BMP on INTEGRATION of ESCP into SITE

DEVELOPMENT PLAN
 TYPICAL EARTHWORK PLAN

BMP DESIGN : MINIMISE “CUT & FILL” AREAS = MINIMISE EROSION

Construction Site Runoff Flow Plan
Site Sediment Control Plan
Erosion & Sediment Control Plan

• Shows site topography

• How & when grading
• Shows erosion & sediment control measures
• When implementation & Maintenance
BMP for Stormwater Conveyance:
Slope Drain
• What? Temporary conduit
• Why? Convey concentrated
runoff away cut/fill slope face
• When? Construction areas where
excess runoff causes erosion
• Design capacity: 10yr storm
• Max. Drainage per pipe CMP typ.
• 0.20ha 360mm
• 0.30ha 450mm
• 0.40ha 540mm
• Installation: Entrance @ flowline
w/compacted earth berm/dike
 BMP for Stormwater
Conveyance: Energy Dissipator 
• What? A structure designed to control
erosion & prevent scour 
• Why? Prevent erosion at outlet of
channel/conduit by reducing velocity
& dissipate energy
• When? Discharge velocities of
 pipe/culvert/divertion/channel exceeds
allowable velocity of receiving
channel/disposal area
• Design Capacity: 10 yr peak runoff,
typically Rock-lined apron w/filter
cloth lined basin.
BMP for Runoff Control:
Check Dams
• What? Small temporary dams built
across site runoff swales/drainageway
• Why? Reduce flow velocities & gully
erosion till permanent structures are
 built; traps larger sediment, stabilize
drops hydraulically
• When? Drainage area <0.8ha
• Design: H 0.6m, Base W 2.4m
L varies, rock size (50-400)mm,
keyed in at base & into bank, centre
of dam is 150mm lower than edges
• Inspect/Maint: Check after 25mm
@24hrs storm; Remove silt when
>60% full; Remove after stabilization
 BMP for Structural Streambank 
Stabilization
• What? Stabilization of eroding streambanks with
structures
• Why? Protect streambanks from erosive water
flows & debris
• When? Increase in erosive flow from construction
activities, v > 2m/s & local vegetative protection
insufficient
• Design velocity @ 10yr peak runoff 
• Structural design to meet design flow, exist.
alignment, surrounding, wildlife & fish habitat….
• Many systems, refer following BMPs….
BMP for Structural Streambank 
Stabilization: Gabions Protection
• What? Rectangular wire baskets
&mattress panels filled w/stones
• Why? Build retaining walls for
streambank & slope protectio
• When? Armour is needed against
erosive flow forces, pervious
hydraulically, flexible & can be
vegetated w/aqua shrubs & ECMs.
• Walls designed as a gravity wall
w/calculations for OTM, Sliding,
Bearing Capacity & Slip-circle.
• Uses: Vegetated wall, river deflector,
outlet aprons, weirs, channel lining
• Inspect/maint: Check & repair
© KW Leon PE CPESC CPSW damaged wires after storm events.
BMP for Structural Streambank 
Stabilization: Riprap Protection
• What? An layer of sized rocks
• Why? To protect soil surface /river bed
from erosive forces
• When? Cut & Fill slopes, channel side
slopes & bed, inlets & outlets of
culverts, abutments, storm drains
• Design: Uniform riprap: stones are
single size, open flow, more handwork;
Well-graded riprap: cheaper & easier to
install
• Specify well graded mixture @ larger
1.5x d50 w/smaller @25mm
• Layer T @ 1.5x largest stone but
>150mm, stone sg >2.5, w/filter cloth
BMP for Structural Streambank 
Stabilization: Flow Deflectors
• What? Structural barriers jetties
• Why & When? Bank repair by
diverting flow away from eroding
embankment, rehab & vegetation
• How? Deflectors shaped 30-60-90
degrees triangle w/30 degrees
upstream against the bank, spaced 3-5x
groin L, single wingwall @ ¼ to ½ &
