The Lord is my light and my salvation;

whom shall I fear?

The Lord is the strength of my life;
of whom shall I be afraid?
+Psalm 27:1

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Day 1: Fallingwater
AM: History and Theory of Architecture, Famous or Kaufmann
Architects and Buildings, Principles of Planning and Residence by
Architecture Practice Frank Lloyd
Wright
PART 1: History of Architecture Organic
Architecture
Burj Khalifa: Burj
Dubai by SOM, Bill
Baker

Tallest and 160

Habitable floors

Palace
Garnier /
Paris Opera
House by
Charles
Garnier
Beaux Arts
Architecture

Westminster
World Trade Center – Palace by
Old Twin Tower by Charles Barry
Minoru Yamasaki and Augustus
and Emery Roth & Pugin
Sons. Tallest in the
World in 1972. Perpendicular
Gothic
Revival /
Victorian
Architecture

Casa Mila by
Antoni Gaudi
Art Nouveau

One World Trade

Center – New by
David Childs and
Daniel Libeskind. 6th
Tallest in the World.

Crewe Hall by
Nikolaus
Pevsner.
Jacobean
Style by
James I of
England

The style that

has
characteristics
of flattened
Tudor arches and lighter stone trims around windows
and doors – Jacobean Style

Wings of Progress
from Times Square
Building (Rochester)
by Ralph Thomas
Walker of the firm
Voorhees
Frederick Robie Art Deco
House by Frank
Lloyd Wright

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Times Square Greek and
Building (Rochester) Roman of
by Thomas Walker Classical
(Voorhees, Gmelin Antiquity
and Walker). Classical
Art Deco Architecture

Walt Disney
Concert Hall
by Frank
Gehry

Home Insurance
Building by
William Le Baron
Jenney, first tall
building to use
structural steel in
its frame.
Chicago School
of Architecture / Guggenheim
Commercial Museum
Style Bilbao by
1st Skyscraper in Frank Gehry
the World

Villa Capra /
Almerico / La
Rotonda by
Andrea Palladio Beijing
Palladian National
Architecture Stadium
(BNS) /
Bird’s Nest
by Herzog &
de Meuron,
Palazzo ArupSport,
Chiericati Andrea CAD and
Palladio RG, Ai
Palladian Weiwei
Architecture

Louvre Abu
Dhabi
Museum by
Jean Nouvel
Chrysler Building, Midtown Manhattan,
NY by William Van Allen. Art Deco
Gargoyles at the 31st floor and Eagles
on the 61st floor. Signifies flight and to
exemplify Machine Age of 1920s.
First brick building.

Shenzhen
Bao'an
Daily News International
Building by Airport by
Raymond Studio
Hood and Fuksas,
John Mead Massimiliano
Howells. Fuksas,
Art Deco Knipers
and Helbig
Modernist

4
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Daiwa Rusakov
Ubiquitous Workers' Club
Computing by Konstantin
Research Melnikov.
Building, Constructivist
University of Architecture
Tokyo,
Hongo
Campus by
Kengo Kuma

CMG
Headquarters
formerly China
Vanna Central
Venturi Television
House by (CCTV) Building
Robert by Office for
Venturi. Metropolitan
Post Architecture,
Modern ECAD and RI
Architecture

Villa Savoye Morpheus Hotal

by Le Macau by Zaha
Corbusier, Hadid. World’s
Pierre first free-form
Jeanneret. high-rise
International exoskeleton.
Style

Notre Dame
du Haut by
Charles-
Édouard Sydney Opera
Jeanneret / House, New
Le Corbusier South Wales,
Sydney,
Modernist Australia by
Architecture Jorn Utzon

Notre-Dame
de Paris (Our
Lady of Paris)
French Gothic Taipei 101 formerly known
Burned: as Taipei World Financial
Fleche Center, Xinyi District,
Length: 128 Taipei, Taiwan by C.Y. Lee
metres (420 ft) & Partners
Width:48
metres (157 ft)
Number of
towers: 2
Tower height:
69 metres (226 ft) Finest Example of French Gothic

S. R. Crown
Hall, College
of
Architecture,
Illinois
Institute of
Technology
by Ludwig
Mies van der
Rohe Petronas Twin Towers by
Modernist Cesar Pelli. Post Modern and
Architecture Islamic Architecture

5
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30 St. Empire State
Mary Axe, Building,
previously Midtown
known as Manhattan, NY
Swiss Re by Shreve, Lamb
Bldg. and and Harmon
informally
known as The
Gherkin by
Norman
Foster and
Partners

Torre Glòries / Torre Agbar, Barcelona, Seagram

Spain by Jean Nouvel Building, Park
Avenue, NY by
Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe and
Philip Johnson
International
Style

Shanghai Tower /
Shanghai Centre Building,
Lujiazui, Pudon,
Shanghai, China by Jun
Xia of Gensler, TJAD 550 Madison
Tallest in China, 2nd in Avenue formerly
the World known as Sony
Tower and before
AT&T Building by
Philip Johnson
and John Burgee
Post-Modern

Evolution Tower, Russia

- …building reflects two
ribbons wrapping around
each other…by Tony
Kettle Philipp Nikandrov
(Gorproekt)

Willis Tower /
Sears Roebuck
Tower by
Skidmore, Owings
and Merrill
(SOM),
Fazlur Rahman
Khan, Bruce
Graham
London
Aquatics Empire State was
Centre, once the tallest
Startford, skyscraper in the
London by world, until 1972,
Zaha Hadid the World Trade
Center was built
and took the title.
What building
surpasses the WTC (old) and became the tallest? Sears.
6
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Once Tallest in the World: Great Mosque of
Samarra, Samarra
Rank Building Country Height Floors Archaeological Site,
1 Burj Khalifa UAE 828 m 163 Iraq by Al-
6 (New) One USA 541.3 m 104 Mutawakkil,
World Trade commissioned by
Center Abbasid caliph Al-
Mutawakkil
10 Taipei 101 Taiwan 508 m 101
16 Petronas Malaysia 451.9 m 88
Twin Towers
21 Willis / USA 442.1 m 108
Sears Tower
28 / 29 (Old) World USA, 417 m 94+5
Trade Destroyed
Center September Taj Mahal
11, 2001 (Crown of the
44 Empire USA 381 m 102 Palaces) by
State Ustad Ahmad
Building Lahauri.
Commissioned
Temple Expiatori by Shah Jahan
de la Sagrada for Mumtaz
Família / Templo Mahal, 1631.
Expiatorio de la Saracenic
Sagrada Familia Architecture
by Antoni Gaudi.
Largest Great Temple
Sculptural or Amun
Architecture Karnak by
Senusret I
- Grandest of
all Egyptian
The Abbey Temples, was
Church of not built upon
St. Denis / one complete
Basilica of plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence of
Saint- work.
Denis,
1144. First Great Temple
Gothic of Abu Simbel
Structure. by Ramesses
Pascal II
Delannoy - 4 rock-cut
colossal
statues
Chichen Itza,
Tinúm
Municipality,
Yucatán
State, Mexico Bluecoat
by Maya Chambers,
people Liverpool, UK
by BIQ
Architecten.
Queen Anne
(Great) Style
Ziggurat of Architecture
Ur, Dhi Qar
Province,
Iraq by Neo-
Babylonian
Period, Queen’s
restored by House,
King Greenwich bi
Nabonius Inigo Jones.
Stuart Style
How many layers? Four, How many stairs? Three Architecture
The remains of the ziggurat consist of a three-layered
solid mass of mud brick faced with burnt bricks set Hardwick Hall
in bitumen. The lowest layer corresponds to the original by Robert
construction of Ur-Nammu, while the two upper layers Smythson.
are part of the Neo-Babylonian restorations. The façade Elizabethan
of the lowest level and the monumental staircase were Architecture
rebuilt under the orders of Saddam Hussein.
In Mesopotamian architecture it is a temple made from
sun-dried bricks – Ziggurat
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City Hall, London /
Greater London
Authority (GLA) Salk Institute for
Headquarters, 2002 by Biological Studies, San
Norman Foster Diego, California by
Louis Kahn.
International Style.
Jonas Salk who
discovered the vaccine
for Poilo.

Auditorium Building,
Habitat 67 / Habitat, Chicago by Louis
Montreal, Quebec, Sullivan and Dankmar
Canada by Moshe Adler. Chicago
Safdie. Brutalist and School of
Metabolism Architecture /
Architecture. Commercial Style

Fuji TV Headquarters,
Portland Building / Odaiba, Japan by
Portland Municipail Kenzo Tange.
Services Building, Futuristic
Oregon by Michael
Graves and renovated
by DLR Group. Post-
Modern
The Crystal Palace,
Hyde Park, Sydenham,
London, 1851 by
Joseph Paxton.
Victorian
Cathedral of Brasilia
by Oscar Niemeyer.
Modernist

Bank of China
Tower (BOC
Tower),
Central, Hong
Kong by Ieoh
Ming Pei.

Unité d'habitation,
Marseille, France by
Charles-Édouard
Jeanneret / Le
Corbusier. Brutalist
Style by the use of
“beton-brut concrete”

8
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Théâtre des Champs- Flatiron / Fuller Building,
Élysées by NY by Daniel Burnham
Auguste Perret, and Frederick
Gustave Perret, and Dinkelberg.
Henry van der Velde. Renaissance Revival
Early Art Deco

Paris Métro entrances /

Metropolitan Station by Hector
Guimard. Art Nouveau

Olympiastadion /
Munich Olympic Seattle Public
Stadium, Munich, Library (SPL)’s
Germany by Frei Otto, Central Library,
Behnisch & Partner, Seattle,
Leonhardt, Andrä und Washington by
Partner Rem Koolhaas
and Joshua
Prince-Ramus
of OMA/LMN,
Magnusson
Klemencic
Associates with
Arup

What metal material is used for the façade?

Seismic Steel
Jay Pritzker Pavilion / What construction system was used for the glass?
Pritzker Music Pavilion, Mullion System
USA by Frank Gehry
Trans World
Flight (TWA)
Center /
International
Airport TWA,
Einstein Tower /
an airport
Einsteinturm,
terminal at New
Postdam, Germany by
York City's
Erich Mendelsohn.
John F.
Expressionist.
Kennedy
International
Airport opened
in 1962 by
Eero Saarinen

Jewish Museum,
Brookfield
Berlin by Daniel
Place formerly
Libeskind.
World Financial
Deconstructivist.
Center, New
York by Cesar
Pelli

Milan
Cathedral, Italy
by Simone da
Orsenigo.
Italian Gothic

9
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Great Pyramid St. Peter’s
of Giza Basilica /
(Necropolis): Papal Basilica
of St. Peter in
Pyamid of the Vatican /
Khufu / Basilica
Cheops Papale di San
Pietro in
Pyramid of Vaticano
Khafre /
Chephren
Renaissance and Baroque
Pyramid of Menkaure / Mykerinos
Length: 220 metres (720 ft)
Coordinates: 29°58′45″N 31°08′04″E
Width: 150 metres (490 ft)

Ancient name: Khufu's Horizon Height: 136.6 metres (448 ft)[1]

Nave height: 46.2 metres (152 ft)
Constructed: c. 2580–2560 BC (4th dynasty) Dome diameter (outer): 42 metres (138 ft)

Type / Style: True pyramid Dome diameter (inner): 41.51 metres (136.2 ft)

Material: Limestone, granite 120 Years thru different Popes with 12 Architects:

Height: 1. Donato Bramante – design was selected from the

146.7 metres (481 ft) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits several entries from the competition. 1st renovation
138.8 metres (455 ft) (contemporary) by Pope Julius II

