G2 Finalreport

SKAB 3022 -01
INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT 1
IR AZHAR AHMAD & DR WAN NUR FIRDAUS EARTHWORK

KAMARUL AZLAN MOHD NAZIR EROSION AND
SEDIMENT
CONTROL PLAN
LECTURERS
DR KHAIRULZAN YAHYA COST AND
ESTIMATION
DR MOHD RIDZA MOHD HANIFFAH WATER
RETICULATION
IQBAL HADI BIN HAMZAH RAHMAN A18KA0040

NADIA FARISHA BINTI NAZLI A18KA0099
MUHAMMAD SYAFIEQ BIN ZAKARIA A18KA0094
VANIDA NATASHA PRIMUS A18KA0165
MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN PONNIRAN A18KA0077
MEMBERS
NURUL NABILA BINTI MOHAMAD RAZALI A18KA0139
MUHAMMAD ANWAR HADI BIN ZAINOL A18KA0081
NURFAZREEN BINTI MOHD FAZLLAH A18KA0135
LEE JIA RUI A18KA0051
CHUA HUI FEN A18KA0021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 COMPANY PROFILE ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Company Logo ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Company Background ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Vision and Mission................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.1 Vision.............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Mission ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Motto ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Our Values............................................................................................................................. 2
1.6 Organization Chart ................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Site Planning ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Site Inventory ................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 Site Analysis ................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Project Profile........................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Project Description ............................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Gantt Chart ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Layout Plan of the Site ..................................................................................................... 10
3.0 EARTHWORK .................................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 Scopes of Work ................................................................................................................... 12
3.4 Effects of The Project .......................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 Beneficial Effects of the Project ................................................................................... 13
i
3.4.2 Adverse Effects of the Project ...................................................................................... 13
3.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.1 Cut and Fill Volume Calculation by Using Grid Method ............................................ 14
3.6 Proposed Level .................................................................................................................... 49
3.7 Cut and Fill .......................................................................................................................... 50
3.8 Cross-Sectional View .......................................................................................................... 51
3.9 Slope Stability ..................................................................................................................... 54
3.9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 54
3.9.2 Bishop Simplified Method............................................................................................ 55
3.9.3 Steps in Checking Slope Stability by Using Bishop Simplified Method ..................... 57
3.9.4 Assumption Used in Slope Calculation ........................................................................ 57
3.9.5 Example Checking of Slope Stability by Using Bishop Simplified Method ............... 58
3.9.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 62
4.0 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN (ESCP) .................................. 63
4.1 Introduction to ESCP .......................................................................................................... 63
4.2 Project Description .............................................................................................................. 64
4.3 Temporary Earth Drain ....................................................................................................... 66
4.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 66
4.3.2 Design Criteria .............................................................................................................. 66
4.4 Erosion and Sediment Control Design ................................................................................ 78
4.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 78
4.4.2 Soil Loss Estimation ..................................................................................................... 79
4.4.3 Sediment Yield Estimation ......................................................................................... 84
4.4.4 Sediment Basin ............................................................................................................. 87
4.5 Others .................................................................................................................................. 95
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4.5.1 Wash Trough ................................................................................................................ 95
4.5.2 Silt Fence ...................................................................................................................... 96
4.5.3 Seeding and Planting .................................................................................................... 96
4.5.4 Rock Armor/Gabion ..................................................................................................... 97
4.5.5 Retaining Wall .............................................................................................................. 97
4.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 97
5.0 WATER RETICULATION .................................................................................................... 98
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 98
5.1.1 Water Reticulation System Components ...................................................................... 99
5.2 Project Background ........................................................................................................... 100
5.2.1 Objective of Design .................................................................................................... 100
5.3 Design Criteria .................................................................................................................. 101
5.3.1 Pipe Network System ................................................................................................. 101
5.3.2 Flow Design ................................................................................................................ 101
5.4 Flow Balancing by Epanet ................................................................................................ 109
5.4.1 Calculation for water demand at each node................................................................ 109
5.4.2 Analysis Using EPANET ........................................................................................... 112
5.5 Design of Water Tank ....................................................................................................... 127
5.5.1 The height of elevated water tank............................................................................... 127
5.5.2 Supply Pipe from Water Mains .................................................................................. 129
5.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 131
6.0 COST AND ESTIMATING ............................................................................................ 132
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 132
6.2 Phase Planning .................................................................................................................. 133
6.2.1 Phase Division ............................................................................................................ 133
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6.3 Gantt Chart ........................................................................................................................ 134
6.3.1 Planning Project .......................................................................................................... 134
6.4 Earthwork Specification .................................................................................................... 135
6.5 Cost of Machinery And Operating .................................................................................... 141
6.5.1 Justification of Machinery .......................................................................................... 141
6.5.2 Build Up Rates for Machinery.................................................................................... 147
6.5.3 Machinery Specification ............................................................................................. 151
6.5.4 Fuel Consumption of Machinery ................................................................................ 152
6.6 Costing and Estimation Before Cost Reduction ................................................................ 153
6.6.1 Calculation of Total Phase Cost ................................................................................. 153
6.6.2 Bill of Quantity (Overall Phase - Before) ................................................................... 176
6.7 Value Engineering ............................................................................................................. 178
6.8 Implementation Of Value Engineering For 1st Strategy:.................................................. 180
6.9 Costing and Estimation After Cost Reduction .................................................................. 182
6.9.1 Calculation of Total Phase Cost ................................................................................. 182
6.9.2 Bill of Quantity (Overall Phase - After) ..................................................................... 204
6.10 Result After Implementing Value Engineering ............................................................... 206
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 208
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................. 209
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1.0 COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 Company Logo
1.2 Company Background
CIVIL SPIRIT is a Malaysia-based leading civil engineering company established by Ir.

Syafieq since 2010. The company’s segments are construction and precast concrete. The
construction segment is engaged in construction related design and build, civil engineering,
building works, geotechnical services, and related products, hire of heavy machineries and
mechanical and engineering works. The company has highly experienced construction teams with
detailed-oriented management which contributed to the growth of company over the past ten years
and continue to move forward. With strong financial background of company, we can utilize
advanced machinery and instruments for the optimum efficiency and quality assurance. We are
committed towards providing professional and innovative solutions towards our clients,
upbringing the talent and competency of human resources and being responsible towards the
environment issues.
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1.3 Vision and Mission
1.3.1 Vision
“To provide first class service and manpower in delivering ultimate service and
conducive environment throughout the globe.”
1.3.2 Mission
“To secure a high-quality project, deliver the best service for clients and customers, maximize
the investment return of stakeholders and serve the community.”
1.4 Motto
“NEVER STEP BACK, JUST MOVE FORWARD”
1.5 Our Values
(a) Dedicated to the best quality, health, safety, and environment.
(b) Strong relationship bond among employers and employees with equal opportunities and fair
competition.
(c) Highly adapt to integrity, accountability, transparency, and sustainability.
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1.6 Organization Chart
PROJECT MANAGER
MUHAMMAD SYAFIEQ BIN ZAKARIA
(EARTHWORK DEPARTMENT)
EARTHWORK EROSION AND SEDIMENT WATER RETICULATION COST ESTIMATION

DEPARTMENT CONTROL DEPARTMENT DESIGN DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT
CHUA HUI FEN MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN IQBAL HADI BIN

LEE JIA RUI
PONNIRAN HAMZAH RAHMAN
NUR FAZREEN NURUL NABILA BINTI VANIDA NATASHA PRIMUS MUHAMMAD ANWAR
BINTI MOHD MOHAMAD RAZALI HADI BIN ZAINOL
FAZLLAH
NADIA FARISHA
BINTI NAZLI
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2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Site Planning
2.1.1 Site Inventory
Firstly. we have obtained the information on sites such as the location and the topography
for the purpose for the project site inventory. Site inventory is essential to determine the elements
and conditions of the original site to ensure that all the factors have been considered including the
nearby building existed, the closest source of water, and many more which will give an ultimate
impact on the design of our landscape.
Site inventory is crucial in analyzing the real condition of the proposed site. For example,
locating the highest and lowest peak of the site, estimating the surface runoff path from higher
ground to lower ground, analyzing the flow of existing drainage from inlet to outlet and the
aesthetic problem of the topography of the proposed site.
Besides, site inventory is also important because it can used to identify the proposed
development elements, current contours, present road network, original reduced levels, existing
drain network and invert levels, existing stream or waterway location, and existing drainage
reserves.
After the observation and detailed study, we have made some description regarding to the
site inventory which includes all the important features of the proposed site.
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Development Plan Topography Plan
5
Actual Map from Google
Highest RL :
47.453m
Almost 90% of
this area is
covered by oil
palm.
Lowest RL :
23.119m
The land has a flowing river The land consist of a

which call Sungai Pulai that The land already has
few of low land areas
used to convey the runoff existing road and
drainage systems.
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2.1.2 Site Analysis
After the site inventory, the next step is the site analysis process. Site analysis process is
the process that gathering all the information from the site inventory previously that considered
and the basic level plan that is design.
The site analysis are stated as follows: -
✓ The palm oil plantation will all be cut down for the development.
✓ Drainage will be designed based on the gravity flow.
✓ The pond will be designed at the second lowest level after the fecal plant.
✓ There will be areas of green space in the development area.
✓ The land will be varied in platform level.
✓ The reduced level at the area for the water tank is lower because the elevated water tank
will be constructed.
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2.2 Project Profile
2.2.1 Project Description
The development concept of the project is to development a residential area that includes
housing areas such as terrace house, affordable housing, and cluster house. The project will also
equip with a variety of infrastructure and commercial lots for the convenience of prospective
residents. There is also preservation green space for this project to promote mental and physical
health, alleviate stress among the residents.
The project detail is shown as below:
• Cluster house : 200 units
• Terrace house : 1280 units
• Affordable house (A, B, C, D) : 928 units
• Medium cost shop : 133 units
• Commercial lots : 2 units
• Office shop : 105 units
• Kindergarten : 3 units
• Primary school : 1 unit
• Religious school : 1 unit
• Mosque : 2 units
• Multipurpose hall : 1 unit
• Sewage treatment plant : 1 unit
• Water tank : 1 unit
• Electric substations : 11 units
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• Main distribution stations : 1 unit
• Shop outlets : 1 unit
• Pond : 5 units
• Green space : 3.031 acres
• Open space : 15.298 acres
2.2.2 Gantt Chart
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2.2.3 Layout Plan of the Site
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3.0 EARTHWORK
3.1 Introduction
The initial phase in any construction activity in the development of a project is earthwork.
Earthworks are engineering projects that involve moving or processing large amounts of soil or
rock on the earth's surface. The process includes site clearing, cutting and excavation, transport
and moving and compaction and sloping. Earthworks are carried out to produce areas of level land
suitable for housing, business, and recreational, as well as the requisite gradients for paths and
roads that allow people to go from one location to another. It is carried out during the early stage
of construction.
The proposed level that has been determined at this stage will have an impact on the
determination of road level, sewerage gradient, and other factors. Reduced levels of rivers and
facilities, economy, topography, and client expectations all had a role in determining the proposed
levels of a construction site. Cost is the main concern in the process to design the proposed level.
Earthwork is used to develop the ideal design for a construction that is both sustainable and cost-
effective. The most important task in construction is site preparation, which must be completed
before any other building phase can begin. Earthworks involves excavating the existing land to an
appropriate level before development can commence.
The process of earthwork in this project include: -
i. Excavation
ii. Grading (moving earth to change elevation)
iii. Temporary shoring
iv. Cut (exporting material to project site)
v. Fill (importing material to project site)
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vi. Compaction (to increase density)
vii. Disposal
3.2 Objectives
The objectives of the earthwork are:

i. To determine the proposed level that suitable at the site.
ii. To identify the exact volume for cut and fill based on proposed level.
iii. To calculate slope stability
3.3 Scopes of Work
The scopes of work for earthwork are as follows: -

i. Determination of proposed platform level.
ii. Cut and fill process by using grid method within the site boundary.
iii. Cross sections of the site plan after the cut and fill works.
iv. Slope stability analysis by using Bishop’s Simplified Method of Slices.
v. Typical temporary earth drains, soil loss, sediment yield and sediment basin design for
surface runoff based on Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA SECOUND EDITION 2012)
requirement and specification.
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3.4 Effects of The Project
3.4.1 Beneficial Effects of the Project
1. Provide employment opportunities. This is since new trade plots will be developed. More
career options for residents can aid in boosting the local economic growth and improving
the quality of their lives.
2. By providing psychological relaxation, stimulating social cohesion, and stress alleviation,

