAL(DIST), TELANGANA – 501301

2019 – 2023

1
 HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ Grade)
Bogaram(v), Keesara(M), Medchal(Dist), Hyderabad Telangana State

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Industrial Oriented Mini Project titled “IOT BASED PREPAID
ENERGY METER” is being submitted by following students in IV B. Tech-I semester in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING is a record of Bonafide work done
under my guidance & supervision.

The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted to any other University or Institute
to the best of my knowledge for the award of any degree.

D.SAI VIVEK 19C91A0417

G.ANJANA 19C91A0426
B.AVANTIKA 19C91A0410

Under the guidance of

Internal Guide Project Co-ordinator(s)

Mr. P.RAMESH Dr. P. SUMITHABHASHINI

Associate Professor Mr. DAVID SOLOMON RAJU.Y

2
 HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ Grade)
Bogaram(v), Keesara(M), Medchal(Dist), Hyderabad Telangana State

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Industrial Oriented Mini Project titled “IOT BASED PREPAID
ENERGY METER” is being submitted by following students in Electronics and Communication
Engineering is a record of Bonafide work done under my supervision.

The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted to any other University or Institute
to the best of my knowledge for the award of any degree.

D.SAI VIVEK 19C91A0417

G.ANJANA 19C91A0426
B.AVANTIKA 19C91A0410

Under my supervision

Dr. P. RAJA PRAKASHA RAO

Professor

Head of the Department

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, who’s constant guidance and
encouragement crowns all effort with success.

We Take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our Guide,
Mr.P.RAMESH Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the work.

Our special thanks to Dr. P. RAJA PRAKASHA RAO, Head of the Department. Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science who
has given an immense support throughout the course.

We also thank to Dr. P. Bhaskara Reddy, the honourable Director of our college Holy Mary
Institute of Technology & Science for providing me the opportunity to carry out this work.

At the outset, we express my deep sense of gratitude to the beloved Mr. A. Siddhartha Reddy,
Chairman, Dr. A. Vara Prasad Reddy, Founder Chairman & Dr. A. Vijaya Sarada Reddy,
Founder Secretary of Holy Mary Group of Institutions, for giving the opportunity to complete
my course of work.

We are obliged to Teaching and non-teaching staff members, of Holy Mary Institute of
Technology & Science for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am
grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.

Last but not the least I thank ALMIGHTY along with My Parents, and Friends for their constant
encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.

D.SAI VIVEK 19C91A0417

G.ANJANA 19C91A0426
B.AVANTIKA 19C91A0410

4
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the Industrial Oriented Mini Project titled “IOT BASED PREPAID
ENERGY METER” is a record of work done by me in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science.

No part is this copied from books/journals/internet and whenever the portion is taken, the same has
been duly referred in the text; the reported are based on the project work done entirely by me not
copied from any other source.

D. SAI VIVEK 19C91A0417

G.ANJANA 19C91A0426

B.AVANTIKA 19C91A0410

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 4

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION 5

CHAPTER -2

2.BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION 8

2.1 Block diagram and its description 8
2.1.1 Electronic energy meter 9
2.1.2 Arduino 10
2.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 11
2.1.4 Bluetooth 12
2.1.5 Relay 13
2.1.6 Digital Pulse Generator 14

CHAPTER -3

3. CIRUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION 15

3.1 Circuit Description 15
3.2 Electronic Energy Meter 16
3.3 Digital Pulse Generator 18
3.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 19
3.5 Power Supply 21

CHAPTER-4

4. HARDWARE DETAILS 22
4.1 Hardware details 22
4.1.1 Voltage Regulator 23
4.1.2 Relay 24
4.1.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 25
4.1.4 AD 7751 Energy Meter IC 26

1
CHAPTER -5

5. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 27
5.1 Arduino IDE 27
5.2 Arduino IDE Installation 28
5.3 Code 36

CHAPTER-6
6. ADVANTAGES , LIMITATIOS AND APPLICATIONS 40
6.1 Advantages 40
6.2 Limitations 41
6.3 Applications 42

CHAPTER-7

RESULT 43

CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION 47

CHAPTER-9

FUTURE SCOPE 48

CHAPTER-10

REFERENCES 49

2
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Name Page No.