double wingwall @ ½ across stream
width, rock @ > 0.5m, keyed into bed
>0.3m, tie into other streambank 
 protection system.
• Many systems: Gabions, Geonets
Rockpile, RC, Log cribbing, Geocell
CCS, Concrete Block Wall w/geotex
Channel Protection: Articulated
Concrete Blocks
Construction: Erosion Control
Methods
BMP for Erosion Control:
Site Preparation
• What? Furrows created across
slope w/bare soil surface
• Why? Reduce runoff velocity, trap
silt, assist vegetation
establishment
• When? After surface is cut or fill
 before permanent installation
• How? Surface roughening by
tracking equipment up&down
slope (>3:1). Step or terracing
(0.75m steps)for soft rock cut
slopes. Combined w/hydro-
mulching/seeding & planting
 BMP for Erosion Control:
Hydraulic Planting
• What? Method of applying erosion control
materials to bare soil & establishing vegetation on
disturbed areas/critical slopes
• Why? Method w/hydraulic equipment
(hydroseeders/hydromulchers) can effectively
apply seeds, fertilizers, tackifiers, mulch & water
over a wide area quickly & uniformly
• When? Critical areas with limited/unstable access,
irregular terrain, wide areas. For temporary &
 permanent erosion control, slopes@ <3:1 (<20°)
• Design mix: dependent on local conditions/seeds
BMP for Erosion Control:
Live Staking/Pole
• What? Inserting live vegetative
cuttings into soil
• Why? To propagate shrub growth
quicker, establishing root system
to reinforce slope soil from erosion
• When? During construction after
cut or fill where immediate slope
healing is needed
• Design: Plant species, check
w/local plant specialist, harvest
live wood >2-5yr, angle cutting,
50+mm ø x 0.5m(L), immerse 1/2
• Other BMPs: combine w/other
systems: gabions, geocell, riprap
articulated block, log crib, RC crib
BMP for Erosion Control:
Wattles (Live Fascines)
• What? Bundles of live shrub branch
cuttings
• Why? Reduce erosion & stabilize
slopes, as interracing
• How? Reduce flow velocities, traps
sediment, reduce hydraulic slant
length, encourage vegetative growth
w/moisture retention, dryer soil
increases infiltration rate as runoff is
slowed
• Design: local species, mixture, woody
2+yrs, cuttings 40mmø x1m(L), tied
w/rope in bundles of 200mmø x2-
10m(L) @ spacing 0.4m apart, install
from toe up-slope
BMP for Erosion Control:
Turf Reinforced Mattress
• What? 3-D plastic matrix mattress,
some w/natural fibre components
• Why? Stabilize channelized flows
& protect river slopes & pond edges
• How? 3-D matrix reinforces soil &
vegetative root system
• When? During construction, after
final grading of channel/pond slope
2:1(35°+) @ velocities (3-5)m/s
typically when fully vegetated,
• Installation: Clear& grade, secure
TRM w/anchor trenches &
overlappings, seed & gently rake in
topsoil, wet down & level off.
BMP for Erosion Control:
Erosion Control Mattress
• What? Natural Fibre mattress
• Why? Stabilized exposed slope soil
& assist in establishing vegetation
• How? Cushions rain impact energy
& reduce soil migration, retain
moisture, provide shelter for seeds
to germinate & biodegrade biomass,
double netting reinforces plant roots.
Use: hydroseed & cover.
• When? Construction after cut & fill,
applied in critical areas to heal &
vegetate, slopes >2:1 (30-45)°,
higher tensile strength from netting
for various needs,
 BMP for Erosion Control:
Geocell Cellular Confinement System
• What? 3-D HDPE honeycomb system
that retains earth, gravel or concrete
• Why? Permanently protect slope &
channel embankments from erosion
• Rock slope: provides a layer of soil for