urban green spaces such as parks, playgrounds, and residential greenery that will be
developed in this project can promote mental and physical health, reduce morbidity and
mortality among residents.
3. Highway accessibility. This is because highway network helps the transportation schedules
and deliveries for business purpose become more reliable and timelier.
3.4.2 Adverse Effects of the Project
1. It is possible that soil erosion will occur. Site clearing by removing the oil palm trees, the
roots of the trees are unable to anchor in the soil, causing the soil around the plantation to
become loose and detached. When this phenomenon continues for an extended period,
flash floods will occur, and road quality will deteriorate.
2. Water pollution could be a result in the development area. This is since the water would
transport various pollutants into the river from residential areas or trade plots. As a result,
the river will be clogged, the drinking water will be contaminated, and aquatic life will be
perished.
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3. Noise pollution occurs. This is due to the residential area is close to the highway. The
roadway noise includes car exhaust systems, engines, and tyre contact with the road during
driving may create traffic noise. Thus, the daily life of residents are affected.
3.5 Methodology
3.5.1 Cut and Fill Volume Calculation by Using Grid Method
Cut and fill process is essential in designing the proposed area to cut cost and duration of
the project. Cutting process referring to the excavation of area where the existing topography
exceeds than the proposed level whereas filling process referring to the embankment of area which
the existing elevation lower than the desired proposed level. For this project, grid method is used
to determine the volume of area need to cut and fill. The smaller the grid size, the more accurate
value it will be. The difference between cut and fill volume calculated must be within the range
15% so that there will have no additional cost for importing soil. The steps are as follows:
1. 30m x 30m grid size is drawn on the topography map.
2. The area of each grid and the reduced level of each corner is determined.
3. Insert all obtained values in Microsoft Excel.
4. Average of reduced level of all corners of each grid is calculated.
5. The height differences are obtained.
6. The volume of the area is determined.
7. The negative value of volume will indicate the cutting area while positive value of volume
showing the filling area.
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Example of Calculations by Using Grid Method
1) Take grid A29 as example:
26.800 m 26.805 m
Area = 900m²
Proposed level = 25.100m
27.191 m 27.056 m
2) Area = 30 m x 30 m
= 900 m²
26.800+26.805+27.191+27.056
3) Average = 4
= 26.963 m
4) Height Difference = Proposed level – Average
= 25.100 m – 26.963 m
= -1.863 m
5) Volume = Height Difference x Area
= (-1.863 m) (900 m²)
= -1676.700 m³
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All the calculated value of each grid of the proposed site are shown in the Microsoft Excel. The
volume of cut is observed to be higher than the fill volume and the percentage difference is
approximately to 5.18%.
6) Total of cut volume = 175435.637 m³
Total of fill volume = 166350.697 m³
Balance = 175345.637 – 166350.697
= 9084.94 m³
Balance
Percentage difference = Total of cut volume
9084.94
= 175435.637 x 100
= 5.18 %
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Calculations by Using Grid Method in Excel
Zone 1
Grid Area Top Left Top Right Bottom Left Bottom Right Average, m Proposed Level, m Height Difference Volume, m^3
A06 14.526 27.142 27.191 27.491 27.100 27.231 25.100 -2.131 -30.955
A07 58.481 27.191 27.056 27.100 26.000 26.837 25.100 -1.737 -101.567
A08 103.285 27.056 25.612 26.000 25.890 26.140 25.100 -1.040 -107.365
A09 148.090 25.612 25.700 25.890 25.884 25.772 25.100 -0.671 -99.442
A10 23.693 25.700 24.780 25.884 25.085 25.362 25.100 -0.262 -6.213
A11 92.230 24.810 24.750 25.085 25.250 24.974 25.100 0.126 11.644
A12 284.353 24.750 25.300 25.250 24.382 24.921 25.100 0.180 51.041
A13 208.348 25.300 25.084 24.382 24.205 24.743 25.100 0.357 74.432
A23 138.717 27.370 26.885 26.966 27.142 27.091 25.100 -1.991 -276.151
A24 734.457 27.211 26.685 27.120 27.580 27.149 25.100 -2.049 -1504.902
A25 779.262 26.685 26.700 27.580 26.845 26.953 25.100 -1.853 -1443.583
A26 824.067 26.700 26.820 26.845 27.036 26.850 25.100 -1.750 -1442.323
A27 868.871 26.820 26.967 27.036 27.142 26.991 25.100 -1.891 -1643.252
A28 895.637 26.967 26.800 27.142 27.191 27.025 25.100 -1.925 -1724.101
A29 900.000 26.800 26.805 27.191 27.056 26.963 25.100 -1.863 -1676.700
A30 900.000 26.805 25.570 27.056 25.612 26.261 25.100 -1.161 -1044.675
A31 900.000 25.570 25.703 25.612 25.700 25.646 25.100 -0.546 -491.625
A32 149.664 25.703 25.038 25.700 24.820 25.315 25.100 -0.215 -32.215
A45 146.557 27.435 27.104 27.370 26.885 27.199 25.100 -2.099 -307.550
A46 900.000 27.104 26.680 27.211 26.685 26.920 25.100 -1.820 -1638.000
A47 900.000 26.680 26.900 26.685 26.700 26.741 25.100 -1.641 -1477.125
A48 900.000 26.900 27.311 26.700 26.820 26.933 25.100 -1.833 -1649.475
A49 900.000 27.311 27.305 26.820 26.967 27.101 25.100 -2.001 -1800.675
A50 876.646 27.305 27.295 26.967 26.800 27.092 25.100 -1.992 -1746.060
A51 831.841 27.295 26.929 26.800 26.805 26.957 25.100 -1.857 -1544.937
A52 787.037 26.929 25.601 26.805 25.570 26.226 25.100 -1.126 -886.400
A53 742.232 25.601 25.470 25.570 25.703 25.586 25.100 -0.486 -360.725
A54 150.759 25.470 24.300 24.820 24.700 24.823 25.100 0.278 41.836
A67 9.343 27.075 27.645 27.435 27.104 27.315 25.100 -2.215 -20.692
A68 101.135 27.645 27.600 27.104 26.680 27.257 25.100 -2.157 -218.173
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A69 111.060 27.600 27.000 26.680 26.900 27.045 25.100 -1.945 -216.012
A70 66.255 27.000 27.000 26.900 27.311 27.053 25.100 -1.953 -129.379
A71 21.461 27.000 27.188 27.311 27.305 27.201 25.100 -2.101 -45.090
A33 299.265 25.308 25.100 24.810 24.750 24.992 25.100 0.108 32.321
A34 900.000 25.100 25.350 24.750 25.300 25.125 25.100 -0.025 -22.500
A35 613.290 25.325 25.368 25.300 25.084 25.269 25.100 -0.169 -103.799
A55 51.820 24.300 24.400 25.308 25.100 24.777 25.100 0.323 16.738
A56 145.042 24.400 25.500 25.100 25.350 25.088 25.100 0.013 1.813
A57 75.675 25.500 25.413 25.325 25.368 25.402 25.100 -0.301 -22.816
Total Area 17553.099 Fill (+) 229.825
Cut (-) -23814.479
Total -23584.654
Zone 2
A13 121.616 25.300 25.084 24.382 24.205 24.743 25.300 0.557 67.771
A14 375.537 25.084 25.162 24.382 24.655 24.821 25.300 0.479 179.976
A15 417.101 25.162 25.200 24.665 25.010 25.009 25.300 0.291 121.272
A16 464.167 25.200 25.392 25.010 25.405 25.252 25.300 0.048 22.396
A17 508.677 25.392 25.198 25.405 25.120 25.279 25.300 0.021 10.809
A18 557.749 25.196 24.725 25.120 24.988 25.007 25.300 0.293 163.281
A19 594.724 24.725 25.072 24.980 24.967 24.936 25.300 0.364 216.480
A20 645.477 25.072 24.947 24.967 24.811 24.949 25.300 0.351 226.401
A21 692.728 24.947 25.050 24.811 25.019 24.957 25.300 0.343 237.779
A22 674.021 25.050 25.377 25.019 25.560 25.252 25.300 0.049 32.690
A35 286.710 25.325 25.368 25.300 25.084 25.269 25.300 0.031 8.816
A36 900.000 25.368 25.300 25.084 25.162 25.229 25.300 0.072 64.350
A37 900.000 25.300 25.400 25.162 25.200 25.266 25.300 0.035 31.050
A38 900.000 25.400 25.355 25.200 25.392 25.337 25.300 -0.037 -33.075
A39 900.000 25.355 25.224 25.392 25.198 25.292 25.300 0.008 6.975
A40 900.000 25.224 24.640 25.198 24.725 24.947 25.300 0.353 317.925
A41 900.000 24.640 24.865 24.725 25.072 24.826 25.300 0.475 427.050
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A42 900.000 24.865 25.057 25.072 24.947 24.985 25.300 0.315 283.275
A43 900.000 25.057 25.312 24.947 25.050 25.092 25.300 0.209 187.650
A44 694.789 25.312 25.622 25.050 25.377 25.340 25.300 -0.040 -27.965
A55 201.734 25.470 24.350 25.308 25.100 25.057 25.300 0.243 49.021
A56 754.958 24.350 25.507 25.100 25.350 25.077 25.300 0.223 168.544
A57 824.325 25.507 25.423 24.325 25.368 25.156 25.300 0.144 118.909
A58 900.000 25.423 25.430 25.368 25.300 25.380 25.300 -0.080 -72.225
A59 900.000 25.430 25.470 25.300 25.400 25.400 25.300 -0.100 -90.000
A60 900.000 25.470 25.250 25.400 25.355 25.369 25.300 -0.069 -61.875
A61 900.000 25.250 25.098 25.355 25.224 25.232 25.300 0.068 61.425
A62 900.000 25.098 24.902 25.224 25.640 25.216 25.300 0.084 75.600
A63 900.000 24.902 25.995 24.640 24.865 25.101 25.300 0.200 179.550
A64 900.000 25.995 25.276 24.865 25.057 25.298 25.300 0.002 1.575
A65 900.000 25.276 25.550 25.057 25.312 25.299 25.300 0.001 1.125
A66 533.650 25.550 25.765 25.312 25.622 25.562 25.300 -0.262 -139.950
A77 209.642 25.284 25.150 25.470 24.350 25.064 25.300 0.237 49.580
A78 900.000 25.150 25.651 24.350 25.507 25.165 25.300 0.135 121.950
A79 900.000 25.651 25.375 25.507 25.423 25.489 25.300 -0.189 -170.100
A80 900.000 25.375 25.402 25.423 25.430 25.408 25.300 -0.107 -96.750
A81 900.000 25.402 25.343 25.430 25.470 25.411 25.300 -0.111 -100.125
A82 900.000 25.343 25.460 25.470 25.250 25.396 25.300 -0.095 -85.950
A83 900.000 25.460 25.205 25.250 25.098 25.253 25.300 0.047 42.075
A84 900.000 25.205 25.381 25.098 24.902 25.147 25.300 0.154 138.150
A85 900.000 25.381 25.420 24.902 25.995 25.425 25.300 -0.125 -112.050
A86 900.000 25.420 25.321 25.995 25.276 25.503 25.300 -0.203 -182.700
A87 900.000 25.321 25.745 25.276 25.550 25.473 25.300 -0.173 -155.700
A88 413.516 25.745 25.755 25.550 25.765 25.704 25.300 -0.404 -166.957
A90 144.977 25.970 25.654 25.284 25.150 25.515 25.300 -0.214 -31.098
A91 781.844 25.654 25.704 25.150 25.651 25.540 25.300 -0.240 -187.447
A92 737.369 25.704 25.716 25.651 25.375 25.612 25.300 -0.311 -229.690
A93 692.614 25.716 25.417 25.375 25.402 25.478 25.300 -0.178 -122.939
A94 647.942 25.417 25.284 25.402 25.343 25.362 25.300 -0.062 -39.848
A95 603.020 25.284 25.185 25.343 25.460 25.318 25.300 -0.018 -10.854
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A96 493.476 25.185 25.212 25.460 25.205 25.266 25.300 0.035 17.025
A97 496.058 25.212 25.299 25.205 25.381 25.274 25.300 0.026 12.773
A98 900.000 25.299 25.510 25.381 25.420 25.403 25.300 -0.102 -92.250
A99 900.000 25.510 25.438 25.420 25.321 25.422 25.300 -0.122 -110.025
A00 900.000 25.438 25.564 25.321 25.745 25.517 25.300 -0.217 -195.300
B01 271.328 25.564 25.820 25.745 25.755 25.721 25.300 -0.421 -114.229
B10 88.051 25.500 25.013 25.212 25.299 25.256 25.300 0.044 3.874
B11 287.476 25.013 25.596 25.299 25.510 25.355 25.300 -0.055 -15.667
B12 242.671 25.596 25.744 25.510 25.438 25.572 25.300 -0.272 -66.007
B13 197.866 25.744 25.838 25.438 25.564 25.646 25.300 -0.346 -68.462
B14 35.918 25.838 26.052 25.564 25.820 25.819 25.300 -0.519 -18.623
Total Area 40791.731 Fill (+) 3647.124
Cut (-) -2797.862
Total 849.262
Zone 3
B03 36.561 25.840 25.307 25.970 25.654 25.693 25.500 -0.193 -7.047
B04 297.226 25.307 24.210 25.654 25.704 25.219 25.500 0.281 83.595
B05 343.696 24.210 25.111 25.704 25.716 25.185 25.500 0.315 108.178
B06 388.501 25.111 24.867 25.716 25.417 25.278 25.500 0.222 86.344
B07 200.236 24.867 25.302 25.417 25.284 25.218 25.500 0.282 56.567
B08 479.004 25.302 25.500 25.284 25.185 25.318 25.500 0.182 87.298
B09 522.915 25.500 25.491 25.185 25.212 25.347 25.500 0.153 80.006
B10 567.720 25.491 25.095 25.212 25.299 25.274 25.500 0.226 128.163
B11 614.628 25.095 25.600 25.299 25.510 25.376 25.500 0.124 76.214
B12 657.329 25.600 25.745 25.510 25.438 25.573 25.500 -0.073 -48.149
B13 699.133 25.745 25.966 25.438 25.564 25.678 25.500 -0.178 -124.620
B14 71.530 25.966 26.157 25.564 25.820 25.877 25.500 -0.377 -26.949
B16 70.450 26.704 26.406 25.840 25.307 26.064 25.500 -0.564 -39.751
B17 900.000 26.406 24.975 25.307 24.210 25.225 25.500 0.276 247.950
B18 900.000 24.975 24.627 24.210 25.111 24.731 25.500 0.769 692.325
B19 900.000 24.627 25.562 25.111 24.867 25.042 25.500 0.458 412.425
20
B20 442.234 25.562 25.771 24.867 25.302 25.376 25.500 0.124 55.058
B21 900.000 25.771 25.009 25.302 25.500 25.396 25.500 0.105 94.050
B22 900.000 25.009 25.720 25.500 25.491 25.430 25.500 0.070 63.000
B23 900.000 25.720 25.416 25.491 25.095 25.431 25.500 0.070 62.550
B24 900.000 25.416 25.478 25.095 25.600 25.397 25.500 0.103 92.475
B25 900.000 25.478 25.745 25.600 25.745 25.642 25.500 -0.142 -127.800
B26 668.441 25.745 26.000 25.745 25.966 25.864 25.500 -0.364 -243.313
B29 26.420 25.605 26.113 26.704 26.406 26.207 25.500 -0.707 -18.679
B30 900.000 26.113 24.648 26.406 24.975 25.536 25.500 -0.035 -31.950
B31 900.000 24.648 24.666 24.975 24.627 24.729 25.500 0.771 693.900
B32 900.000 24.666 25.661 24.627 25.562 25.129 25.500 0.371 333.900
B33 448.839 25.661 25.802 25.562 25.771 25.699 25.500 -0.199 -89.319
B34 896.697 25.802 25.883 25.771 25.009 25.616 25.500 -0.116 -104.241
B35 900.000 25.883 25.831 25.009 25.720 25.611 25.500 -0.111 -99.675
B36 900.000 25.831 25.780 25.720 25.416 25.687 25.500 -0.187 -168.075
B37 900.000 25.780 25.640 25.416 25.478 25.579 25.500 -0.078 -70.650
B38 900.000 25.640 26.200 25.478 25.745 25.766 25.500 -0.266 -239.175
B39 299.725 26.200 26.380 25.745 26.000 26.081 25.500 -0.581 -174.215
B43 885.632 25.700 23.462 26.113 24.648 24.981 25.500 0.519 459.864
B44 900.000 23.462 25.478 24.648 24.666 24.564 25.500 0.937 842.850
B45 900.000 25.478 26.020 24.666 25.661 25.456 25.500 0.044 39.375
B46 481.840 26.020 25.883 25.661 25.802 25.842 25.500 -0.341 -164.548
B47 860.394 25.883 25.650 25.802 25.883 25.805 25.500 -0.305 -261.990
B48 887.185 25.650 25.694 25.883 25.831 25.765 25.500 -0.264 -234.660
B49 851.969 25.694 25.738 25.831 25.780 25.761 25.500 -0.261 -222.151
B50 807.164 25.738 25.656 25.780 25.640 25.704 25.500 -0.204 -164.258
B51 732.632 25.656 26.400 25.640 26.200 25.974 25.500 -0.474 -347.268
B52 18.086 26.400 26.572 26.200 26.380 26.388 25.500 -0.888 -16.060
B56 657.215 25.303 24.652 25.700 23.462 24.779 25.500 0.721 473.688
B57 528.767 24.505 25.323 23.462 25.478 24.692 25.500 0.808 427.244
B58 414.259 25.323 25.905 25.478 26.020 25.682 25.500 -0.182 -75.188
B59 254.862 25.905 25.463 26.020 25.883 25.818 25.500 -0.318 -80.982
B60 37.174 25.463 25.862 25.883 25.650 25.715 25.500 -0.215 -7.974
21
B61 4.103 25.862 25.906 25.650 25.694 25.778 25.500 -0.278 -1.141
B69 796.023 24.000 25.323 25.303 24.652 24.820 25.500 0.680 541.694
B70 900.000 25.323 25.921 24.505 25.323 25.268 25.500 0.232 208.800
B71 900.000 25.921 25.727 25.323 25.905 25.719 25.500 -0.219 -197.100
B72 571.449 25.727 25.750 25.905 25.463 25.711 25.500 -0.211 -120.719
B82 751.218 23.405 25.313 24.000 25.323 24.510 25.500 0.990 743.518
B83 900.000 25.313 25.866 25.323 25.921 25.606 25.500 -0.106 -95.175
B84 900.000 25.866 25.650 25.921 25.727 25.791 25.500 -0.291 -261.900
B85 616.254 25.650 25.830 25.727 25.750 25.739 25.500 -0.239 -147.439
B95 679.416 25.708 25.756 23.405 25.313 25.046 25.500 0.454 308.795
B96 900.000 25.756 25.204 25.313 25.866 25.535 25.500 -0.035 -31.275
B97 900.000 25.204 25.741 25.866 25.650 25.615 25.500 -0.115 -103.725
B98 664.175 25.741 26.065 25.650 25.601 25.764 25.500 -0.264 -175.508
C08 474.529 25.890 25.753 25.708 25.756 25.777 25.500 -0.277 -131.326
C09 900.000 25.753 25.969 25.756 25.204 25.671 25.500 -0.171 -153.450
C10 900.000 25.969 25.850 25.204 25.741 25.691 25.500 -0.191 -171.900
C11 705.863 25.850 25.773 25.741 26.065 25.857 25.500 -0.357 -252.170
C21 130.909 26.198 25.218 25.890 25.753 25.765 25.500 -0.265 -34.658
C22 886.426 25.218 26.086 25.753 25.969 25.757 25.500 -0.257 -227.368
C23 900.000 26.086 25.703 25.969 25.850 25.902 25.500 -0.402 -361.800
C24 750.668 25.703 25.630 25.850 25.773 25.739 25.500 -0.239 -179.410
C35 473.197 25.000 25.075 25.218 26.086 25.345 25.500 0.155 73.464
C36 900.000 25.075 25.851 26.086 25.703 25.679 25.500 -0.179 -160.875
C37 744.605 25.851 25.758 25.703 25.630 25.736 25.500 -0.235 -175.354
C48 22.778 25.478 25.520 25.000 25.075 25.268 25.500 0.232 5.279
C49 494.833 25.520 25.743 25.075 25.851 25.547 25.500 -0.047 -23.381
C50 75.668 25.743 25.826 25.851 25.758 25.795 25.500 -0.294 -22.284
Total Area 48290.578 Fill (+) 7578.568
Cut (-) -6216.646
Total 1361.922
22
Zone 4
B60 598.334 25.463 25.862 25.883 25.650 25.715 25.900 0.185 110.991
B61 707.985 25.862 25.906 25.650 25.694 25.778 25.900 0.122 86.374
B62 752.790 25.878 25.900 25.694 25.738 25.803 25.900 0.098 73.397
B63 797.595 25.900 25.901 25.738 25.656 25.799 25.900 0.101 80.756
B64 659.453 25.901 26.004 25.656 26.400 25.990 25.900 -0.090 -59.516
B73 770.785 25.750 25.950 25.463 25.862 25.756 25.900 0.144 110.800
B74 900.000 25.950 26.010 25.862 25.906 25.932 25.900 -0.032 -28.800
B75 900.000 26.010 25.963 25.878 25.900 25.938 25.900 -0.038 -33.975
B76 900.000 25.963 26.043 25.900 25.901 25.952 25.900 -0.052 -46.575
B77 574.951 26.043 26.000 25.901 26.004 25.987 25.900 -0.087 -50.021
B86 725.980 25.830 26.104 25.750 25.950 25.909 25.900 -0.009 -6.171
B87 900.000 26.104 26.135 25.950 26.010 26.050 25.900 -0.150 -134.775
B88 900.000 26.135 26.291 26.010 25.963 26.100 25.900 -0.200 -179.775
B89 900.000 26.291 26.500 25.963 26.043 26.199 25.900 -0.299 -269.325
B90 408.045 26.500 26.450 26.043 26.000 26.248 25.900 -0.348 -142.102
B99 681.175 26.065 25.968 25.830 26.104 25.992 25.900 -0.092 -62.498
B00 900.000 25.968 25.904 26.104 26.135 26.028 25.900 -0.128 -114.975
C01 900.000 25.904 25.902 26.135 26.291 26.058 25.900 -0.158 -142.200
C02 900.000 25.902 26.102 26.291 26.500 26.199 25.900 -0.299 -268.875
C03 205.947 26.102 25.902 26.500 26.450 26.239 25.900 -0.339 -69.713
C12 6636.371 25.773 25.415 26.065 25.968 25.805 25.900 0.095 628.796
C13 900.000 25.415 25.793 25.968 25.904 25.770 25.900 0.130 117.000
C14 900.000 25.793 26.108 25.904 25.902 25.927 25.900 -0.027 -24.075
C15 875.931 26.108 26.340 25.902 26.102 26.113 25.900 -0.213 -186.573
C16 27.939 26.340 26.252 26.102 25.902 26.149 25.900 -0.249 -6.957
C25 591.566 25.630 25.712 25.773 25.415 25.633 25.900 0.267 158.244
C26 900.000 25.712 26.003 25.415 25.793 25.731 25.900 0.169 152.325
C27 900.000 26.003 26.150 25.793 26.108 26.014 25.900 -0.114 -102.150
C28 705.340 26.150 26.500 26.108 26.340 26.275 25.900 -0.375 -264.150
C38 546.761 25.758 25.504 25.630 25.712 25.651 25.900 0.249 136.143
23
C39 900.000 25.504 25.302 25.712 26.003 25.630 25.900 0.270 242.775
C40 874.817 25.302 26.398 26.003 26.150 25.963 25.900 -0.063 -55.332
C41 479.962 26.398 26.520 26.150 26.500 26.392 25.900 -0.492 -236.141
C51 33.748 25.749 25.620 25.758 25.504 25.658 25.900 0.242 8.175
C52 22.256 25.620 25.682 25.504 25.302 25.527 25.900 0.373 8.301
Tota Area 30277.731 Fill (+) 1914.079
Cut (-) -2484.673
Total -570.594
Zone 5
C53 21.003 25.682 26.880 26.003 26.150 26.179 24.800 -1.379 -28.958
C54 11.464 26.880 26.595 26.150 26.500 26.531 24.800 -1.731 -19.847
C63 90.173 25.750 25.945 25.743 25.826 25.816 24.800 -1.016 -91.616
C64 633.449 25.945 25.767 25.800 25.612 25.781 24.800 -0.981 -621.413
C65 878.887 25.767 25.795 25.612 25.682 25.714 24.800 -0.914 -803.303
C66 900.000 25.795 26.813 25.682 26.880 26.293 24.800 -1.493 -1343.250
C67 116.634 26.813 26.590 26.880 26.595 26.720 24.800 -1.920 -223.879
C76 411.025 24.785 25.603 25.750 25.945 25.521 24.800 -0.721 -296.246
C77 900.000 25.603 26.000 25.945 25.767 25.829 24.800 -1.029 -925.875
C78 900.000 26.000 26.071 25.767 25.795 25.908 24.800 -1.108 -997.425
C79 852.395 26.071 26.932 25.795 26.813 26.403 24.800 -1.603 -1366.176
C80 2.712 26.932 26.505 26.813 26.590 26.710 24.800 -1.910 -5.180
C90 11.464 24.090 25.731 24.785 25.603 25.052 24.800 -0.252 -2.892
C91 699.287 25.731 26.760 25.603 26.000 26.024 24.800 -1.224 -855.578
C92 900.000 26.760 26.512 26.000 26.071 26.336 24.800 -1.536 -1382.175
C93 709.025 26.512 26.804 26.071 26.932 26.580 24.800 -1.780 -1261.887
D04 144.519 26.240 26.822 25.731 26.760 26.388 24.800 -1.588 -229.532
D05 881.479 26.822 26.415 26.760 26.512 26.627 24.800 -1.827 -1610.683
D06 562.943 26.415 26.903 26.512 26.804 26.659 24.800 -1.859 -1046.230
D18 565.571 25.531 26.023 26.822 26.415 26.198 24.800 -1.398 -790.527
D19 398.766 26.023 27.303 26.415 26.903 26.661 24.800 -1.861 -742.104
Total 10590.796 Fill (+) 0.000
24
Area
Cut (-) -14644.775
Total -14644.775
Zone 6
E04 881.380 29.101 28.951 30.452 29.065 29.392 29.500 0.108 94.969
E05 900.000 28.951 28.751 29.065 28.761 28.882 29.500 0.618 556.200
E06 900.000 28.751 28.510 28.761 28.255 28.569 29.500 0.931 837.675
E07 900.000 28.512 28.343 28.254 28.190 28.325 29.500 1.175 1057.725
E08 900.000 28.343 28.292 28.191 28.043 28.217 29.500 1.283 1154.475
E09 900.000 28.292 28.096 28.043 28.243 28.169 29.500 1.332 1198.350
E10 900.000 28.095 27.715 28.243 27.789 27.961 29.500 1.540 1385.550
E11 900.000 27.715 27.841 27.789 27.696 27.760 29.500 1.740 1565.775
E12 900.000 27.841 27.625 27.697 27.681 27.711 29.500 1.789 1610.100
E13 900.000 27.624 27.637 27.681 27.463 27.601 29.500 1.899 1708.875
E14 900.000 27.637 27.501 27.465 27.928 27.633 29.500 1.867 1680.525
E15 344.475 27.501 26.955 27.928 27.329 27.428 29.500 2.072 713.666
E24 618.304 29.807 29.087 29.101 28.951 29.237 29.500 0.264 162.923
E25 893.535 29.048 28.192 28.968 28.801 28.752 29.500 0.748 668.141
E26 900.000 28.192 28.211 28.801 28.506 28.428 29.500 1.073 965.250
E27 900.000 28.211 28.399 28.505 28.498 28.403 29.500 1.097 987.075
E28 900.000 28.399 28.062 28.499 27.923 28.221 29.500 1.279 1151.325
E29 900.000 28.062 28.156 27.923 28.101 28.061 29.500 1.440 1295.550
E30 900.000 28.156 27.934 28.101 27.501 27.923 29.500 1.577 1419.300
E31 900.000 27.934 27.745 27.501 27.882 27.766 29.500 1.735 1561.050
E32 900.000 27.745 28.298 27.881 27.622 27.887 29.500 1.614 1452.150
E33 900.000 28.298 28.999 27.622 27.637 28.139 29.500 1.361 1224.900
E34 900.000 28.999 27.971 27.637 27.501 28.027 29.500 1.473 1325.700
E35 198.393 27.971 29.755 27.501 26.955 28.046 29.500 1.455 288.563
E45 124.496 29.260 28.320 29.048 28.192 28.705 29.500 0.795 98.974
E46 493.434 28.320 28.209 28.192 28.211 28.233 29.500 1.267 625.181
25
E47 836.200 28.108 28.250 28.199 28.389 28.237 29.500 1.264 1056.539
E48 900.000 28.249 28.056 28.266 27.946 28.129 29.500 1.371 1233.675
E49 900.000 28.056 28.088 27.946 28.172 28.066 29.500 1.435 1291.050
E50 900.000 28.089 28.001 28.172 27.921 28.046 29.500 1.454 1308.825
E51 900.000 28.001 28.184 27.923 27.782 27.973 29.500 1.528 1374.750
E52 900.000 28.184 28.112 27.786 28.265 28.087 29.500 1.413 1271.925
E53 900.000 29.109 27.238 28.265 28.021 28.158 29.500 1.342 1207.575
E54 898.529 27.241 25.944 28.021 25.144 26.588 29.500 2.913 2616.966
E67 32.638 28.482 28.440 28.108 28.250 28.320 29.500 1.180 38.513
E68 344.241 28.440 28.531 28.249 28.056 28.319 29.500 1.181 406.549
E69 715.971 28.531 27.011 28.056 28.088 27.922 29.500 1.579 1130.160
E70 900.000 27.087 28.476 28.078 28.982 28.156 29.500 1.344 1209.825
E71 900.000 28.465 28.470 28.001 28.184 28.280 29.500 1.220 1098.000
E72 900.000 28.469 28.123 28.184 28.099 28.219 29.500 1.281 1153.125
E73 900.000 28.112 26.221 28.099 27.025 27.364 29.500 2.136 1922.175
E74 117.724 26.225 26.011 27.025 25.944 26.301 29.500 3.199 376.570
E90 191.375 27.971 28.903 25.905 28.356 27.784 29.500 1.716 328.447
E91 570.451 28.903 28.256 28.356 28.368 28.471 29.500 1.029 587.137
E92 873.201 28.256 27.812 28.368 28.396 28.208 29.500 1.292 1128.176
E93 900.000 27.812 27.445 28.396 26.212 27.466 29.500 2.034 1830.375
E94 660.149 27.447 32.013 26.212 26.033 27.926 29.500 1.574 1038.909
F12 72.653 27.626 26.038 28.256 27.814 27.434 29.500 2.067 150.137
F13 421.256 26.038 31.484 27.814 27.445 28.195 29.500 1.305 549.634
F14 50.547 31.484 32.547 27.445 32.095 30.893 29.500 -1.393 -70.399
Total Area 36338.952 Fill (+) 51099.003
Cut (-) -70.399
Total 51028.603
Zone 7
E64 617.487 29.201 28.676 28.801 29.260 28.985 29.500 0.515 318.315
26
E65 374.156 28.676 27.793 29.260 28.320 28.512 29.500 0.988 369.573
E66 46.304 28.102 27.845 28.320 28.209 28.119 29.500 1.381 63.946
E84 732.418 29.123 29.104 29.201 28.676 29.026 29.500 0.474 347.166
E85 900.000 29.104 28.763 28.676 28.102 28.661 29.500 0.839 754.875
E86 852.449 28.689 28.720 28.102 27.793 28.326 29.500 1.174 1000.775
E87 523.350 28.720 28.453 27.793 28.472 28.360 29.500 1.141 596.881
E88 150.051 28.467 27.378 28.472 28.510 28.207 29.500 1.293 194.053
F04 682.477 27.830 28.500 29.123 29.104 28.639 29.500 0.861 587.442
F05 900.000 28.500 29.337 29.104 28.763 28.926 29.500 0.574 516.600
F06 900.000 29.337 29.076 28.763 28.720 28.974 29.500 0.526 473.400
F07 900.000 29.074 27.340 28.720 28.453 28.397 29.500 1.103 992.925
F08 884.072 27.340 27.223 28.453 27.378 27.599 29.500 1.902 1681.063
F09 658.720 27.223 27.447 27.378 27.971 27.505 29.500 1.995 1314.311
F10 283.317 26.890 27.359 27.971 28.903 27.781 29.500 1.719 487.093
F11 12.177 27.359 27.969 28.903 28.256 28.122 29.500 1.378 16.783
Total Area 9416.978 Fill (+) 9715.200
Cut (-) 0.000
Total 9715.200
Zone 8
F24 389.428 28.368 29.179 27.830 26.142 27.880 29.300 1.420 553.085
F25 538.823 29.179 29.562 26.142 29.337 28.555 29.300 0.745 401.423
F26 538.823 29.562 27.988 29.337 29.076 28.991 29.300 0.309 166.631
F27 538.823 27.988 27.175 29.076 27.340 27.895 29.300 1.405 757.181
F28 538.823 27.175 28.472 27.340 27.223 27.553 29.300 1.748 941.593
F29 538.823 28.472 28.156 27.223 26.890 27.685 29.300 1.615 870.064
F30 538.823 28.156 27.918 27.100 25.269 27.359 29.300 1.941 1045.855
F31 538.823 27.918 26.603 25.269 27.359 26.787 29.300 2.513 1353.927
F32 213.040 26.603 26.521 27.969 26.181 26.819 29.300 2.482 528.659
F44 617.210 28.942 29.201 28.368 29.179 28.923 29.300 0.378 232.997
F45 900.000 29.201 29.132 29.179 29.544 29.264 29.300 0.036 32.400
27
F46 900.000 29.132 27.915 29.544 27.988 28.645 29.300 0.655 589.725
F47 900.000 27.915 27.687 27.988 27.852 27.861 29.300 1.440 1295.550
F48 900.000 27.687 28.493 27.852 28.364 28.099 29.300 1.201 1080.900
F49 900.000 28.493 28.325 28.364 28.156 28.335 29.300 0.966 868.950
F50 900.000 28.325 27.976 28.156 27.912 28.092 29.300 1.208 1086.975
F51 900.000 27.772 25.834 27.912 26.603 27.030 29.300 2.270 2042.775
F52 362.854 25.834 27.219 26.603 26.521 26.544 29.300 2.756 999.935
F64 197.665 29.158 29.288 28.942 29.201 29.147 29.300 0.153 30.193
F65 298.537 29.288 28.670 29.201 29.024 29.046 29.300 0.254 75.903
F66 298.537 28.670 28.023 29.024 28.101 28.455 29.300 0.846 252.413
F67 298.537 28.023 28.387 27.915 27.687 28.003 29.300 1.297 387.202
F68 298.537 28.387 28.277 27.687 28.493 28.211 29.300 1.089 325.107
F69 298.537 28.277 28.314 28.493 28.325 28.352 29.300 0.948 282.938
F70 298.537 28.314 28.172 28.325 27.976 28.197 29.300 1.103 329.361
F71 298.537 28.172 28.069 27.772 25.834 27.462 29.300 1.838 548.786
F72 120.362 28.069 28.031 25.834 27.219 27.288 29.300 2.012 242.138
Total Area 14062.079 Fill (+) 17322.668
Cut (-) 0.000
Total 17322.668
Zone 9
F32 221.218 26.603 26.521 27.969 26.181 26.819 27.000 0.182 40.151
F33 89.091 26.521 29.835 26.181 31.484 28.505 27.000 -1.505 -134.104
F52 537.146 25.834 27.219 26.603 26.521 26.544 27.000 0.456 244.804
F53 881.838 27.219 28.298 26.521 29.835 27.968 27.000 -0.968 -853.840
F54 71.361 28.298 32.739 29.835 33.345 31.054 27.000 -4.054 -289.315
F72 178.176 28.069 28.031 25.834 27.219 27.288 27.000 -0.288 -51.359
F73 298.537 28.031 27.028 27.219 28.348 27.657 27.000 -0.656 -195.990
F74 37.382 27.028 30.974 28.348 32.739 29.772 27.000 -2.772 -103.632
F94 163.978 26.322 31.803 27.028 30.974 29.032 27.000 -2.032 -333.162
G13 28.102 27.319 28.657 27.109 25.851 27.234 27.000 -0.234 -6.576
G14 376.676 28.657 32.378 25.851 31.803 29.672 27.000 -2.672 -1006.572
28
G33 285.050 27.791 29.764 27.319 28.657 28.383 27.000 -1.383 -394.153
G34 415.993 28.143 33.239 28.657 32.378 30.604 27.000 -3.604 -1499.343
G53 576.398 27.809 31.569 27.791 29.764 29.233 27.000 -2.233 -1287.241
G54 414.635 31.569 34.836 29.764 33.239 32.352 27.000 -5.352 -2219.127
G73 670.588 28.679 31.125 27.809 31.569 29.796 27.000 -2.796 -1874.629
G74 413.278 31.125 34.912 31.569 34.836 33.111 27.000 -6.111 -2525.335
G92 0.328 27.822 27.614 27.644 28.679 27.940 27.000 -0.940 -0.308
G93 747.621 27.614 30.118 28.679 31.125 29.384 27.000 -2.384 -1782.328
G94 412.741 30.118 33.722 31.125 34.912 32.469 27.000 -5.469 -2257.384
H12 181.111 28.121 28.213 27.822 27.724 27.970 27.000 -0.970 -175.678
H13 707.934 28.213 31.610 27.614 30.118 29.389 27.000 -2.389 -1691.077
H14 323.594 31.610 34.876 30.118 33.722 32.582 27.000 -5.582 -1806.140
Total Area 8032.776 Fill (+) 284.955
Cut (-) -20487.293
Total -20202.338
Zone 10
F64 385.791 29.158 29.288 28.131 29.201 28.945 29.200 0.256 98.570
F65 601.463 29.288 28.670 29.201 29.024 29.046 29.200 0.154 92.776
F66 601.463 28.670 28.023 29.024 28.101 28.455 29.200 0.746 448.391
F67 601.463 28.023 28.387 27.915 27.687 28.003 29.200 1.197 719.951
F68 601.463 28.387 28.277 27.687 28.493 28.211 29.200 0.989 594.847
F69 601.463 28.277 28.314 28.493 28.325 28.352 29.200 0.848 509.890
F70 601.463 28.314 28.172 28.325 27.976 28.197 29.200 1.003 603.418
F71 601.463 28.172 28.069 27.772 25.834 27.462 29.200 1.738 1045.493
F72 601.463 28.069 28.031 25.834 27.219 27.288 29.200 1.912 1149.847
F73 601.463 28.031 27.028 27.219 28.298 27.644 29.200 1.556 935.876
F74 50.860 27.028 30.974 28.298 32.739 29.760 29.200 -0.560 -28.469
F84 546.216 29.053 29.144 29.158 29.288 29.161 29.200 0.039 21.439
F85 900.000 29.144 28.975 29.288 28.670 29.019 29.200 0.181 162.675
F86 900.000 28.975 28.474 28.670 28.023 28.536 29.200 0.665 598.050
29
F87 900.000 28.474 28.443 28.023 28.387 28.332 29.200 0.868 781.425
F88 900.000 28.443 28.091 28.387 28.277 28.300 29.200 0.900 810.450
F89 900.000 28.091 28.247 28.277 28.314 28.232 29.200 0.968 870.975
F90 900.000 28.247 28.099 28.314 28.172 28.208 29.200 0.992 892.800
F91 900.000 28.099 28.048 28.172 28.069 28.097 29.200 1.103 992.700
F92 900.000 28.048 27.109 28.069 28.031 27.814 29.200 1.386 1247.175
F93 836.065 27.109 25.851 28.031 27.028 27.005 29.200 2.195 1835.372
F94 7.561 25.851 31.803 27.028 30.974 28.914 29.200 0.286 2.162
G04 272.120 28.859 28.624 29.053 29.144 28.920 29.200 0.280 76.194
G05 896.347 28.624 29.030 29.144 28.975 28.943 29.200 0.257 230.137
G06 900.000 29.030 28.342 28.975 28.474 28.705 29.200 0.495 445.275
G07 900.000 28.342 28.358 28.474 28.091 28.316 29.200 0.884 795.375
G08 900.000 28.358 28.173 28.091 28.091 28.178 29.200 1.022 919.575
G09 900.000 28.173 27.641 28.091 28.247 28.038 29.200 1.162 1045.800
G10 900.000 27.641 27.672 28.247 28.099 27.915 29.200 1.285 1156.725
G11 900.000 27.672 27.799 28.099 28.048 27.905 29.200 1.296 1165.950
G12 900.000 27.799 27.319 28.048 27.109 27.569 29.200 1.631 1468.125
G13 605.210 27.319 28.657 27.109 26.322 27.352 29.200 1.848 1118.579
G25 482.522 29.054 28.629 28.624 29.034 28.835 29.200 0.365 176.000
G26 900.000 28.629 28.711 29.034 28.342 28.679 29.200 0.521 468.900
G27 900.000 28.711 29.089 28.342 28.358 28.625 29.200 0.575 517.500
G28 900.000 29.089 28.021 28.358 28.173 28.410 29.200 0.790 710.775
G29 900.000 28.021 27.989 28.173 27.641 27.956 29.200 1.244 1119.600
G30 900.000 27.989 27.657 27.641 27.672 27.740 29.200 1.460 1314.225
G31 900.000 27.657 27.924 27.672 27.799 27.763 29.200 1.437 1293.300
G32 900.000 27.924 27.791 27.799 27.319 27.708 29.200 1.492 1342.575
G33 297.499 27.791 29.764 27.319 28.657 28.383 29.200 0.817 243.131
G45 13.018 30.192 28.664 28.624 28.617 29.024 29.200 0.176 2.288
G46 178.069 28.664 28.503 28.617 28.711 28.624 29.200 0.576 102.612
G47 178.069 28.503 28.361 28.711 29.089 28.666 29.200 0.534 95.089
G48 178.069 28.361 28.004 29.089 28.021 28.369 29.200 0.831 148.020
G49 178.069 28.003 28.111 28.021 27.989 28.031 29.200 1.169 208.163
G50 178.069 28.111 28.055 27.989 27.657 27.953 29.200 1.247 222.052
30
G51 178.069 28.055 27.309 27.657 27.924 27.736 29.200 1.464 260.648
G52 178.069 27.309 27.809 27.924 27.791 27.708 29.200 1.492 265.634
G53 21.582 27.809 31.569 27.791 29.764 29.233 29.200 -0.033 -0.718
Total Area 30874.441 Fill (+) 31326.529
Cut (-) -29.186
Total 31297.343
Zone 11
G46 502.863 28.664 28.503 28.617 28.711 28.624 29.000 0.376 189.202
G47 726.743 28.503 28.361 28.711 29.089 28.666 29.000 0.334 242.732
G48 726.743 28.361 28.004 29.089 28.021 28.369 29.000 0.631 458.757
G49 726.743 28.003 28.111 28.021 27.989 28.031 29.000 0.969 704.214
G50 726.743 28.111 28.055 27.989 27.657 27.953 29.000 1.047 760.900
G51 726.743 28.055 27.309 27.657 27.924 27.736 29.000 1.264 918.421
G52 710.077 27.309 27.809 27.924 27.791 27.708 29.000 1.292 917.242
G53 10.862 27.809 30.981 27.791 29.764 29.086 29.000 -0.086 -0.937
G66 85.175 28.627 28.662 28.664 28.503 28.614 29.000 0.386 32.878
G67 811.994 28.662 28.195 28.503 28.361 28.430 29.000 0.570 462.634
G68 900.000 28.195 28.498 28.361 28.004 28.265 29.000 0.735 661.950
G69 900.000 28.498 28.293 28.003 28.111 28.226 29.000 0.774 696.375
G70 900.000 28.293 27.789 28.111 28.055 28.062 29.000 0.938 844.200
G71 900.000 27.789 27.644 28.055 27.309 27.699 29.000 1.301 1170.675
G72 856.746 27.644 28.679 27.309 27.809 27.860 29.000 1.140 976.476
G87 219.017 28.386 28.692 28.662 28.195 28.484 29.000 0.516 113.068
G88 885.477 28.692 28.434 28.195 28.498 28.455 29.000 0.545 482.806
G89 900.000 28.434 28.388 28.498 28.293 28.403 29.000 0.597 537.075
G90 900.000 28.388 28.071 28.293 27.789 28.135 29.000 0.865 778.275
G91 900.000 28.071 27.822 27.789 27.644 27.832 29.000 1.169 1051.650
G92 758.406 27.822 27.614 27.644 28.679 27.940 29.000 1.060 804.100
H08 411.817 28.323 28.370 28.692 28.434 28.455 29.000 0.545 224.543
H09 900.000 28.370 27.734 28.434 28.388 28.232 29.000 0.769 691.650
H10 900.000 27.734 27.680 28.388 28.071 27.968 29.000 1.032 928.575
31
H11 859.945 27.680 28.121 28.071 27.822 27.924 29.000 1.077 925.731
H12 234.038 28.121 28.213 27.822 27.724 27.970 29.000 1.030 241.059
H28 11.955 28.213 28.194 28.323 28.370 28.275 29.000 0.725 8.667
H29 616.045 28.194 28.203 28.370 27.734 28.125 29.000 0.875 538.885
H30 843.551 28.203 27.374 27.734 27.680 27.748 29.000 1.252 1056.337
H31 196.076 27.374 27.731 27.680 28.121 27.727 29.000 1.274 249.703
H49 53.720 26.633 26.771 28.194 28.203 27.450 29.000 1.550 83.253
H50 188.895 26.771 27.292 28.203 27.374 27.410 29.000 1.590 300.343
Total Area 19990.374 Fill (+) 18052.375
Cut (-) -0.937
Total 18051.439
Zone 12
F54 287.721 28.000 31.648 31.050 32.788 30.872 33.000 2.129 612.414
F55 153.287 31.648 34.333 32.788 37.384 34.038 33.000 -1.038 -159.150
F74 488.061 27.493 31.730 28.000 31.648 29.718 33.000 3.282 1601.938
F75 435.086 31.730 36.969 31.648 34.333 33.670 33.000 -0.670 -291.508
F94 480.613 25.851 31.803 27.493 31.730 29.219 33.000 3.781 1817.078
F95 435.086 31.803 34.826 31.730 36.969 33.832 33.000 -0.832 -361.992
G14 482.650 29.157 32.154 25.851 31.803 29.741 33.000 3.259 1572.836
G15 435.086 32.154 35.898 31.803 34.826 33.670 33.000 -0.670 -291.616
G34 481.660 29.681 33.604 32.154 35.898 32.834 33.000 0.166 79.835
G35 435.086 33.604 36.743 32.154 35.898 34.600 33.000 -1.600 -696.029
G54 484.686 31.572 34.619 29.681 33.604 32.369 33.000 0.631 305.837
G55 435.086 34.619 37.781 33.604 36.743 35.687 33.000 -2.687 -1168.967
G74 486.043 31.372 34.514 31.572 34.619 33.019 33.000 -0.019 -9.356
G75 435.342 34.514 38.316 34.619 37.781 36.308 33.000 -3.308 -1439.894
G94 479.313 32.106 35.061 31.372 34.514 33.263 33.000 -0.263 -126.179
G95 435.599 35.061 38.218 34.514 38.316 36.527 33.000 -3.527 -1536.467
H14 383.066 31.610 33.587 32.106 35.061 33.091 33.000 -0.091 -34.859
H15 347.859 33.587 34.810 35.061 38.218 35.419 33.000 -2.419 -841.471
32
Total Area 7601.330 Fill (+) 5989.938
Cut (-) -6957.488
Total -967.550
Zone 13
F55 66.835 31.648 34.333 32.788 37.384 34.038 36.000 1.962 131.114
F56 1.399 34.333 37.591 38.053 39.531 37.377 36.000 -1.377 -1.926
F75 464.913 31.730 36.969 31.648 34.333 33.670 36.000 2.330 1083.247
F76 228.927 36.969 38.186 34.333 37.591 36.770 36.000 -0.770 -176.217
F95 464.913 31.803 34.826 31.730 36.969 33.832 36.000 2.168 1007.931
F96 221.774 34.826 37.466 36.969 38.186 36.862 36.000 -0.862 -191.114
G15 464.913 32.154 35.898 31.803 34.826 33.670 36.000 2.330 1083.131
G16 208.421 35.898 37.067 34.826 37.466 36.314 36.000 -0.314 -65.496
G35 464.913 33.604 36.743 32.154 35.898 34.600 36.000 1.400 650.994
G36 195.069 36.743 38.590 35.898 37.067 37.075 36.000 -1.075 -209.602
G55 464.913 34.619 37.781 33.604 36.743 35.687 36.000 0.313 145.634
G56 181.716 37.781 39.672 36.743 38.590 38.197 36.000 -2.197 -399.139
G75 465.731 34.514 38.316 34.619 37.781 36.308 36.000 -0.308 -143.212
G76 168.363 38.316 39.600 37.781 39.672 38.842 36.000 -2.842 -478.530
G95 464.096 35.061 38.218 34.514 38.316 36.527 36.000 -0.527 -244.695
G96 155.011 38.218 39.318 38.316 39.600 38.863 36.000 -2.863 -443.796
H15 464.913 32.360 34.810 35.061 38.218 35.112 36.000 0.888 412.727
H16 148.334 34.810 36.692 38.218 39.318 37.260 36.000 -1.260 -186.827
H35 456.922 34.702 36.059 32.312 34.438 34.378 36.000 1.622 741.242
H36 64.576 36.059 36.459 34.810 36.692 36.005 36.000 -0.005 -0.323
H55 297.985 32.080 33.347 34.702 36.059 34.047 36.000 1.953 581.965
H75 105.417 30.690 31.563 32.080 33.347 31.920 36.000 4.080 430.101
H95 63.469 30.120 31.229 30.690 31.563 30.901 36.000 5.100 323.660
J15 67.226 31.683 32.446 30.120 31.229 31.370 36.000 4.631 311.290
J35 82.778 33.915 34.700 31.683 32.446 33.186 36.000 2.814 232.937
J55 176.314 38.793 38.457 33.915 34.700 36.466 36.000 -0.466 -82.206
J75 85.471 42.159 41.835 38.793 38.457 40.311 36.000 -4.311 -368.465
33
Total Area 6695.312 Fill (+) 7135.973
Cut (-) -2991.548
Total 4144.425
Zone 14
H12 134.411 28.121 28.213 27.822 27.724 27.970 31.000 3.030 407.265
H13 192.065 28.213 31.610 27.614 30.118 29.389 31.000 1.611 309.465
H14 87.678 31.610 34.876 30.118 33.722 32.582 31.000 -1.582 -138.663
H31 281.410 28.647 27.731 27.680 28.121 28.045 31.000 2.955 831.637
H32 860.889 27.731 29.189 28.121 28.213 28.314 31.000 2.687 2312.778
H33 882.236 29.189 32.798 28.213 31.610 30.453 31.000 0.547 483.024
H34 416.460 32.798 34.702 31.610 34.876 33.497 31.000 -2.497 -1039.692
Total Area 2855.149 Fill (+) 4344.169
Cut (-) -1178.355
Total 3165.814
Zone 15
H31 40.407 28.647 27.731 27.680 28.121 28.045 30.000 1.955 79.006
H32 33.037 27.731 29.189 28.121 28.213 28.314 30.000 1.687 55.717
H33 17.764 29.189 32.798 28.213 31.610 30.453 30.000 -0.453 -8.038
H34 4.196 32.798 34.702 31.610 34.876 33.497 30.000 -3.497 -14.671
H50 328.512 26.771 27.292 28.203 27.374 27.410 30.000 2.590 850.846
H51 892.185 27.292 27.870 28.647 27.731 27.885 30.000 2.115 1886.971
H52 900.000 27.870 29.136 27.731 29.189 28.482 30.000 1.519 1366.650
H53 900.000 29.136 30.807 29.189 32.798 30.483 30.000 -0.483 -434.250
H54 409.239 30.877 32.080 32.798 34.702 32.614 30.000 -2.614 -1069.853
H70 785.807 28.880 27.823 26.771 27.292 27.692 30.000 2.309 1814.035
H71 880.753 27.823 27.817 27.292 27.870 27.701 30.000 2.300 2025.292
H72 894.195 27.817 28.631 27.870 29.136 28.364 30.000 1.637 1463.350
H73 900.000 28.631 29.273 29.136 30.807 29.462 30.000 0.538 484.425
34
H74 85.947 29.273 28.898 30.807 31.320 30.075 30.000 -0.075 -6.403
H92 0.439 28.898 28.581 27.817 28.631 28.482 30.000 1.518 0.667
H93 9.648 28.581 29.054 28.631 29.273 28.885 30.000 1.115 10.760
H94 9.299 29.054 29.543 29.273 28.898 29.192 30.000 0.808 7.514
Total Area 6996.024 Fill (+) 10045.232
Cut (-) -1533.216
Total 8512.017
Zone 16
H90 874.528 28.524 28.284 28.880 27.823 28.378 31.000 2.622 2293.231
H91 900.000 28.284 28.318 27.823 27.717 28.036 31.000 2.965 2668.050
H92 899.553 28.318 28.517 27.717 28.631 28.296 31.000 2.704 2432.616
H93 888.701 28.517 29.054 28.631 29.742 28.986 31.000 2.014 1789.844
H94 367.922 29.054 30.120 29.742 30.690 29.902 31.000 1.099 404.162
J09 248.941 30.272 28.790 30.445 28.524 29.508 31.000 1.492 371.482
J10 900.000 28.760 29.339 28.524 28.284 28.727 31.000 2.273 2045.925
J11 900.000 29.339 29.669 28.284 28.318 28.903 31.000 2.098 1887.750
J12 900.000 29.669 31.038 28.318 28.517 29.386 31.000 1.615 1453.050
J13 900.000 31.038 31.379 28.517 28.593 29.882 31.000 1.118 1006.425
J14 366.544 31.379 31.683 29.054 30.120 30.559 31.000 0.441 161.646
J28 44.961 30.514 32.583 28.972 31.000 30.767 31.000 0.233 10.465
J29 258.106 32.583 32.224 31.000 30.466 31.568 31.000 -0.568 -146.669
J30 270.551 32.224 33.035 30.466 30.780 31.626 31.000 -0.626 -169.433
J31 283.797 33.035 34.230 30.780 31.058 32.276 31.000 -1.276 -362.054
J32 287.679 34.230 33.496 31.058 31.038 32.456 31.000 -1.456 -418.717
J33 309.346 33.496 33.990 31.038 30.705 32.307 31.000 -1.307 -404.393
J34 118.823 33.990 34.336 30.705 31.062 32.523 31.000 -1.523 -180.997
H70 31.883 34.702 27.823 26.771 27.292 29.147 31.000 1.853 59.079
H71 19.247 27.823 27.817 27.292 27.870 27.701 31.000 3.300 63.505
H72 4.413 27.817 28.631 27.870 29.136 28.364 31.000 2.637 11.635
Total Area 9774.995 Fill (+) 16658.866
35
Cut (-) -1682.262
Total 14976.604
Zone 17
H14 102.020 31.320 34.702 31.610 34.876 33.127 31.000 -2.127 -216.997
H15 87.227 32.360 34.810 35.061 38.218 35.112 31.000 -4.112 -358.699
H34 483.884 32.798 34.702 31.320 34.702 33.381 31.000 -2.381 -1151.886
H35 435.086 34.702 36.059 32.360 34.810 34.483 31.000 -3.483 -1515.296
H54 490.761 30.877 32.080 32.798 34.702 32.614 31.000 -1.614 -792.211
H55 406.748 32.080 33.347 34.702 36.059 34.047 31.000 -3.047 -1239.361
H74 511.419 29.742 30.690 30.877 32.080 30.847 31.000 0.153 78.119
H75 360.004 30.690 31.563 32.080 33.347 31.920 31.000 -0.920 -331.204
H94 532.077 29.054 30.120 29.742 30.690 29.902 31.000 1.099 584.487
H95 341.449 30.120 31.229 30.690 31.563 30.901 31.000 0.099 33.974
J14 552.736 31.379 31.683 29.054 30.120 30.559 31.000 0.441 243.757
J15 341.449 31.683 32.446 30.120 31.229 31.370 31.000 -0.369 -126.165
J34 585.448 34.181 33.915 31.379 31.683 32.790 31.000 -1.790 -1047.659
J35 329.559 33.915 34.700 31.683 32.446 33.186 31.000 -2.186 -720.416
J54 682.772 38.073 38.793 34.181 33.915 36.241 31.000 -5.241 -199.522
J55 238.055 38.793 38.457 33.915 34.700 36.466 31.000 -5.466 -212.052
J74 245.980 41.333 42.159 38.073 38.793 40.090 31.000 -9.090 -2235.835
J75 55.507 42.159 41.835 38.793 38.457 40.311 31.000 -9.311 -516.826
Total Area 6782.181 Fill (+) 940.337
Cut (-) -10664.128
Total -9723.792
Zone 18
J28 289.090 30.514 32.583 28.972 31.000 30.767 31.000 0.233 67.286
J29 632.940 32.583 32.224 31.000 30.466 31.568 31.000 -0.568 -359.668
36
J30 631.180 32.224 33.035 30.466 30.780 31.626 31.000 -0.626 -395.276
J31 615.824 33.035 34.230 30.780 31.058 32.276 31.000 -1.276 -785.637
J32 600.637 34.230 33.496 31.058 31.038 32.456 31.000 -1.456 -874.227
J33 596.556 33.496 33.990 31.038 30.705 32.307 31.000 -1.307 -779.848
J34 194.228 33.990 34.336 30.705 31.062 32.523 31.000 -1.523 -295.858
J48 575.205 32.351 33.806 30.514 32.583 32.314 31.000 -1.314 -755.532
J49 900.000 33.806 34.687 32.583 32.224 33.325 31.000 -2.325 -2092.500
J50 900.000 34.687 35.744 32.224 33.035 33.923 31.000 -2.923 -2630.250
J51 900.000 35.744 36.078 33.035 34.230 34.772 31.000 -3.772 -3394.575
J52 900.000 36.078 36.983 34.230 33.496 35.197 31.000 -4.197 -3777.075
J53 900.000 36.983 38.073 33.496 33.990 35.636 31.000 -4.636 -4171.950
J54 217.227 38.073 38.793 33.990 34.336 36.298 31.000 -5.298 -1150.869
J68 149.488 33.393 35.435 32.351 33.806 33.746 31.000 -2.746 -410.531
J69 217.230 35.435 37.097 33.806 34.687 35.256 31.000 -4.256 -924.585
J70 232.656 37.097 38.095 34.687 35.744 36.406 31.000 -5.406 -1257.680
J71 248.153 38.095 37.637 35.744 36.078 36.889 31.000 -5.889 -1461.249
J72 263.551 37.637 39.069 36.078 36.983 37.442 31.000 -6.442 -1697.730
J73 279.001 39.069 41.333 36.983 38.073 38.865 31.000 -7.865 -2194.203
J74 46.911 41.333 40.818 38.073 38.793 39.754 31.000 -8.754 -410.671
Total Area 10289.877 Fill (+) 67.286
Cut (-) -29819.915
Total -29752.629
Zone 19
Top Top Bottom Bottom Average, Proposed Level, Height Volume,
Grid Area Left Right Left Right m m Difference m^3
J68 257.370 33.085 35.184 33.193 33.806 33.817 40.000 6.183 1591.318
J69 379.036 35.184 37.500 33.806 34.600 35.273 40.000 4.728 1791.893
J70 363.545 37.491 36.596 34.600 36.044 36.183 40.000 3.817 1387.742
J71 348.053 36.596 37.637 36.044 37.187 36.866 40.000 3.134 1090.798
J72 332.563 37.637 39.069 37.187 36.500 37.598 40.000 2.402 798.733
J73 317.071 39.069 40.700 37.500 38.073 38.836 40.000 1.165 369.229
J74 25.778 40.700 41.250 39.073 38.793 39.954 40.000 0.046 1.186
37
J88 714.640 34.000 36.263 33.085 35.184 34.633 40.000 5.367 3835.473
J89 900.000 36.263 38.959 35.184 37.491 36.974 40.000 3.026 2723.175
J90 900.000 38.959 40.100 37.491 36.800 38.338 40.000 1.663 1496.250
J91 900.000 40.100 41.204 36.800 37.637 38.935 40.000 1.065 958.275
J92 900.000 41.204 42.700 37.637 39.069 40.153 40.000 -0.153 -137.250
J93 888.295 42.700 43.383 39.069 40.700 41.463 40.000 -1.463 -1299.576
J94 15.130 43.383 44.468 40.700 41.000 42.388 40.000 -2.388 -36.127
K07 15.069 31.000 33.100 31.445 34.000 32.386 40.000 7.614 114.732
K08 866.155 33.181 36.041 34.000 36.263 34.871 40.000 5.129 4442.292
K09 900.000 36.041 39.355 36.263 38.959 37.655 40.000 2.346 2110.950
K10 900.000 39.355 40.075 38.959 40.100 39.622 40.000 0.378 339.975
K11 900.000 40.075 42.500 40.100 44.204 41.720 40.000 -1.720 -1547.775
K12 900.000 42.500 44.411 41.204 42.656 42.693 40.000 -2.693 -2423.475
K13 841.041 44.411 45.590 42.656 43.383 44.010 40.000 -4.010 -3372.574
K27 208.412 30.295 34.000 31.000 33.100 32.099 40.000 7.901 1646.715
K28 900.000 34.000 35.788 33.100 36.041 34.732 40.000 5.268 4740.975
K29 900.000 35.788 37.600 33.041 39.355 36.446 40.000 3.554 3198.600
K30 900.000 37.600 39.500 39.355 40.075 39.133 40.000 0.868 780.750
K31 900.000 39.500 43.254 40.075 43.000 41.457 40.000 -1.457 -1311.525
K32 900.000 43.254 44.800 43.000 44.411 43.866 40.000 -3.866 -3479.625
K33 883.596 44.800 45.250 44.411 45.590 45.013 40.000 -5.013 -4429.246
K34 25.718 45.250 46.597 45.590 46.261 45.925 40.000 -5.925 -152.366
K47 50.555 31.414 33.500 30.295 34.000 32.302 40.000 7.698 389.160
K48 662.034 33.500 35.000 34.000 35.788 34.572 40.000 5.428 3593.521
K49 900.000 34.750 38.848 35.788 37.700 36.772 40.000 3.229 2905.650
K50 900.000 38.848 40.500 37.700 39.500 39.137 40.000 0.863 776.700
K51 900.000 40.500 43.000 39.500 43.254 41.564 40.000 -1.564 -1407.150
K52 900.000 43.000 44.000 43.254 44.500 43.689 40.000 -3.689 -3319.650
K53 900.000 44.000 44.990 44.500 45.250 44.685 40.000 -4.685 -4216.500
K54 217.221 44.990 46.000 45.347 46.597 45.734 40.000 -5.734 -1245.437
K68 20.626 34.001 36.800 33.500 35.000 34.825 40.000 5.175 106.734
K69 576.187 36.800 37.500 35.000 38.848 37.037 40.000 2.963 1707.242
K70 900.000 37.500 41.000 38.848 40.500 39.462 40.000 0.538 484.200
38
K71 900.000 41.000 42.085 40.500 43.000 41.646 40.000 -1.646 -1481.625
K72 900.000 42.085 43.300 43.000 43.800 43.046 40.000 -3.046 -2741.625
K73 900.000 43.300 44.167 43.800 44.500 43.942 40.000 -3.942 -3547.575
K74 430.988 44.167 44.469 44.500 45.500 44.659 40.000 -4.659 -2007.973
K89 3.892 37.500 37.500 37.500 37.500 37.500 40.000 2.500 9.730
K90 477.500 37.691 40.000 37.500 41.000 39.048 40.000 0.952 454.699
K91 899.645 40.000 39.500 41.000 42.085 40.646 40.000 -0.646 -581.396
K92 494.418 39.500 42.300 42.085 43.300 41.796 40.000 -1.796 -888.098
K93 782.425 42.300 42.900 43.338 44.167 43.176 40.000 -3.176 -2485.177
K94 644.355 42.900 43.100 44.167 44.469 43.659 40.000 -3.659 -2357.695
L11 215.679 37.000 38.000 40.000 39.500 38.625 40.000 1.375 296.559
L13 83.257 39.293 41.000 42.300 42.900 41.373 40.000 -1.373 -114.333
L14 582.299 41.000 40.500 42.900 43.100 41.875 40.000 -1.875 -1091.811
L34 12.561 38.500 38.179 41.000 40.500 39.545 40.000 0.455 5.718
Total Area 32435.114 Fill (+) 44148.975
Cut (-) -45675.583
Total -1526.608
Zone 20
J74 243.432 40.711 41.000 38.073 38.793 39.644 39.000 -0.644 -156.831
J75 1.966 41.000 41.982 38.793 38.843 40.155 39.000 -1.155 -2.270
J94 736.662 43.383 44.468 40.711 41.000 42.391 39.000 -3.391 -2497.653
J95 33.466 44.468 44.447 41.000 41.982 42.974 39.000 -3.974 -133.002
K13 73.538 44.411 45.590 42.656 43.383 44.010 39.000 -5.010 -368.425
K14 735.722 45.590 46.300 43.483 44.468 44.960 39.000 -5.960 -4385.087
K33 16.404 44.800 45.250 44.411 45.590 45.013 39.000 -6.013 -98.633
K34 757.109 45.250 46.597 45.590 46.300 45.934 39.000 -6.934 -5249.983
K35 7.301 46.507 46.500 46.300 46.126 46.358 39.000 -7.358 -53.723
K54 588.778 44.990 45.500 45.347 46.507 45.586 39.000 -6.586 -3877.692
K55 162.401 45.500 45.505 46.507 46.250 45.941 39.000 -6.941 -1127.144
K74 374.244 44.167 44.469 44.990 45.500 44.782 39.000 -5.782 -2163.692
39
K75 378.609 44.469 45.179 45.500 45.505 45.163 39.000 -6.163 -2333.462
K94 162.171 43.000 43.200 44.167 44.469 43.709 39.000 -4.709 -763.663
K95 589.310 43.200 41.500 44.469 45.179 43.587 39.000 -4.587 -2703.165
L14 26.201 41.000 40.200 42.900 42.200 41.575 39.000 -2.575 -67.468
L15 706.765 40.200 40.200 42.200 41.500 41.025 39.000 -2.025 -1431.199
L34 12.497 38.481 38.300 31.000 40.200 36.995 39.000 2.005 25.053
L35 385.468 38.300 39.490 40.200 40.200 39.548 39.000 -0.547 -211.044
Total Area 5992.044 Fill (+) 25.053
Cut (-) -27624.135
Total -27599.082
Zone 21
K92 397.062 39.500 41.800 42.085 42.300 41.421 37.000 -4.421 -1755.510
K93 111.575 41.800 42.900 42.300 44.167 42.792 37.000 -5.792 -646.215
L11 154.330 37.500 38.000 38.500 39.500 38.375 37.000 -1.375 -212.204
L12 889.666 38.000 39.263 39.256 42.000 39.630 37.000 -2.630 -2339.599
L13 816.743 39.263 39.500 42.000 42.900 40.916 37.000 -3.916 -3198.161
L14 179.878 39.500 40.200 42.900 42.500 41.275 37.000 -4.275 -768.978
L32 282.353 35.166 38.000 38.000 39.263 37.607 37.000 -0.607 -171.459
L33 867.133 38.000 38.500 39.263 39.500 38.816 37.000 -1.816 -1574.497
L34 685.091 38.500 38.179 39.500 40.200 39.095 37.000 -2.095 -1435.094
L53 202.628 35.000 34.650 38.000 38.500 36.538 37.000 0.462 93.715
L54 468.455 34.650 34.323 38.500 38.179 36.413 37.000 0.587 274.983
Total Area 5054.914 Fill (+) 368.699
Cut (-) -12101.718
Total -11733.019
40
Zone 22
K27 54.789 30.295 33.500 32.000 33.181 32.244 34.000 1.756 96.209
K46 276.150 29.279 31.414 28.974 30.295 29.991 34.000 4.010 1107.223
K47 838.223 31.414 33.500 30.295 33.500 32.177 34.000 1.823 1527.871
K48 237.966 33.500 36.500 33.500 35.788 34.822 34.000 -0.822 -195.608
K66 80.213 29.129 31.834 29.279 31.414 30.414 34.000 3.586 287.644
K67 715.974 31.834 34.001 31.414 33.500 32.687 34.000 1.313 939.895
K68 879.374 34.001 36.800 33.500 36.500 35.200 34.000 -1.200 -1055.469
K69 323.813 36.800 38.000 36.500 38.848 37.537 34.000 -3.537 -1145.327
K87 39.777 31.562 34.205 31.834 34.001 32.901 34.000 1.100 43.735
K88 639.195 34.205 35.670 34.001 36.800 35.169 34.000 -1.169 -747.219
K89 896.108 35.670 37.691 36.800 38.000 37.040 34.000 -3.040 -2724.392
K90 410.605 37.691 39.000 38.000 39.000 38.423 34.000 -4.423 -1816.003
L08 14.284 31.525 34.026 34.205 35.670 33.857 34.000 0.144 2.050
L09 550.322 34.026 36.500 35.670 37.691 35.972 34.000 -1.972 -1085.097
L10 900.000 36.500 37.300 37.691 39.000 37.623 34.000 -3.623 -3260.475
L11 513.185 37.300 38.000 39.000 40.000 38.575 34.000 -4.575 -2347.821
L30 448.640 31.586 34.491 36.500 37.300 34.969 34.000 -0.969 -434.844
L31 898.262 34.491 35.500 37.300 38.000 36.323 34.000 -2.323 -2086.438
L32 617.647 35.500 37.500 38.000 39.203 37.551 34.000 -3.551 -2193.110
L33 32.867 37.500 38.481 39.203 40.806 38.998 34.000 -4.998 -164.253
L51 343.119 30.500 33.500 34.491 35.500 33.498 34.000 0.502 172.332
L52 876.208 33.500 34.000 35.500 37.500 35.125 34.000 -1.125 -985.734
L53 697.372 34.000 34.650 37.500 38.481 36.158 34.000 -2.158 -1504.754
L54 68.917 34.650 34.323 38.481 38.179 36.408 34.000 -2.408 -165.969
L72 258.590 30.300 30.832 33.500 34.000 32.158 34.000 1.842 476.323
L73 847.476 30.832 30.347 34.000 34.650 32.457 34.000 1.543 1307.444
L74 763.902 30.347 32.000 34.650 34.323 32.830 34.000 1.170 893.765
L75 85.504 32.000 32.293 34.323 35.986 33.651 34.000 0.349 29.884
L93 186.987 29.274 29.500 30.382 30.347 29.876 34.000 4.124 771.181
41
L94 771.187 29.500 30.230 30.347 32.000 30.519 34.000 3.481 2684.309
L95 57.201 30.320 31.000 32.000 32.293 31.403 34.000 2.597 148.537
M14 23.212 29.500 30.839 29.500 30.230 30.017 34.000 3.983 92.448
Total Area 14347.069 Fill (+) 10580.849
Cut (-) -21912.515
Total -11331.666
Zone 23
K46 18.635 29.279 31.414 28.974 30.295 29.991 31.500 1.510 28.130
K65 110.539 29.466 29.129 29.500 29.279 29.344 31.500 2.157 238.377
K66 783.650 29.129 31.834 29.279 31.414 30.414 31.500 1.086 851.044
K67 184.421 31.834 34.001 31.414 33.500 32.687 31.500 -1.187 -218.954
K86 415.509 31.000 31.562 29.129 31.834 30.881 31.500 0.619 257.096
K87 842.081 31.562 33.800 31.834 34.001 32.799 31.500 -1.299 -1094.074
K88 280.784 33.800 35.670 34.001 37.000 35.118 31.500 -3.618 -1015.806
L07 317.389 31.705 31.525 31.562 33.800 32.148 31.500 -0.648 -205.668
L08 865.946 31.525 34.000 33.800 35.670 33.749 31.500 -2.249 -1947.296
L09 350.343 34.000 36.500 35.670 37.691 35.965 31.500 -4.465 -1564.369
L28 232.464 30.432 30.986 31.525 34.000 31.736 31.500 -0.236 -54.803
L29 845.299 30.986 31.586 34.000 36.500 33.268 31.500 -1.768 -1494.489
L30 451.360 31.586 34.491 36.500 37.500 35.019 31.500 -3.519 -1588.449
L49 160.735 29.100 30.300 30.986 31.586 30.493 31.500 1.007 161.860
L50 801.364 30.300 31.000 31.586 34.491 31.844 31.500 -0.344 -275.870
L51 550.916 31.000 33.228 34.491 35.300 33.505 31.500 -2.005 -1104.449
L52 15.109 33.228 35.000 35.300 37.500 35.257 31.500 -3.757 -56.765
L70 102.202 29.000 28.973 30.615 31.000 29.897 31.500 1.603 163.830
L71 745.573 28.973 30.400 31.000 33.228 30.900 31.500 0.600 447.157
L72 639.676 30.400 30.832 33.228 35.000 32.365 31.500 -0.865 -553.320
L73 41.522 30.832 30.347 35.000 34.650 32.707 31.500 -1.207 -50.127
L91 56.864 29.000 29.000 28.973 30.400 29.343 31.500 2.157 122.641
42
L92 676.652 29.000 29.274 30.400 30.832 29.877 31.500 1.624 1098.545
L93 713.510 29.274 29.500 30.832 30.347 29.988 31.500 1.512 1078.649
L94 81.438 29.500 30.230 30.347 31.500 30.394 31.500 1.106 90.050
M12 24.723 29.100 29.300 29.000 29.274 29.169 31.500 2.332 57.642
M13 591.500 29.300 29.461 29.274 29.500 29.384 31.500 2.116 1251.762
M14 402.455 29.461 30.839 29.362 30.230 29.973 31.500 1.527 614.549
Total Area 11302.659 Fill (+) 6461.331
Cut (-) -11224.438
Total -4763.106
Zone 24
L34 171.930 38.500 38.200 41.000 40.100 39.450 37.000 -2.450 -421.229
L35 253.061 38.200 39.490 40.100 40.500 39.573 37.000 -2.573 -650.999
L54 362.625 34.650 34.323 38.500 38.200 36.418 37.000 0.582 210.957
L55 566.210 34.323 35.500 38.200 39.490 36.878 37.000 0.122 68.936
L74 133.175 30.347 31.500 34.650 34.323 32.705 37.000 4.295 571.987
L75 293.321 31.500 32.100 34.323 35.500 33.356 37.000 3.644 1068.935
Total Area 1780.322 Fill (+) 1920.815
Cut (-) -1072.228
Total 848.587
Zone 25
K65 29.000 29.466 29.129 29.500 29.279 29.344 29.500 0.157 4.539
K85 451.438 29.200 30.500 29.466 29.129 29.574 29.500 -0.074 -33.294
K86 484.664 30.500 31.562 29.129 31.834 30.756 29.500 -1.256 -608.859
K87 4.286 31.562 34.000 31.834 34.001 32.849 29.500 -3.349 -14.355
L05 541.247 28.955 29.800 29.180 30.500 29.609 29.500 -0.109 -58.861
43
L06 900.000 29.800 31.705 30.500 31.562 30.892 29.500 -1.392 -1252.575
L07 577.118 31.705 31.525 31.562 34.205 32.249 29.500 -2.749 -1586.642
L08 22.200 31.525 34.026 34.205 35.670 33.857 29.500 -4.357 -96.714
L25 27.787 28.504 29.000 28.955 29.800 29.065 29.500 0.435 12.094
L26 616.957 29.000 29.800 29.800 31.705 30.076 29.500 -0.576 -355.521
L27 900.000 29.800 30.432 31.705 31.525 30.866 29.500 -1.366 -1228.950
L28 667.623 30.432 30.986 31.525 34.026 31.742 29.500 -2.242 -1496.978
L29 53.138 30.986 31.586 34.026 36.000 33.150 29.500 -3.650 -193.927
L46 12.633 29.500 27.840 29.000 29.800 29.035 29.500 0.465 5.874
L47 554.963 27.840 28.597 29.800 30.432 29.167 29.500 0.333 184.664
L48 900.000 28.597 29.100 30.432 30.986 29.779 29.500 -0.279 -250.875
L49 739.265 29.100 30.500 30.986 31.500 30.522 29.500 -1.022 -755.159
L50 97.185 30.500 30.500 31.500 34.491 31.748 29.500 -2.248 -218.448
L67 3.362 29.897 29.500 27.840 28.597 28.959 29.500 0.541 1.821
L68 487.184 29.500 29.000 28.597 29.100 29.049 29.500 0.451 219.598
L69 900.000 29.000 29.000 29.100 30.500 29.400 29.500 0.100 90.000
L70 797.798 29.000 29.000 30.500 30.500 29.750 29.500 -0.250 -199.450
L71 154.428 29.000 30.500 30.500 32.500 30.625 29.500 -1.125 -173.732
L89 417.243 30.000 29.305 29.000 29.000 29.326 29.500 0.174 72.496
L90 906.129 29.305 29.000 29.000 29.000 29.076 29.500 0.424 383.972
L91 830.635 29.000 29.000 28.500 30.000 29.125 29.500 0.375 311.488
L92 224.866 29.000 29.274 30.000 30.832 29.777 29.500 -0.276 -62.175
M10 352.020 30.000 29.315 29.300 29.000 29.404 29.500 0.096 33.882
M11 884.756 29.315 29.100 29.000 29.000 29.104 29.500 0.396 350.585
M12 875.277 29.100 29.200 29.000 29.274 29.144 29.500 0.357 312.036
M13 308.500 29.200 29.500 29.274 29.800 29.444 29.500 0.056 17.430
M31 290.410 31.467 30.000 29.315 29.100 29.971 29.500 -0.471 -136.638
M32 874.312 30.000 29.762 29.100 29.200 29.516 29.500 -0.015 -13.552
M33 559.662 29.762 29.300 29.200 29.500 29.441 29.500 0.059 33.300
M52 175.081 31.000 30.000 30.000 29.762 30.191 29.500 -0.691 -120.893
M53 17.717 30.000 29.321 29.762 29.300 29.596 29.500 -0.096 -1.696
Total Area 16638.884 Fill (+) 2033.779
Cut (-) -8859.293
44
Total -6825.514
Zone 26
L94 10.922 26.362 30.230 30.347 32.000 29.735 30.500 0.765 8.358
L95 56.099 30.230 30.000 32.000 32.134 31.091 30.500 -0.591 -33.155
M14 456.963 29.461 30.839 29.362 30.230 29.973 30.500 0.527 240.820
M15 475.153 30.839 31.987 30.230 29.674 30.683 30.500 -0.182 -86.715
M33 331.888 29.762 28.653 27.913 29.461 28.947 30.500 1.553 515.339
M34 897.309 28.653 29.671 29.461 30.839 29.656 30.500 0.844 757.329
M35 585.072 29.671 30.500 30.839 31.987 30.749 30.500 -0.249 -145.829
M52 47.694 28.673 30.416 28.626 29.762 29.369 30.500 1.131 53.930
M53 837.760 30.416 28.208 29.762 28.653 29.260 30.500 1.240 1039.032
M54 900.000 28.208 29.519 28.653 29.671 29.013 30.500 1.487 1338.525
M55 691.506 29.519 29.250 29.671 30.500 29.735 30.500 0.765 529.002
M73 181.218 29.500 30.349 30.416 28.208 29.618 30.500 0.882 159.789
M74 825.447 30.349 28.328 38.308 29.519 31.626 30.500 -1.126 -929.453
M75 797.939 28.328 29.700 29.519 29.250 29.199 30.500 1.301 1037.919
M94 135.802 31.961 30.800 30.349 28.328 30.360 30.500 0.140 19.080
M95 778.894 30.800 29.944 28.328 29.700 29.693 30.500 0.807 628.567
N15 96.864 32.500 31.800 30.674 29.944 31.230 30.500 -0.729 -70.662
N16 42.439 31.800 28.752 29.944 30.096 30.148 30.500 0.352 14.939
Total Area 8148.969 Fill (+) 6342.629
Cut (-) -1265.815
Total 5076.814
Zone Green Space