2. Giuliano da Sangallo
Base:
Length of 230.34 metres (756 ft) or 440 Egyptian Royal 3. Friar/Fra Gicondo – Found writings of Vitruvius
cubits
4. Raphael Sanzio – Latin Cross Plan
Volume: 2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cu ft)
5. Baldassare Peruzzi- Reverted to Greek Plan
Slope: 51°52'±2' Building details
6. Antonio da Sangallo

7. Michelangelo Buonarotti – 72 years old; present

Pyamid of Khufu / Cheops – Largest
-Built/commissioned by Khufu
-First of the three
-146m high
-Highest sloped
Pyramid of Khafre / Chephren – 2nd Largest
-136.4m high
Pyramid of Menkaure / Mykerinos – Smallest of the
Three, 65.5m high
Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed
by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid
Step Pyramid, Saqqara by Imhotep ordered by King
Djoser
Limestone is an abundant rock of marine and freshwater
sediments, primarily composed of calcite (CaCO₃). It
occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and
amorphous.
To quarry means to obtain (mine) stone from an
excavation pit, usually by blasting, cutting, or digging. A
quarry is a site for mining stone, limestone or slate.
Sphinx was a creature with the head of a human and the
body of an animal. Represent the god, Horus.
(commonly a lion).
building owes most of its outstanding features to him.
Dome (136.57 m from the floor, tallest dome in the
world) of St. Peter Basilica. Greatest rival is Filippo
Brunelleschi due to a pair of bronze doors for the
Baptistery in 1401 that he won against with.
8. Giacomo della Porto
9. Domenico Fontana- Completed dome in 1590
10. Giacomo da Vignola- Added side Cupolas
11. Carlo Maderna- Lengthene Nave to form the Latin
Cross Gigantic Façade (reverted again)
12. Gian Lorenzo Bernini- Erected noble entrance
Piazza di San Pietro (St. Peter’s Square) of 198
meters wide, Cathedra Petri (Throne of St. Peter)
and Baldacchino and Niches.
Notes: 140 statues at the Colonnade, Columns ar 13 m
tall and are arranged in 4 rows, with trabeation
surmounted by a balustrade having the overall height of
21 m, 284 Doric columns both two straight covered wings
of Charlemagne (Left) and Constantine (right) of 120 m
long.
Famous for inventing linear perspective and designing
the dome of Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore. - Filippo
Brunelleschi

Pyramid of Cheops can be found. – Giza Complex,

Egypt

10
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Daraga Lepanto
Church / Building, Paeo
Nuestra de Roxas,
Señora de Makati City by
la Porteria Gabriel
Parish Formoso
Church
(also Our
Lady of the
Gate Parish
Church),
Legazpi,
Albay by Franciscans 1772, Churrigueresque, Baroque

San
Sebastian
Church /
Basilica
Minore de
San
Sebastian,
Quiapo,
Manila by
Genaro Ali Mall, Cubao,
Palacios. Quezon City by
Neo-Gothic Sindiong /
Ocampo

Paoay
Church /
San Agustin
Church /
Iglesia de
San Agustín Batasang
de Paoay, Pambansa by
Ilocos Norte Felipe M.
Earthquake Mendoza
Baroque

San Agustin
Church / (Smart) Araneta
Iglesia de Coliseum by
San Dominador
Agustín, Lugtu
Intramuros,
Manila by
Juan
Macias.
Baroque

(Manila) Army
Santo Navy Club by
Niño William E.
Basilica / Parsons
Basílica
Minore del
Santo
Niño de
Cebú /
Minor
Basilica of
the Holy
Child of
Cebú,
Cebu City by Fray Andrés de Urdaneta, O.S.A. and Fray
Diego de Herrera, O.S.A. Earthquake Baroque

11
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Asian Institute Pre-War Santo
of Management Domingo Church by
by Gabriel Felix Roxas y
Formoso Arroyo. Neogothic
Tradition.

Baclaran
Church /
National Shrine
of Our Mother
of Perpetual
Help /
Pambansáng
Dambana ng
Ina ng Laging Post-War Santo
Saklolo / Domingo Church,
Redemptionist also known as
Churh, National Shrine of
Parañaque by Our Lady of the Holy
César Homero Rosary of La Naval
R. Concio, Sr. de Manila by José
María Zaragoza.
Spanish Modern
Golden Mosque Style
/ Masjid na
Ginto o
Moskeng Ginto
/ Masjid A;-
Dahab, Quiapo
by Jorge
Ramos, 1976

Crystal Arcade by
Ayala Tower Andrés Pardo de
One / Tower Tavera Luna de San
One & Pedro. Popular
Exchange Tenant of Manila
Plaza, Paseo Stock Exchange at
de Roxas, Paseo de Escolta.
Makati City by First air-conditioned
Skidmore, building in the
Owings and Philippines.
Merrill (SOM), Art Deco.
Leandro Locsin
Partners (LLP)

Legislative
Building /
National
Museum by
Juan M.
Arellano

Rizal Memorial
Track and Football
Post Office Stadium / Rizal
Building by Memorial Stadium,
Juan M. Complex by Juan
Arellano Arellano. Art Deco.

12
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 Makati Stock
Exchange by
Leandro V.
Centro Escolar Locsin
University by
Tomás Mapúa y
Bautista

Philippine Plaza
Hotel / Sofitel
Philippine Plaza
Gota de Leche Manila by
by Arcadio Leandro V.
Arellano and Locsin
Juan Arellano

Benguet Center
by Leandro V.
Locsin

First Manila City Makiling Center

Hall, Concepcion for the Arts
Street (now (National Arts
Natividad Center) by
Almeda-Lopez) Leandro V. Locsin
in Ermita–not too
far from the
present-day Old GSIS
building in Padre Building at
Burgos Avenue YMCA Building
by Edgar Bourne. by Federico S.
Ilustre
Paco Park
(originally
named as
Cementerio
General de
Dilao) by
Ildefonso Paez
Santos, Jr.
New GSIS Building
by Jorge Ramos

Shrine of Mary,
Queen of Peace,
Our Lady of
EDSA / EDSA
Shrine by
Francisco
Mañosa
Philippine Heart
Center by Jorge
Ramos

The Philippine Stock

Exchange, Inc. (PSE) by
US-based Handel
Architects, in
collaboration with
Leandro V Locsin Lung Center of the
Partners and GF & Philippines by
Partners Architects Jorge Ramos

13
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National Kidney Quezon Hall by
and Transplant Juan Nakpil
Institute by Jorge
Ramos

Zamboanga
International Airport Parish of the Holy
by Jorge Ramos Sacrifice by
Leandro V. Locsin
His 1st project

Proposed Philippine
Sports Complex by
Jorge Ramos Magallanes
Church by
Leandro V. Locsin

Old Senate Building

of the Philippines at
GSIS Complex by Saint Andrew the
Jorge Ramos, 1996 Apostle Church by
Leandro V. Locsin

New Senate
Building of the
Philippines by
AECOM. 8 Billion
Pesos of 11 Storeys
Insular Life
Building by Cesar
H. Concio
Who did the master
planning of U.P.
Diliman. William
Parsons

Palma Hall by
Ceasr H. Concio

Melchor Hall by Quezon City Hall

Ceasr H. Concio / Hall of Justice
by Ruperto Gaite

Iloilo Convention
Center by William
Coscolluela
Church of the
Risen Lord by
Ceasr H. Concio