Figure 2.1 Block Diagram 8

Figure 2.1.2 Arduino board 10

Figure 2.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display 11

Figure 2.1.4 Bluetooth Module 12

Figure 2.1.5 Relay 13

Figure 3.1 Circuit Diagram 15

Figure 3.2 Circuit Diagram of Electronic Energy Meter 17

Figure 3.3 Circuit Diagram of Pulse Generator 18

Figure 3.5 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply 21

Figure 4.1.1 Schematic Diagram of Voltage Regulator 23

Figure 4.1.2 Circuit Diagram of Relay 24

Figure 4.1.4 Functional Diagram of AD 7751 IC 26

3
 ABSTRACT

These days pre-paid energy meters are gaining popularity because it offers wide variety of advantages
over conventional energy meters. One main advantage is that the bill collector need not visit each and
every house for dispatching the electricity bills, now it is the responsibility of the consumer to recharge
the smart card by paying some amount to the department in advance. Prepaid metering system means,
that the consumer pays money in advance to the utility and then feeds this information to the meter
through detachable type of memory card. The meter is designed to display the available debit, as the
energy is consumed it is calculated and displayed in decrement mode. Once the debit card value
reaches to a low profile, meter raises an alarm and is aimed to alert the consumer. If the credit is
completely exhausted, then the meter disconnects the loads of consumer automatically.

The smart card is designed with EEPROM, for this purpose AT93C46 IC is used. This is an 8 pin IC,
electrically erasable programmable read only memory chip, which can be taken out from the meter for
reprogramming when the credit is completely exhausted. Plug in or plug out facility is provided.

The electronic energy meter used in this project work is designed to produce pulses according to the
load applied to it. As this energy meter is calibrated to generate 1600 pulses per unit, it can measure
fewer loads also accurately. The pulse produced by the meter is analog and it is converted in to digital.
The micro-controller used in the system is programmed to count and display the consumed energy
through 7- segment display. In addition with the help of another controller unit, smart can be recharged
when required. Recharging unit is constructed with a small keyboard & LCD, there by the recharging
information entered through key board can be displayed through LCD for the conformation.

4
 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

The potential for smart meters to offer consumers better information about, and control over, their
energy use, leading to both financial savings and control over the energy consumption, has been
discussed for a number of years. Advances have been made in developing the design and technology
for smart meter systems although, to date, there have been no major pilot schemes to establish the
costs and benefits to supply companies, consumers or to quantify any wider benefits in terms of
meeting environmental/security of supply objectives.

Now a days energy Measurement and electric energy pilferage detection has become prime
importance for the state electricity department. All most all state electricity departments in our
country, they are facing so many problems because of energy pilferage. In the recent survey
conducted by the state electricity departments, it is found that 20 to 30 percent-produced energy is
non-accountable due to losses and it become a big subject for discussion, because of huge energy
losses. Hence, the need has come to think on this line and a solution has to be emerged out. Thus,
this project work has been taken up which serves the purpose of energy monitoring and controlling
by implementing prepaid system. The main advantage of this prepaid system, particularly for the
state electricity department is, that the consumer has to take total responsibility for his energy
consumption.

With the help of this project work lot of Manpower can be reduced and power pilferage can be
controlled. The department of electricity board employed power consumption data collectors, these
gentlemen’s duty is to visit the entire energy consumers for recording or note down the consumption
data and raise the bills on the spot through a small hand held billing computer. Generally, this
collection of data is carried out at a frequency of one month. The electrical charges payable by an
individual is then calculated based on the consumption data and the electrical charges (which are

5
usually fixed as slabs) per unit of Electricity. The charge per unit of consumption varies from slab to
slab.

The charges go-up with increase in slabs. Thus this method of data collection has its own
advantages and disadvantages. If the data collection is not carried out at a fixed interval, there is
always a chance that the charges payable by the consumer is erroneous. By implementing this kind
of system can eliminate bill collectors who is visiting each and every house for taking consumed
energy data. Now the consumer is responsible, such that he has to recharge his clever card by
paying some amount at re-charging centers.