C40 22.249 25.302 26.398 26.003 26.150 25.963 25.700 -0.263 -5.857
45
C41 25.075 26.398 26.520 26.150 26.500 26.392 25.700 -0.692 -17.352
C49 241.825 25.520 25.743 25.075 25.851 25.547 25.700 0.153 36.939
C50 750.230 25.743 25.826 25.851 25.758 25.795 25.700 -0.095 -70.897
C51 496.034 25.749 25.620 25.758 25.504 25.658 25.700 0.042 20.957
C52 877.290 25.620 25.682 25.504 25.302 25.527 25.700 0.173 151.771
C53 878.309 25.682 26.880 26.003 26.150 26.179 25.700 -0.479 -420.490
C54 293.355 26.880 26.595 26.150 26.500 26.531 25.700 -0.831 -243.851
C62 165.033 25.551 25.750 25.520 25.743 25.641 25.700 0.059 9.737
C63 288.211 25.750 25.945 25.743 25.826 25.816 25.700 -0.116 -33.432
C64 156.810 25.945 25.767 25.800 25.612 25.781 25.700 -0.081 -12.702
C65 23.113 25.767 25.795 25.612 25.682 25.714 25.700 -0.014 -0.324
D18 21.712 25.531 26.023 26.822 26.415 26.198 25.200 -0.998 -21.663
D19 18.086 26.023 27.303 26.415 26.903 26.661 25.200 -1.461 -26.424
D31 303.169 26.620 26.384 25.531 26.023 26.140 25.200 -0.940 -284.827
D32 270.780 26.384 27.540 26.023 27.303 26.813 25.200 -1.613 -436.633
D44 150.027 26.060 27.351 26.620 26.384 26.604 25.200 -1.404 -210.600
D45 124.698 27.351 27.410 26.384 27.540 27.171 25.200 -1.971 -245.811
F15 293.831 32.547 35.574 32.000 35.681 33.951 35.000 1.050 308.376
F16 266.866 35.574 38.223 35.681 37.698 36.794 35.000 -1.794 -478.758
F35 183.842 33.157 37.500 32.547 35.574 34.695 35.000 0.306 56.164
F36 151.197 37.500 39.401 35.574 38.223 37.675 35.000 -2.675 -404.376
J75 105.238 41.887 41.850 38.793 38.630 40.290 39.000 -1.290 -135.757
J94 4.376 43.967 44.468 40.988 41.000 42.606 39.000 -3.606 -15.779
J95 400.522 44.468 44.447 41.887 41.850 43.163 39.000 -4.163 -1667.373
K14 56.296 45.230 46.321 43.967 44.468 44.997 39.000 -5.997 -337.579
K15 464.310 46.351 46.321 44.468 44.447 45.397 39.000 -6.397 -2970.075
K34 6.466 45.387 46.507 45.230 46.321 45.861 39.000 -6.861 -44.365
K35 620.318 46.507 46.505 46.351 46.321 46.421 39.000 -7.421 -4603.380
K55 620.640 45.773 45.703 46.507 46.505 46.122 39.000 -7.122 -4420.198
K56 43.724 45.703 44.825 46.214 45.808 45.638 39.000 -6.638 -290.218
K75 426.583 44.669 44.937 45.773 45.703 45.271 39.000 -6.271 -2674.889
K76 201.451 44.937 44.446 45.703 44.825 44.978 39.000 -5.978 -1204.224
K95 222.553 42.327 41.931 44.669 44.937 43.466 39.000 -4.466 -993.922
46
K96 249.741 41.931 41.943 44.937 44.446 43.314 39.000 -4.314 -1077.445
L15 100.852 40.417 40.396 42.327 41.931 41.268 39.000 -2.268 -228.707
L16 272.429 40.396 40.021 41.931 41.943 41.073 39.000 -2.073 -564.677
L35 177.547 38.809 39.000 40.417 40.396 39.656 39.000 -0.656 -116.382
L36 135.755 39.000 38.502 40.396 40.021 39.480 39.000 -0.480 -65.128
L55 294.954 34.323 35.182 38.809 39.000 36.829 39.000 2.172 640.493
L56 8.068 35.182 34.500 39.000 38.502 36.796 39.000 2.204 17.782
L75 308.902 31.982 32.214 34.323 35.182 33.425 39.000 5.575 1722.051
L95 351.795 30.200 30.675 31.982 32.214 31.268 39.000 7.732 2720.167
M15 4.536 30.230 31.636 30.200 30.675 30.685 39.000 8.315 37.716
J68 82.309 33.185 35.405 32.107 33.704 33.600 39.000 5.400 444.448
J87 21.845 31.445 33.053 30.699 33.185 32.096 39.000 6.905 150.829
J88 164.326 33.053 35.824 33.185 35.405 34.367 39.000 4.633 761.363
K07 157.245 31.407 33.035 31.445 33.053 32.235 39.000 6.765 1063.762
K08 28.926 33.035 36.041 33.053 35.824 34.488 39.000 4.512 130.507
K27(1) 171.145 30.559 33.748 31.531 33.382 32.305 39.000 6.695 1145.816
K26 599.872 29.107 30.559 29.081 31.284 30.008 32.000 1.992 1195.095
K27(2) 238.550 30.559 33.748 31.531 33.382 32.305 32.000 -0.305 -72.758
K45 43.496 29.450 29.113 29.812 29.104 29.370 32.000 2.630 114.405
K46 611.458 29.113 31.524 29.107 30.559 30.076 32.000 1.924 1176.598
K47 11.222 31.524 33.613 30.559 33.748 32.361 32.000 -0.361 -4.051
K65 83.724 29.022 29.350 29.450 29.113 29.234 32.000 2.766 231.602
K66 35.030 29.350 31.845 29.113 31.524 30.458 32.000 1.542 54.016
Total Area 13327.946 Fill (+) 12190.594
Cut (-) -24400.904
Total -12210.310
47
Summarize of Cut and Fill Volume of Zones
Zone Proposed Level Area (m2) Volume (m3) Fill Volume (m3) Cut Volume (m3)
1 25.1 17553.099 -23584.654 0.000 -23584.654
2 25.3 40791.731 849.262 849.262 0.000
3 25.5 48290.578 1361.922 1361.922 0.000
4 25.9 30277.731 -570.594 0.000 -570.594
5 24.8 10590.796 -14644.775 0.000 -14644.775
6 29.5 36338.952 51028.603 51028.603 0.000
7 29.5 9416.978 9715.200 9715.200 0.000
8 29.3 14062.079 17322.668 17322.668 0.000
9 27.0 8032.776 -20202.338 0.000 -20202.338
10 29.2 30874.441 31297.343 31297.343 0.000
11 29.0 19990.374 18051.439 18051.439 0.000
12 33.0 7601.330 -967.550 0.000 -967.550
13 36.0 6695.312 4144.425 4144.425 0.000
14 31.0 2855.149 3165.814 3165.814 0.000
15 30.0 6996.024 8512.017 8512.017 0.000
16 31.0 9774.995 14976.604 14976.604 0.000
17 31.0 6782.181 -9723.792 0.000 -9723.792
18 31.0 10289.877 -29752.629 0.000 -29752.629
19 40.0 32435.114 -1526.608 0.000 -1526.608
20 39.0 5992.044 -27599.082 0.000 -27599.082
21 37.0 5054.914 -11733.019 0.000 -11733.019
22 34.0 14347.069 -11331.666 0.000 -11331.666
23 31.5 11302.659 -4763.106 0.000 -4763.106
24 37.0 1780.322 848.587 848.587 0.000
25 29.5 16638.884 -6825.514 0.000 -6825.514
26 30.5 8148.969 5076.814 5076.814 0.000
Green Space 13327.946 -12210.310 0.000 -12210.310
Total 426242.324 -9084.940 166350.697 -175435.637
48
3.6 Proposed Level
In earthwork analysis, proposed level was determined by using the site’s existing
topography. For each zone, the proposed level is set based on the highest flood level that is
obtained from Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS) or the level of the nearest existing road level
as well as the discharge point. The best proposed level is where it has the lowest percentage
difference between cut and fill volume. If the proposed level is not suitable, the project planner
must suggest the best proposed level for the site as the proposed level will affect the quantity of
earth volume and the overall cost of the project.
Part I Part II
49
3.7 Cut and Fill
Cut and fill is the major component in earthwork construction. It also being known as
excavation and embankment. The term ‘cut’ is defined as earth that is removed from an area that
considered as excavated earth or ‘cut’, and the term ‘fill’ is defined as earth that is filled into an
area that is considered as embankment earth or ‘fill’. The main objective of cut and fill excavation
is to conserve mass as much as possible to maximize the use of existing materials and to minimize
importing soil materials to reduce the overall cost of the project. To achieve these goals, project
planner will set the proposed level for each zone to minimize the percentage of difference between
cut and fill volume.
Color: -
1. Blue = Fill Area
= 166350.697 m3
2. Red = Cut Area
= 175435.637 m3
Percentage Difference between Fill