Who finished the Escorial, Spain? Juan de Herrera

14
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Philippine Architects and Buildings: Master list
6750 Ayala – GF & Partners
1322 Roxas – GF & Partners
Admiral Apartments (Roxas Blvd.) – FERNANDO OCAMPO
Aglipayan Church – Carlos Arguellas
Alabang Golf & Country Clubs – GABRIEL P. FORMOSO
Alabang 400 – WILLIAM COSCOLLUELA
Alexandria Condominium – WILLIAM V. COSCOLLUELA /
R. VILLAROSA
Ali Mall – SINDIONG / OCAMPO
Ambassador Hotel – FERNANDO OCAMPO
Amorsolo East/West – Palafox / SOM
Araneta Coliseum – DOMINADOR LUGTU
Arguelles Bldg. – FERNANDO OCAMPO
Army Navy Club – WILLIAM PARSON
Asian Development Bank – ENGRACIO MARIANO / S.O.M.
Asian Institute of Management – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Assumption College (Antipolo) – FELIPE MENDOZA
Assumption Convent (Herran) – JUAN HERVAS
Ateneo de Manila – FELIPE MENDOZA
Ateneo Professional School - Francisco Manosa
Atomic Research Center – CRESENCIO DE CASTRO
Atrium – WILLIAM COSCOLLUELA
Avenue Theatre – JUAN NAKPIL
Ayala Tower One – Locsin / SOM
Baclaran (Mother of Perpetual Help) Church – Cesar Concio
B.A. Lepanto – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Bank of the Philippine Island (Main) – Engracio Mariano
Bataan Power Plant – JOSE MA. ZARAGOZA
Batasan Pambansa – FELIPE MENDOZA
Bellagio 1 & 2 – Recio Casas
Benguet Center – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Benitez Hall – ANTONIO TOLEDO
BLISS Housing – Manuel Manosa, Geronimo Manahan,
Gabino de Leon, Honorato Paloma
Bonifacio Monument – GUILLERMO TOLENTINO
B.P.I. (Ayala Ave.) – ENGRACIO MARIANO
Capitol Theatre – JUAN NAKPIL
Captain Luis Gonzaga Bldg. – PABLO ANTONIO
Captain Pepe Bldg. – JUAN NAKPIL
Cebe Plaza Hotel – ANTONIO SINDIONG
Central Bank of the Philippines – GABRIEL P. FORMOSO
Childrens Memorial Hospital – Cesar Concio
China Bank Bldg. (Paseo de Roxas) – ANTONIO
SINDIONG
Citibank Tower – VICENTE C. RODRIGUEZ / MEDI A.
NASRABADI
Club Filipino – GABRIEL FORMOSO / NESTOR MANGIO
Coco Bank Makati – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Coconut Palace – FRANCISCO MANOSA
Colegio de San Agustin – MANOSA BROTHERS
Corregidor Island (landscaping) – FRANCISCO MANOSA
Crystal Arcade (Escolta) – ANDRES LUNA DE SAN
PEDRO
Cultural Central of the Philippines – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
C.C.P. Theatre – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
De La Salle (Taft Ave.) – TOMAS B. MAPUA
Department of Finance – ANTONIO TOLEDO
Department of Foreign Affairs (A.D.B.) – CRESENCIO DE
CASTRO
Department of Tourism (Agriculture & Commerce) –
ANTONIO TOLEDO
Development Academy of the Philippines – Felipe Mendoza
Development Bank of the Philippines (Buendia) – CARLOS
ARGUELLES
Discovery Suites – RR Payumo
Dona Narcisa Bldg. – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Don Bosco Chapel – JOSE MA. ZARAGOZA
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
EDSA Plaza Hotel – ROGELIO VILLAROSA
EDSA Shrine – FRANCISCO MANOSA
EDSA Shrine Sculpture – Anita Magsaysay Ho
Enterprise Building – Wong Teng & Partners
Essensa Tower – William Coscolluela / I.M. Pei
Ever Theatre – JUAN NAKPIL
Expo Pilipino Tensile Structure – Prosperidad Luis
F.E.U. Bldg. – PABLO ANTONIO
F.E.U. Hospital – FELIPE MENDOZA
Far East Bank (intramuros) – ALFREDO LUZ
Film Center of the Philippines – FROILAN HONG
Folk’s Art Theatre – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Fort San Antonio Abad (Preservation) – Gabriel Formoso
Galaxy Theatre – PABLO ANTONIO
Garillon Tower – JUAN NAKPIL
Galeria de Magallanes – WILLIAM COSCOLLUELA
Gota de Leche – Arcadio Arellano / Juan Arellano
Grand Boulevard Hotel (Silahis Int’l) – ROGELIO
VILLAROSA
Greenbelt – GF & Partners
Greenbelt 2 – Recio Casas
Greenbelt Chapel – LEANDRO LOCSIN
G.S.I.S. (Arroceros) – FEDERICO ILUSTRE
G.S.I.S. Bldg. (CCP) – JORGE RAMOS
GT Tower – GF & Partners / KPF
Hidden Valley Resort – MANOSA BROTHERS
Holiday Inn (Trader’s Hotel) – CARLOS ARGUELLES
Hotel Nikko Manila Garden – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Hyatt Regency Hotel – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Ideal Theatre – PABLO S. ANTONIO
Iglesia ni Kristo (Commonwealth) – CARLOS SANTOS-
VIOLA
Insular Life (Ayala) – CESAR CONCIO
Insular Life (Alabang) – G&W
Istan Nurul Aman (Palace of Religious Light) - Leandro
Locsin
JMT Tower – Francisco Manosa
King’s Court II – ROGELIO VILLAROSA
Las Pinas Church Restoration – FRANCISCO MANOSA
LKG Tower – Recio Casas / KPF
Le Metropole – ANTONIO SINDIONG
Lopez Museum – ANGEL NAKPIL
Loyola Memorial Chapel – NICK FELICIANO
Lyric Theatre – ANTONIO TOLEDO
Magallanes Church – Leandro Locsin / Dominic Galicia
(New)
Makati Sports Club – ROGELIO VILLAROSA
Makati Stock Exchange – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Manila Astral Tower – CESAR CANCHELA
Manila Cathedral – FERNANDO OCAMPO
Manila City Hall – ANTONIO TOLEDO
Manila Doctors Hospital –LUIS ARANETA
Manila Film Center – Froilan hong
Manila High School – JUAN HERVAS
Manila Hilton – CARLOS ARGUELLES / GABRIEL
FORMOSO
Manila Hotel – WILLIAM PARSON / LEANDRO V.
LOCSIN
Manila International Airport – LEANDRO LOCSIN
Manila Jockey Club – JUAN NAKPIL
Manila Midtown Hotel – ARCENAS, PAYUMO &
ANDREWS
Manila Peninsula – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Manila Polo Club – PABLO ANTONIO
Manila Jockey Club – Juan Nakpil
Manila Railroad Station (Tutuban) – JUAN HERVAS
15
Mary Immaculate Church – Francisco Manosa
Maya-maya Resort – MANOSA BROTHERS
Medical City Hospital – Francisco Manosa
Mehan Garden – OTILIO ARELLANO
Melchor Hall (UP Engr & Archi Building) – CESAR CONCIO
Meralco Bldg. (Ortigas) – JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA
Metrobank (Buendia) – ANTONIO SINDIONG
Metropolitan Museum – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Metropolitan Theatre – JUAN ARELLANO
Metrorail Stations – FRANCISCO MANOSA
Monterey Apartment, Roxas – Pablo Antonio
Mormon Temple (Green Meadows) – FELIPE MENDOZA
Museo Pambata (Elks Club) –Parsons
Museo ng Maynila (Army and Navy Club) – Parsons
National Art’s Center – LEANDRO LOCSIN
National Bureau of Investigation – OTILIO O. ARELLANO
National Museum (Legislative Bldg.) – JUAN ARELLANO –
TOLEDO / DUANE
National Library – JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA
National Press Club – ANGEL NAKPIL
National Science Development Board – CRESENCIO DE
CASTRO
Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol – Juan Arellano
New World Hotel – ENGRACIO MARIANO
Normal School – WILLIAM PARSON & ANTONIO TOLEDO
Nuestra Senora de Guia – CARLOS SANTOS – VIOLA
Nurses Home (PGH) – TOMAS B. MAPUA
Oakwood – GF & Partners / SOM
One Beverly Place – WILLIAM V. COSCOLLUELA
One Corporate Center – Philip Recto
One San Miguel – Philip Recto
Our Lady of Lourdes Church – CARLOS SANTOS VIOLA
Palma Hall (UP Arts & Science) – Cesar Concio
Pacific Plaza – ANTNIO SINDIONG
Pacific Star – GABRIEL P. FORMOSO
Palacio del Gobernador – OTILIO ARELLANO
Palma Hall (U.P. Diliman) – CESAR CONCIO
Paterno Bldg. (Sta. Cruz) – FERNANDO OCAMPO
Pearl Farm – FRANCISCO MANOSA
Perez-Samanillo Bldg. – ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
Petrona Apartments – ANGEL NAKPIL
Pheonix Bldg. – VICTORIO C. EDADES
Phil-Am Homes Q.C. – CARLOS ARGUELLES
Phil-Am Life (U.N. Ave.) – CARLOS ARGUELLES
Philam Life Tower _ William Coscolluela / SOM
PHILCITE – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Philippine Airlines Bldg. – JOSE MA. ZARAGOZA
Phillipine Banking Corp. (Port Area) – JOSE MA.
ZARAGOZA
Philippine Columbian Clubhouse – ROGELIO VILLAROSA
Philippine General Hospital – WILLIAM PARSON /
LEANDRO LOCSIN
Philippine Heart Center – JORGE RAMOS
Philippine Plaza – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Philippine Stock Exchange (Ayala) – LEANDRO N. LOCSIN
Philippine Trust Bldg. (Plaza Goiti) – JUAN NAKPIL
P.I.C.C. – LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
Picache Bldg. – ANGEL NAKPIL
Planetarium – FEDERICO ILLUSTRE
P.L.D.T. Tower (Ayala) – MEDI NASRABADI
P.L.D.T. (de la Rosa) – ANGEL NAKPIL
P.L.D.T. (Espana) – GABRIEL FORMOSO
P.N.B. (Escolta) – CARLOS ARGUELLES
Pope Pius XII – JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA
Post Office Bldg. – JUAN ARELLANO
Prudential Bank (Ayala Ave.) – GABRIEL FORMOSO
Quezon City Sports Club – William Coscolluela
Quezon Hall (UP Admin) –Juan Nakpil
Quezon Institute – Juan Nakpil
Quezon Memorial – Federico Illustre
Quiapo Church – Juan Nakpil
Ramon Cojuangco Building (PLDT) – Leandro Locsin
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Ramon Magsaysay Center – Alfredo Luz
RCBC (Buendia) – Otilio Arellano / Felipe Mendoza
RCBC Plaza (Yuchengco) – William Coscolluela / SOM
Regina Building – Andres Luna de San Pedro
Renaissance 1000 – Pedro Pimintel / Medi Nasrabadi
Residences – GF & Partners
Risen Lord Parish – Francisco Manosa
Ritz Towers – Antonio Sindiong
Rizal Memorial Stadium – Juan Arellano
Rizal Theatre - Juan Nakpil
Rizal Monument – Richard Kissling
Roche Building – Angel Nakpil
Robinsons Galleria – William Coscolluela
Rufino Building – Juan Nakpil
Rufino Tower – Adrian Wilson
San Agustin Church – Luciano Oliver / Manual Manosa
(Restoration)
San Bartolome Church (Malabon) – Luciano Oliver
San Juan Municipal Center – Otilio Arellano
San Miguel Corporation – Manosa Brothers (Francisco
Manosa)
San Sebastian Church – Genaro Palacio
Serendra – GF & Partners
Shangri-la Hotel (Ayala) – GF & Partners
Shargri-la Grand Tower – Recio Casas
Sheraton Hotel –Ruperto Gaite
Skyland Plaza – William Coscolluela
Sky Room (Jai-Alai) – William Becket
SM Bagiuo -
SM Centerpoint – Cresencio Castro
SM Cebu – William Coscolluela
SM Megamall – Antonio Sindiong
SM Mall of Asia – Robert Carag Ong
SM North – Willaim Coscolluela
SM SouthMall – Palafox
SSS Building (East Ave) – Juan Nakpil (Nakpil, Nakpil &
Nakpil)
St. Andrews, Las Pinas – Francisco Manosa
St. Andrews. Makati – Leandro Locsin
State Theater – Juan Nakpil
Sto. Domingo Church – Jose Maria Zaragoza
Sto. Nino Cebu – Diego Herrera
St. Vincent de Paul Church – Andres Luna de San Pedro
State Theater – Juan Nakpil
Sulo Restaurant – Manosa Brothers
Sulu Hotel _ LEandro Locsin
Supreme Court – Juan Arrelano
Taal Basilica – Luciano Oliver
Tektite Towers - Rogelio Villarosa
The Columns - RMJM
Tiendesitas – Art Alcantara
Times Theater – Luis Araneta / Jose Ma. Zaragoza
Tuscany Apartment – Carlos Arguelles
UAP Headquarters – T.I. Vazquez
UST Chapel – Fernando Ocampo
UST Main Building – Roque Ruano
Urdaneta Apartment – Carlos Arguellas
Valley Golf Club – Gabriel Formoso
Villamor Hall (UP Manila) – Juan Arellano
Wack-wack Twin Towers – William Coscolluela
White Cross Preventarium – Pablo Antonio
WHO Building – Alfredo Luz
World Expo, New York (Salakot) –Otilio Arellano
World Expo, 1970 – (Muslim Vinta) - Leandro Locsin
World Trade Exchange Building – Chica-go / Michael
Graves
YMCA – William Parsons
Note: From Sir Jeje “The Great”
16
Father of Deconstructivism – Frank Gehry
Father of International Style – Le Corbusier
Father of Skyscrapers and mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright
– Louis Sullivan
“Whoever said that pleasure wasn’t functional?”
– Charles Eames
“Architecture is the learned game, correct and
magnificent, of forms assembled in the light.”
– Le Corbusier

First Woman licensed Architect in the US. “A house is a machine for living in.” – Le Corbusier
- Louise Blanchard Bethune “To create architecture is to put in order.” – Le Corbusier
Architect of Solomon Guggenheim Museum in New York. “A hundred times have I thought New York is a
– Frank Lloyd Wright catastrophe and 50 times: it is a beautiful catastrophe.”
– Le Corbusier
Architect of Quiapo Church. – Juan Nakpil
“An idea is salvation by imagination.”
The architect who won in the competition for the new – Frank Lloyd Wright
Capital City (planning) of Brazil, Brasilia in 1957.
“The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of
– Lucio Costa (Oscar Niemeyer is for the buildings)
our own we have no soul of our own civilization.”
– Frank Lloyd Wright
The recent recipient of the National Artist Award for
Architecture bestowed by President Rodrigo Roa “Less is a bore.” – Robert Venturi
Duterte. – Francisco “Bobby” Manosa
“Not many architects have the luxury to reject significant
things.” – Rem Koolhaas
National Artists for Architecture in the Philippines:
“A doctor can bury his mistakes, but an architect can only
# Architect Known as / for Year President
advise his clients to plant vines.” – Frank Lloyd Wright
1 Juan F. Dean of Filipino 1973 Ferdinand
Nakpil Architects Marcos “The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of
2 Pablo S. Pioneer of Modern 1976 Ferdinand our own we have no soul of our own civilization.”
Antonio Philippine Marcos – Frank Lloyd Wright
Architecture
3 Leandro Juxtaposition of 1990 Corazon “An idea is salvation by imagination.”
V. Locsin huge concrete C. Aquino – Frank Lloyd Wright
blocks
4 Ildefonso Father of Philippine 2006 Gloria “Space is the breath of art.” – Frank Lloyd Wright
P. Santos, Landscape Macapagal
Jr. Architecture Arroyo “A great architect is not made by way of a brain nearly so
5 José Church Architect 2014 Benigno S. much as he is made by way of a cultivated, enriched
María V. (45 bldgs.) Spanish Aquino III heart.” – Frank Lloyd Wright
Zaragoza Colonial and
“Organic architecture seeks superior sense of use and a
International Style
6 Francisco Philippine neo- 2018 Rodrigo finer sense of comfort, expressed in organic simplicity.”
T. vernacular Roa – Frank Lloyd Wright
Manosa architecture Duterte “Architecture should speak of its time and place, but
yearn for timelessness.” – Frank Gehry
Designer of the Hoffman House. – Ricard Meier
“I don’t know why people hire architects and then tell
Spanish Architect who designed the Sagrada Familia. them what to do.” – Frank Gehry
– Antoni Gaudi (to be complete in 2026, Gaudi’s death
centenary) “98% of what gets built today is shit.” – Frank Gehry