The consumer energy meter is a special kind of digital energy meter, the consumed energy is
converted in to square pulses and these pulses are fed to the digital counter through the
microcontroller for measuring the consumed energy. The clever card is interfaced with
microcontroller through the connectors provided in the system, such that the programmed card can
be inserted in to the energy meter very easily. This kind of card can be called as detachable card,
which can be removed easily from the energy meter when the energy is not required. Provision is
made in the system such that, when the clever card is taken out, automatically supply to the load will
be disconnected.

The overall system can be called as AMR (Automatic Meter reading) system, the main advantage of
AMR system is that the consumed energy price can be calculated and at the same time price (amount
in rupees) can be displayed automatically. For this purpose in the prototype module mode switch is
connected at the input side of the microcontroller, such that either price in rupees or consumed
energy in rupees can be displayed by changing the position of the switch. In the past, the main driver
for AMR was the reduction of meter reading costs. Although cost reduction remains a significant
influence in the growth of AMR, the worldwide deregulation of utility markets has accelerated
interest in the implementation of AMR systems.

In a deregulated utility environment, customers are given a choice in determining their energy
provider. As a result, utilities have to become more competitive and learn to operate in an open
market environment, in which prices are set on an hourly basis through supply and demand

6
mechanisms. The implication of the open market on AMR is that utilities will need to improve
service and to reduce their operating costs, including meter reading costs, in order to successfully
complete for customers in the deregulated environment.

The open market mechanism also necessitates timely meter reading information to support real-time
pricing structures. In addition to the general reasons outlined above for adopting AMR, there are a
number of specific benefits to utility customers and to utilities.

Finally the simplest form of smart metering is a display meter, which allows consumers to monitor
consumption in money terms rather than kWh. It can be combined with a keypad or smart card
reader, which could link to prepayment systems thereby potentially reducing costs and the higher
tariffs currently offered to prepayment meter customers.

Automated meter reading is an option for some systems, thereby eliminating both manual reading
and the need to handle account queries which commonly follow estimated meter readings – the most
common cause of complaint to suppliers and energy watch.

The system can be converted such that, the consumed energy information can be transmitted to the
nearest electrical office, so that energy consumption details of individual houses can be collected at
single receiving point, most probably at programming centers.

7
 CHAPTER - 2

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS BRIEF DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The brief description and block diagram of the project work “Pre-paid energy meter with
Recharging unit” is explained in brief, for better understanding the total block diagram is divided
in to various blocks and each block explanation is provided in this chapter.

FIGURE 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

8
 ● Electronic Energy Meter
● Arduino
● LCD
● Bluetooth
● Relay
● Digital Pulse Generator

2.1.1 ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER

In this block, AD7751 Energy metering IC is used. This is a custom built IC produced by the
analog devices, USA.

This block takes the proportional voltage, proportional current in a fixed duration so that the
energy consumed, i.e., Energy = V * I * t. These two signals are fed to the metering IC
AD7751, after stepping down the voltage under measurement with the help of step-down
potential difference Network using resistors and for the current, with the help of current
transformer (Basically this is a step-up transformer). The internal clock is constructed with
crystal oscillator for counting the pulses. Thus the output AC signal is proportional to the energy
consumed from the AC mains supply.

In addition to the generation of AC output, this customized IC provides high accuracy, meeting
international specifications, errorless than 0.1%. In this dedicated IC, it monitors continuously
both the phase and neutral (return) currents. A fault is indicated when these currents differ by
more than 12.5%. Then the billing is continued taking the larger of the two currents. As the
meter used in this project work is having only one CT, it measures the phase current.

The output of the IC is taken across Pins 23 and 24 (F1 and F2) is the frequency signal
proportional the energy Consumption. This pulsating frequency is calibrated, i.e., 1600 pulses
per unit of the electric energy consumption.

9
A facility is provided in this IC to indicate fault conditions, two logic outputs are provided as
‘FAULT’ and ‘REVP’ (Reverse Polarity), which can be used as fault condition and reverse
polarity indications. These two signals are made used in this project work and two LED’S are
connected to indicate the above fault conditions.

2.1.2 ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of
both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of
software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to
write and upload computer code to the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics,
and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not
need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the
board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified
version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form
factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

FIGURE 2.1.2 ARDUINO BOARD

10
2.1.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)

The LCD panel used in this block interfaced with micro-controller through the output port. This
is a 16 character x 3Line LCD module, capable of display numbers, characters, and graphics.
The display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second
for characters to be displayed (RS=1).