Area and Cut Area
= 5.18%
50
3.8 Cross-Sectional View
Cross Sectional View Cross Sectional View
X1 – X1 & Y1 – Y1 Y2-Y2
51
X1-X1 Section
Y2-Y2 Section
Part 1
Part 2
52
Y1-Y1 Section
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
53
3.9 Slope Stability
3.9.1 Introduction
A slope is defined as a soil surface that makes an angle with respect to the horizontal plane
at which one end or side is at a higher level than another end. Generally, there are two types of
slopes which consist of natural slopes and man-made slopes. Natural slopes include formation of
hills or valleys that are formed by a series of long term and short-term natural processes while
excavated slopes or slopes of embankment and earth dam are man-made slopes. Before the
construction, the analysis of related slopes is always concerned for site investigation.
Slope stability is the potential of soil covered slopes to withstand and undergo movement.
It is crucial in every construction project to ensure safety of the project area by preventing the
failure of slopes. Slope failure can be defined as the movement of mass of slope and there are some
factors that will lead to slope failure such as slope inclination, additional load or fill height,
excessive pore water pressure, loss of shear strength due to weathering, liquefaction, or water
(infiltration and seepage).
Slope stability can be determined by stress calculation and assessment of a slope before the
failure occurs. It can also be determined by balancing of shear stress and shear strength. If the
forces that are used to resist movement are greater than the driving forces, then the slope is
considered as stable. On the other hand, it is considered unstable when the movement is too large
for the resist forces. Since there will be a difference between the proposed level and the
surrounding area, the soil is required to be cut or fill to connect the proposed level and surrounding
area. Slope stability is very critical as it may cause erosion, landslide, and even possible loss of
life. Hence, the slopes are checked by using Bishop Simplified Method to figure out the minimum
safety factor and the satisfied safety requirement of the slopes.
For slope stability analysis, the first thing that needs to be done is to find out the most
dangerous or critical slope to ensure that it will not easily affect the safety of slope stability. Critical
slope is defined as the maximum angle from the horizontal plane between one end to another end
and the height difference between each end is large. Critical slope that causes the increase of shear
54
stresses but decrease in shear strength will result in the slope failure. This is because when the
difference in height of slope increases, it causes additional weight to the slope. Consequently, the
shear stress within the slope will then increase and the slope stability decrease. Besides, slope
angle also can affect the shear stress since the tangential stress increases when the angle of slope
increases. Thus, the shear stress becomes larger, and the slope stability will be reduced.
3.9.2 Bishop Simplified Method
In 1955, Bishop had proposed a slice method of slope stability analysis which involves a
different procedure that will obtain different answers compared with the ordinary Method of Slices.
The Ordinary Method of Slices uses the forces for the analysis, but the analysis of the Bishop
Simplified Method is carried out in terms of stresses. The forces and stresses that act on the typical
slice and which are taken under consideration within the analysis. Resolution of forces takes place
in the vertical direction rather than a direction that is normal to the arc (a direction which is
different for each slice) is one of the significant differences between the Ordinary Method of Slices
and Bishop Simplified Method. Besides, it is assumed that the normal inter-slice force is unequal,
E1 E2 and the slice of the soil will be subjected to horizontal compressive force which are H1 and
Hr. The slice of soil also has its own self weight, W and shear forces, T.
55
Figure 1
Figure 2: Force for Single Slice in Bishop Simplified Method
56
3.9.3 Steps in Checking Slope Stability by Using Bishop Simplified Method
1. Assume the radius of the circular failure slope is drawn using AUTOCAD.
2. The failure slope is sliced into 10 slices.
3. A straight line is drawn from the center of the curve until the point of action of W (the half
of one slice).
4. All the soil parameters from the borehole are assembled into the spreadsheet in Microsoft
Excel to obtain the value of F.S.
5. The initial value of F.S is assumed, and the step of successive iteration is repeated until a
constant value is obtained.
6. The final F.S for the slope is checked so that it is more than 1.3.
3.9.4 Assumption Used in Slope Calculation
The soil parameters vary according to the ground level and soil characteristics. Assumption
was made for the soil parameter: -
a) Bulk unit weight of soil, γb = 21.00kN/m3

b) Specific gravity = 2.70
c) Cohesion of soil, c’ = 10.00kN/m2
d) Internal friction angle of soil, 𝛷 = 25˚
e) Pore water pressure, u = 0kN/m2 (Water table is below failure zone)
57
3.9.5 Example Checking of Slope Stability by Using Bishop Simplified Method
For checking slope stability, we chose the most critical slope that occurs after the cut and
fill. The slope difference is 40m to 31m. From the information that we have obtained, we used
AUTOCAD software to sketch the slice of the slope to get important information such as radius,
R, area and 𝞪.
Slope (1:1.5) with radius 16.255m
Figure above shows Critical Slope in Bishop Simplified Method.
58
Then, we used Microsoft Excel to calculate the data obtained: -
59
Take the calculation for part I on the slice as example of calculation: -
1) Insert the value for unit weight, specific gravity, internal friction angle, cohesive strength,
and radius.
2) Find the area of the slope for the part 1 on the slice by using the function “AREA” in
AUTOCAD.
Area = 4.291m2
3) Calculate the weight, W.

W = Area x unit weight
= 4.291m2 x 21.00kN/m3
= 90.111kN/m
4) Find the 𝞪 based on the sketch on the AUTOCAD.

𝞪 = 65˚
5) Calculate W sin 𝞪.
W sin 𝞪 = 90.111kN/m x sin 65˚
= 81.668kN/m
6) Find the width, b of the portion.

b = 2.1015m
7) Calculate cohesive strength, c’ x width, b.

c’ x b = 10.00kN/m2 x 2.1015m
= 21.015 kN/m
8) Calculate W tan 𝛷.
W tan 𝛷 = 90.111kN/m x tan 25˚
60
= 42.019 kN/m
9) Calculate Z.
Z = (c’ x b) + W tan 𝛷
= 21.015kN/m + 42.019kN/m
= 63.034kN/m
10) Calculate sec 𝞪.

sec 𝞪 = sec 65˚
= 2.366
11) Calculate Z sec 𝞪.