His design character / method consists f showing
external functions such as buildings cannot be faceless
rather like a sculptural object, each piece of architecture
as a painting. – Frank Gehry
"The U.S. invented skyscrapers, but we've fallen
behind. WTC 1 is a solution to many technical problems,
and it represents the very best in codes, structure, and
safety. It's a concrete core with steel exterior, which is an
efficient and safe system, but it had not been done in
New York for a host of reasons, mostly because of the
arrangement between trade groups. The form tapers on
its four corners, which buildings — like trees — want to
do anyway." – David M. Childs of SOM
Flower is a pot - Richard Josef Neutra
“Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into
space.” – Mies van der Rohe
“God is in the details.” – Mies van der Rohe
“Less is more.” – Mies van der Rohe
“When I’m working on a problem, I never think about
beauty. But when I’ve finished, if the solution is not
beautiful, I know it’s wrong.” – Buckminster Fuller
“As an architect you design for the present, with an
awareness of the past, for a future which is essentially
unknown.” – Norman Foster
“Architecture is an expression of values.”
– Norman Foster
“To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody
history but to articulate it.” – Daniel Libeskind
“Architecture is not based on concrete and steel and the
elements of the soil. It’s based on wonder.”
– Daniel Libeskind
“To create, one must first question everything.”
– Eileen Gray
“Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.”
– Leonardo da Vinci

“Recognizing the need is the primary condition for “There are 360 degrees, so why stick to one?” – Zaha
design.” – Charles Eames Hadid

17
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“Architecture is really about well-being. I think that people
want to feel good in a space… On the one hand it’s
about shelter, but it’s also about pleasure.” – Zaha Hadid
“One of the great beauties of architecture is that each
time, it is like life starting all over again.” – Renzo Piano
“A museum is a place where one should lose one’s
head.” – Renzo Piano
My work is not about “form follows function”, but “form
follows beauty” or, even better, “form follows feminine”.
– Oscar Niemeyer
“Maximum Simplicity” – Marcel Breuer
“A harmonious design requires that nothing be added or
taken away.” – Vitruvius
“Architecture is the art of how to waste space.”
– Philip Johnson
“We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us.”
– Winston Churchill
“The first principle of architectural beauty is that the
essential lines of a construction be determined by a
perfect appropriateness to its use.” – Gustave Eiffel
“When I am asked what I believe in, I say that I believe in
architecture. Architecture is the mother of the arts. I like
to believe that architecture connects the present with the
past and the tangible with the intangible.”
– Richard Meier
“The dialogue between client and architect is about as
intimate as any conversation you can have, because
when you’re talking about building a house, you’re talking
about dreams.” – Robert A.M. Stern
“Architecture begins where engineering ends.”
– Walter Gropius
“Our ultimate goal, therefore, was the composite but
inseparable work of art --- the great building --- in which
the old dividing line between monumental and decorative
elements would have disappeared forever.”
– Walter Gropius
“You cannot simply put something new into a place. You
have to absorb what you see around you, what exists on
the land, and then use that knowledge along with
contemporary thinking to interpret what you see.”
– Tadao Ando
“Architecture arouses sentiments in man. The architect’s
task therefore, is to make those sentiments more
precise.” – Adolf Loos
“Supply and demand regulate architectural form.”
– Adolf Loos
“Designs of purely arbitrary nature cannot be expected
to last long.” - Kenzo Tange
“Modern Architecture need not be western.” - Kenzo
Tange
“Architects today tend to depreciate themselves, to
regard themselves as no more than just ordinary citizens
without the power to reform the future.” - Kenzo Tange
“When we build, let us think that we build forever.”
– John Ruskin
“The essential element in architecture is the manipulation
of space. It is this essence which separates it from all
other arts.” – Paul Rudolph
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“The architecture we remember is that which never
consoles or comforts us.” – Peter Eisenman
“To me the drawn language is a very revealing language:
one can see in a few lines whether a man is really an
architect.” – Eero Saarinen
“Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger
context – a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house
in an environment, an environment in a city plan.”
– Eliel Saarinen
“A great building must begin with the immeasurable,
must go through measurable means when it is being
designed, and in the end must be unmeasured.”
– Louis Kahn
“What surprises me most in architecture, as in other
techniques, is that a project has one life in its built state
but another in its written or drawn state." – Aldo Rossi
“Form ever follows function.” – Louis Sullivan
“But the building’s identity resides in the ornament.”
– Louis Sullivan
“Design is not making beauty, beauty emerges from
selection, affinities, integration, and love.” – Louis Kahn
“Architecture is a dangerous mixture of power and
impotence.” – Rem Koolhaas
“Ornamentation has been, is, and will be polychrome.
Nature does not present us with an object in
monochrome, totally uniform with respect to colour – not
in vegetation, not in geology, not in topography, not in the
animal kingdom. Always the contrast of colour is more or
less lively, and for this reason we must colour wholly or in
part every architectural element.” – Antoni Gaudi
“I am always searching for more light and space.”
– Santiago Calatrava
“I believe that the material doesn’t need to be strong to
be used to build a strong structure. The strength of the
structure has nothing to do with strength of the material.”
– Shigeru Ban
“For me, the excitement in architecture revolves around
the idea and the phenomenon of the experience of that
idea. Residences offer almost immediate gratification.
You can shape space, light, and materials to a degree
that you sometimes can't in larger projects.”
– Steven Holl
“There is a rumour that I can’t draw and never could. This
is probably because I work so much with models. Models
are one of the most beautiful design tools, but I still do
the finest drawings you can imagine.” – Jørn Utzon
“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's
blood. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work,
remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded
will not die, but long after we are gone be a living thing,
asserting itself with ever-growing insistence.”
– Daniel Burnham
“Building art is a synthesis of life in materialised form. We
should try to bring in under the same hat not a splintered
way of thinking, but all in harmony together.”
– Alvar Aalto
“My passion and great enjoyment for architecture, and
the reason the older I get the more I enjoy it, is because I
believe we - architects - can affect the quality of life of the
people.” – Richard Rogers
“Each new situation requires a new architecture.”
– Jean Nouvel
18
“Architecture aims at eternity.” – Christopher Wren
“There will never be great architects or great architecture
without great patrons.” - Edwin Lutyens
“Architects have made architecture too complex. We
need to simplify it and use a language that everyone can
understand.” – Toyo Ito
First Portuguese Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Alvaro Siza Vieira, 1992
First French Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Christian de Portzamparc, 1994
First Spanish Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Rafael Moneo, 1996

“In any architecture, there is an equity between the
pragmatic function and the symbolic function.”
– Michael Graves
“The purpose of architecture is to create an atmosphere
in which man can live, work, and enjoy.”
– Minoru Yamasaki
“Profit and bottom line, the contemporary mantra,
eliminates the very source of architectural expression.”
– Arthur Erickson
First Norwegian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
- Sverre Fehn, 1997
First Italian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Renzo Piano, 1998
First Dutch Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Rem Koolhaas, 2000
First Swiss Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Jacques Herzog & Pierre de Meuron, 2001

“Architecture is the design of space, both interior and
exterior. So it’s much more closely related to dance than
it is to painting or sculpture.” – Bruce John Graham
“Architecture is not a private affair; even a house must
serve a whole family and its friends, and most buildings
are used by everybody, people of all walks of life. If a
building is to meet the needs of all the people, the
architect must look for some common ground of
understanding and experience.” – John Portman
“The great thing about being an architect is you can walk
into your dreams.” – Harold Wagner
“Architecture is an art when one consciously or
unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the
atmosphere and when this environment produces well-
being.” – Luis Barragan
“If a building becomes architecture, then it is art.”
– Arne Jacobsen
“Tradition is a challenge to innovation.” – Alvaro Siza
“Architecture is much more than a profession; It’s a
discipline.” – Odile Decq
“Architecture isn't just about creating new buildings,
sometimes it’s about retuning what's already there.”
– John Pawson
First Australian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Glenn Murcutt
First Danish Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Jorn Utzon, 2003
First Iraqi-English Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid, 2004 ( ‫)زها حديد‬
First Female Japanese Pritzker Architecture Prize
laureate. – Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa
(SANAA), 2010
First Chinese Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Wang Shu, 2012
First German Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Frei Otto, 2015
First Chilean Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Alejandro Aravena, 2016
First Indian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi, OAL, 2018
Recent Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.
– Arata Isozaki, 2019
Arata Isozaki’s Works:

First American and 1st Pritzker Architecture Prize Nara Centennial Hall Art Tower in Mito, Ibaraki
laureate. – Philip Johnson, 1979

First Mexican Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.

– Luis Barragan, 1980

First English Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.

– James Stirling, 1981

First Chinese-American Pritzker Architecture Prize

laureate. – Ieoh Ming Pei, 1983

First Austrian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.

– Hans Hollein, 1985

First German Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate. Shenzhen Concert Hall

- Gottfried Böhm, 1986

First Japanese Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.

– Kenzo Tange, 1987

First Brazilian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate. Qatar National Convention Center
– Oscar Niemeyer, 1988

First Canadian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.

– Frank Gehry, 1989

First Italian Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate.

– Aldo Rossi, 1990
19
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Frank Lloyd Wright – textile blocks, organic architecture Erich Mendelsohn – fluid mass theory

“form and function are one” “architecture is the only tangible expression of space”

“the reality of a building is not the container but the space
within”
“the architect is a molder of men, whether or not he
consciously assumes responsibility”
Eero Saarinen – reflective glass
“function influence but does not dictate”
“spiritual function is inseparable from practical function”

„nature spelled with a capital N the way you spell God Eleil Saarinen
with a capital G” “beauty grows from necessity, not from repetition”
“organic architecture: all parts are related to the whole as Richard Nuetra – rush city
the whole was related to the parts; continuity and
integrity” “a house is like a flower pot”

Pierre Luigi Nervi - ferrocement “most important material is man”

“structural correctness is identical with functional, Rem Koolhaas

technical and economic truthfulness”
“the client is chaos”
“architecture is a synthesis of the technology and art”
“the integration of notion of cheapness to create sublime
Oscar Niemeyer conditions”

“architecture must have liberty of forms” Otto Wagner

“architecture is expression of poetry” “a town in a town”

Kenzo Tange Alvar Aalto (Hugo Alvar Henric)

“modern architecture need not be western” “form is the mystery that defies description but brings
people pleasure”
Ieoh Ming Pei
Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret}
“symbolisms and blasphemies”
“a cube within a cube”
“architecture is the expression of the past”
“a house is a machine to live in‟
Vitruvius
“architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play
“strength, beauty and unity” of masses brought together in light”
Richard Rogers “space and light and order. these are the things men
“design is how, form is what” need just as much they need bread or place to sleep”

Robert Venturi “Less is Bore” “the “styles‟ are a lie”