FIGURE 2.1.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL

DISPLAY
It also contains a user. Programmed RAM area (the character RAM), that can be programmed to
generate any desired character. To distinguish between these two data areas, the hex command
byte 80 will be used to signify that the display RAM address 00h is chosen.

11
2.1.4 BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a telecommunications industry specification that describes how mobile devices,

computers and other devices can easily communicate with each other using a short-range
wireless connection.

Bluetooth technology requires that a low-cost transceiver chip be included in each device. The
transceiver transmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45 Ghz that is
available globally -- with some variation of bandwidth in different countries. In addition to data,
up to three voice channels are available. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE
802 standard. Bluetooth connections can be point to point or multipoint.

FIGURE 2.1.4 BLUETOOTH MODULE

12
2.1.5 RELAY

A Relay is a device that opens or closes an auxiliary circuit under some pre-determined condition
in the Main circuit. The object of a Relay is generally to act as a sort of electric magnifier, that is
to say, it enables a comparatively week current to bring in to operation on a much stronger
current. It also provides complete electrical isolation between the control- ling circuit and the
controlled circuit.

Specifications:

(1) Coil resistance : 100to500

(2) Operating voltage : 6Vto24VDC
(3) No. of contacts :1to4changeover
(4) Contact current Rating : 1.5to25Amps

FIGURE 2.1.5 RELAY

13
2.1.6 DIGITAL PULSE GENERATOR

A pulse generator is either an electronic circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment used to
generate rectangular pulses. Pulse generators are used primarily for working with digital circuits;
related function generators are used primarily for analog circuits.

A new family of pulse generators can produce multiple channels of independent widths and
delays and independent outputs and polarities. Often called digital delay/pulse generators, the
newest designs even offer differing repetition rates with each channel. These digital delay
generators are useful in synchronizing, delaying, gating and triggering multiple devices, usually
with respect to one event. One is also able to multiplex the timing of several channels onto one
channel in order to trigger or even gate the same device multiple times.

A new class of pulse generator offers both multiple input trigger connections and multiple
output connections. Multiple input triggers allow experimenters to synchronize both trigger
events and data acquisition events using the same timing controller.

14
 CHAPTER– 3

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION

3.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The circuit description of the project work “Prepaid Energy Meter with Recharging Unit” is
explained in section wise. For better understanding the total circuit diagram is divided into
various sections and each section explanation along with circuit diagram is provided in this
chapter.

FIGURE 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

15
3.2 ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER

The energy meter used in this project work is ready made one, made by Larsen & Toubro, L&T
House, Ballard Estate, Mumbai. The energy meter procured from L&T House, is a domestic
meter. This meter is designed to deliver 20amps current maximum, because the CT (Current
Transformer) used in this meter, allows 20amps maximum through its primary. In this meter two
CT’s are used, one is connected in series with the phase and the other one is connected in series
with the neutral. The outputs of the CT’s are monitored by the energy metering IC and energizes
the fault indicator connected at the output of the chip, if the difference is more than 12.5% at the
output of both the CT’s. The detailed description is as follows:

The energy consumption measurement is carried out with the help of energy metering IC AD
7751, with on chip fault detection. Multiplexing the voltage and current and averaging out for a
time ‘t’ with the help of this IC carry out the measurement. In addition, this IC provides the high
accuracy meeting International specifications, error less than 0.1%. It also incorporates the fault
detection scheme that warns the fault conditions and allows the device to continue accurate
billing during a fault event. This does by continuously monitoring both the phase and neutral
(return) currents. A fault is indicated when these currents differ by more than 12.5%. The
billing is continued using the larger of the two currents.

The output on the F1 and F2 is the frequency signal proportional to the energy consumption.
This is calibrated as 1600 pulses per unit of electric energy consumption. When the meter is
loaded at the rate of 1000W for 1hour, then this meter produces 1600 pulses which are equalent
to 1unit of power consumption. For measuring the consumed energy in unit wise, these 1600
pulses are converted into 100 pulses for the easy calibration.