Z sec 𝞪 = 63.034kN/m x 2.366
= 149.152kN/m
12) Calculate tan 𝛷 tan 𝞪.

tan 𝛷 tan 𝞪 = tan 25˚ x tan 65˚
= 1.0000
13) At first, we need to assume the factor safety right, FS Right as 1.3. Then, calculate the up
column by using the following formula.
𝑍 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝞪
Up column = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛷 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝞪
1+ ( )
𝐹𝑆 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
149.152𝑘𝑁/𝑚
= 1.0000
1+ ( )
1.3
= 84.303kN/m
14) Calculate the sum of up column, Σup

Σup = 826.882kN/m
61
15) Calculate the FS Left by using the following formula.
FS Left = Σup / Σ W sin 𝞪
= 826.882kN/m / 627.609kN/m
= 1.318
16) Adjust the value of FS Right until the value between FS Right and FS Left are almost the
same.
17) After adjustment, the value of FS obtained = 1.322 > 1.3, thus this slope is a stable slope.
3.9.6 Conclusion
The slope gradient that is chosen for the slope is 1:1.5. From the data that we have analyzed,
we obtained the safety factor = 1.322 which is larger than the minimum factor safety which is 1.3.
Since the slope that we have chosen was the most critical slope than the other slope, thus we can
conclude that the other slope can retain from failure based on the result of the most critical slope
on that site.
62
4.0 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN (ESCP)
4.1 Introduction to ESCP
Erosion and sedimentation are natural processes. These processes occur daily, on all land,
because of uncontrolled land disturbance, deforestation and construction activities which exposed
to wind, rainfall, and runoff. Generally, erosion is the detachment, entrainment, and transport of
soil particles from ongoing development and construction areas, which either due to the impact of
raindrops or by the shear forces of water flowing across the soil surface. This soil erosion is closely
related to the site clearing and earthwork conducted along the project site. On the other hand,
sedimentation is the transportation and deposition process. It is the built-up (aggradation) of
sediment on the land surface or the bed of a watercourse. These processes will give adverse effects
on the water quality due to the situation. Hence, comprehensive, and effective control is required
to overcome the impacts of erosion and sedimentation. There are primarily eight principles of
erosion and sedimentation control recommended, which are:
1. Minimizing soil erosion
2. Preserving topsoil and other assets
3. Access route and site management
4. Runoff control and management
5. Earthwork and erosion control
6. Sediment prevention control
7. Slope stabilization
8. Site maintenance
The guideline of the erosion and sediment control plan design for this project is based on
the Urban Storm Water Management Manual for Malaysia, MSMA 2nd Edition which published
by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia in 2012. The objectives of this
manual are ensuring the public safety, control nuisance flooding, stabilize the landform and control
erosion, minimize the environmental impact of runoff as well as enhance the urban landscape and
ecology. By following the specification and requirements stated, the construction can be carried
63
out in such manner with minimum land, water quality and environmental degradation as a
preventive measure to environmental protection.
4.2 Project Description
Our Site Project is on part of LOT 3002, LOT 3003, LOT 3010, LOT 3011, LOT 166152,
LOT 166154, LOT 166156, AND LOT 166158, Mukim Pulai, Nusajaya, Johor Darul Takzim,
consist of jungle, bushes and green area as shown in the figure. The highest reduce level is 47.453
m and the lowest point is 23.119 m. This area is not fully flat and the reduce level is decreasing as
we move from west to east. The area at east is wide and flat.
64
Main site entrance 1
(near Jalan Skudai-
Sediment Basin
Outlet
(into existing drainage-
Sungai Pulai)
Site Boundary
Catchment Area 1
(9.57 ha)
-with 3 sub Proposed Drainage Flow
catchment areas (due to topographical
difference via surface
flow or groundwater
infiltration)
Catchment Area Silt Trap together with

2 fence and wash trough
(13.34 ha)
Outlet
(into existing drainage- a
long river)
Catchment Area 3
(3.63 ha)
Main site exit 1

(near Second Link
Highway)
Main site entrance 2

(near Second Link
Highway)
Catchment Area 4
(14.75 ha)
Outlet
(into existing drainage- a
long river)
Main site exit 2

(near Second Link
Highway)
65
4.3 Temporary Earth Drain
4.3.1 Introduction
Temporary drainage was design based on the area construction boundary. The main
purpose of earth drain during excavation is to control the flow of rainfall and runoff to existing
drainage in order to reduce the potential for erosion and off-site sedimentation. Temporary
drainage will ensure the excavation work run smoothly without excess water retain on the mud
that may cause flood. It is also a prevention from damage to property adjacent to the project during
construction and facilitating construction activities by temporarily rerouting or altering drainage
system conveyances. Runoff will be collected by a temporary drainage system and treated before
being discharge into natural water resources. Temporary drainage must be designed such that the
system does not contribute to the sedimentation problem.
4.3.2 Design Criteria
In this project, trapezoidal shaped was selected in designing the temporary drainages. The
trapezoidal shaped channels are designed to the best hydraulic section for trapezoidal section
channel. Best hydraulic section was chosen because they are economical and can be convey to the
maximum discharge of Q with minimum area and wetted perimeter. It will maximize the discharge
and minimizes the wetted perimeter. The design of temporary drainage requires fundamental data
such estimation of rainfall and the ground condition. This data is important to ensure that the
drainage can withstand the peak discharge and perform well as designed.
i. Rainfall Estimation
The rainfall estimation involves frequency, duration and intensity analyses of rainfall data.
a. Average Recurrence Interval (ARI)
Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) is the average or expected value of the periods
between exceedance of a given rainfall total accumulated over a given duration. The
early stages of construction works is assumed to completed within 2 years. Therefore,
it is sufficient to adopt the minimum ARI of 2 years.
66
b. Time of Concentration, tc
Time of concentration, tc is the time for runoff to travels from the most hydraulically
remote point upstream in a catchment area to the lowest point of the catchment. The
equation to express tc is given by:
tc = to + td
Where;
tc = the time of concentration (minutes)
𝑡𝑜 = overland sheet flow travel time (minutes)
𝑡𝑑 = drain flow travel time (minutes)
c. Overland flow time, to
𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟕×𝒏×𝑳𝟑
to = 𝟏
𝑺𝟓
Where;
𝑡𝑜 = overland sheet flow travel time (minutes)
L = length of overland sheet flow (m)
𝑛*= Horton’s roughness value
S = slope of overland surface (%)
d. Channel Flow Time, td
𝟏
td = 𝒗
67
Where;
l = length of drainage flow (m)
v = velocity of flow (m/minutes)
e. Average Rainfall Intensity, I
Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve shows the relationship between design rainfalls

data required for the use of peak flow estimation. Average rainfall intensity can be estimated by
using empirical equation:
𝝀𝑻𝒌
𝑰=
(𝒅 + 𝜽)^𝛈
Where;
I = Average Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
T=Average recurrence interval- Based on ARI
d= Storm duration (hr)
𝜆 , θ, η, k constant obtained from rain gauge location
ii. Peak Discharge Estimation
The concept of the Rational Method for determining flood peak discharged from rainfall
depth measurements was initiated by Mulvaney, an engineer who was mainly involved in land
drainage. It is the most frequently used method that gives satisfactory results of peak discharge
estimation for small catchments areas. The site divided into several smaller catchment areas to
calculate the peak flow.
Assumption:
• The peak flow occurs when the entire catchment area contributed to the flow.
• The rainfall intensity is uniform over the entire catchment area.
68
• The rainfall intensity is uniform over a time duration equal to time of
concentration, 𝑡𝑐.
The equation used to calculate the peak flow is as following;
𝑪𝑰𝑨
𝑸=
𝟑𝟔𝟎
Where;
Q = Peak flow (m3/s)

C = Runoff coefficient
I = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = Catchment Area (ha)
69
SAMPLE CALCULATION
For Drain 1, assume that;
Area = 50473.581 m2 = 5.05 ha
Velocity of flow, v = 1 m/s
Horton’s roughness, n* = 0.035 (poorly grassed)
1) The construction site divided into four catchment areas:
A1: 95699.975 𝑚2 = 9.57 ha (Phase 1)
A2: 133371.516𝑚2 = 13.34 ha (Phase 2 & 3)
A3: 36338.952 𝑚2 = 3.63 ha (Phase 4)
A4: 147503.935 𝑚2 = 14.75 ha (Phase 5)
Total Area = 412914.378 𝑚2 / 1 x 104 = 41.29 hectare
2) Length of drainage flow = 115.77 m
Length of overland sheet flow, L = 160.483 m
Height difference, h = 40.458 – 27.784 = 12.67 m
12.67
3) Average surface slope, S = 𝑥 100 = 7.897 %
160.483
1 1
107×n×L3 107 × 0.035 × 160.4833
Overland flow time, to = 1 = 1 = 13.46 min
S5 7.8975
1 115.77
Channel Flow Time, td = = = 1.93 min
𝑣 60
Time of Concentration, tc = to + td = 13.46 + 1.93 = 15.39 min

70
4) ARI location = Mukim Pulai, Johor Bahru
Referring to Station Stor JPS Johor Bahru
Assume ARI, T= 2 years
State Station ARI Station Constant

ID (years) Name
Stor JPS 𝜆 k θ ի
Johor
Johor 1437116 2 59.972 0.163 0.121 0.793
Bahru
𝝀𝑻𝒌 59.972 ×20.163

I= = 15.39 0.793 = 145.38 mm/hr
(𝒅+ 𝜽)^𝛈 ( +0.121)
60
5) Take Flow Coefficient, C = 0.50 to ease the calculation
𝐶𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐴 (0.50 𝑥 145.38 𝑥 5.05)

Peak flow, 𝑄𝑝 = = = 1.02 m3/s
360 360
71
iii. Temporary Drainage Design
Diagram 4.1: Drainage design
Trapezoidal best hydraulic section:

T = 2L, R = y/2
𝑇 = 𝐵 + 2𝑧𝑦
𝐿 = 𝑦√1 + 𝑧 2
Use side slope of channel, z = 2
T = 2L
B + 2zy = 2[𝑦(√1 + 𝑧 2 )]
B + 2(2)y = 2𝑦√1 + 22
B = 0.472y
Area of the channel, A = By + z𝑦 2

= (0.472y)y + 2𝑦 2
= 2.472 𝑦 2
72
The dimensions of hydraulic open channel are designed by using Manning’s equation:
𝟐 𝟏
𝑨𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝒐𝟐
𝑸=
𝒏
Where,
A = Flow area
R = Hydraulic depth
So = Bed channel slope
n = Manning coefficient
73
SAMPLE CALCULATION
For Drain 1,
Assume:
Longitudinal slope of the channel, So= 0.002
Manning’s rough coefficient, n = 0.035
Surface condition of the site covered with poor grass and clay – loam (eroded)
1) Peak flow, Qp = 1.02 m3/s
Hydraulic radius, R = y/2 = 0.5y
2 1
𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆𝑜 2
2) Flow, 𝑄= 𝑛
2
𝑄𝑛
𝐴𝑅 3 = √𝑆𝑜
2
1..02 𝑥 0.035
(2.472𝑦 2 )(0.5𝑦)3 = √0.002
8
1.557 𝑦 3 = 0.79828
8
𝑦 3 = 0.5127
y = 0.78 m
When y = 0.78 m, the cross-section of the channel is;
Bottom width, B = 0.472y = 0.472(0.78) = 0.37 m
Top width, T = B + 2zy = 0.37 + 2 (2.0) (0.78) = 3.49 m
Freeboard = 0.30 m
74
Height of the channel, H = y + 0.30 = 0.78 + 0.30 = 1.08 m
Width of the channel, W = T + 2(2) (0.30) = 3.49 + 1.20 = 4.69 m
3) The flow in the channel must not be more than 1.15 m/s in order to avoid erosion.
Q = Av
v = 1.02 / (2.472) ( 0.782 ) = 0.68 m/s (< 1.15 m/s) OK!
0.68
4) Fr = 1 = 0.25 < 1.0 (subcritical flow) OK!
(9.81 𝑥 0.78)2
RESULTS
i. Peak Flow Estimation

Horton’s roughness, n*= 0.035 (poorly grassed)
Velocity of flow, v= 1m/s
Catchment A L h S to Flow length td tc

Area (ha) Drainage (m) (m) (%) (min) (m) (min) (min)
5.05 D1 160.483 12.67 7.897 13.46 115.77 1.93 15.39
0.68 D2 215.846 11.71 5.423 16.02 208.483 3.47 19.49
A1 3.84 D3 261.234 19.67 7.529 15.99 298.373 4.97 20.96
5.91 D4 127.956 10.62 8.297 12.36 156.793 2.61 14.97
A2 7.43 D5 215.856 4.43 2.053 19.45 307.492 5.12 24.58
A3 3.63 D6 102.935 4.97 4.825 12.81 320.741 5.35 18.16
8.92 D7 213.388 2.35 1.102 21.95 182.888 3.05 25.00
A4 5.83 D8 290.44 5.65 1.944 21.71 463.531 7.73 29.44
75
ii. Peak Discharge Estimation
ARI = 2 years
λ = 59.972
κ = 0.163
θ = 0.121
η = 0.793
Take Flow Coefficient, C= 0.50 to ease the calculation
QP
Catchment A tc I
Area (ha) Drainage (min) (mm/hr) (m3/s)
5.05 D1 15.39 145.38 1.02

0.68 D2 19.49 127.40 0.12
A1 3.84 D3 20.96 122.12 0.65
5.91 D4 14.97 147.54 1.21
A2 7.43 D5 24.58 110.98 1.15
A3 3.63 D6 18.16 132.69 0.67
8.92 D7 25.00 109.84 1.36
A4 5.83 D8 29.44 99.15 0.80
76
iii. Temporary Drainage Design
Assume:
So= 0.002,
n = 0.035,
z = 2,
Freeboard = 0.03 m.
g = 9.81 m/s2
v < 1.15 m/s; Fr < 1; Q > Qp
Catchment Qp So y B T H W A v
Area Drainage (m3/s) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m2) (m/s) Fr
D1 1.02 0.002 0.78 0.37 3.49 1.08 4.69 1.50 0.68 0.25
D2 0.12 0.002 0.35 0.17 1.57 0.65 2.77 0.30 0.40 0.21
A1 D3 0.65 0.002 0.66 0.31 2.95 0.96 4.15 1.08 0.60 0.24
D4 1.21 0.002 0.83 0.39 3.71 1.13 4.91 1.70 0.71 0.25
A2 D5 1.15 0.002 0.81 0.38 3.62 1.11 4.82 1.62 0.71 0.25
A3 D6 0.67 0.002 0.66 0.31 2.95 0.96 4.15 1.08 0.62 0.24
D7 1.36 0.002 0.87 0.41 3.89 1.17 5.09 1.87 0.73 0.25
A4 D8 0.80 0.002 0.71 0.34 3.18 1.01 4.38 1.25 0.64 0.24
77
4.4 Erosion and Sediment Control Design
4.4.1 Introduction
Specific sediment best management practices (BMPs) should be incorporated for common
construction activities that result in erosion of construction sites and the generation of sediment.
The three categories of BMPs are;
1. Erosion control BMPs:
- To emphasize the provision of cover protection to soil such as seeding and
planting, mulching, geotextiles, and mats
2. Runoff management BMPs
- Temporary facilities provided to minimize channel erosion at the construction
sites
3. Sediment control BMPs
- Structures that are located at the downstream of construction sites to trap the
excessive sediment produced
These BMPs should be properly designed to ensure the facilities provided are able to cope
with the on-site demand.
78
4.4.2 Soil Loss Estimation
Soil loss estimation is set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded
from earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse, acidification, salinization, or
other chemical soil contamination. It is a method to estimate the average annual soil loss using
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), a semi empirical equation used to assess the soil losses
erosion of the site in three conditions:
i. Existing (Undisturbed)
ii. Disturbed and Uncontrolled (without ESC)
iii. Disturbed and controlled (with ESC
USLE is given by:

A = R x K x LS x C x P
Where;
A= Average annual soil erosion loss (ton/ha/year)
R= Rainfall erosivity factor (MJ.mm/ha.year)
K= Factor of soil erodibility (ton/ha/(Mj.mm/ha/h))
LS= Topography factor
C= Cover management factor
P= Support practice factor
79
SAMPLE CALCULATION
For zone 1
1) Determination of Rainfall Erosity, R Factor
R factor = 12,500 – 15,000 MJ.mm/ha.yr (for construction site in Pulai, Johor)
Take the maximum value; R factor = 15000 MJ.mm/ha.yr
2) Determination of Soil Erodibiliy, K Factor
Since the soil profile is not given. the soil profile was assumed.
Sample Particle size distribution
Clay Silt Sand
A 12.1 33.0 54.9
B 18.8 31.8 49.4
[1𝑥10−4 (12 − 𝑂𝑀)𝑀1.14 + 4.5(𝑆 − 3) + 8.0(𝑃 − 2)]

𝐾=
100
Assume, the organic matter in soil is 0.1 %
i. For undisturbed condition, erosion took place on ground surface. Concerned soil
layer is Sample A.
ii. For disturbed condition (uncontrolled and controlled), the site has been disturbed.
Concerned soil layer is Sample B (representing soil at 1m depth), assume earthwork
removed the topsoil and exposed the lower soil layer.
Result for K factor:
80
Sample Structure Code Permeability K factor
(S)
Code (P)
A 2 2 0.036
B 2 3 0.040
Use K factor =0.036 ton/ha/ (MJ. mm/ha/h)
3) Determination of LS Factor
The horizontal slope length (m) and slope steepness (%) will be determined through elevation
information on site.
i. For undisturbed condition, the contours from topographic maps used.
ii. For disturbed conditions, designed platform level (proposed reduced level) is used.
Horizontal slope length, λ = 196.313 m
Slope steepness, S = 19.67 / 196.313 x 100 % = 10.02 %
𝜆 𝑚
𝐿𝑆 = [ ] (0.065 + 0.046𝑆 + 0.0065𝑆 2 )
22.13
196.313 0.5
=[ ] (0.065 + 0.046(10.02) + 0.0065(10.02)2 )
22.13
= 3.51
Where
λ = slope length (m)
S = slope gradient in percent
m = 0.2 for S<1%, 0.3 for 1%<S<3%, 0.4 for 3%<S<5%,
0.5 for 5%<S<12% and 0.6 for S>12%
81
4) Determination of C factor
For undisturbed condition, the entire site covered with thick forest, 100% forest coverage;
C Factor = 0.03
5) Determination of P factor
For existing condition, no management support practice is provided
P Factor = 1.00
6) Determination of the soil loss
Soil Loss Estimation, A = R x K x LS x C x P
= 15000 x 0.036 x 3.51 x 0.03 x 1.00
=56.86 tonne/ha/yr
82
RESULTS:
Condition Parameter Zone A1 Zone A2 Zone A3 Zone A4

R 15000 15000 15000 15000
K 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036
LS 3.51 2.156 0.342 0.4
C 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
P 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Existing A(ton/ha/yr) 56.86 34.93 5.54 6.48
R 15000 15000 15000 15000
K 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
LS 1.053 0.55 0.387 0.116
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Earthwork P 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Uncontrolled A(ton/ha/yr) 631.8 330 232.2 69.6
R 15000 15000 15000 15000
K 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
LS 1.053 0.55 0.387 0.116
C 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Earthwork P 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Controlled A(ton/ha/yr) 15.80 8.25 5.81 1.74
83
4.4.3 Sediment Yield Estimation
Sediment yield is the amount of sediment expected at the end of the drainage point from
designated site. This estimation helps to predict the amount of sediment for sizing and maintenance
of sediment control BMPs. The Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) is normally used
in the estimation of sediment yield of a catchment because of a specific storm event. The estimated
amount of sediment storage volume used in sediment basin or trap design.
Empirical relationship for individual storm event is given by the equation;
Y= 𝟖𝟗. 𝟔(𝐕𝐐𝐏)𝟎.𝟓𝟔 (𝑲. 𝑳𝑺. 𝑪. 𝑷)
Where,
Y = Sediment yield per storm event (tons)
V = Runoff volume (m3)
QP = Peak discharge (m3/s)
K, LS, C, P = USLE factor
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Sedimentation Basin 1: Zone A1

Zone A1:
1) Design storm:
Design storm = 50mm
Catchment Area, A = 9.57 ha
84
Time of Concentration, tc = 18.61 min
Intensity of design storm, I = 145.38 mm/hr
2) Calculate Peak Discharge:
Use rational method;
Runoff coefficient, C = 0.50
Average rainfall intensity, I = 145.38 mm/hr
3) Calculate Runoff Volume:
Use Rational Method Hydrograph Method (Type 2);
Time of Concentration, tc = 18.61 min
𝐶𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐴 (0.50 𝑥 145.38 𝑥 9.57)

𝑄𝑝 = = = 1.93 𝑚3 /s
360 360
V = 0.5 x (2 x Tc) x (Qp) = 0.5 x (2 x 18.61 x 60) x (1.93) = 2158.04 m3
4) Calculation of Sediment Yield
Y = 89.6(VQ𝑃 )0.56 (𝐾. 𝐿𝑆. 𝐶. 𝑃)
= 89.6(2158.04 x 1.93)0.56 (0.040 𝑥 1.053 𝑥 1 𝑥 1)
= 401.86 tons
85
RESULTS
Sediment yield Estimation:
Runoff Coefficient, C = 0.5 (bare soil)
Intensity of design storm, I = 145.38 mm/hr
Basin Zone Area (ha) tc (min) Qp (m^3/s) V (m^3) K LS C P Y (tonnes)

1 A1 9.57 18.61 1.93 2158.04 0.040 1.053 1.0 1.0 401.86
2 A2 13.34 19.78 2.69 3195.52 0.040 0.55 1.0 1.0 314.98
3 A3 3.63 18.16 0.73 798.63 0.040 0.387 1.0 1.0 49.19
4 A4 14.75 27.22 2.98 4864.11 0.040 0.116 1.0 1.0 88.91
Total 854.94 tonnes
86
4.4.4 Sediment Basin
4.4.4.1 Introduction
A sediment basin consists of an impoundment, a dam, a riser pipe outlet, and an emergency
spillway. It is a structure formed by excavation and construction of an embankment across a
waterway or other suitable locations to capture and store sediment from sites cleared and graded
during construction for extended periods before re-establishment of permanent vegetation and
construction of permanent drainage structures. Some basins are temporary, with a design life of 12
to18 months, and being maintained until the site area being stabilized. The function is the same
way as a sediment trap where it traps sediment before it leaves the construction site but caters to a
larger catchment. The sediment-laden soil settles in the pond before the runoff is discharged. The
basin is temporary during construction and is to be maintained until the site area is permanently
protected against erosion or a permanent detention basin or water quality control structure is
constructed. The tables used in calculation is the one that provided and endorsed by the Ministry
of Road and Works (JKR Malaysia).
4.4.4.2 Design Criteria
The design procedure of sediment basin is referring to the regulation of “Urban Storm
Water Management Manual for Manual, 2nd Edition (MSMA, 2nd Edition)”. All rainfall and
runoff will pass through the sediment basin before the run-off discharged of the drainage system
and flow into nearby river. The area of the sediment basin must be blind at suitable place so that
the water can flow naturally with gravity.
For this project, we decided to design four sediment basin/ponds. Sediment pond can be
divided into two types namely, dry sediment basin and wet sediment basin. The type of sediment
basin is based on soil condition (refer table 12.16 appendix) and time of concentration of basin
catchment, tc (refer table 12.18 appendix) at the construction site. Thus, after the evaluation, the
four sediment basins used are wet sediment basins with the calculations performed as below.
87
SAMPLE CALCULATION
For sediment basin 1 (Zone A)
1) Type of soil: clay loam
Type of sediment basin: wet sediment basin
2) Determination of Basin Dimension
Surface area required = 100 m2/ha
Total volume required = 150 m3/ha
Total catchment area = 41.29 ha
Surface area of basin required, A = 9.57 x 100 = 957 𝑚2
Total basin volume required, V = 9.57 x 150 = 1435.5 𝑚3
3) Settling Zone
Required settling zone, V1 = 717.75 m3
Settling zone depth, y1 = 0.6 m
Try settling zone average width, W1 = 24.00 m
Settling zone average length, L1 = 717.75/ (0.6 x 24) = 49.84 m
Average surface area, Aavg = 49.84 x 24 = 1196.25 m2 (> 957 m2) OK!
Check settling zone dimension:
L1/y1 = 49.84/0.6 = 83.07 (< 200) OK!
L1/W1 = 49.84/24 = 2.08 (> 2) OK!
88
4) Sediment Storage Zone
Required sediment storage zone, V2 = 717.75 m3
For a side slope Z = 2(H):1(V), dimensions at the top of sediment storage zone are;
𝑑1
Sediment storage zone width, 𝑊2 = 𝑊1 – 2 𝑥 𝑥𝑍
2
0.6
= 24 – 2 𝑥 𝑥2
2
= 22.8m
𝑑1
Sediment storage zone length, 𝐿2 = 𝐿1 – 2 𝑥 𝑥𝑍
2
0.6
= 49.84 – 2 𝑥 𝑥2
2
= 48.64m
Average surface area, V2 = 22.8 x 48.64 = 1108.992 m2 (> 975 m2) OK!
The required depth for the sediment storage zone,
V2 = Z 2 y2 3 − Zy2 2 (W2 + L2 ) + (y2 )(W2 L2 )
Where y ≥ 0.3 m
1435.5 = (4y23) – 142.88 y22 + 1108.992 y2
Use trial and error;
y2 = 0.8 m, V2 = 797.86 m3 (> 717.75 m3) OK!
5) Overall Basin Dimension Base:
y
WB = W1 − 2 x Z x ( 21 + y2 ) = 24 – 2 (2) (0.3+0.8) = 19.6 m
y
LB = L1 − 2 x Z x ( 21 + y2 ) = 49.84 – 2 (2) (0.3+0.8) = 45.4 m
89
Depth: Settling zone 𝑦1= 0.60m
Sediment storage zone 𝑦2 = 0.8𝑚
Side slope z =2(H):1(V)
6) Sizing of Basin Outlet
ARI = 10 years
Dimension = 1.5m wide x 0.3m high
Level = 300mm above the basin top water level
To simplify the calculations, assume:
i. riser pipe flow is orifice flow through the top of the pipe only
ii. riser pipe head is 300mm; i.e. the height between the top of the pipe and the
spillway crest level:
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄10 − 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝜆𝑇 𝑘
𝑄10 =𝑖=
(𝑑 + 𝜃)η
Where;
i = average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
T = average recurrence interval, ARI (years)
d = storm duration (hours); 0.20 ≤ d ≤ 72
λ, κ, θ, η = fitting constant dependent on the rain gauge location
90
Location & ARI Storm Derived Parameters
stn ID (yr) duration
𝜆 k θ η
Johor Bahru 10 60 min 59.972 0.163 0.121 0.793
𝑖 = 79.73 mm/hr
Using Rational Method,
Runoff Coefficient, C = 0.50
Catchment area, A = 9.57 ha
𝐶𝑥𝑖𝑥𝐴 0.5 𝑥 79.73 𝑥 9.57