Otto Wagner Ludwig Mies van der Rohe – skin and bone
architecture
“nothing that is not practical can be beautiful”
“less is more”
“essential basis of natural forms as geometries”
Antonio Gaudi –hyperbolic paraboloid
Minoru Yamasaki
„form does not necessarily follow function”
“humanism”
“straight lines belong to man, curved lines belong to God”
Michael graves
Marcel Bruer
“design as if you are a child”
“nature and architecture are two different things”
“classical forms language of both the arctuated and
trabeated models” Walter Gropius

Adolf Loos “art and architecture, the new unity”

“ornament equals crime” “machine is to be our modern medium of design

“lift the building in the ground” Louis Khan

Charles Renee Makintosh “a house is a house”

“modern ideas in modern dress” “architecture built not for need, but for art”

“design by living men for living men” Paul Rodulph

Louis Sullivan “automobile is the most important organizing element in

the structure
“form follows function”
Rem Koolhass “the client is chaos”
Robert Mailart – mushroom slab construction
Philip Johnson
“a bridge is like a house”
“architecture is the art of wasting space”
20
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A slight vertical curvature in the shaft of a column - The following are the works of Leandro Locsin in the
Entasis CCP Complex, except one:

Identify the Coconut Palace – Francisco Manosa

door with Philippines International Convention Center
the beam Tanghalang Pambansa
above: Theatre for Performing Arts
Trabeated
Free standing memorial
pillar in Indian
Architecture, bearing
carved inscriptions,
religious emblems, or a
statue. In the context of
Jain & Hindu mythology, it
is believed to be a cosmic
column which functions as
A channel a bond, which joins the
running heaven (Svarga) and the
vertically earth (Prithvi). – Stambha /
along a Skambha
column -
Flutes/
Fluting
A semicircular niche or
decorative panel in the wall
of a mosque that indicates
the qibla; that is, the
direction of the Kaaba in
Mecca. - Mihrab
Tooth-like
blocks
used as a
decoration
under the
soffit of a
cornice-
Dentils

A lofty, slender tower

attached to a mosque,
having stairs leading up to
A small tower that projects one or more projecting
vertically from the wall of a balconies from which the
building such as a medieval muezzin calls the Muslim
castle (Citadel) - Turret people to prayer. - Minaret

An umbrella-shaped finial symbolizing dignity, composed

of a stone disk on a vertical pole. - Chattri

An elaborately carved, ceremonial gateway in Indian

Buddhist and Hindu Architecture, having two or three
lintels between posts. - Torana
A small tower usually
Huge monoliths, square in plan and tapering to a
corbelled at the corner of
pyramidal summit. - Obelisks
the castle - Bartizan
The famous “Hanging Gardens’ is found. - Palace of
Nebuchadnezzar
An architectural movement in Europe during the first
decades of the 20th century in parallel with the
A long colonnaded building used around public places
expressionist visual and performing arts that especially
and as shelters and religious shrines. - Stoa
developed and dominated in Germany. – Expressionist
The moulding that is often found n the Doric Order. -
Main Feature of Gothic Architecture- Flying Buttress
Ovolo
It is where the current plans of cities where based
In Early Christian Churches, the Bishop took the central
including literature, arts and etc. – Byzantine
place at the end of the church. – Apse
Architecture
Room behind the Cella. – Epinaos
21
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A moulding made up of a convex and concave curve and
which could also be applied to an arch. – Egg and Dart
Sharp raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric
column. – Arris
Identify the ff.: Arris, Flute, Pediment, Crepidoma,
Frieze, Capital
Crepidoma
The architectural style that exhibit simplicity on the
outside while richness on the inside. – Byzantine
The architectural style that exhibit both richness on the
inside and outside. – Gothic
The architectural style that exhibit both simplicity on the
inside and outside. – Renaissance
The gateway of Japanese Shinto. – Torii
A vault that extruded along the axis / half cylinder. –
Barrel Vault
The open market in Ancient Greece. – Agora
The open market / marketplace in Ancient Rome –
Forum
The largest and popular forum in Ancient Rome. –
Forum Romanum
A walk or passage behind the parapet. – Allure
The patrol walk in French. – Chemin-de-ronde
The rounded, including the apse and ambulatory in
Gothic cathedrals. – Chevet
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
Column in the form of female carrying a basket in their
head. – Canephora (No basket – Caryatid, Male –
Atlantes)
The first skyscraper in the US is this building and is
located. – Home Insurance Building, Chicago
This is the first Gothic church / structure. – Abbey of St.
Denis / St. Denis
Stonehenge is an example of this. – Cromlech
A monument erected in memory of a deceased person. –
Cenotaph
Purpose of cylindrical wooden disk in an Ifugao house. –
Protection from rats
This supports he flying buttress. – Arch
Rose window is showed in this Architectural style. –
Early French (Gothic)
An element that was used in an Egyptian temple to admit
light on its Interior space. – Clerestory
The longest and largest river in the Philippines that is a
source of water. – Cagayan River
The tallest cathedral in the world. – Ulm Cathedral
(161m) (followed by Cologne – 156, Rouen – 148, and
Notre Dame Cathedral – 142)
A term referred to as “fear of empty space” – Horror
vacui
In vernacular Philippine Architecture, it is a storage shelf
and drainer before the dish rack where the cups, utensils
before it is enclosed with bamboo spikes but is screened.
– Banguerahan
Original name of Bahay na Kubo came from. – Balai
(means house and Kubo which mean cube)
It is the basis of architectural style. – Culture
When Spaniards came, they noticed that the whouse
were easily destroyed during, typhoon, they introduced
this type of house. – Bahay na bato
It is the Frieze in modern day house. – Gutter
It is the basis of modern-day door. – Post and Lintel
Mostly found in China and Japan. – Pagoda
A semicircular or polygonal projection of a building,
usually vaulted and used especially at the sanctuary or
east end of a church, also known as apsis. – Apse
A cyma having the concave part projecting beyond the
convex part. Also called Doric Cyma – Cyma Recta
A cyma having the convex part projecting beyond the
concave part. Also called as Lesbian cyma. – Cyma
Reversa
A wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, which is
used in building an arch or vault that can sometimes
span greater than a lintel. – Voussoir
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Identify the figures: A column
embedded in a wall
A curve shaped and partly projecting
somewhat like an S, from the surface of
consisting of two arcs the wall, sometimes
that curve in opposite defined as semi or
senses, so that the three-quarter
ends are parallel, or detached. –
roughly so. It is a kind Engaged Column
of sigmoid curve. –
Ogee Arch

Columns would be on one side of a Greek Hepastyle

temple. – Seven

A castle or other large strong building, or a well-protected

place, which is intended to be difficult for enemies to
An arch with an enter. – Fortress
acutely pointed head.
– Lancet Arch The post and lintel construction method was introduced
in this era. – Greek

Greek temples having columns only at the front and rear.

– Amphiprostyle

A large space having many columns in rows supporting a

flat roof. – Hypostyle Hall

Greek temples having rows of columns on all sides. –

Peripteral

Having an intercolumniation of 1/12 diameters. –

Pycnostyle

Having an intercolumniation of 2 diameters. – Systyle

An architectural
feature used to cover Having an intercolumniation of 2 ¼ diameters. – Eustyle
a large interior space
in a building, often the Having an intercolumniation of 3 diameters. – Diastyle
nave of a church or
cathedral, in which the Having an intercolumniation of 4 diameters. Araeostyle
surface of the vault is Taught in Paris Ecole de Beaux Arts. – Beaux Arts
divided into webs by a
framework of diagonal bstractionism is started in this century. – 19th Century
arched ribs. – Rib / Means “young style” in Germany. – Jugendstil (Art
Ribbed Vault Nouveau in Germany)

Antoni Gaudi is recognized in this era. – Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau Country

Consists of a centre
Jugendstijl / Reformstil Germany
mass or newel, to which engaged
Secese Czech Republic
or semi-detached shafts have been Stile Liberty / Stile Italy
attached.- Clustered / Compound Floreale
Column Secessionsstil Austria
Szecesszió Hungary
Jugend Sweden / Finland
Модерн (Modern) Russia / Ukraine
Secesja Poland

Difference of Catalan Art Nouveau (Spain) and

In medieval architecture a
structural piece of stone, wood or
metal jutting from a wall to carry a
superincumbent weight, a type of
bracket. – Corbel
Jugendstijl (Germany). – Catalan is colorful and richly
decorated while Jugendstijl has more of
perpendicular and straight lines.
Best statement about Art Nouveau and Gohic
Architecture. – Art Nouveau used whiplash lines and
Gothic Architecture was rude and barbaric.

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Style characterized by pointed arch, flying buttress,
stained glass, tracery, pinnacles and spires, rose
window, triforium and clerestory, and lady chapel, façade
face west. – Gothic
Style characterized by rusticated masonry, clean and
simple silhouettes, pagan or classical mythological
subject, sgraffito, flat roofs, and orientation of façade /
altar became of less significance. – Renaissance
Leandro Locsin’s most controversial project for the
marble façade cantilevered 12 m from the terrace by
huge arching columns at the sides of the building that
gives it an illusion of floating. – Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP)
Leandro Locsin’s single largest work. – Istana Nurul
Iman

Style influenced by Geometric Figures. – Renaissance Ornaments in Philippine Architecture vary in every
region, which exerts the greatest influence. – Culture
Style characterized by round arches, barrel and cross
vault, buttress piers, latin-cross plan, towers and sparse
Largest religious structure, beehive shaped towers. –
ornaments, façade face west. – Romanesque
Angkor Wat
Style characterized by dome, centralized plan (circular or
polygonal), dosseret block, pendentives, round aches The biggest stupa. – Phra Pathom Chedi Stupa,
and elaborate frescoes and mosaics, façade face west. – Thailand
Byzantine
The Tower, in particular, often referred to by the name of
Style characterized by ruins from old Roman temples,
its main bell, Big Ben, has become an iconic landmark of
timber roof, vault or dome, rectangular plan, mosaics and
London and of the United Kingdom in general.
churches built over burial of a saint. – façade face east
Early Christian – Elizabeth Tower

Style characterized by round arch, tunnel and cross
vault, dome, Tuscan and composite orders, temples
façade faced the forum – Roman
Style characterized by perfected proportions, optical
corrections (entasis) for visual perfection, humanism,
timber, tone, terracotta, limestone and marble, temples
façade faced east – Greek
Style characterized by capitals: abacus, echinus,
cyclopean walls, corbelled arch. – Aegean (Greek)
Style characterized by carpentry in marble, sculptures,
Greek orders, colors and murals. – Hellenic (Greek)
The Tower that houses the Great Clock of Westminster
built by Edward John Dent on designs by amateur
horologist Edmund Beckett Denison.
– Elizabeth Tower / Clock Tower
The Tower that is slightly shorter than Elizabeth Tower
but is not slimmer than the said compared tower. –
Victoria Tower
This is simply known as Clock Tower until it was
conferred last 2012 and is designed by this person and
built after his death. – Augustus Pugin

Style characterized by Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders, This is referred to as the intersection of the arches /
mouldings. – Hellenistic (Greek) vaults. – Boss
Style characterized by trabeation, use of softstone such
as limestone, battered walls, pictographs, hieroglyphics,
column capitals such as lotus, papyrus, palm etc., sides
facing cardinal points. – Egyptian

Style characterized by arcuated, mud-brick (clay and

soil), stone, timber, corners toward cardinal points. –
Mesopotamian

Style characterized by trabeation and corbelled, design in

response to lifestyle, local materials and climate, faces
towards cardinal points. – Pre-Historic

An architectural style that emerged during the second

half of the 19th century where Architecture freely mixed
various historical styles appropriate to local conditions,
topography etc. – Eclecticism

The project 23-32 scheme located at the “Turtle Bay”

New York as a result of the collaboration of several
prominent architects from different countries. –
Headquarters of the United Nations.