16
The voltage signal and current signal are fed to this energy metering IC along with the sampling
clock is shown below:

FIGURE 3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER

17
3.3 DIGITAL PULSE GENERATOR

The output of the energy metering circuit, which is calibrated as 1600 pulses per unit of electric
energy consumption (thus the display of 1600 pulses is equivalent to one unit of energy
consumption) is fed to pulse shaping circuit. The pulse shaping circuit consists of a) Conversion
of pulses into light pulses b) using LDR light intensity falling on it is converted clock pulses,
here 555 timer IC is used for generating the clock pulses. The details are as follows:

The output of energy Metering Circuit (F1 and F2) are fed to full wave bridge rectifier to convert
into proportional dc voltage according to the frequency input. This dc voltage is fed to the light
source generated by the high glow LED. The glowing of LED depends upon the input signal fed
by the Metering circuit. To feed dc voltage to the light source, switching circuit is designed with
low power transistor. The circuit design is shown below:

FIGURE 3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL PULSE GENERATOR

With the help of a full wave bridge rectifier designed with four diodes, either positive peak or
negative peak produced by the energy meter will be converted in to positive DC source. This
source is used to energize the LED through switching transistor. Whenever the LED is energized,
the light intensity of this device will be fallen over the surface of LDR. This LDR and LED both
are arranged parallel to each other. Now the LDR is wired with timer chip, this chip is
configured as monostable mode of operation.

18
3.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)

The LCD panel used in this project work is having 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in
the following table.

Pin Symbol I/O Description

1 Vss -- Ground
2 Vcc -- +5V Power Supply
3 VEE -- Power supply to Control Contrast
4 RS I RS = 0 to select command
register, RS=1 to select data register
5 R/W I R/W =0 for write, R/W=1 for read
6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O The 8-bit data bus
8 DB1 I/O The 8-bit data bus
9 DB2 I/O The 8-bit data bus
10 DB3 I/O The 8-bit data bus
11 DB4 I/O The 8-bit data bus
12 DB5 I/O The 8-bit data bus
13 DB6 I/O The 8-bit data bus
14 DB7 I/O The 8-bit data bus

In the above table Vcc and Vss are supply pins and VEE (Pin no.3) is used for controlling LCD
contrast. Pin No.4 is Rs pin for selecting the register, there are two very important registers are
there in side the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS = 0, the
instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as

19
R/W is a read or write Pin, which allows the user to write information to the LCD or read
information from it. R/W=1 when reading, R/W=0 when writing. The enable (E) pin is used by
the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a
high –to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at
the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the
LCD’S internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we must send ASCII (Antenna
Standard Code for Information Inter Change, Pronounced “ask – E”) codes for the letters A – Z,
and numbers 0 - 9 to these pins while making RS=1.

20
3.5 POWER SUPPLY

The power Supply is a Primary requirement for the project work. The required DC power supply
for the base unit as well as for the recharging unit is derived from the mains line. For this
purpose center tapped secondary of 12V-0-12V transformers are used. Total two transformers
are used to design two different power supply units for the two different units. From each power
supply unit two different DC voltages of +12V and +5V are derived using rectifiers and fitters.
In this +5V output is a regulated output and it is designed using 7805 positive voltage regulator.
This is a 3Pin voltage regulator, can deliver current up to 800 milliamps.

Rectification is a process of rendering an alternating current or voltage into an unidirectional

one.The component used for rectification is called ‘Rectifier’. A rectifier permits current to flow
only during the positive half cycles of the applied AC voltage by eliminating the negative half
cycles or alternations of the applied AC voltage. Thus pulsating DC is obtained. To obtain
smooth DC power, additional filter circuits are required.

A diode can be used as rectifier. There are various types of diodes. But, semiconductor diodes
are very popularly used as rectifiers. A semiconductor diode is a solid state device consisting of
two elements are being an electron emitter or cathode, the other an electron collector or anode.
Since electrons in a semiconductor diode can flow in one direction only-form emitter to
collector- the diode provides the unilateral conduction necessary for rectification.

FIGURE 3.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

21
 CHAPTER-4

4.HARDWARE DETAILS

4.1 HARDWARE DETAILS

The important components used in this project work are:

1. Voltage Regulator
2. Relay
3. LDR
4. AD 7751 Energy Metering IC

22
4.1.1 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The L78L00 series of three-terminal positive regulators employ internal current limiting and
thermal shutdown, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat-sink is provided, they
can deliver up to 100 mA output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide
range of applications including local or on-card regulation for elimination of noise and
distribution problems associated with single-point regulation.