𝑄10 = = = 1.060 𝑚3 /𝑠
360 360
Try with 1 orifice with diameter 0.45 m at the same level.
Allow head of 0.30 m from centroid of orifice
𝜋(0.45)2 𝑚3
𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶0 𝐴0 √2𝑔𝐻0 = 0.6 𝑥 𝑥 √2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 0.30 = 0.23
4 𝑠
7) Sizing of spillway
Qrequired = Q10 – Qriser = 1.060 – 0.23 = 0.83 𝑚3 /𝑠
B=2.0, 𝐶𝑠𝑝 = 1.50, 𝐻𝑝 = 1.4
Qspillway = Csp x B x Hp^1.5 = 1.50 x 2.0 x 1.4^1.5 = 4.97 m3/s
Therefore, total basin depth including spillway is;
𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑯𝒐 + 𝑯𝒑 = 0.6 + 0.80 + 0.30 + 1.4 = 3.1 m
91
8) Trapping Efficiency
The sediment yield = 401.86 tons
Sediment trapping efficiency = 90%
Sediment trapped = 361.674 tons or 198.94 𝑚3 (converted from soil bulk density 1818
kg/ 𝑚3 ).
Volume of sediment storage zone = 717.75 m3
Hence, provided sediment basin is capable to occupy the settled sediment. OK!
92
RESULTS
i. Settling zone
Required settling zone = 100 m2/ha
Required total volume = 150 m2/ha
Total
Catchment Area A V y1 W1 L1 Aavg L1/y1 L1/W1
Basin (ha) (m2) (M3) V1 (m3) (m) (m) (m) (m2) (<200) (>2)
1 9.57 957 1435.5 717.75 0.6 24 49.84 1196.25 83.07 2.08
2 13.34 1334 2001 1000.5 0.6 28 59.55 1667.50 99.26 2.13
3 3.63 363 544.5 272.25 0.6 15 30.25 453.75 50.42 2.02
4 14.75 1475 2212.5 1106.25 0.6 30 61.46 1843.75 102.43 2.05
ii. Sediment Storage Zone
Total
Catchment A V V2 req W2 L2 y2 V2 prov
Basin Area (ha) (m2) (m3) (m3) (m) (m) (m) (m3)
1 9.57 957 1435.5 717.75 22.8 48.64 0.8 797.86
2 13.34 1334 2001 1000.5 26.8 58.35 0.8 1144.15
3 3.63 363 544.5 272.25 13.8 29.05 0.9 294.30
4 14.75 1475 2212.5 1106.25 28.8 60.26 0.8 1276.41
93
iii. Overall Basis Dimension
Total Base Depth
Basin Catchment Area
(m2) WB (m) LB (m) y1 (m) y2 (m)
1 9.57 19.6 45.4 0.6 0.8
2 13.34 23.6 55.2 0.6 0.8
3 3.63 10.6 25.9 0.6 0.9
4 14.75 25.6 57.1 0.6 0.8
iv. Sizing of basin
λ = 59.972
κ = 0.163
θ = 0.121
η = 0.793
d = 60
Total
Catchment i Q10 Qriser Qreq B Hp Qspillway y
Basin Area (ha) (mm/hr) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) Csp (m3/s) (m)
1 9.57 79.73 1.060 0.23 0.83 2.0 1.4 1.5 4.97 3.1
2 13.34 79.73 1.477 0.29 1.19 2.0 1.3 1.5 4.45 3
3 3.63 79.73 0.402 0.29 0.12 2.0 1.2 1.5 3.94 2.9
4 14.75 79.73 1.633 0.29 1.35 2.0 1.3 1.5 4.45 3
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4.5 Others
4.5.1 Wash Trough
4.5.1.1 Introduction
A wash trough is an area located at stabilized construction access points to remove sediment
from tires ad under carriages and under vehicles and to prevent sediment from being transport onto
public roadways. There are also certain conditions that are required to install a wash through
system such as a specific exit is required to avoid having entering vehicles drive into the wash
through area. These requires a supply of wash water. A turnout or double wide exit is required to
avoid having entering vehicles drive through the wash area. A drainage ditch needs to be provided
to convey the runoff from the wash area to the sediment trapping device such as sediment basin.
The accumulated sediment in the wash rack must remove frequently to maintain the performance
and efficiency of the wash through system.
4.5.1.2 Design of Wash Trough
Four types of wash through system that have been used are;
- Flooded basins
- Counter current channel
- Low pressure inundation
- High-pressure cleaning
To meet with the requirement for our suitable concept, we choose counter current channel
to be the type of wash through because it brings a lot of advantage compared to the low and high-
pressure type. Furthermore, the low and high pressure will increase the cost to install this type of
wash through as it uses an automatic system that requires high and improved technology.
The counter current channel wash through design consists of long, shallow inclined
channels for left and right-side tires. The discharge water will flow continuously according to
direction of the traffic. The dirty water will be channel out to infiltration basin for treatment and
removal purpose. It is design with 100-300 ft. long requiring 1500 to 5400 sq. ft. of space.
95
4.5.1.3 Location of Wash Trough
The distance from the exit plant and must be near to water and drainage and this is the most
important consideration when deciding the location to install a wheel wash. Locating the wheel
wash as far as possible from the plant exit will help tires to dry before trucks leave the plant. If
possible, the wheel wash should be located back at least 1500 feet. Although tires may appear
clean, trucks track water out of the wash and onto the pavement. When this water evaporates,
residue of very fine dust is left on the road surface that can be restrained by passing traffic. Because
the finest particles are the best light-diffused, the haze over the road appears out of all proportion
to the tiny amount of the dust that is in the air.
4.5.2 Silt Fence
A silt fence is a temporary sediment barrier consist of filter fabric stretched across and attached
to supporting posts, entrenched, and depending upon the strength of the fabric used, backed by a
wire fence for support. Silt fence does not filter runoff, but traps sediment by intercepting and
detaining small amounts of sediment from disturbed areas during construction operations to
promote sedimentation behind the fence and decrease the velocity of flow. Silt fence considered
as on-site control as it caters to small overland sheet flow. It is effective in securing site perimeter,
protecting topsoil stockpile, and intercepting sheet flow along slope contours to prevent the runoff
convey to the river or outside the site without any sediment control. However, silt fence requires
regular inspection and maintenance as it is easily damaged. Sediment built-up behind fence should
be regularly removed.
4.5.3 Seeding and Planting
Seeding of grass and planting of trees, shrubs and ground covers provide long-term
stabilization of soil. It is suitable during and after construction in any graded or cleared areas where
construction activities have ceased, open space, cut and fill areas, steep slopes, spoil stockpiles,
vegetated swales, landscape corridors and stream banks. It is the most suitable and most cost-
effective cover for any disturbed or bare soil.
96
4.5.4 Rock Armor/Gabion
The gabion can be used for slope protection. The gabions are divided into retaining wall, slope
protection, the bottom protection, the toe protection, and subsurface stone blanket. It is firm
enough to resist the tension. It can prevent soil erosion and keep the nutrition for the plants growing.
It is cheap, practical, and reliable.
4.5.5 Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall is one of the technical structures which very useful for the slope protection. It
retains the soil behind it. The pressure behind a tall wall, holding back tons of soil and water, can
be enormous where considerable knowledge and experience is needed before undertaking such a
project. Even a well-constructed wall would be compromised over time if the builder were to fail
to provide a proper outlet for runoff, as water pressure would eventually build up to an
unsustainable level. It is also very technical as well very strong design which very helpful in
controlling the slope.
4.6 Conclusion
ESCP department has conducted a deep investigation and designed according to the criteria
listed in MSMA 2nd edition together with suitable assumptions made. Generally, the design of
trapezoidal shape channels for temporary earth drainage are provided in this project. By
performing soil loss and sediment yield estimation, we manage to provide adequate design of wet
sediments to accommodate settled sediment. Therefore, the design that we have done is suitable
in order to control erosion and sedimentation to ensure progress of constructions is safe and able
to reduce negative impacts towards environment.
97
5.0 WATER RETICULATION
5.1 Introduction
The Water Reticulation System is essentially the water distribution network, and once the
water has been collected and cleaned, it must be delivered to the customer. Water is most often
delivered nowadays via a pipe infrastructure. These pipes are often made of plastic and metal
(ferric). Water is supplied using scientific pressure principles, and the energy generated transports
the water to its destination.
The water reticulation system's piping system consists of a network of pumps, pipes, and
water tanks that are designed to supply and distribute water to the domestic area such as
condominiums, hotels, commercial lot buildings, facilities, and factories with sufficient pressure
and quantity to the consumers within the water demand supply listed in the table.
In this project, a water tank will be designed based on the water demand to ensure that
every consumer receives a sufficient supply of water with sufficient pressure and quantity, as well
as to store enough water required by a specific area if the water supply is suddenly cut off.
Furthermore, the distribution system's cost should be kept as low as feasible.
Water reticulation systems are often built to meet the water needs of a household, a
commercial lot, a hotel, and a fire department. The pressure available in the system for a particular
rate of flow can be used to evaluate the operation of a reticulation system. The distribution system
is made up of a network of pipes of various types, diameters, and lengths that deliver water to the
customer's tap. It also comprises the design and functioning of the water tank and suction tank, as
well as their dimensions (height, breadth, and length).
The water distribution should follow the specifications by Johor Water Authority (SAJ)
and Malaysian Water Association (MWA). The references will be based on The Design of Water
Reticulation’ book by Sir Amat Sairin Demun. The design of the peak flow and fire flow rate are
98
calculated by the Hardy Cross of Head Balance Method while the pressure head is calculated by
using Bernoulli’s equation and using Hazen’s William to calculate the head loss.
Water distribution pipes can be classified as follows:
1. Reticulation pipelines
* This pipeline is to distribute water within the project demand areas.
2. Transmission pipelines
* This pipeline will deliver water from the treatment plant to the balancing reservoir and
service reservoirs.
3. Distribution pipelines
* This pipeline is to distribute water from the reservoir to the reticulation pipeline.
5.1.1 Water Reticulation System Components
There are lots of water reticulation system types used worldwide. In this project, components of
water reticulation system that included are:
i. Storage tanks (included domestic water tank and firefighting water tank).
ii. Booster pump and suction tank system.
iii. Type of pipe used.
iv. Type joint used.
v. Type of valve used is sluice valve to stop flowing water, particularly for maintenance.
vi. Fire-fighting pipe and fire hydrant.
vii. Domestic water meters and firefighting meters.
99
5.2 Project Background
As the department of water reticulation in this group project, we have been tasked to design
the water reticulation system to supply water to residential areas like houses, malls, kindergarten,
and lots more that will be later displayed more particularly. The project site is planned in Mukim
Pulai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, specifically at Zone B Development. The area covered is
approximately 202.244 ha.
This project is done by using a closed loop pipe network system. In this project, there are
1 tank, 23 loops, 61 nodes, and 79 pipes involved in this design. Based on the type of building, the
total average flow for the design is 30.284 L/s. The peak flow rate and fire hydrant flow rate is
75.71 L/s and 53.118 L/s respectively.
5.2.1 Objective of Design
The main objective of the water reticulation system is to supply treated water at sufficient pressure
and enough to the consumers.
i. To determine the water demand needed for an area.
ii. To determine the capacity of the storage water tank.
iii. To determine the flow rates in pipes.
iv. To ensure the minimum residual pressure heads are adequate.
v. To determine the appropriate pipe size and pipe type.
vi. To determine the height of the storage water tank.
100
5.3 Design Criteria
5.3.1 Pipe Network System
The type of pipe network used for the development area is closed loop pipe network and it
is used to analyze all the reticulation pipelines for our project. The main reason why this type of
pipe network is used for this project is because we want to ensure that water supplies are still
supplied to the consumer even though the pipeline is closed for maintenance. Furthermore, there
will be enough water supplies for fire hydrants as fire hydrants get their water supply from various
branches.
To sum up, the analysis for reticulation pipelines in this project is done using a hardy cross
method or known as head balance method. This method uses Bernoulli’s equation to get the
residual pressure head. An optimum residual pressure head must be obtained from this analysis for
an effective water reticulation network and if it is not satisfied, changes should be made. Through
this analysis, trial and error methods are used. The trial-and-error process would end if the value
obtained is almost or nearing zero about the loop.
5.3.1.1 Pipe Design
The main objective of this pipe design is to determine the exact diameter of the pipe
and its type. The diameter for pipe used in this project is 350 mm and the type of pipe used
is Mild Steel since it will be designed along with the firefighting pipes.
5.3.2 Flow Design
The purpose of designing a pipe network is to obtain the design flow for each pipe,
minimum residual head, and the most effective pipe size. The design should have met and satisfied
the conditions for both peak and firefighting flow.
5.3.2.1 Water Demand for Each Node
Water demand for each node is computed by referring to Suruhanjaya

Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN). The water demand is determined based on one-day
101
storage and it is based on the type of premises. To add, the average water demand in pipes
approaching each tank is determined based on the total storage volume in the tank per day.
Type of premises Water demand
Rumah teres 2 tingkat (RT) 1500 L/unit
Pasar kering 450 L/unit
Pejabat 1000 L/100m²
Kedai Pejabat 2 tingkat (KP) 3000 L/unit
Rumah mampu biaya A (RMB A) 1100 L/unit
Rumah Mampu Biaya b (RMB B) 1100 L/unit
Rumah Mampu Biaya c (RMB C) 1100 L/unit
Rumah Mampu Biaya d (RMB D) 1100 L/unit
Kedai kos sederhana (KKS) 2000 L/unit
Tadika (TDK) 50 L/student
Sekolah Rendah (SR) 50 L/student
Sekolah Agama (SA) 50 L/student
Masjid (M) 50 L/person
Surau (S) 50 L/person
Dewan Serbaguna (D) 1000 L/100m²
Gerai (G) 25 L/m²
Table 1 Estimated water demand rate for planning water reticulation system
102
5.3.2.2 Peak Flow Rates
To obtain peak flow rate, the average flow rate is multiplied by the peak factor
depending on the type of area the development is. In this case, the area is urban and rural,
and the peak flow factor is 2.5.
5.3.2.3 Fire Fighting Flow
Fire flow is used to determine the quality of water supply to an area. It is used to
determine pipe size and arrangements to deliver water to a specific area. It is important for
emergency response to ensure that the total capacity of the system is enough in response to
a fire.
In this development project, the housing scheme is categorized as a Class C risk

where the maximum number of fire hydrants used simultaneously is only one at 1370
L/min. Therefore, node 54 is chosen to add the hydrant flow as it is the farthest from the
supply node.
Class of risk Building types Average total flow Max. no. of hydrants
(L/min) Used simultaneously
Class A Large buildings, 4100 3 at 1370 lpm

shopping complexes,
high rise buildings,
large industrial
buildings,
warehouses and
ports.
Class B Congested areas 2700 2 at 1370 lpm

with building up to 5
storeys
103
Class C Shop houses up to 3 1370 1
storeys and light
industries
Class D Residential terrace 1140 1

houses, detached and
semi detached
Class E Others 680 1
Table 2 Class of risk and its type of building
5.3.2.4 Minimum Residual Pressure Head
According to SPAN, for landed residential premises the residual pressure at any
water fixture shall not be less than 2.0m head and any section of the plumbing systems
shall not be subjected to a pressure of more than 30m head, otherwise a reducing valve
shall be used to lower water pressure.
For multi-story buildings, the minimum pressure supplied depends on the location.
The minimum pressure can be referred to in the table below. In conclusion, all distribution
shall not be subjected to a pressure of more than 30m head otherwise a pressure reducing
valve shall be installed to solve this issue.
Location Minimum Pressure
Parcel meters of residential units 10m head
Water fixtures at commercial buildings 7m head

(non-flush valves)
Flush valves 10.5m head
Table 3 Minimum pressure and its location
104
5.3.2.5 Flow Balancing Iteration
Hardy Cross method is an iterative procedure for pipe networks analysis in which
the main principle is basically the sum of inflow at a node is equal to the out flow.
Continuity equation: Inflow = outflow at nodes
Qa = Qb + Qc
5.3.2.6 Head Losses
The head loss in the design calculations is still considered but only the minor loss.
Flow through valves and fittings can be expressed as minor loss through an equivalent
length of straight pipes. The calculation of head loss in this project is calculated based on
Darcy – Weisbach Equation.
4𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
Darcy’s law: hf = 2𝑔𝑑 noting that Q² = V²A² = V²π²D4/16
Where, hf = losses due to friction
L = length of pipe
D = diameter of pipe
5.3.2.7 Maximum Allowable Velocity
To prevent erosion due to turbulence at high velocities, maximum allowable flow

velocity in any pipe liens is to be set as 2.6 m/s in Malaysian Water Association
5.3.2.8 The Height of Elevated Tank
The height of the elevated supply water tank is determined using Bernoulli’s
equation after the pressure head at the first node or supply node is obtained. Below is the
Bernoulli’s equation:
105
Z0 = H1 + Z1 + (10.69L/c1.85D4.87) (Q1.85)
Where, H1 =final satisfactory pressure head at node
Z1 = elevation of node from datum
5.3.2.9 Capacity of the Elevated Tank
Capacity of the elevated water tank is determined from the total average water
demand for the housing per day.
106
5.3.2.10 Water distribution system layout
107
108
5.4 Flow Balancing by Epanet
The flow balancing calculation will be done using software called EPANET which is
widely used to model water distribution systems.
5.4.1 Calculation for water demand at each node
Out-of- Water demand description Water QT Total Average

node demand T demand flow
2 KP X 9 3000 9 27000 0.313
3 KP X 18 3000 18 54000 0.625
4 KP X 18 3000 18 54000 0.625
6 KP X 8 3000 8 24000 0.278
7 KP X 8 3000 8 24000 0.278
8 KP X 18 3000 18 54000 0.625
9 KP X 18 3000 18 54000 0.625
10 KP X 8 3000 8 24000 0.278
11 RT X 11 1500 11 16500 0.191
12 RT X 11 1500 11 16500 0.191
13 RT X 20 1500 20 30000 0.347
14 RT X 21 1500 21 31500 0.365
15 RT X 16 1500 16 24000 0.278
16 RT X 16 1500 16 24000 0.278
17 RT X 8 + TDK X 1 1500 + 50 8 12750 0.148
18 RT X 8 + S X 1 1500 + 50 8 22000 0.255
19 RT X 8 1500 8 12000 0.139
20 RT X 15 1500 15 22500 0.260
109
21 RT X 8 1500 8 12000 0.139
22 RT X 23 1500 23 34500 0.399
23 RT X 23 1500 23 34500 0.399
24 RT X 35 1500 35 52500 0.608
25 RT X 34 1500 34 51000 0.590
26 RT X 38 1500 38 57000 0.660
27 RT X 37 1500 37 55500 0.642
28 RT X 17 1500 17 25500 0.295
29 RT 1500 17 25500 0.295
30 G X 1 70000 1 70000 0.810
31 KKS X 26 2000 26 52000 0.602
32 KKS X 25 2000 25 50000 0.579
33 KKS X 29 2000 29 58000 0.671
34 KKS X 29 2000 29 58000 0.671
35 KKS X 12 2000 12 24000 0.278
36 KKS X 12 2000 12 24000 0.278
37 SR X 1 35000 1 35000 0.405
40 D X 1 80000 1 80000 0.926
41 M X 1 50000 1 50000 0.579
42 TDK X 1 + SA X 1 750 + 1 13250 0.153

12500
43 RMB D X 73 1100 73 80300 0.929
44 RMB D X 64 + RMB C X 66 1100 13 143000 1.655

0
45 RMB B X 23 + RMB D X 64 + RMB B X 44 1100 16 180400 2.088

+ RMB A X 33 4
110
46 RMB D X 64 1100 64 70400 0.815
47 RMB B X 22 1100 22 24200 0.280
49 RMB A X 33 1100 33 36300 0.420
50 RMB A X 33 + RMB B X 45 1100 78 85800 0.993
51 RMB A X 34 + RMB B X 44 1100 78 85800 0.993
52 RMB B X 43 + RMB C X 66 1100 10 119900 1.388

9
53 RMB B X 44 + RMB C X 66 1100 11 121000 1.400

0
54 RMB C X 67 1100 67 73700 0.853
48 Pejabat 1000 80 80000 0.926
58 Pasaraya 1000 12 120000 1.389

0
59 Pasar Kering x 7 450 7 3150 0.036
60 Pasar Kering x 8 450 8 3600 0.042
111
5.4.2 Analysis Using EPANET
5.4.2.1 Analysis by node
Network Table - Nodes

Base
Elevation Demand Head Pressure
Node ID m LPS m m
Junc 2 32.8 0.7825 47.3 14.5
Junc 3 30.3 1.5625 47.3 17
Junc 4 28.3 1.5625 47.3 19
Junc 6 28.3 0.695 47.3 19
Junc 7 28.3 0.695 47.3 19
Junc 8 28.3 1.5625 47.3 19
Junc 9 30.3 1.5625 47.3 17
Junc 10 32.8 0.695 47.3 14.5
Junc 11 29.8 0.4775 47.22 17.42
Junc 12 29.8 0.4775 47.25 17.45
Junc 13 29.8 0.8675 47.22 17.42
Junc 14 29.8 0.9125 47.21 17.41
Junc 15 28.8 0.695 47.2 18.4
Junc 16 28.8 0.695 47.2 18.4
Junc 17 29.8 0.37 47.18 17.38
Junc 18 29.8 0.6375 47.18 17.38
Junc 19 29.8 0.3475 47.16 17.36
Junc 20 27.8 0.65 47.15 19.35
Junc 21 29.8 0.3475 47.15 17.35
Junc 22 28 0.9975 47.11 19.11
Junc 23 28 0.9975 47.07 19.07
Junc 24 28 1.52 47.02 19.02
Junc 25 28 1.475 47.01 19.01
Junc 26 28 1.65 46.99 18.99
Junc 27 27.9 1.605 47 19.1
Junc 28 27.9 0.7375 47 19.1
Junc 29 27.9 0.7375 46.97 19.07
Junc 30 28.3 2.025 46.95 18.65
Junc 31 28.3 1.505 46.93 18.63
Junc 32 28.3 1.4475 46.93 18.63
Junc 33 28.3 1.6775 46.92 18.62
Junc 34 28.3 1.6775 46.92 18.62
Junc 35 28.3 0.695 46.92 18.62
112
Junc 36 28.3 0.695 46.91 18.61
Junc 37 23.6 1.0125 46.76 23.16
Junc 40 24.3 2.315 46.74 22.44
Junc 41 24.3 1.4475 46.72 22.42
Junc 42 24.3 0.3825 46.71 22.41
Junc 43 24.7 2.3225 46.71 22.01
Junc 44 24.1 4.1375 46.7 22.6
Junc 45 24.1 5.22 46.7 22.6
Junc 46 24.3 2.0375 46.7 22.4
Junc 47 24.3 0.7 46.7 22.4
Junc 49 24.1 1.05 46.7 22.6
Junc 50 24.1 2.4825 46.7 22.6
Junc 51 24.1 2.4825 46.7 22.6
Junc 52 24.1 3.47 46.7 22.6
Junc 53 24.1 3.5 46.7 22.6
Junc 54 24.1 2.1325 46.7 22.6
Junc 48 38.8 2.315 47.29 8.49
Junc 56 38.8 0.463 47.29 8.49
Junc 57 38.8 0.6945 47.29 8.49
Junc 58 38.8 3.4725 47.29 8.49
Junc 59 29.3 0.036 47.3 18
Junc 60 29.3 0.105 47.18 17.88
Junc 61 29.3 0.018 47.24 17.94
5.4.2.2 Analysis by link
Network Table - Links