vegetation, support vegetation in river
channels, flexible armour to protect
river beds from scouring/erosion when
concrete infilled , protect landfill liners
• How? Confines, reinforces & restrain
vegetated topsoil or stone infill from
sliding, perforated geocell allows root
 propagation & networking for stronger
system, CCS walls are flexible & green
BMP for Sediment Control
Methods:
BMP for Sediment Control:
Dry Sediment Basin - Earth
• What? A pond created in
construction site by excavation
• Why? Retain/detain runoff for
sediment to settle out
• Where? Located at low point but
above drainage outlet
• Design: dry pond for soil type C
(coarse grain sand <33%@
<0.02mm), (d) 1.2m(settling@ 0.6m,
storage@ 0.3m & freeboard @
0.2m), 3mo. ARI @ t30:s-area =
200m2/ha, volume = 240m3/ha or
discharge outlet ridge slope protected
 by ECM/TRM & vegetated
BMP for Sediment Control:
Wet Sediment Basin - Earth
• What? A pond created in
construction site by excavation
• Why? Impound full runoff for 1
storm containment for rainfall event
• Where? Located at low point but
above drainage outlet
• Design: wet pond for soil type F/D
(fine grain loamy clay >33%@
<0.02mm),75% of 5-day rainfall
event , vol. = 1/3 sediment storage =
2-mo soil loss (use MUSLE), eg.
storm event 40mm moderate R-O
volume = 300m3/ha, discharge outlet
ridge slope protected by ECM/TRM
& vegetated
BMP for Sediment Control:
Silt Fence
• What? A temporary sediment barrier
made from filter fabric supported on
wooden post entrenched into ground
• Why? Detains sediment by ponding
water behind it & allowing sediment
to settle out
• Where? Sheet & rill erosion can
occur, surround site & prevent
contamination of adjacent area from
sheet & overland flows, installed
along contours, not for across channel
flow, maintenance: keep clean
• Design: Fabric EOS to retains 85%
soil by wt., (H) 1m, post spacing @
3m, driven-in 0.3m, storage < 0.5m
 BMP for Sediment Control:
Curb Inlet Sediment Barrier(sandbags)
• What? A barriers built from
layers of sandbags
• Why? Prevent sediment flowing
into inlets, provide temp. storage
of sediment after 1 rainfall event
• How? Allows water to pond while
sediment settle out
• Design: low runoffs @ Q <
0.5m3/s, < 1m(H), filled w/drain-
rock @19mmø or pea gravel @
6mmø, install curve surround
curb inlet, leave small 1 bag gap
for temp spillway
 BMP for Sediment Control:
Other Drop Inlet Sediment Barriers
 BMP for Sediment Control:
Sediment Barriers: Continuous Berm
 BMP for Sediment Control:
Sediment Barriers: Woven Stick Check Dam
• What? Small check dams made of
sticks & branches tied w/filter
fabric
• Where? Installed across roadside
drainage
• How? Reduce flow velocity, gully
forming, traps silt & provide temp.
storage capacity
• Design: Branches 10-25mmø
entrenched to drain bed of 0.3m x
0.3m, installed across flow, filter
fabric to be non-woven needle
 punch type, maintenance: clean-
out after rain event/as needed
 References & Acknowledgement:
• Designing for Effective Sediment & Erosion Control
on Construction Sites, by Dr. J. Fifield
• Certified Professional in Erosion & Sediment Control
Workbooks, CPESC USA by J. Scherer, C.Forrest, D.
Lake, M.Harding, Dr D Walker, D.Ward
• Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (DID Manual) Malaysia
• Salix Applied Earthware Erosion & Sediment Control
Manual, Ca, USA, by J. McCullah
• Manufacturers:
• Polyfelt, Maccaferri, Risi Stone Systems, CHT-Natural
Solutions, North American Green, Synthetic Industries,
HKPC-KBI(Sin), Alcoa-Presto Products