The director of planning for the above project. – Wallace

K. Harrison

The following were involved on the above project. –

Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier and Wallace K.
Harrison

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 Ground Floor Plan:

• Zaguan –
carriages and saints’
floats (andas) are kept.

• Bodega –
a storage room for
keeping old furniture
and palay bins.

• Aljibe –
water cistern found
underneath the azotea.

• Cuadra –
the horse stable

• Entresuelo –
mezzanine elevated at
about a meter from the
ground and found
underneath the master
bedroom.

• Patio – an enclosed
courtyard open to the
sky and adjacent to
the zaguan

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 Second floor:
• Caida –
the most immediate room
from the stairs used for
entertaining friends

• Sala –
the living room where balls
& dances are held during
special occasions

• Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio

– bedroom

• Volada, Balcon –
overhanging balcony

• Comedor – dining room

• Cocina – the kitchen

sometime built separately

• Dispensa –
adjacent room to the
kitchen for food storage

• Comun or latrina –
toilet that is adjacent to the
service area
• Baño or paliguan –
bathroom built separately

• Azotea – open terrace

• Aljibe – water cistern

found underneath the
azotea

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PART 2: Theory of Architecture
5 Points of Architecture by Le Corbusier
✓ Pilotis – Replacement of supporting walls by a grid
of reinforced concrete columns that bears the
structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic.
✓ The free designing of the ground plan—the
absence of supporting walls—means the house is
unrestrained in its internal use.
✓ The free design of the façade—separating the
exterior of the building from its structural function—
sets the façade free from structural constraints.
✓ Ribbon Window is a long narrow window evident in
Villa Savoye.
✓ Roof gardens on a flat roof can serve a domestic
purpose while providing essential protection to the
concrete roof.
Thought the concept of “Ideal City”. – Leonardo da Vinci
(due to the bubonic plague in Milan)
The dimension of a color that is correlated with
luminance and by which visual stimuli are ordered
continuously from very dim to very bright. Pure white has
the maximum brightness, and pure black the minimum
brightness. – Brightness
The degree by which a color differs from a gray of the
same lightness or brightness, corresponding to saturation
of the perceived color. – Chroma
One of the three dimensions of color: the purity or
vividness of a hue. – Saturation / Intensity
Violet represents mourning or death in many cultures,
what will you do to make it livelier? - Add brighter
colors to contrast the sadness
Violet’s complementary color. – Yellow
Color for optimism, friendliness and anxiety. – Yellow
Cheerfulness is implied by this color. – Yellow (or Red)
Color for intelligence and focus. Trust, serenity, logic,
coldness and unfriendliness. – Blue
Color for strength, warmth, excitement, and stimulation. –
Red
Color for Harmony, Rest, Reassurance and boredom. –
Green
Color for Trust, Spiritual awareness, introversion and
inferiority. – Violet
Color for food, sensuality, immature, fun and frustration.
– Orange
Color which means love, sexually, nurture and physical
weakness. – Pink
Color for warmth, reliability, and lack of humor. – Brown
Color for neutrality and lack of energy. – Grey
Color for purity, simplicity, elite and cold. – White
Color for sophistication, oppression and security. – Black
Color that can be used to make the room or space more
spacious. – White
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Color of Master Bedroom according to Feng Shui –
White
The visual and especially tactile quality of a surface apart
from its color or form. – Texture
A condition of logical, harmonious, or comprehensible
arrangement in which each element of a group is
properly disposed with reference to other elements and
to its purpose. – Order
Not a principle of design. – Direction
Characteristics of volume that pertains to the shape and
structure of something as distinguished from its
substance or material. – Form
A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be
described in terms of an individual’s perception of hue,
saturation, and lightness for objects, and hue, saturation,
and brightness for light sources? - Chroma
Destructive cycle of element in Feng Shui – Hierarchy
In color theory, the one or two or three closely related
colors on a color wheel. – Analogous
In color theory, the one having only one color or
exhibiting varying intensities and values of a single hue.
– Monochromatic (Achromatic – without colors; black,
grey or neutral)
Warm colors are also. – Analogous
A combination of two analogous colors and their
complimentary colors on a color wheel.
– Double Complimentary
Having only one color or exhibiting varying intensities
and values of a single hue. – Monochromatic
Having or exhibiting a variety of colors. – Polychromatic
One of two or three closely related colors on a color
wheel. – Analogous color
A combination of one color and the pair of colors
adjoining its complimentary color on a color when.
– Split Complimentary
A combination of three colors forming an equilateral
triangle on a color wheel. – Triad
A doctor’s consultation room would normally require this
type of privacy. – Intimacy
The Torre de Manila and Rizal Monument controversy
illustrates which design principle. – Contrast
Designing for the blind is in this level of architectural
orders. – Perceptual
Feng Shui is basically. – Geomancy
The primary identifying characteristic of a volume. –
Form
Opposition or juxtaposition of dissimilar elements in a
work of art to intensify each element’s properties and
produce a more dynamic expressiveness. – Contrast
If you remove the columns from the wall, what would be
the result. – Free Façade (Open Façade – no form)
Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or
alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or
modified form. – Rhythm
A method or manner of jointing that makes the united
pats clear, distinct, and precise in relation to each other.
– Articulation
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An artistic or decorative design especially one having a In this type of spatial relationship, the larger, enveloping
characteristic arrangement and considered as a unit, of space serves as a three-dimensional field for the smaller
which an idea can be given by a fragment. – Pattern space contained within it. – Space within a space

A form position relative to the person viewing the form, to
the compass point, and the ground plane. – Orientation
This structure represents a vertical linear form.
– Cleopatra’s Needle
This structure represents a cylindrical form.
– Tempietto San Pedro
Results from the overlapping of two spatial fields and the
emergence of a zone of shared space.
– Interlocking Spaces
Most common type of relationship where it allows each
space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in its
own way, to specific functional or symbolic requirements.
– Adjacent Spaces

The arranging of parts or elements into proper proportion Two spaces that are separated by distance can be linked
or relation so as to form a unified whole. – Composition or related to each other by a third, intermediate space. –
Spaces linked by a common space
A unified composition of two-dimensional shapes or
three-dimensional volumes, especially one that has or An organization that is stable, concentrated composition
gives impression of weight, density, and bulk. – Massing that consists of a number of secondary spaces grouped
around a large, dominant, central space. – Centralized
Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or
alternation of formal elements or motifs in the same or An organization that consists of essentially of a series of
modified form. – Rhythm spaces. These spaces can either be directly related to
one another or be linked through a separate and distinct
The state or quality of being continuous, such as that linear space. – Linear
exhibited by a line, edge, or direction. – Continuity
An organization of space combines elements of both
The state or quality of being combined into one, such as centralized and linear organizations. It consists of a
the ordering of elements in an artistic work that dominant central space from which a number of linear
constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a organizations extend in a radial manner. – Radial
singleness effect. – Unity
An organization that relies on physical proximity to
A system of elements ranked, classified, and organized related its spaces to one another. It often consists of
one above another, according to importance of repetitive, cellular spaces that have similar functions and
significance. – Hierarchy share a common visual trait such as shape or orientation.
– Clustered
The edge or contour of shape that is a point extended
having properties of length, direction and position. – Line An organization that consists of forms and spaces whose
positions in space and relationships with one another are
The shape and structure of something as distinguished
regulated by a three-dimensional rid pattern or field.
from its substance or material. – Form
– Grid
The outline or surface configuration of a particular form
The study of the symbolic and communicative role of the
or figure. While form usually refers to the principle that
spatial separation individuals maintain in various social
gives unity to a whole and often includes a sense of
and interpersonal situations, and how the nature and
mass or volume, shape suggests an outline with some
degree of this spatial arrangement relates to
emphasis on the enclosed area or mass. – Shape
environmental and cultural factors. – Proxemics
The extent of a three-dimensional object or the amount of
Levels of Average Length Description
space that it occupies. – Volume
Distances
A line extended with the properties of length, width,
shape, surface, orientation and position. – Plane Public 12 to 25 feet (3.50 Can no longer pick
Distance m to 7.60 m) up subtle nuances
The exact correspondence in size, form, and
arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a dividing line Social 4 to 12 feet (1.20 Impersonal
or plane, or about a center or axis. – Symmetry Distance m – 3.70 m) transaction. See
and hear. Easy to
Symmetry resulting from the arrangement of similar, disengage from a
radiating parts about a center point or central axis. – conversation
Radial Symmetry
Personal 1.5 to 4 feet (46 Person is still arm’s
The pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of Distance cm to 122 cm) / 18 length, available to
parts or elements in a design or composition. – Balance to 48 inches be grasped, held or
shoved away
A straight line to which elements in a composition are
referred for measurement or symmetry. – Axis Intimate Negative to 18 Voluntary selected
Distance inches ( - to 46 gap between
The plan for a building organized around a large or
cm) people who are
dominant space, usually characterized by two axes drawn to each other
crossing each other at right angles. – Central Plan

The parts of a building are organized longitudinally, or

along a given axis. – Axial Plan

Using a downlight / pin light in indirect lighting in a store.