Unit Head
Length Diameter Flow Velocity loss
Link ID m mm LPS m/s m/km
Pipe 1 370 350 2.14 0.02 0
Pipe 2 30 350 1.44 0.01 0
Pipe 3 273 350 -1.23 0.01 0
Pipe 4 38 350 6.36 0.07 0.02
Pipe 5 30 350 3.57 0.04 0.01
Pipe 6 278 350 0.64 0.01 0
Pipe 7 33 350 -1.11 0.01 0
Pipe 8 30 350 1.36 0.01 0
Pipe 9 255 350 0.5 0.01 0
Pipe 10 34 350 -0.19 0 0
113
Pipe 13 52.7 350 39.92 0.41 0.55
Pipe 14 158.5 350 8.24 0.09 0.03
Pipe 15 58 350 -19.73 0.21 0.15
Pipe 16 160.5 350 -20.21 0.21 0.16
Pipe 17 55 350 27.06 0.28 0.27
Pipe 18 115.8 350 -1.61 0.02 0
Pipe 19 56.5 350 -30.82 0.32 0.34
Pipe 20 53 350 28.51 0.3 0.3
Pipe 21 116 350 0.93 0.01 0
Pipe 22 54.5 350 -27.98 0.29 0.29
Pipe 23 91 350 28.54 0.3 0.3
Pipe 24 87.5 350 26.94 0.28 0.27
Pipe 25 47.5 350 26.59 0.28 0.26
Pipe 26 113 350 -13.71 0.14 0.08
Pipe 27 56.5 350 39.95 0.42 0.55
Pipe 28 169 350 27.97 0.29 0.29
Pipe 29 109.5 150 -14.19 0.8 0.81
Pipe 30 2 350 10.98 0.11 54.5
Pipe 31 254.5 350 -11.98 0.12 0.06
Pipe 32 77.5 350 -41.16 0.43 0.59
Pipe 33 59 350 27.66 0.29 0.28
Pipe 34 285.6 350 8.69 0.09 0.03
Pipe 35 61.3 350 -21.48 0.22 0.18
Pipe 36 57.7 350 17.37 0.18 0.12
Pipe 37 237.7 350 -16.63 0.17 0.11
Pipe 38 79 350 28.52 0.3 0.3
Pipe 41 62 350 28.37 0.29 0.29
Pipe 42 90.3 350 2.32 0.02 0
Pipe 43 232 350 -14.02 0.15 0.08
Pipe 45 55.2 350 24.6 0.26 0.23
Pipe 44 234.5 350 -4.37 0.05 0.01
Pipe 47 113.6 350 -14.83 0.15 0.09
Pipe 48 36 350 8.78 0.09 0.03
Pipe 46 342.4 350 8.09 0.08 0.03
Pipe 50 32.5 350 -27.3 0.28 0.27
Pipe 51 341.7 350 34.69 0.36 0.43
Pipe 52 160 350 17.91 0.19 0.13
Pipe 53 202.1 350 15.59 0.16 0.1
Pipe 54 212.1 350 14.14 0.15 0.08
Pipe 55 140.9 350 5.8 0.06 0.02
Pipe 56 208.2 350 -3.87 0.04 0.01
114
Pipe 57 580.2 350 -15.77 0.16 0.1
Pipe 58 147.9 350 7.96 0.08 0.03
Pipe 59 83.4 350 7.26 0.08 0.02
Pipe 60 60 350 1.2 0.01 0
Pipe 61 152.8 350 -7.64 0.08 0.03
Pipe 62 92.8 350 2.26 0.02 0
Pipe 63 350 350 -2.16 0.02 0
Pipe 64 123.5 350 -9.58 0.1 0.04
Pipe 67 2 350 -3.57 0.04 0.01
Pipe 68 63.4 350 2.52 0.03 0
Pipe 69 162.9 350 -1.36 0.01 0
Pipe 70 137.4 350 1.4 0.01 0
Pipe 71 147 350 0.92 0.01 0
Pipe 72 137.4 350 -1.15 0.01 0
Pipe 73 156 350 3.28 0.03 0.01
Pipe 12 244.5 500 60.61 0.31 0.21
Pipe 39 32.5 350 44.42 0.46 0.67
Pipe 40 217 350 6.95 0.07 0.02
Pipe 49 85 350 1.8 0.02 0
Pipe 65 103 350 1.34 0.01 0
Pipe 66 108 350 0.65 0.01 0
Pipe 74 70 350 -2.83 0.03 0
Pipe 75 52 350 0.16 0 0
Pipe 76 94 350 0.2 0 1.28
Pipe 78 128 350 0.09 0 0.51
Pipe 79 76 350 0.08 0 0.72
Pipe 11 50 750 76.83 0.17 0.05
115
5.4.2.3 Peak Flow Rate Computations Using Hardy Cross Method
116
117
118
5.4.2.4 Peak Flow Rate Computations Using Hardy Cross Method
119
120
5.4.2.5 MATLAB Computations Using Hardy Cross Method
121
122
123
5.4.2.6 Peak flow rate and fire flow rate
Out of Nodes Average Flow Peak Flow Rate = Average Fire Flow Rate
Flow x Peak Factor (2.5) Calculation
(litre/s)
(litre/s) (litre/s)
2 0.313 0.7825 0.313
3 0.625 1.5625 0.625
4 0.625 1.5625 0.625
6 0.278 0.695 0.278
7 0.278 0.695 0.278
8 0.625 1.5625 0.625
9 0.625 1.5625 0.625
10 0.278 0.695 0.278
11 0.191 0.4775 0.191
12 0.191 0.4775 0.191
13 0.347 0.8675 0.347
14 0.365 0.9125 0.365
15 0.278 0.695 0.278
16 0.278 0.695 0.278
17 0.148 0.37 0.148
18 0.255 0.6375 0.255
19 0.139 0.3475 0.139
20 0.26 0.65 0.26
21 0.139 0.3475 0.139
22 0.399 0.9975 0.399
23 0.399 0.9975 0.399
124
24 0.608 1.52 0.608
25 0.59 1.475 0.59
26 0.66 1.65 0.66
27 0.642 1.605 0.642
28 0.295 0.7375 0.295
29 0.295 0.7375 0.295
30 0.81 2.025 0.81
31 0.602 1.505 0.602
32 0.579 1.4475 0.579
33 0.671 1.6775 0.671
34 0.671 1.6775 0.671
35 0.278 0.695 0.278
36 0.278 0.695 0.278
37 0.405 1.0125 0.405
40 0.926 2.315 0.926
41 0.579 1.4475 0.579
42 0.153 0.3825 0.153
43 0.929 2.3225 0.929
44 1.655 4.1375 1.655
45 2.088 5.22 2.088
46 0.815 2.0375 0.815
47 0.28 0.7 0.28
49 0.42 1.05 23.254
50 0.993 2.4825 0.993
51 0.993 2.4825 0.993
125
52 1.388 3.47 1.388
53 1.4 3.5 1.4
54 0.853 2.1325 0.853
48 0.926 2.315 0.926
58 1.389 3.4725 1.389
59 0.036 0.09 0.036
60 0.042 0.105 0.042
TOTAL 30.285 75.7125 53.119
Sample Calculation:
a) Out of node: 35
Average Flow Rate = 0.278 l/s
Peak Flow Rate = Average Flow Rate × Peak Factor
= 0.278 1/s × 2.5
=0.695 1/s
b) *At node 49 (most remote node from supply node 1)
Fire Flow = Average flow + Hydrant Flow
= 0.42 litre/s + 22.834 litre/s (Class C Risk = 1370 litre/min)
=23.254 litre/s
*Other node uses Average Flows
126
5.5 Design of Water Tank
5.5.1 The height of elevated water tank
The pressure head at node 1 is, H1 = 20 m
H0 + Z0 = H1 + Z1 + (10.69L/c1.85D4.87)(Q1.85)
H0 =0 m (because of fluid surface)
𝑍1 = 37 𝑚
Q = 75.71 litre/s = 0.07571 𝑚2/𝑠
L = 50 𝑚
d = 350 𝑚𝑚
= 0.35 m
C = 130 (Mild Steel pipe)

Z0 = 20 + 37 + (10.69(50)/(130)1.85(0.35)4.87)(0.075711.85)
Z0 = BWL = 57 m (from datum)
127
5.5.1.1 Capacity of the elevated water tank
Total water demand = 2616550 L/day
Volume = 2616550 Litre
= 2617 𝑚3
Proposed size of water tank,
Workable height, h =6m
Diameter, d = 25 m
Workable volume of water tank = ( 𝑟 2 / 4) x h
= ( (25)2 / 4) x 6
= 2945 𝑚3
= 2945 𝑚3 > 2617 𝑚3 (OK!)
The suitable size for reinforced concrete cylindrical shaped elevated water tank is with
height of 6 m and diameter of 25 m. Thus, the workable storage capacity is 2945 𝑚3 which is much
larger than volume of water demand per day of 2617 𝑚3, hence it is adequate. The BWL is about
0.3 m from the tank bottom (to allow sediment settlement) and the freeboard is required about
0.3m at the top side.
Therefore, the total height of the water tank is, 𝐻 = 6 + 0.3 + 0.3
= 6.6 m
Then, Top Water Level, TWL = BWL + H
= 57 + 6.6
= 63.6 m
128
Elevated Water Tank
(d=25m, h = 6m)
(Capacity = 2945 m3)
TWL = 63.6 m
5.5.2 Supply Pipe from Water Mains
The diameter of pipe connected the main pipe is assumed to be 350 mm and the C is 130 (mild
steel pipe)
Point A= at the Main Pipe
Point B= at water surface of the elevated water tank
129
Previously calculated values:
Critical flow rate, Q= 75.71 litre/s
TWL of the elevated water tank= 63.6 m
Design pipe properties: Type = Mild Steel with C=130, L= 50 m and d=350 mm
Flow velocity in this pipe, 𝑣 = 𝑄 / 𝐴 = 4(0.07571) / (0.35)2 = 0.7689 m/s < 2.6 m/s (OK!)
𝑍𝐵 = TWL = 63.6 m
𝐻𝐴= 22.6 (obtain from local authority)
HA + ZA = HB + ZB + (10.69L/c1.85D4.87)(Q1.85)
22.6 + 53 = HB + 63.6 + (10.69(50)/(130)1.85(0.35)4.87)(0.075711.85)
𝐻𝐵 = 11.907 m > 7.62 m
(Sufficient. No pump and Suction Tank shall be provided !!)
130
5.5 Conclusion
In conclusion, we choose a closed loop pipe system for the water distribution analysis due
to the area of development being large and the water supply needing to be supplied through various
consumers. Choosing the closed loop pipe system is very suitable for this development area as it
has a lot of house units thus, we can ensure that all water is supplied even if a part of the pipeline
is closed for maintenance. The water demand for this area is all calculated in accordance with the
water demand guidelines by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN).
From the result of our analysis, the recommended tank dimension must be at least 25 m
and 6m of its diameter and height, respectively. The water tank elevation from the ground level is
63.6 m. For the pipe, the diameter we use is 350mm and the type of pipe used is Mild Steel so that
it can sustain high pressure. From the analysis done, the pressure acquired are all more than 13.7m
and not more than 30m which meet the recommended value by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air
Negara (SPAN). Besides, the pipes velocity is not more than the recommended maximum velocity
which is 2.0 m/s.
Lastly, the pressure obtained at the farthest node is adequate for the water supply to be
supplied to all areas. Thus, the water reticulation pipe networking system is suitable for this
development area.
131
6.0 COST AND ESTIMATING
6.1 Introduction
Cost estimating is one of the most important steps in project management. A cost estimate
defines the starting point for project costs at various phases of development. At a particular stage
of project development, a cost estimate is a forecast made by a cost engineer or estimator based on
existing data. Cost engineering, according to the American Association of Cost Engineers, is "the
area of engineering practice where engineering judgment and expertise are applied to the issue of
cost estimates, cost management, and profitability using scientific concepts and methodologies."
Cost estimate is a technique for predicting the quantity, cost, and price of resources
required by a project's scope. Any procedure that is initiated to execute work tasks and/or develop
assets is referred to as a project. The accuracy of the estimate is highly dependent on the degree of
project scope definition: as the project's design and circumstances improve, so do the estimated
values. It is necessary to give decision-makers the tools they need to make investment decisions,
pick amongst options, and set up budgets throughout the early stages of projects. Estimates from
vendors and contractors must also be checked by clients in this case. The budget estimate is used
as a benchmark to analyze a project's performance in later phases of the project.
In this report, we have been given the task of estimating the cost of site clearance, topsoil
extraction, cut-and-fill operations, surplus soil disposal, and slope protection to reduce the project's
costs. A previous computation that resulted in a cost deduction of more than 20% of the total was
a fresh approach.
132
6.2 Phase Planning
6.2.1 Phase Division
We, as engineers, should consider and evaluate the sort of existing circumstances while
planning the design and construction of a structure. This is because the site is not level, therefore
we must first cut and fill before proceeding with the rest of the building. We split the area for cut
and fill procedures into two phases in this project, as indicated below.
PROPOSED SITE PHASE 1 PHASE 2 CUT & FILL
133
FILL (+) (𝑚3 ) CUT (-) (𝑚3 ) TOTAL AREA (𝑚2 )
PHASE 1 (Z1-Z5) 2223.345 -51010.333 160831.881

(ZONE GREEN
SPACE)
PHASE 2 169099.928 -133945.654 265410.443
(Z6-Z26)
TOTAL 171323.273 -184955.987 426242.324
6.3 Gantt Chart
6.3.1 Planning Project
134
The Gantt chart above depicts earthwork schedules in order of phases. Construction Gantt
charts may be used to change task connections, manage task periods, update progress, insert
milestones, allocate resources, and produce cost reports, among other things. In phases 1 and 2,
the earthwork activities begin. The timetables below indicate how long each of the earthwork
tasks takes and how long each phase takes to finish.
PHASE TIME
6.4 Earthwork Specification
1. General a) The engineer should provide early planning on handling the

cost for the labor or machinery that is required by the project in
the required time with the exact amount of work force to be
rented or to be bought by the company. The cost reduction
should be approved by the S.O to redesign the calculation if
there is some surcharge or insufficient amount of work force
due to the reduction made.
b) The before and after planning on the earthwork should be

planned based on the result and value from the other department
to gain the exact same value when required and to reduce
clashing in the plan that has been made to prevent losses or time
135
waste on the time frame used for the planning. The site
investigation should be made in providing early data on the type
of vegetation that grows there and the ground properties
throughout the site.
2. Site Clearing a) The whole site shall be cleared section by section as shown in
the relevant drawings and planning that has been done before
which including clearing, grubbing, demolishing, breaking up
and removing all trees, shrubs, vegetation and other obstruction
within the site that need to be removed and disposed to the exact
location as approved by the S.O Materials suitable for disposal
by burning shall be burnt at locations and on specific periods as
approved by the S.O.
3. Preservation of the a) The engineer shall execute earlier on deciding or determining

existing area the preserved trees or vegetation that needs to be transferred to
the other location or making a restriction zone to avoid being
cut or removed by the contractor with the proper. Temporary
fencing shall be made to create a zone or section within the
groups of trees to avoid being destroyed if required.
4. Removing topsoil a) The engineer shall execute earlier on deciding or determining

the preserved trees or vegetation that needs to be transferred to
the other location or making a restriction zone to avoid being
cut or removed by the contractor with the proper. Temporary
fencing shall be made to create a zone or section within the
groups of trees to avoid being destroyed if required.
b) The topsoil needed to be removed 150mm from the ground

surface with the suitable machinery and operators with the
supervision by the supervisor in duty to handle for the precise
136
value of topsoil that need to be removed from various sections
and stages of land area along with the standard and limitation
inspection.
5. Excavation a) The topsoil needed to be removed 150mm from the ground

surface with the suitable machinery and operators with the
supervision by the supervisor in duty to handle for the precise
value of topsoil that need to be removed from various sections
and stages of land area along with the standard and limitation
inspection.
b) The contractor shall always ensure that the sides of the

excavation are maintained in a safe and stable condition and
shall be responsible for the adequate provision of all timbering
and strutting required for this purpose and shall comply with
any instructions issued by the S.O in this respect.
c) The excavation, whether in open cut or in trench, shall be

proceeded within such portions at a time as the S.O. may
approve and shall not in the first instance be carried down to a
depth nearer than 150mm above the required exaction level and
the last depth should be 150mm to the level it shall be carried
out by manual labour immediately in advance for the next step
of project.
6. Inspection a) The contractor shall report to the S.O. when the excavations are
ready to be used for the development to begin until the
excavation has been inspected and approved by the S.O.
7. Cut and Fill a) Areas for buildings, open spaces, fields, roads and footpaths
shall be cut and filled to the required formation levels and
137
grades as shown on the drawings. Trimming and forming of
banks shall be to the profiles as shown on drawing or as
directed. All ditches, ponds or wells that are to be fielded shall
first be excavated to remove all soft spots if so, directed by the
S.O. all excavated materials shall be removed from the side and
the depression including holes resulting from the grubbing tree
roots shall be filled with approved filling materials and well
compacted. If the filling materials obtained from the side are
sufficient, the contractor shall, at his own cost, obtain such
materials from outside sources.
b) Filling Material
- Only suitable materials such as medium stiff clays, clayey
sand or other approved soils shall be used for filling.
- Materials from swamps, peats or topsoil and other highly

organic clay or silts, materials containing log stumps or
boulders materials, which is susceptible to combustion any
other materials which by virtue of their physical or chemical
composition or at their moisture content will not compact
properly shall not be used for filling.
c) Spreading and Compacting.
-Prior to placing any fill upon any area, all clearing and
grubbing operations shall have been completed.
-Each filling soils shall be thoroughly compacted once by

approved compacting equipment.
138
- Maximum moves shall be made of earthmoving plants for
initial compaction, and the Contractor shall vary routes
uniformly to reduce “tracking” and to obtain uniform
compaction over as wide an area as possible.
d) Finish to Formation Level.
-Unless otherwise shown in the drawing, the upper surface of

all filling platforms shall be finished to a cross fall of 1:400 and
where practicable, shall in addition, be given a longitudinal fall
to ensure rapid disposal of surface water.
-For area to be turfed the formation level shall be completed to

an appropriate level below the finished level indicated to allow
for placement of topsoil and turf.
e) Soft Spot
-Where any undue movements due to the presence of soft

unstable soil under the fill occur or unsuitable materials is
encountered at the bottom of the fill, it shall be excavated to
such depth and over such areas are approved by the S.O and
shall be removed to spoil. The resulting excavation shall be
backfilled with suitable materials as specified herein before and
deposited in layers not exceeding 225mm loose depth and
compacted as described above or with suitable equipment
suitable for working in small excavation.
-The Contractor shall allow for settlement or displacement of

fill over soft areas and shall be built up until required finish
level with necessary compaction. Should any settlement of fill
139
occur during construction or within the Defects Liability
Period, the Contractor shall make good the same at his own cost
and expenses.
140
6.5 Cost of Machinery And Operating
6.5.1 Justification of Machinery
Machinery Description
Excavator ● Rented Cost = RM 1215.52/day
Caterpillar Medium ● Operator Cost = RM 93.00/day

Excavators 326
● Operator Semi-Skill Cost = RM 78.90/day
❖ The primary role of an excavator is operating heavy

construction equipment. They work primarily with
excavators, which are used to dig and remove rocks
and soil, but also may be responsible for operating
related machinery such as forklifts, bulldozers, and
dump trucks. Excavators offload their machines and
follow site plans to ensure that they dig holes of the
proper dimensions for construction projects, including
building foundations and roadways.
141
Bulldozer (Rented) ● Rented Cost = RM 930.45/day

● Operator Cost = RM 91.00/day
-Caterpillar D6
❖ A bulldozer is a large and heavy tractor equipped with

a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to
push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
material during construction or conversion work and
typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device
(known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted
materials. It is usually a crawler (continuous tracked)
tractor.
142
Dump Truck (Rented) ● Rented Cost = RM745.26/day
Hyundai XCIENT ● Operator Cost = RM 96.00/day
❖ Dump trucks or production trucks are those that are

used for transporting loose material such as sand, dirt,
and gravel for construction. The typical dump truck is
equipped with a hydraulically operated open box bed
hinged at the rear, with the front being able to be lifted
up to allow the contents to fall out on the ground at the
site of delivery. Dump trucks come in many different
configurations with each one specified to accomplish a
specific task in the construction chain.
143
Motor Grader (Rented) ● Rented Cost = RM 758.32/day

-Caterpillar 14H
❖ Motor graders are easily recognizable by their long

adjustable blade and are regarded to be simple to
operate equipment for underground mining. Another
feature that distinguishes motor graders is their driving
systems, which include all-wheel drive, four-wheel
drive, and front-wheel drive. An all-wheel drive
system is required in rural areas with gravel roads,
while it is unnecessary in smooth and clear places.
144
Wheel loader (Rented) ● Rented Cost = RM 365.00/day
-Komatsu WA200-5 ● Operator Cost = RM 95.00/day
❖ A wheel loader is a four-wheeled earthmoving

machine. It often has a front-mounted bucket for
scooping, holding, and transporting loosely packed
materials like sand, mud, and powdered minerals. A
skip loader, scoop loader, or bucket loader are all
names for the same machine.
145
Soil Compactor (Rented) ● Rented Cost = RM 560.00/day

-Caterpillar CS533E
❖ Rollers are a type of construction equipment that

compacts materials like dirt, gravel, sand, and road
surfaces. Vibration, impact loading, kneading, and
direct pressure can all be used to compact the material.
Depending on the project's objectives and the type of
material that needs to be compacted, many types of
rollers might be employed.
146
6.5.2 Build Up Rates for Machinery
Excavator Model = Caterpillar Medium Excavators 326
Bucket Load = 1.54𝑚3
Coefficient Bucket = 1
Coefficient Soil = 0.25
Coefficient Tools = 0.78
Time = 60 hour
Time to swing = 7 sec
Time to hauling = 10 sec
Time to dump = 25 sec
Time wastage = 5 min
Truck cycle time = 342 sec
Capacity = (1.54 x 1 x 0.25 x 0.78 x 60) / 0.095 = 189.66𝑚3 /h
147
Bulldozer Model = Caterpillar D6
Average Speed = 5 km/hour
No. of Passes = 3
Width of Blade = 2m
Operating Efficiency = 75%
Capacity = (1500 X 2 X 0.75) /3 = 750𝑚2 /h
Taking levelling earth = 0.2m
Capacity = 750 x 0.2 = 150𝑚3 /h
148
Dump Model = Hyundai XCIENT

Truck
Average Speed = 30km/h
Empty Average Speed = 40km/h
Basin capacity one load = 3.75𝑚3
Equipment efficiency factor (Fa) = 0.85
Cycle time = 30minutes
Capacity = (V x Fa x 60 ) / Tsl
Capacity = (30 x 0.85 x 60) / 30 = 51𝑚3 /h
Motor Model = Caterpillar 14H

Grader
Blade length = 3.66m
Blade height = 0.61m
Nominal work hourly production = 355 𝑚2 /ℎ
Capacity = 241 𝑚2 /ℎ
149
Wheel Model = Komatsu WA200-5
Loader Bucket capacity = 2.7𝑚3
Working condition = Common earth, 0 degree slope
Haul distance = 30
Soil Model = Caterpillar CS533E

Compactor
Operational weight = 10500 kg
Gradeability = 33%
Working Condition = 4 cycle, Layer thickness of 150mm
150
6.5.3 Machinery Specification
Machinery Model Specification Unit Capacity Cost per day (RM)
Excavator Caterpillar Operating 𝑚3 189.66 1215.52

Medium Weight 23600 ℎ
Excavators kg
326
Bulldozer Caterpillar Operating 𝑚3 150 930.45

D6 Weight 23012 ℎ
kg
Dump Hyundai Operating 𝑚3 51 745.26

Truck XCIENT Weight 43000 ℎ
kg
Motor Caterpillar Operating 𝑚2 241 758.32

Grader 14H Weight 16000 ℎ
kg
Wheel Komatsu Operating 𝑚3 125 365.00

Loader WA200-5 Weight ℎ
8567.87 kg
151
Soil Caterpillar Operating 𝑚2 115 560.00
Compactor CS533E Weight 10500 ℎ
kg
6.5.4 Fuel Consumption of Machinery
Machine Model Specification Fuel Tank Fuel Consumption
(Litres) (L/hour)
Excavator Caterpillar Operating Weight 500 33.4

Medium
23600 kg
Excavator 326
Bulldozer Caterpillar D6 Operating Weight 341 32.8

23012 kg
Dump Truck Hyundai Operating Weight 400 61.3

XCIENT 43000 kg
Motor Grader Caterpillar 14H Operating Weight 285 42.8

16000 kg
Wheel Loader Komatsu Operating Weight 118 20.5

WA200-5 8567.87 kg
Soil Compactor Caterpillar Operating Weight 450 54.0

CS533E 10500 kg
152
6.6 Costing and Estimation Before Cost Reduction
6.6.1 Calculation of Total Phase Cost
1) SITE CLEARING
a) Cutting Tree
Total area of site = 426242.324 𝑚2
Average number of trees in area = 135 trees per 10000 𝑚2
426242.324 𝑚2 × 135 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Total number of trees = 10000 𝑚2
= 5754.3 trees
= 5754 trees
Assumption of cutting trees = 800 trees/day
1 labor output = 50 trees/day
Item Price (RM/day) Unit Cost (RM)
Excavator RM 1215.52 16 RM 19448.32
Labour RM 93.00 16 RM 1248.00
𝑅𝑀 19448.32+𝑅𝑀 1248
Cost per tree = 800 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= RM 25.87
Cost per tree (+20% profit) = RM 31.01
153
Total Cost (Machine + Labor) = RM 31.01/tree x 5754 trees
= RM 178431.54
5754 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
Total time taken = 800 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 7.2 days
= 8 days
Fuel price = RM 2.20/litre
Excavator fuel consumption = 33.4 litre/hr
= 267.3 litre/day
Fuel cost = 2.2 x 267.3 x 16
= RM 34214.4
Total cost = RM 178431.54 x RM34214.4
(Machine + Labour + Fuel) = RM 212645.94
b) Tree Roots and Stumps Removal
Total area of site = 426242.324𝑚2
1 bulldozer output = 750𝑚2 /h
= 6000𝑚2 /day
154
Bulldozer 930.45 10 9304.5
Operator 91 10 910
𝑅𝑀 930.45 + 𝑅𝑀 910
Cost per 𝑚2 = = RM 0.98 per 𝑚2
10 𝑥 1040𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
Cost per m2 (+20% profit) = RM 1.18 per 𝑚2
Total cost (Machine+Labour ) = 1.18 x 426242.324
= RM 502965.94
426242.324𝑚2
Total time taken = 6000/𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 10 = 8 days
= 1.14 weeks
Bulldozer full consumption = 32.8 litre/hour
= 262.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 2.2 x 262.4 x 10 x 8
= RM 46182.4
Total cost = RM 502965.94 + RM 46182.4
(Machine+Labour+Fuel) = RM 549148.34
155
c) Tree Disposal
Total number of trees = 5754 trees
1 truck output = 30 trees/truck
Dump Truck 745.26 12 8943.12
Operator 96 12 1152
Average distance travel
to disposal point = 10km
Average truck speed = 30km/h
Empty average speed (return) = 40km/h
10 10
Travel time = (30+ 40)
= 0.58 hour
= 35 minutes
Load time = 15 minutes
Disposal time = 5 minutes
Total time taken = 55 minutes
= 0.917 hour per trip
≈ 1hour per trip
156
In one trip = 360 trees can be disposed
Total trip = 16
Time taken = 2 days
Cost per day = RM 8943.12 + RM 1152
= RM 10095.12/day
= RM 1261.89/hour
= RM 3.51 per tree
Cost per tree (+20% profit) = RM 4.21 per tree
Total cost = 4.21 x 5754 = RM 24224.34
Total time taken = 16 hours
Fuel price = RM2.20/litre
Truck fuel consumption = 61.3litre/hour
Fuel cost = 2.20 x 61.3 x 16
= RM 2157.76
Fuel cost (+20% profit) = RM 2589.31
Total cost (Machine+Labour+Fuel) = RM 24224.34 + RM 2589.31
= RM 26813.78
157
Wheel Loader 365.00 3 1095
Operator 95.00 3 285
1 unit of wheel loader output = 120 tree/hour
Cost per day = RM 1380/day
= RM 172.5/hour
= RM 0.48 per tree
Cost per day (+20% profit) = 0.58
Total cost (Machine + Labour) = 0.58 x 5754
= RM 3337.32
Total time taken = 2 days
Wheel loader fuel consumption = 20.5litre/hour
Fuel cost = 16 x 2.20 x 20.5
= RM 721.6
Total cost (Machine + Labour +Fuel = RM 3337.32 + RM 865.92
= RM 4203.24
158
Total cost = RM 26813.78 + RM 4203.24
(Dump Truck +Wheel Loader) = RM 31017.02
2) TOPSOIL AND TRANSPORT
a) Excavation of Topsoil
Volume of soil = 63936.349 𝑚3
1 bulldozer output = 1200 𝑚3 per day
= 150 𝑚3 per hr
Bulldozer 930.45 10 9304.5
Operator 91.00 10 910
𝑅𝑀 9304.5 + 𝑅𝑀 910
Cost per 𝑚3 = 10 × 1200/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= RM 0.85 per 𝑚3
Total cost = RM 1.02/𝑚3 x 63936.349𝑚3
= RM 65215.08
159
63936.349 𝑚3
Total time taken = 1200/𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 10
= 5.32 days
= 6 days
Bulldozer fuel consumption = 32.8 litre/hr
= 262.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 6 x 10 x 262.4
= RM 15744
Total cost = RM 65215.08 + RM 15744
(Machine + Labor + Fuel) = RM 80959.08
b) Transportation of Excavated Topsoil
Working hours per day = 8 hours
Working days per week = 6 days
Total cut volume = 63936.349 𝑚3
Quantity of earth to be transport = 1.4 x 63936.349 𝑚3
= 89510.889 𝑚3
160
10 10
= 0.58 hour
= 35 minutes
≈ 1hour per trip
In one trip = 1275 𝑚3 /ℎ
Total trip = 32 trip per day
Trip per hour = 4 trip / hr
Capacity of truck = 51𝑚3 /ℎ
Total capacity for 1 day = 40800 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
Dump Truck 745.26 25 18631.5
Operator 96.00 25 2400
161
= RM 21031.5 per day
Cost per 𝑚3 = RM 0.52 per 𝑚3
Cost per m3 (+20% profit) = RM 0.62 per𝑚3
Total cost = RM 0.62 /𝑚3 x 258938.38 𝑚3
= RM 161577.55
Total time taken = 6.5 days
= 7 days
Dump Truck fuel Consumption = 61.3 litre/hr
= 490.4 litre/ day
Fuel cost = 7 x 25 x 490.4
= RM 85820
Total cost
1 Wheel loader output = 125 𝑚3 /ℎ
162
Wheel loader 1215.52 5 6077.6
Operator 93.00 5 465
5 dump truck per wheel loader
= RM 6542.6 per day
= RM 817.83 per hr
Total cost = RM 266706.53
Wheel loader fuel consumption = 33.4 litre/hr
= 267.2 litre/day
Fuel cost = 7 x 5 x 267.2
= RM 9352
Total cost = RM 266706.53 + RM 9352
163
Total Cost = RM 247397.55 + RM 276058.53
(Dump Truck+Wheel loader) = RM 523456.08
3) CUT WORK
a) Machinery and Labor Cost
Quantity of earth to be cut = 184955.987𝑚3
Capacity of 1 excavator = 189.66𝑚3 /hour
Total output per day = 1517.28𝑚3 /day
Excavator 1215.52 20 24310.4
Operator 93.00 20 1860
= RM 26170.4
Total volume for 1 day = 30345.6𝑚3
164
Cost per 𝑚3 (+20% profit) = RM 1.03 per 𝑚3
Total cost = RM 1.03 per 𝑚3 x 184955.987𝑚3
= RM 190504.67
= 1 weeks
Excavator fuel consumption = 33.4 liter/hour
= 267.2 liter/day
Fuel cost = 7 x 20 x 267.2
= RM 37408
Total cost = RM 190504.67 + RM 7481.6
Truck 745.26 30 22357.8
Operator 96 30 2880
165
b) Transportation of Cutting Soil
Total cut volume = 184955.987𝑚3
Quantity of earth to be transported = 1.4 x 184955.987
= 258938.38𝑚3
Average distance travel = 2.5km
2.5 2.5
Travel time = ( 30 + )
40
= 0.14 hour
= 8.4 minutes
Total time taken = 28.4 minutes/trip
= 0.47 hours/trip
Capacity of 1 truck = 51𝑚3 /ℎ
Total capacity for 1 day = 12240𝑚3 /day
166
= RM 258938.38
= 3.14 weeks
= 490.4litre/day
= 2.20 x 30 x 490.4
Fuel cost = RM 32366.4
Total cost (Machine + Labour +Fuel) = RM 258938.38+ RM 32366.4
= RM 291304.78
Operator 95.00 12 1140
167
1 wheel loader output = 125𝑚3 /hour
12-wheel loader output = 1500𝑚3 /hour
Cost per day = RM 4380 + RM 1140
= RM 5520 per day
= RM 690 per hour
= RM 0.46 per 𝑚3
Cost per day (+20% profit) = RM 0.55 per 𝑚3
Total cost = RM 0.55/𝑚3 X 258938.38𝑚3
= RM 142416.11
≈22 days
Wheel loader fuel consumption = 20.5 litre/hour
= 1968 litre/day
Total cost
(Machine + Labor + Fuel) = RM 142416.11 + RM 95251.2
= RM 237667.31
168
Total cost = RM 291304.78+ RM237667.31
(Dump Truck + Wheel Loader) = RM 528972.09
4) FILL WORK
Quantity of earth to be fill = 171323.273 𝑚3
1 bulldozer output = 150 𝑚3 per hr
Total capacity per day = 1200 𝑚3 / day
Bulldozer 930.45 10 9304.5
Operator 91.00 10 910
= RM 10214.5
169
Total cost = RM 1.40/𝑚3 x 171323.273 𝑚3
= RM 238324.81
= 15 days
= 262.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 15 x 10 x 262.4
= RM 39360
Total cost = RM 238324.81 + RM 39360
(Machine + Labour +Fuel) = RM 277684.81
b) Soil Grading
Area of site = 426242.324 𝑚2
Capacity grader = 241 𝑚2 /ℎ
Output motor grader per day = 1928 𝑚2 /𝑑
170
Motor grader 758.32 15 11374.8
Operator 92 15 1380
= RM 12754.8
Total cost = RM 0.53/ 𝑚2 x 426242.324𝑚2
= RM 225908.43
= 15 days
Compactor Fuel consumption = 42.8 litre/hr
= 342.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 2.2 x 342.4 x 15
= RM 11299.2
Total cost = RM 225908.43 + RM 11299.2
(Machine +Labor + Fuel) = RM 237207.63
171
c) Compaction of Fill
Total fill volume = 171323.273 𝑚3
Quantity of earth to be compacted = 239852.58 𝑚3
Output of 1 compactor = 115 𝑚3 per hr
Total capacity per day = 902 𝑚3 per day
Compactor 560.00 20 11200
Operator 87 20 1740
= RM 12940
Total cost = RM 0.86/ 𝑚3 x 239852.58 𝑚3
= RM 207102.86
172
= 14 days
= 432 litre/day
Fuel cost = 14 x 20 x 432
= RM 120960
Total cost = RM 207102.86 + RM 120960
Total Cost = RM 328062.86 + 237207.63
(Compactor+Motor Grader) = RM 565270.49
5) SLOPE PROTECTION
Amount areas need to protect = 1578.72 𝑚2
(Based on earthwork analysis)
173
Hydroseeding Service
Price per unit = RM 5.27 per 𝑚2
Item Price (RM/𝒎𝟐 ) Unit Cost
Hydroseeding service 5.27 1578.72 8319.85
174
6) SUMMARY
NO ITEM COST (RM) COST (RM)
1 Site Clearing
a) Tree cutting 212645.94 792811.3