FIGURE 4.1.1SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR

23
4.1.2 RELAY

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. Relays
control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. As relay
diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the
relay is not energized. When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact
when the relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the contacts will
change their state.

Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do not usually
control power consuming devices except for small motors and Solenoids that draw low amps.
Nonetheless, relays can "control" larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying effect
because a small voltage applied to a relays coil can result in a large voltage being switched
bythe contacts.

FIGURE 4.1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RELAY

24
4.1.3 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

Light dependent resistors, LDRs or photoresistors are electronic components that are often used
in electronic circuit designs where it is necessary to detect the presence or the level of light.

LDRs are very different to other forms of resistor like the carbon film resistor, metal oxide film
resistor, metal film resistor and the like that are widely used in other electronic designs. They are
specifically designed for their light sensitivity and the change in resistance this causes.

These electronic components can be described by a variety of names from light dependent
resistor, LDR, photoresistor, or even photo cell, photocell or photoconductor.

Although other electronic components such as photodiodes or photo-transistor can also be used,
LDRs or photo-resistors are a particularly convenient to use in many electronic circuit designs.
They provide large change in resistance for changes in light level.

25
4.1.4 AD 7751 ENERGY METER IC

The AD7751 and AD7755 are high accuracy energy measurement ICs. The part specifications
surpass the accuracy requirements as quoted in the IEC1036 standard. The AD7751 incorporates
a novel fault detection scheme that both warns of fault condi- tions with the logic output FAULT
but allows the AD7751 to continue accurate billing during a fault event. The AD7751 does this
by continuously monitoring both the phase and neutral (return) currents. A fault is indicated
when these currents differ by more than 12.5%. Billing is continued using the larger of the two
currents. The FAULT output is connected to an LED onthe evaluation board.

The AD7751 supplies average real power information on the low frequency outputs F1 and F2.
These logic outputs may be used to directly drive an electromechanical counter or interface to an
MCU. The evaluation board provides screw connectors for easy connection to an external
counter.

AVDD DVDD VCC

V1A
(AD7751)NC*(
V1A/NC*
D7751)V1N(A
) AD7751/ 8
1P FAULT
AD7755

V2N
V2P
S

80
OCONNECT
PROTOTYPE
AREA

FIGURE 4.1.4 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF AD 7751 ENERGY METERING IC

26
 CHAPTER - 5

5.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1 ARDUINO IDE

IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment - An official software introduced

by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and uploading the code in almost all
Arduino modules/boards.

It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common person
with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process. It is available
for all operating systems i.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes
with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role in debugging, editing and compiling
the code. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega,
Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and accepts
the information in the form of code.The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE
platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the
controller on the board.The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and
Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and
uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.This environment supports both C and C++
languages.

27
5.2 ARDUINO IDE INSTALLATION

You can download the Software from Arduino main website. The software is available for
common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX, so make sure you are downloading
the correct software version that is easily compatible with your operating system.

To download the Windows app version, make sure you have Windows 8.1 or Windows 10, as
the app version is not compatible with Windows 7 or older version of this operating system.

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

1. Menu Bar
2. Text Editor
3. Output Pane

28
As you download and openthe IDE software, it will appear like an image below:

File - You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. The following
table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.

29
As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane will
show the code compilation as you click the upload button.

30
And at the end of the compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent
sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.

31
Edit - Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font

Sketch - For compiling and programming

Tools - Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for
burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.

Help - In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from getting
started to troubleshooting.

32
 The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as
follows.

 The checkmark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this
once youhave written your code.

 The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.

 The
The dotted
upwardpaper
arrowisisused for creating
reserved a newanfile.
for opening existing Arduino project.

 The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.

 The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor - A separate pop-up window
that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role in sending and receiving the Serial
Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing Ctrl+Shift+M
all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug the written
Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating. Your Arduino Module
should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to activate the Serial Monitor.

33
  You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For my
Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial Monitor,
the output will show as the image below.

 The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for writing the
required code.