– Gives a dramatic effect

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PART 3: Architectural Practice and Building Laws
Method of Compensation (Concepts only,
computation; 5 points)
Blue Book SPP Documents
More on subjective questions
Envelope color to use when submitting the building permit
requirements to City Hall for a Mercantile Project?
Long Brown Envelope, 4 pieces (Yellow, Red, Blue,
Brown)
Best method of compensation for continuing
relationship with client? Professional Fee plus
Expenses
Best method of compensation for scouting best site?
Salary cost times a multiplier, plus direct cost or
reimbursable expenses
Best method of compensation for non-creative work for
technical hours spent? Multiple of Direct Personnel
Expenses
Best method of compensation when the scope of services
can be clearly and fully defined? Lump Sum or Fixed
Fee
Best method of compensation for Government Projects
as stated in the Standards of Professional Practice (SPP)?
Lump Sum or Fixed Fee
Best method of compensation that are interim in nature
and often short in duration? Time Basis
Best method of compensation for office planning,
architectural interiors, hotels, rooms etc. that are based
on cost per square meter from historical data on average
construction cost? Unit Cost Method (Percentage-Based
Fee)
Best method of compensation on common projects that
relies on size and type which is fair for both client and
architect? Percentage based on Project Construction
Cost (Percentage-Based Fee)
Best method of compensation which involves sales in
retails facilities, leasing in housing or commercial office /
residence developments, maximizes building occupancy
and efficient and economical operations for gross rentals?
Value-based pricing / Percentage of Gross Rentals
(Percentage-Based Fee)
Best method of compensation that requires the Architect’s
personal time for conferences, trips, ocular inspections,
conferring for prospective investments / ventures etc.?
Per Diem, Honorarium plus Reimbursable Expenses
Best method of compensation that requires pre-design
with travel as stated in the Standards of Professional
Practice (SPP)? Per Diem, Honorarium plus
Reimbursable Expenses
Best method of compensation for intermittent personal
service on furnished consultancy that includes travel,
subsistence and other out of pocket expenses either away
from his home / office? Per Diem or Hourly Basis
Best method of compensation for Professional Consulting
Architect (PCA) when services are expected to be
required at intervals over a period of time? Retainer
What is the breakdown of method of compensation?
5%-20%-40%-90%-90%-10%
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Payment Schemes of the agreed Architect’s Fee:
no Manner of Payment Sum %
Upon signing of this Agreement 5%
Upon the completion of the Schematic Design 20%
Services, but not more than 15 days after the
submission of the Schematic Design to the
Owner
Upon the completion of the Design 40%
Development Services, but not more than 15
days after the submission of the Design
Development Documents to the Owner
Upon the completion of the Contract 90%
Document Services, but not more than 15 days
after the submission of the Contract Documents
to the Owner
Within 15 days after the awards to the winning 90%
Constructor-Bidders or Bidders, computed upon
the lowest bona fide Bid or Bids or upon
winning Bid Price (Bid or Negotiation Phase)
Progress billing based on the original SPPCC 10%
(Construction Phase)
Upon the completion of the work, computed on Balance
the FPCC
10% Construction Phase
5% Architect’s Liability under the Civil Code
5% Periodic Construction Supervision (PCS)
Process of reissuing lost PRC ID:
Where to report: PRC
Where to File: Registration Division of PRC Manila, in
PRC Regional Offices and in selected Robinsons Malls
nationwide
How: Requirements
1. Duly accomplished application for professional
identification card form
2. Affidavit of Loss
3. One (1) passport size picture in white background with
full name tag.
4. Letter of authority if filed through an authorized
representative
When: Released within a day
Validity and Expiration of Building Permit:
Sec. 305:
A building permit issued under the provisions of this Code
shall expire and become null and void if the building or
work authorized therein is not commenced within a period
of one year from the date of such permit, or if the building
or work so authorized is suspended or abandoned at any
time after it has been commenced, for a period of 120
days.
Sec. 307. Appeal:
Within fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt of advice
of the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of permits,
the applicant/permittee may file an appeal with the
Secretary who shall render his decision within fifteen days
from date of receipt of notice of appeal. The decision of
the Secretary shall be final subject only to review by the
Office of the President.
As per UAP-IAPOA Doc. 10, Group 6, Percentage if all
plans of the Architect where used on the same second
project etc.
Repetition Recommended Professional Fee (RPF)
1st Building 100% of RPF for type of building
2nd Building 50% of RPF for type of building
3rd Building 40% of RPF for type of building
4th and 30% of RPF for type of building
succeeding
buildings
48
Duration of the Temporary Special Permit (TSP) of
Foreign Architect. Project Duration / Immediately (not in
Sec. 38 and Sec. 39)
Values Relation of Architect to Owner, Contractor etc.
Main Document to Study: Code of Ethical Conduct,
pp. 538-545 of NBC (Red Book)
Establishment of UAP. March 26, 1975, SEC with
Registration No. 60782
UAP First Commissioner. Architect Eric Nubla, issued
Certificate No. 001 to UAP as the duly accredited
professional organization of Architects in the Philippines.
The Architecture Act of 2004 date of establishment.
- March 17, 2004
Responsible to shorten the time and lessen the cost. –
Project Manager
Who should not sign the Architectural Plans? – Engineer
Who should secure the building permit? – Contractor
After a change of use (renovation) of the building, what
should be secured? – Fire Safety Inspection Certificate
(FSIC)
Before building can be used, what should be secured? –
Occupancy Permit
What is being planned by the HLURB? – Comprehensive
and Use Plan (CLUP)
After the plans being passed through the Sanggunian
Panlungsod or Sangguniang Panlalawigan, who will
implement? – DPWH
A plan drawn by a draftsman under the supervision of a
registered and licensed Architect (who owns the said
documents), who is responsible?
– Architect-of-Record (AoR)
What Architectural services / phase does the scope of
helping / arranging for the clients to bid out for the
contractor?
– Contruct (Boards) / Contract Documents Phase
If an Architect assumes the function of going to the project
site for monitoring, what services or phase is it?
– Full Time Project Supervision Services (SPP 204-B)
SEC stands for. – Securities and Exchange
Commission
Retention Bond shall be released after how many months
after completing the project. – 3 Months
The approved form of security furnished by the Contractor
and his Surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of
the Contractor to execute the work in accordance with
the terms of contract. – Performance Bond
Not a requirement in the first page of a contract document.
– Roof Plan (from choices: Site Development Plan,
Vicinity Map, and Perspective)
He is responsible for verifying that recessed downlights
will not interfere with any ductwork in the ceiling space.
– Architect
A written document describing in detail the scope of work,
materials and equipment to be used, method of installation
or application and the quality of workmanship for a certain
work to be placed in a contract. – Specifications
Who keeps the logbook? – Architect
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The legal document that aids in locating the boundaries
of a particular lot.
– Transfer Certificate of Title of the Lot. (TCT)
Job opportunities of informal settlers during settlement
should be negotiated by what branch of the government.
– Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
It is a term used to describe the documents furnished to
bidders. – Bidding Documents
Percentage of down payment of Owner to Contractor.
– 30%
In the given specification, which item is described as a
Performance Specification. – Hanger Anchorage
Devices (from choices: Fasteners, Hanger Wire and
Ceiling suspension main runner)
Salary / Rate per day (in Pesos) of a Geodetic Engineer
for surveying for relocation work of TCT. – 9,000 Pesos
The approved form of security furnished by the contractor
and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of
the contractor to pay all obligations arising form the
contract. – Payment Bond
Where is former Vice President Jejomar Binay was under
the coordinating Housing body. – Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)
The fee of an Architect of he / she will sign Architectural
plans in a private company where he / she is currently
working. – 75%
The purpose of the Architect hiring an accountant in his
office. – To preserve his / her financial obligation
In adherence to CPD Law, continuous learning must be
provided to the Architects by what body.
– United Architects of the Philippines (UAP)
According to PRC Resolution No. 2019-1146 dated
February 13, 2019, the PRC amended parts of its
Resolution 1032 series of 2017 or the Implementing Rules
and Regulations (IRR) of the CPD Act of 2016. This
resolution shall observe this period. – Transition Period
The minimum 45 credits under the old IRR for the CPD
Units shall be enforced based on Resolution No. 2019-
1146 starting March 01, 2019 to this number of credit
units. – 15 Credit Units
After how many years, from the date of registration or
renewal, will an Architect’s license ID expire. – 3 Years
This is not included in the requirement for the building
permit. – Tax Documents (from the choices: The use or
occupancy of proposed work, Description of work to be
covered by the permit, and Description and Ownership of
the lot (TCT))
A uniform classification system for construction
specifications that is divided into several sections, each
of which is sequentially numbered and named.
– Master Format
Who owns the building plans if an Architect is connected
under a Developer / Developing Company? – Architect
If a scale model will be required in a project, who will pay
for its cost? – Owner
The head of the construction assigned by the owner and
attends the meetings, especially in cases where the
owner is not available. – Project Manager
As per RA 9184, what is the BAC?
– Bids and Awards Committee
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This is written or graphic instruments that supplement the
bidding documents for the purpose of clarifying, correcting
or adding to the specifications previously. – entity and furnish the necessary performance security to
Addenda
Not considered part of the Architectural work. – Layout
for Plumbing (from choices: Architectural Plan, Column
layout, and Translating lot bearings to drawing)
Not considered as part of structural engineering work.
– Structural Conceptualization (from choices: Structural
Plan, Beams and truss details, and Structural
Computations)
The Architect who signed plans of building not of his
design and supervision will most likely be given this action
under the law. – Penalized
Who will determine the height of a signboard if this will be
installed in a project? – Architect
How often does an architect go to the site for construction
inspection and management? – Once a month
How many divisions does the specification comprise of?
– 50
Contract document shall remain the property of the
Architect in accordance wit RA 9266 and in this body
whether the design is executed or not. – PD 49, Decree
on the Protection of Intellectual Property / RA 8293
The duration of time allowed by the Contractor for the
completion of the project in any stipulated portions thereof.
– Time Limits
As per General Conditions, this is the offer of a bidder to
perform in the work described by the Contract Documents
when made out and submitted on the prescribed Proposal
Form, properly signed and guaranteed. – Proposal
Which of the following professional documents is not
required to be submitted by the Architect when applying
for a building permit? – Community Tax Receipt / Sedula
(from choices: IAPOA Certificate, PRC Identification Card,
and Professional Tax Receipt)
This word is used in connection with acts and actions
required of the owner or of the Architect / Engineer.
– Will
Under the General Condition, this person, if he / she
determines that the work plan of the contractor is
inefficient, he / she can order the contractor to increase
the rate of their inefficiency or to improve their system of
operation. – Architect
Under the General Conditions, the contractor shall submit
the ff.: List of Suppliers, Schedule and Breakdown of Work
and Corresponding Value (BWCV) within this number of
days from the receipt of Notice to Proceed (NTP) – 15
Days
Under the General Conditions, the contractor shall submit
this within 15 days from the receipt of Notice to Proceed
(NTP) – Contract Sum Breakdown (from choices:
Specifications, List of Personnel, and List of Equipment)
A type of specification where the desired product is
specified by the name given by the manufacturer of the
manufacturer’s name and model number.
– Brand Name Specifications
According to Section 40, Integration of the Architecture
Profession, the IAPOA shall be. – SEC Registered, non-
profit, non-stock corporation.
Pertaining to a signed proposal. – Contract
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As per RA 9184, this is a bond which guarantees that
successful shall enter into a contract with the procuring
finish the work. – Bid Security
On the issuance of Certificate of Registration and
Professional Identification Card, this is False. - Certificate
of Registration and Professional Identification Card
shall be issued to examinees after payment of fees
prescribed by the IAPOA.
A specification that stipulates the exact quantities and
qualities or properties of materials to be furnished and how
they are to be assembled or installed in a construction.
– Descriptive Specifications
Under Design-Build Services (DBS), which is a
disadvantage of Design-Build? – The government can
restrict the practice of Design-Build through permits.
As per RA 9184, what is ABC? – Approved Budget for
the Contract
Which of the following is not required in the application for
building permit? – As-Built Plans (from choices: TCT for
the lot, Current Real Property Tax Receipt and Tax
Declaration)
The entire construction or separately identifiable part
thereof required to be furnished under the contract
documents. – Work
What will likely to occur if the drawings and specifications
are not thoroughly coordinated? – A delay in
construction and possible increase in the actual cost.
Arbitration as a means of dispute resolution can be
resorted only if. – One of the disputing parties as the
other party that they resort to Alternative Dispute
Resolution. (ADR)
This is “Not True” on Specifications. – For the Contractor,
drawings are more binding than the specifications if
there is a conflict.
A written document / agreement between the owner and
contractor setting forth the work to perform, the time for
completion, and the contract sum. – Agreement
How long is a foreign Temporary Special Permit (TSP)?
– Project Duration / Depends
What particular rule in the 2004 Revised IRR of PD 1096
that deals with regulating and determining window
openings? – Section 808
An act to regulate the Practice of Architecture in the
Philippines. – The Architecture Act of 2004 (supposed
to be RA 545 because of the word “regulate” only)
Three Basic Construction Documents. – Drawings,
Conditions of the Contract and Specifications
RA 9266 was signed and sealed on this date.
– March 17, 2004
How much will an Architect pays if he violates the Code of
Ethical Conduct? – 5,000,000 Pesos (Max.)
Writing specifications is the sole function of this person.
– Architect
Which is not part of Special Allied Services? – Equipment
Evaluation (from choices: Forensic Architecture, Heritage
Conservation, and Security Evaluation and Planning)
Contract Documents is the Intellectual Property of this
person. – Architect
50
The standard Owner-Architect Agreement separates the What influences contemporary architecture?
Architect from the Contractor with this. – Privity – Building Materials, Culture and Existing Law