b) Tree removal
549148.34
c) Tree disposal
31017.02
2 Excavation and
transportation of top soil
a) Excavation
80959.08
b) Transportation
523456.08 604415.16
3 Cut Work 197986.27
4 Cut earth transportation 528972.09
5 Fill work 277684.81
6 Grading + Compaction 565270.49
7 Slope Protection 8319.85
TOTAL COST 2975459.97
175
6.6.2 Bill of Quantity (Overall Phase - Before)
NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY PRICE (RM)
1 Clearance of the site nos 5754 212645.94

whereby all trees,
undergrowth creepers,
shrubs, bushes, rubbish, 𝑚2 426242.324 549148.34
debris and any other
obstruction including
grubbing up roots and
5754 26813.78
stumps. nos
nos 5754 4203.24

Lifting of all trees to the
dump truck.
2 Excavation of topsoil of 𝑚3 63936.349 80959.08

average 150mm deep
where it is to be
removed from the site
to the contractor’s own
dump. 𝑚3 89510.889 247397.55
Filling dump trucks 𝑚3 89510.889 276058.53

with the excavated soil.
176
Excavation of earth 𝑚3 184955.987 197986.27
according to the
requisite formation
level as proposed by the
engineer.
Transportation of 𝑚3 258938.38 291304.78

3 excavated earth
materials to selected
sites for fill as 𝑚3 258938.38 237667.31
according to the final
formation level as
proposed by the
engineer.
Filling the designated 𝑚3 171323.273 277684.81

4
area to get the planned
proposed level.
Compaction of selected 𝑚3 239852.58 565270.49

5
filled ground with
standard proper method
and machineries
before any construction

work begins above the
ground.
177
Establishment of slope 𝑚2 1578.72 8319.85
6
protection with hydro
seeding techniques at
specific areas that
required.
TOTAL AMOUNT 2975459.97
6.7 Value Engineering
This project applied value engineering to identify and reduce wasteful spending while also
improving quality and efficiency. Value engineering is a systematic, organized approach to
providing necessary functions in a project at the lowest cost. The major goal is to meet the project's
construction performance criteria for the least amount of money achievable. Our cost-cutting goal
is to cut costs by 20%. In our conversation, we looked at a few key cost drivers, such as:
1. Cut and fill volume should be reduced overall. This can be accomplished by proposing a
new lower level that reduces the total amount of soil that has to be excavated, transported,
and compacted. Because the difference between the new suggested level and the original
proposed level is so small, the new recommended level will be based on the prior proposed
level, implying that the higher-level area will stay higher than the lower-level area. In
addition, the difference between cut and fill volume can be reduced so the cost for
transporting additional soil can be further reduced.
2. Some jobs can be completed by semi-skilled workers rather than skilled workers. While a
skilled worker is more focused on making decisions and critical thinking, a novice worker
is more focused on getting the job done. The physical work, equipment, and machine are
more important to semi-skilled workers. To run the machine and equipment, it is preferable
to use a semi-skilled person.
178
3. Planning a proper timeline schedule is to ensure the occupational safety, health, and
environmental aspects in the site. Benefits that can be delivered by applying this method
include a reduction in life cycle cost, improvement in performance, avoid unwanted
injuries and reduction of environmental impacts as all of these may delay the project
delivery which will affect the earthwork cost. However, we have decided not to use this
method as it is not suitable to be used at the current stage.
4. Reduce the quantity of machinery. It is because the price becomes expensive because of
the high usage of fuel consumption. So, to avoid that we need to reduce the quantity of
machinery. A lot of money can be saved by doing that, but we need to make a proper
planning and schedule so that our projects can be finished punctually by using the least
quantity of machinery.
179
6.8 Implementation Of Value Engineering For 1st Strategy:
Volume of cut and fill before VE
PHASE 1 2223.345 -51010.333 160831.881

(Z1-Z5)
(ZONE
GREEN
SPACE)
PHASE 2 169099.928 -133945.654 265410.443
(Z6-Z26)
TOTAL 171323.273 -184955.987 426242.324
TOTAL BALANCE CUT AND FILL VOLUME = 13632.713𝑚3
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE = 7.37 %
180
Volume of cut and fill after VE
PHASE 1 2211.184 -38800.023 160831.881

(Z1-Z5)
(ZONE
GREEN
SPACE)
PHASE 2 164139.513 -136635.614 265410.443
(Z6-Z26)
TOTAL 166350.697 -175435.637 426242.324
TOTAL BALANCE CUT AND FILL VOLUME = 9084.940𝑚3
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE = 5.18 %
Reduction in fill volume:
171323.273−166350.697
x100 % = 2.90 %
171323.273
Reduction in cut volume:
184955.987−175435.637
x 100 % = 5.14 %
184955.987
Reduction in difference between cut and fill volume:
181
13632.713−9084.940
x 100 % = 33.36 %
13632.713
6.9 Costing and Estimation After Cost Reduction
6.9.1 Calculation of Total Phase Cost
1) SITE CLEARING
a) Cutting Tree
Average number of trees in area = 135 trees per 10000 𝑚2
426242.324 𝑚2 × 135 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Total number of trees = 10000 𝑚2
= 5754.3 trees
= 5754 trees
Assumption of cutting trees = 800 trees/day
1 labour output = 50 trees/day
Excavator RM 1215.52 15 RM 18232.8
Labour Semi- RM 78.90 15 RM 1183.5

skilled
𝑅𝑀 18323.8 + 𝑅𝑀 1183.5
Cost per tree = 800 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= RM 22.38
182
Cost per tree (+20% profit) = RM 26.86
Total Cost (Machine + Labour) = RM 26.86/tree x 5754 trees
= RM 154552.44
5754 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
Total time taken = 800 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 7.2 days
= 8 days
Excavator fuel consumption = 33.4 litre/hr
= 267.3 litre/day
Total cost = RM 154552.44 + RM 30412.4
b) Tree Roots and Stumps Removal
Total area of site = 426242.324𝑚2
1 bulldozer output = 750𝑚2 /h
= 6000𝑚2 /day
183
Bulldozer 930.45 10 9304.5
Operator Semi- 75.35 10 753.5

skill
𝑅𝑀 9304.5 + 𝑅𝑀 753.5
Cost per 𝑚2 = = RM 0.95per 𝑚2
10 𝑥 1040𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
Total cost (Machine + Labor) = 1.15 x 426242.324
= RM 490178.67
426242.324𝑚2
Total time taken = 6000/𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 10 = 6 days
= 1.14 weeks
Bulldozer fuel consumption = 32.8 litre/hour
= 262.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 2.2 x 262.4 x 10 x 8
= RM 46182.4
Total cost = RM 490178.67 + RM 46182.4
184
c) Tree Disposal
Total number of trees = 5754 trees
1 truck output = 30 trees/truck
Dump Truck 745.26 12 8943.12

skill
10 10
= 0.58 hour
= 35 minutes
185
≈ 1hour per trip
In one trip = 360 trees can be disposed
Total trip = 16
Time taken = 2 days
Cost per day = RM 8943.12 + RM 951.6
= RM 9894.72/day
= RM 1236.84/hour
= RM 3.30 per tree
Cost per tree (+20% profit) = RM 3.96 per tree
Total cost = 3.96 x 5754 = RM 22785.84
Total time taken = 16 hours
Total cost = RM 22785.84 + RM 2157.76
186
Operator Semi- 80 3 240

skill
1 unit of wheel loader output = 120 tree/hour
Cost per day = RM 1335/day
= RM 166.88/hour
= RM 0.40 per tree
Cost per day (+20% profit) = RM 0.48
Total cost (Machine + Labor) = RM 0.48 x 5754
= RM 2761.92
Total time taken = 2 day
Wheel loader fuel consumption = 20.5litre/hour
Total cost = RM 2761.92 +RM 721.60
Total cost = RM 24943.6 + RM 3483.52
187
Dump Truck + Wheel Loader) = RM 28427.1298
2) TOPSOIL AND TRANSPORT
a) Excavation of Topsoil
Volume of soil = 63936.349 𝑚3
1 bulldozer output = 1200 𝑚3 per day
= 150 𝑚3 per hr
Bulldozer 930.45 10 9304.5

skill
𝑅𝑀 9304.5 + 𝑅𝑀 753.5
Cost per 𝑚3 = 10 × 1200/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= RM 0.83 per 𝑚3
Cost per m3 (+20% profit) = RM 0.98per 𝑚3
Total cost = RM 0.98/𝑚3 x 63936.349𝑚3
= RM 62657.62
63936.349 𝑚3
Total time taken = 1200/𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 10
= 5.32 days
188
= 6 days
= 262.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 6 x 10 x 262.4
= RM 15744
Total cost = RM 62657.62 + RM 15744
b) Transportation of Excavated Topsoil
Total cut volume = 63936.349 𝑚3
Quantity of earth to be transport = 1.4 x 63936.349 𝑚3
= 89510.889 𝑚3
10 10
= 0.58 hour
189
= 35 minutes
≈ 1hour per trip
In one trip = 1275 𝑚3 /ℎ
Total trip = 32 trip per day
Trip per hour = 4 trip / hr
Capacity of truck = 51𝑚3 /ℎ
Total capacity for 1 day = 40800 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
Dump Truck 745.26 22 16395.72

skill
Cost per day = RM 1744.6 + RM 16395.72
= RM 18140.32 per day
Cost per m3 (+20% profit) = RM 0.52 per𝑚3
190
Total cost = RM 0.52 /𝑚3 x 258938.38 𝑚3
= RM 134647.96
= 7 days

Dump Truck fuel consumption = 61.3 litre/hr
= 490.4 litre/ day
Fuel cost = 7 x 22 x 490.4
= RM 70521.6
(Machine + Labor + Fuel)
1 Wheel loader output = 125 𝑚3 /ℎ
Wheel loader 1215.52 5 6077.6
Operator Semi- 80.00 5 400

skill
5 dump truck per wheel loader
= RM 6477.6 per day
= RM 809.7 per hr
191
Total cost = RM 0.86 x 258938.38 𝑚3
= RM 222687.01
Wheel loader fuel consumption = 33.4 litre/hr
= 267.2 litre/day
Fuel cost = 7 x 5 x 267.2
= RM 9352
Total cost = RM 222687.01 + RM 9352
Total Cost = RM 205169.56 + RM 232039.01
(Dump Truck + Wheel loader) = RM 437208.56
3) CUT WORK
192
Quantity of earth to be cut = 175435.637𝑚3
Capacity of 1 excavator = 189.66𝑚3 /hour
Total output per day = 1517.28𝑚3 /day
Excavator 1215.52 15 18232.8

skill
Cost per day = RM 18232.8 + RM 1183.5
= RM 19416.3
Total volume for 1 day = 25793.76 𝑚3
= RM 143155.14
= 6 days
Excavator fuel consumption = 33.4 liter/hour
193
= 267.2 liter/day
Total cost (Machine + Labour + Fuel) = RM 143155.14 + RM 8817.6
= RM 151972.74
Truck 745.26 20 14905.2

skill
b) Transportation of Cutting Soil
Total cut volume = 175435.637𝑚3
Quantity of earth to be transported = 1.4 x 175435.637𝑚3
= 245609.89 𝑚3
Average distance travel = 2.5km
2.5 2.5
Travel time = ( 30 + )
40
194
= 0.14 hour
= 8.4 minutes
Total time taken = 28.4 minutes/trip
= 0.47 hours/trip
Capacity of 1 truck = 51𝑚3 /ℎ
Total capacity for 1 day = 12240𝑚3 /day
Total cost = RM 0.8 per 𝑚3 x 245609.89 𝑚3
= RM 196487.91
= 2.87 weeks
= 490.4litre/day
= 490.4 x 2.20 x 20
195
Total cost (Machine + Labor +Fuel) = RM 196487.91+ RM 21577.6
= RM 218065.51
Operator Semi- 80 8 640

skill
1 wheel loader output = 125𝑚3 /hour
8-wheel loader output = 1000 𝑚3 /hour
= RM 3560 per day
= RM 445 per hour
= RM 0.33 per 𝑚3
Cost per day (+20% profit) = RM 0.39 per 𝑚3
Total cost = RM 0.39/𝑚3 X 245609.89 𝑚3
= RM 95787.85
196
≈21 days
Wheel loader fuel consumption = 20.5 litre/hour
= 164 litre/day
Total cost (Machine + Labor + Fuel) = RM 95787.85 + RM 35251.2
= RM 131039.05
Total cost
(Dump Truck + Wheel Loader) = RM 131039.05 + RM 218065.51
= RM 349104.56
4) FILL WORK
Quantity of earth to be fill = 166350.697𝑚3
1 bulldozer output = 150 𝑚3 per hr
Total capacity per day = 1200 𝑚3 / day
197
Bulldozer 930.45 10 9304.5
Operator 91.00 10 910
= RM 10214.5
Total cost = RM 1.40/𝑚3 x 166350.697𝑚3
= RM 202890.98
= 14 days
= 262.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 15 x 10 x 262.4
= RM 39360
Total cost (Machine+ Labour +Fuel) = RM 202890.98 + RM 39360
198
= RM 242250.98
b) Soil Grading
Area of site = 426242.324 𝑚2
Capacity grader = 241 𝑚2 /ℎ
Output motor grader per day = 1928 𝑚2 /𝑑
Motor grader 758.32 12 9099.84

skill
= RM 9936.84
Total cost = RM 0.41/ 𝑚2 x 426242.324𝑚2
= RM 174759.35
199
= 19 days
= 342.4 litre/day
Fuel cost = 2.2 x 342.4 x 12
= RM 9039.36
Total cost (Machine + Labor +Fuel) = RM 174759.35 + RM 9039.36
= RM 183798.71
c) Compaction of Fill
Total fill volume = 166350.697𝑚3
Quantity of earth to
Be compacted = 232890.98𝑚3
Output of 1 compactor = 115 𝑚3 per hr
Total capacity per day = 902 𝑚3 per day
Compactor 560.00 12 6720

skill
200
Cost per day = RM 6720 + RM 740.4
= RM 7460.4
Total cost = RM 0.72/ 𝑚3 x 232890.98𝑚3
= RM 167681.51
Total time taken = 21.5days
= 22 days
= 432 litre/day
Total cost (Machine + Labor + Fuel) = RM 167681.51 + RM 11404.8
= RM 179086.31
Total Cost = RM 183798.71 + RM 179086.31
(Compactor + Motor grader) = RM 362885.02
5) SLOPE PROTECTION
Amount areas need to protect = 1544𝑚2
(Based on earthwork analysis)
201
Hydroseeding Service
Price per unit = RM 5.27 per 𝑚2
Item Price (RM/𝒎𝟐 ) Unit Cost
Hydroseeding service 5.27 1544 8136.88
202
6) SUMMARY
NO ITEM COST (RM) COST (RM)
1 Site Clearing
a) Tree cutting 184964.84

b) Tree removal
536361.07 749753.03
c) Tree disposal
28427.12
2 Excavation and 78401.62

transportation of topsoil
437208.56
a) Excavation
515610.18
b) Transportation
3 Cut Work 151972.74
4 Cut earth transportation 349104.56
5 Fill work 242250.98
6 Grading + Compaction 362885.02
7 Slope Protection 8136.88
TOTAL COST 2379713.43
203
6.9.2 Bill of Quantity (Overall Phase - After)
NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY PRICE (RM)
1 Clearance of the site nos 5754 184964.84

whereby all trees,
undergrowth creepers,
shrubs, bushes, rubbish, 𝑚2 426242.324 536361.07
debris and any other

obstruction including
grubbing up roots and
5754 24943.6
stumps. nos
nos 5754 3483.52

Lifting of all trees to the
dump truck.
2 𝑚3 63936.349 78401.62
Excavation of topsoil of 89510.889 205169.59

average 150mm deep
where it is to be
removed from the site
to the contractor’s own
dump.
Filling dump trucks 𝑚3 89510.889 232039.01

with the excavated soil.
204
Excavation of earth 𝑚3 175435.637 151972.74
3
according to the
requisite formation
level as proposed by the
engineer.
Transportation of 𝑚3 245609.89 218065.51

excavated earth
materials to selected
sites for fill as 𝑚3 245609.89 131039.05
according to the final
formation level as
proposed by the
engineer.
Filling the designated 𝑚3 166350.697 242250.98

4
area to get the planned
proposed level.
Compaction of selected 𝑚3 232890.98 362885.02

5
filled ground with
standard proper method
and machineries
before any construction

work begins above the
ground.
205
Establishment of slope 𝑚2 1544 8136.88
6
protection with hydro
seeding techniques at
specific areas that are
required.
TOTAL AMOUNT 2379713.43
6.10 Result After Implementing Value Engineering
From BQ before,
From BQ after,
Difference of cost before and after value engineering
2975459.97−2379713.43
𝑥 100% = 20.02 %
2975459.97
206
6.11 Conclusion
In conclusion, from the approaches suggested. We must propose a new cut and fill volume, use
semi-skilled workers rather than skilled workers in physical work, planning a proper time schedule
and reducing the quantity of machinery. These approaches are far superior to the others since they
may decrease expenses while still achieving the project's core tasks of needed performance, quality,
dependability, and safety. We were able to save a total of RM 595746.54 through value engineering,
accounting for 20.02 percent of the overall cost. Consequently, we were able to meet our 20 percent
reduction goal.
207
REFERENCES
(SPAN), S. P. (2018). Uniform Technical Guidelines - Water Reticulation and Plumbing.
CAT. (n.d.). MEDIUM EXCAVATORS - 326 - PREMIUM PERFORMANCE WITH SIMPLE-TO-

USE TECHNOLOGIES. From CAT:
https://www.cat.com/en_US/products/new/equipment/excavators/medium-
excavators/15970425.html
Cleanawater. (2014, November 19). From Bulbeck Group.Site:

https://cleanawater.com.au/information-centre/our-tips-for-construction-site-wash-bay-
design
Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia. (n.d.). Urban Stormwater Management
Manual. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia.
Kelly McAtee, P. L. (2021). The Hardy Cross Method and its Successor in Water Distribution
Modelling. 4-14.
Minnesota Pollution. (2019, June 13). Minnesota Stormwater Manual. From Minnesota Pollution:
https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Sediment_control_practices_-
_Sediment_traps_and_basins
Nuriqram, M. (n.d.). Earthwork in Construction Site.
PRITAM KHANDVE1, P. M. (2018). Planning and Selection of Heavy Construction Equipments

in Civil Engineering. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), 164-167.
Slope Stability. (n.d.). From Geo Engineer: https://www.geoengineer.org/education/slope-

stability#:~:text=Slope%20stability%20refers%20to%20the,geotechnical%20engineering
%20and%20engineering%20geology.&text=This%20phenomenon%20is%20known%20
as%20slope%20failure%20or%20landslide
Yan-cheng Han, Z.-p. G.-h. (2017). The best hydraulic section of horizontal-bottomed parabolic
channel section. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 305-313.
208
APPENDIX
209
210
211
212
213
214

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SKAB 3022 -01

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT 1

IR AZHAR AHMAD & DR WAN NUR FIRDAUS EARTHWORK

IQBAL HADI BIN HAMZAH RAHMAN A18KA0040

1.0 COMPANY PROFILE ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Company Logo ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Company Background ........................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Vision and Mission................................................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Mission ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Motto ..................................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Our Values............................................................................................................................. 2

1.6 Organization Chart ................................................................................................................ 3

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Site Planning ......................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Site Inventory ................................................................................................................. 4

2.1.2 Site Analysis ................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Project Profile........................................................................................................................ 8

2.2.1 Project Description ............................................................................................................. 8

2.2.2 Gantt Chart ......................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.3 Layout Plan of the Site ..................................................................................................... 10

3.0 EARTHWORK .................................................................................................................. 11

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 12

3.3 Scopes of Work ................................................................................................................... 12

3.4 Effects of The Project .......................................................................................................... 13

3.4.1 Beneficial Effects of the Project ................................................................................... 13

3.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 14

3.6 Proposed Level .................................................................................................................... 49

3.7 Cut and Fill .......................................................................................................................... 50

3.8 Cross-Sectional View .......................................................................................................... 51

3.9 Slope Stability ..................................................................................................................... 54

3.9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 54

3.9.2 Bishop Simplified Method............................................................................................ 55

3.9.4 Assumption Used in Slope Calculation ........................................................................ 57

3.9.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 62

4.0 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN (ESCP) .................................. 63

4.1 Introduction to ESCP .......................................................................................................... 63

4.2 Project Description .............................................................................................................. 64

4.3 Temporary Earth Drain ....................................................................................................... 66

4.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 66

4.3.2 Design Criteria .............................................................................................................. 66

4.4 Erosion and Sediment Control Design ................................................................................ 78

4.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 78

4.4.2 Soil Loss Estimation ..................................................................................................... 79

4.4.3 Sediment Yield Estimation ......................................................................................... 84

4.4.4 Sediment Basin ............................................................................................................. 87

4.5 Others .................................................................................................................................. 95

4.5.2 Silt Fence ...................................................................................................................... 96

4.5.3 Seeding and Planting .................................................................................................... 96

4.5.4 Rock Armor/Gabion ..................................................................................................... 97

4.5.5 Retaining Wall .............................................................................................................. 97

5.0 WATER RETICULATION .................................................................................................... 98

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 98

5.1.1 Water Reticulation System Components ...................................................................... 99

5.2 Project Background ........................................................................................................... 100

5.2.1 Objective of Design .................................................................................................... 100

5.3 Design Criteria .................................................................................................................. 101

5.3.1 Pipe Network System ................................................................................................. 101

5.3.2 Flow Design ................................................................................................................ 101

5.4 Flow Balancing by Epanet ................................................................................................ 109

5.4.1 Calculation for water demand at each node................................................................ 109

5.4.2 Analysis Using EPANET ........................................................................................... 112