34
35
5.3 CODE

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#include <EEPROM.h>
int stor;
const int EM=8;
const int RLY=9;
const int BUZ=11;
int flag=0;
int flag1=0;
int flag2=0;
int x1;
int x2;
int x3;
int x;
String a;
char inByte = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("BAL UNITS: ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("POWER: ");
pinMode(RLY,OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUZ,OUTPUT);
pinMode(EM,INPUT);
digitalWrite(RLY, LOW);
digitalWrite(BUZ, LOW);
// EEPROM.write(1,12);
Serial.println("WELCOME");
delay(500);
stor=EEPROM.read(1);
Serial.println(stor);
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
if(stor<10)
{
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print('.');
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print(stor);
}
else
{

36
 lcd.print('0');
lcd.print('.');
lcd.print(stor);
}
}
void loop()
{
home:
stor=EEPROM.read(1);
if(stor==1)
{
if(flag2==0)
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("DEAR CUSTOMER,YOU HAVE CONSUMED 90% OF YOUR BALANCE
UNITS,PLS RECHARGE IMMEDIATELY");
delay(500);
flag2=1;
}
}
if(stor>1)
{
flag2=0;
}
if(stor==0)
{
digitalWrite(RLY,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("NO ");
if(flag1==0)
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("DEAR CUSTOMER,YOUR BALANCE IS EXPIRED,PLS RECHARGE TO
AVOID UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY");
delay(500);
flag1=1;
}
}

if(stor>0)
{
digitalWrite(RLY,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("YES");
}

if(digitalRead(EM)== LOW)
{

37
 if(stor>0)
{
stor=stor-1;
EEPROM.write(1,stor);
delay(300);
wait:
if(digitalRead(EM)== LOW)
{
goto wait;
}
}
}
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
if(stor<10)
{
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print('.');
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print(stor);
}
else
{
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print('.');
lcd.print(stor);
}

if(Serial.available()>0)
{
a= Serial.readString();// read the incoming data as string
Serial.println(a);
if (a[0]=='U')
{
x1=a[1]-48;
x2=a[2]-48;
x3=a[3]-48;
x=((x1*100)+(x2*10)+x3);
stor=stor+x;
EEPROM.write(1,stor);
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
if(stor<10)
{
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print('.');
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print(stor);
}
else

38
 {
lcd.print('0');
lcd.print('.');
lcd.print(stor);
}
delay(2000);
goto home;
}

if (a[0]=='B')
{
if (a[1]=='A')
{
if (a[2]=='L')
{

Serial.print("YOUR BALANCE UNITS:");

Serial.print('0');
Serial.print('.');
if(stor<10)
{
Serial.print('0');
}
Serial.print(stor);
Serial.println('U');
delay(1000);
goto home;
}}}

39
 CHAPTER - 6

6.ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

6.1 ADVANTAGES

● The main advantage of the system is, in addition to the display of consumed energy, the
system allows consumer to monitor consumption in money terms.

● The other important advantage is, with the help of this kind of prepaid system lot of
manpower can be reduced. For Ex: The person who is taking Meter reading, need not visit
each and every house for collecting the energy consumption data, because here the consumer
is responsible for recharging his clever card. Hence the bill collector can be dispensed with.
Similarly the need for person who is preparing bills also can be eliminated. Because,
the
system avoids preparation of bills.

● The consumer can avoid penalties for late payments, because facility is provided such that
the
consumed energy amount to be paid in advance to the department, so that the consumer
cantake the necessary action in time.

● The meter is designed to produce pulses according to the consumed energy, so that data
can
be stored and displayed in digital systems or data can be transmitted.

● The resolution of the meter is very high so that it can measure the low values also very
accurately.

● The system is designed such that, energy pilferage can be avoided effectively (totally tamper
proof).

● Human error can be avoided because ofthe digitalized display.

● Finally electronic meters provide many new features like prepaid metering and remote
metering that can improve the efficiency of the utility.

40
 6.2 LIMITATIONS

● The main disadvantage of the system is, because of huge electronic hardware involved in the
system, the overall system consumes more electric energy.

● Remedy: When the system is converted into engineering module, the bulky hardware can be
converted into a small-integrated chip. When the hardware is minimized naturally the system
consumes less power.

● Since it is a prototype module, because of huge hardware the system occupies more space.

● The consumer or the electrical department has to spend more amounts for installing this
kindof smart energy meters. Economically it is not advised.

41
6.3 APPLICATIONS

The nature of a smart energy meter using microcontroller, for secure data storage and processing
capacity, may be used simultaneously for several applications -- means that it is an extremely
versatile technology. Smart energy meter applications are often classified under the broad
functional headings of access control, data transmission, data storage, financial, or data carrier.
The main application of the system is AMR. This kind of systems is quite suitable for the state
electricity departments. Most of the state electricity departments in our country, facing so many
problems because of energypilferage and in proper auditing.

The following are the benefits of AMR

Reduced meter-reading costs: Conventional meter reading is a labor-intensive process and can
representing a considerable percentage of a utility's operating cost. The problem is particularly
acute in countries like the US where certain states require residential meters to be read once a
month.

Ability to access difficult-to-read meters: The problem of gaining access to meters located in
the home is growing as more and more people work. This has led to a large rise in estimated
bills, re-reads, and lost revenues and undetected meter tampering or theft.

Improved customer service: In a deregulated environment, customer satisfaction and retention

are key components of a successful utility. AMR can help utilities improve customer service,
automating outage notification, reducing customer disruptions caused by manual reads, and
improving the process of resolving meter reading disputes.

Improved meter reader safety: Whether it is a high crime area or a confined space area, meter
readers todaycan find themselves in unsafe environments.

42
 CHAPTER – 7

RESULT

Prepaid Energy Meterare Advanced Technology Meter That provides accurate and reliable
information regarding the consumed energy units of a customer.The customer has to use the
provided application for recharging the energy meter. In this customer informed when ninety
percentage of power was consumed. After consuming the entire power supply will gets
disconnected.

The meter automatically reads the electrical consumption from the users meters device and
transfers the data through the Bluetooth using Arduino.

43
Initially when the balance is zero the display will shows the below results.

We can do recharge by typing the following

command.

44
When the user consumes ninety percent of his Electricity the user will get the following message.

45
46
 CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION

Advanced electricity meters that generate consumption data enabling customers to see when they
are using energy, to manage that use more efficiently, and to save money by adjusting energy use
in response to price signals. Demand Response, or customer actions in response to dynamic
price signals. In the present system, to save money, the consumed energy corresponding price is
displayed for the consumer benefits.
The project work “Prepaid Electronic Energy Meter with Recharging Unit” is completed
successfully. Results are found satisfactorily. In this project work, for the demonstration
purpose only one electronic energy meter is used at the consumer side, but in practical many
meters will be in function, all these meters (transmitters) can be tuned to the single receiver,
so that, total information can be collected at centralized single point. Using the same
transmitter, the other information, such as load current, line voltage at various places etc. also
can be transmitted. Any information in the form of pulses can be transmitted using this analog
F.M. Transmitter. In this project work at the receiving end computer is used, but in place of
computer Micro-controller also can be used so that the received information can be stored,
displayed,
can be if required consumed energy data print outs can be taken out. For this purpose a small
billing machine can be connected at the output of the computer or controller.

47
 CHAPTER – 9

FUTURE SCOPE

This is 21st century and there is no space for errors or faults either in any technical system or in
general applications. Prepaid energy meter is a beneficial concept for the future. It’s facilitates
the remission from electricity bills . Electricity vouchers will be available at nearby shops. The
word prepaid means “ pay before use “ one of the beneficial feature of this concept prepaid
energy meter is used to prepaid the current supply of electricity to homes, offices etc.

48
 CHAPTER – 10

REFERENCES

The following are the references made during design, development and fabrication of the Project
Work “ IOT BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER”.

1. Digital Electronics. By JOSEPH J.CARR

2. Fundamental of Radio Communication: By A.SHEINGOLD

3. Basic Radio and Television: By S.P.SHARMA

4. The IC 555 Timer Applications Source book By: HOWARD M. BERLIN

5. Digital and Analog Communication System By: K. sam Shanmugam

6. Electronic Circuit guide book – Sensors – By JOSEPH J.CARR

7. Programming and Customizing the 8051 Micro-controller - By: Myke Predko

8. The concepts and Features of Micro-controllers - By: Raj Kamal

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