What is used to encourage the contractor to finish the job
or to satisfy mechanic’s lien claims by subcontractors?
– Retainage
What is the RPF for the first 5 hectares?
– 50,000 pesos per hectare / 5 pesos per sq.m
It is a document used to provide guidance to the specifier
in preparing a particular portion of the contract documents.
– Guide Specifications
Who adopts the Land Use Plan after HLURB approves it?
– Sangguniang Panlungsod
Document or material provided to the Architect / Engineer
for review or acceptance. – Submittal
Which of the following is the Local Government Unit (LGU)
regulations that governs the Site Planning and Design of % of RPF
the project? – Zoning Ordinance
The government agency responsible to help and empower
the farming and fishing communities and the private sector
to produce enough, accessible, and affordable food for
every Filipino and a decent income for all? – Department
of Agriculture (DA)
Who provides the Continuing Professional Education?
– IAPOA / UAP
What is the purpose of the Bill of Materials (BOM)
– Construction Guide
Who is responsible for the implementation of RA 9266?
– Building Official
What is the tax applicable during building construction?
– Value-Added-Tax (VAT) of 12%
Based on actual practice, what is the percentage range
of construction profit? – 20%-30%
What is the DAEDS and DADS Total Fee for Group 3
projects? – 8.05% and 4.83%
Physical Planning for 7.3.2.
30% Framework Development Plan (FRDP)
30% Conceptual Master Development PLAN (CMDP)
20% Preliminary Master Development Plan (PMDP)
20% Detailed Master Development Plan (DMDP)

It is the document usually utilized in conjunction with Contract Documents:

working drawings in building construction. Bidding Project Bidding Contract
– Specifications Docs. Manual Requirements Docs.
Contract Contract
Who is responsible in obtaining a Certificate of Forms Modifications
Occupancy? – Contractor Contract
Conditions
The most expensive procedure in selecting an Architect. Project
Specifications
– Design Competition
Drawings
Addenda
It is an interactive expert system or writing specifications.
– Spec System
Standards of Professional Practice UAP Documents:
A type of specifications where there is no other choice of SPP Description
the product available in the market. – Proprietary Doc.
Annex General Definitions, Acronyms and General Notes
In specifying building material, the Architect to write A on the Selection of the Architect
Generic Name of the building material required to be 200 Code of Ethical Conduct
installed. 201 Pre-Design Services
202 Regular Design Services
In specification writing, the Architect is deemed 203 Specialized Architectural and Allied Services
responsible in stating the procedural application of the 204-A Full-Time Supervision Services
building materials required to be installed. 204-B Construction Management Services
205 Post-Construction Services
What does CSI stand for? – Construction Specifications 206 Comprehensive Architectural Services
Institute 207 Design-Build Services (DBS)
208 Architectural Design Competition
The following are usually shown in the Specification 209 Professional Architectural Consulting Services
document, except for. – Connection of different (PACS)
materials 210 Architect’s Guidelines for SPP Compliances
301 General Conditions
Printed documents stipulating the procedural and the 307 Practical Specifications Writing
administrative aspect of the contract. 401 Owner-Architect Agreement
– General Conditions 402 Owner-General Contractor Agreement
The following are usually shown in the drawings, except Project Classification:
for. – Quality of Workmanship
Group Description
1 Buildings with simplest character
Where does Site and Physical Planning Services can be
2 Buildings of moderate complexity
found in the SPP? – Specialized Architectural
Services, SPP Document 203 3 Buildings of exceptional character and complexity
4 Residences, small apartments and townhouses
What do you call plans, perspectives, and models? 5 Monumental buildings and other facilities
– Instruments of Practice 6 Projects re-used for repetitive const. w/o changes
7 Housing projects on a 1 site using 1 set of plans
What is not usually employed by the owner in 8 Projects involving extensive details i.e. AI
commissioning a small residential project? – Competitor 9 Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit
and expansion in addition to existing buildings
What is R-3? – High Density Housing 10 Architect engaged on clarification, advices etc.
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IRR of RA 9266: Building Laws:
Section Description Purpose Acronym Law / Code Year
1 Short Title PD 49 Decree on the Protection of Intellectual 1972
2 Statement of the Policy Article 1 Property
3 Definition of Terms RA 8293 Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines 1997
(repealed RA 165, RA 166, PD 49 and PD
4 Composition of PRBoA (1,2,3) 285)
5 Qualifications (10,5) RA 386 Civil Code of the Philippines 1949
6 Terms of Office Article 2 Article Liabilities of the Engineer, Architect or 2010
7 Powers of the Board 1723 Contractor
8 Custodian of Records, RA 9184 IRR, Government Procurement Reform Act 2016
Secretary, Secretariat (GPRA)
9 Suspension RA 545 An act to Regulate the Practice of Architecture 1949
10 Compensation in the Philippines
RA 9266 The Architecture Act of 2004 (More 2004
11 Annual Report
Responsive and Comprehensive Regulation)
12 Examination is required RA 6451 An Act to Ordain and Institute a National 1972
13 Qualification Building Code of the Philippines
14 Subjects of Examination Article 3 PD 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines 1977
15 Rating RA 544 An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil 1950
16 Report (Release of exams) Engineering in the Philippines
17 Oath RA 1582 Civil Engineering Law 1956
18 Certificate of Registration BP 344 Accessibility Law 1983
For RA 7277 Magna Carta for Disabled Persons 1992
19 Roster of Architects
BP 220 Economic and Socialized 1982
21 Numbers (PRC, PTR, and Examinees
Housing Projects
IAPOA) PD 957 Subdivision and Condominium buyer's 1976
Protective Decree
20 Seal Architect’s PD 1216 Open Space in 1982
32 Signing of Documents Ownership Residential Subdivision
33 Ownership (amending Sec. 31 of PD 957)
Non- PD 1185 Fire Code of the Philippines 1977
22 Refusal to issue issuance RA 9514 Revised Fire Code of the Philippines 2008
UBC Uniform Building Code (western US) 1927
23 Suspension and revocation and
NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines 1987
24 Re-issuance or replacement suspension
RA 1378 Plumbing Law 1955
25 Registration is required Article 4 PD 856 Code on Sanitation of the Philippines 1975
26 Vested Rights PD 1067 The Water Code of the Philippines 1976
27 Reciprocity CW Act Mechanical Engineering Law (Section 9) 1938
28 CPD #294
38 Temporary Special Permit Foreign RA 5336 Mechanical Engineering Law 1968
(TSP) Architects RA 8495 Philippine Mechanical Engineering Act 1998
39 Liability Insurance (amended)
RA 8560 Philippine Geodetic Engineering Act 1998
(Malpractice)
RA 9200 Philippine Geodetic Engineering Act of 1998 2003
30 Prohibition to the Client: (amended)
Not less than 200K and not Penal RA 184 Electrical Engineering Law 1947
exceeding 6 Years Clause RA 7920 New Electrical Engineering Law 1995
RA 5734 Electronics and Communications Engineering 1969
Prohibition to the Public Law of the Philippines
Official: RA 9292 The Electronics and Communications 2004
50K – 500K and Engineering Act of the Philippines
Not less than 6 Months (amended)
and 1 Day – 6 Years RA 10066 National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 2009
29 Prohibition to the Architect: RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 2004
100K – 5M and RA 9512 National Environmental Awareness and 2008
6 Months – 6 Years In case Education Act of 2008
27 Reciprocity AoR died, RA 9729 Climate Change Act of 2009 2009
37 Architectural Firm (75%) nobody can RA 10174 Climate Change Act of 2009 (amended) 2012
give official PD 1308 Law Regulating the Environmental Planning 1978
41 IRR (IAPOA)
provisions; Profession in the Philippines
reproduce RA 10587 Environmental Planning Act of 2013 2013
31 Firm Non- PD 223 Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) 1973
34 Title registered LOI 1000 Letter of Instruction (supports PD 223 for the 1980
36 Fees persons need for continuing education)
35 Government Architect: RA 10912 Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016
1.5% of PCC and not more than 2016
50% of Annual Salary BOA #10 PRC Circular 85-15 1985
Article 4
37 Limitation to the Registration of RA 7160 Local Government Code of 1991 1991
a Firm, Company, Partnership, EO #1008 Construction Arbitration Law 1985
Corporation or Association RA 9285 Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2004
RA 10931 Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education 2017
40 IAPOA
Act
41 IRR; UAP IAPOA Doc. 210 RA 11201 Department of Human Settlements and Urban 2019
42 Appropriations Development Act
43 Act not affecting other Article 5 RA 7279 Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 1992
professions RA 9397 Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 2007
44 Enforcement by PRBoA (amended section 12) / LINA LAW
45 Separability in case part of the RA 10884 Balanced Housing Development Program 2016
law is wrong Amendments
RA 9341 Rent Control Act of 2005 2005
46 Repealing Clause (RA 545)
RA 7160 Local Government Code of 1991 1991
47 Effectivity
RA 8553 Local Government Code of 1991 (amended) 1998
Notes: Bold numbers are where the 1st Section of an RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000
Article starts (1, 4, 25 and 40)
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The first three-member Board of Examiners for Architects Notes:
was constituted to regulate the architecture profession,
pursuant to Public Act No. 2985 enacted on February 23,
1921. The examiners were appointed by the Secretary of
Commerce and Communications who was authorized to
appoint the boards of examiners for the engineering,
accountancy and surveying professions. The first Board
was composed of Arch. Elias L. Ruiz as Chairman with
Arch. Rufino D. Antonio and Arch. Federico S. Ilustre as
Members.

By virtue of Public Act No. 4007 enacted on December 5,

1932, the Board was attached to the Department of Public
Works and Communications. On June 17, 1950, Republic
Act No. 545 was enacted, separating architecture from the
coverage of Public Act No. 2985. On September 19, 1979
the National Code for Architects was promulgated by the
Board and approved by the PRC as part of the
Implementing Rules and Regulations governing the
practice of architecture in the Philippines.

United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) Date of

Accreditation: July 15, 1975

The first professional association of architecture, civil

engineers, and surveyors was born on September 14,
1902 with the creation of the Academia de Arquitectura y
Agrimensura de Filipinas (AAAF).

In 1973, the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA), the

League of Philippine Architects (LPA), and the Association
of Philippine Government Architects (APGA) appointed
representatives to a Panel of Negotiators tasked to
undertake their integration into one organization. A year
after, on December 12, 1974, the United Architects of the
Philippines (UAP) was organized as the integrated
organization. Its constitution and bylaws were adopted
through a joint general meeting of the three organizations
on December 10, 1975. The 1,300 members of the three
organizations became automatic members of the UAP and
during its first year, 700 members officially registered for
membership.

On March 26, 1975 the UAP registered with the Securities

and Exchange Commission and became the first
professional organization accredited by PRC with a
certificate of accreditation issued on May 12, 1975. That
same year, the UAP established its first eight regional
chapters and held its first national elections on December
12 with Jose V. Herrera elected as National President.

In 1978, the UAP organized the National Conference on

Architectural Education which resulted to the
endorsement of a ladder-type curriculum for architectural
education later adopted by the Ministry of Education and
Culture. On March 28, 1981, the UAP initiated the
preparation of the “International Code of Ethics on
Consulting Services” which was formally adopted by the
Architects Regional Council in Asia (ARCASIA) on August
6 of the same year. The UAP also hosted the first and the
sixth Asian Congress of Architects in Manila. The UAP is
a founding member of the Philippine Council for Planning
and Housing (PCPH), the ARCASIA, the ARCASIA Board
of Architectural Education (ABAE) organized in Jakarta,
Indonesia, and the ASEAN Association for Planning and
Housing (AAPH).

PRC Chairman – Teofilo S. Pilando Jr.

Commissioner I – Yolanda D. Reyes
Commissioner II – Jose y. Cueto Jr.
PRBoA Chairman – Robert S. Sac (2013 PRC Most
outstanding Architect)
CPD Head and Member – Robert M. Mirafuente
Past Member – Jose R. Siapno (September 16, 2018)

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 54
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Highlights of BPP 344 – Accessibility Law

Persons with Disabilities

Attached to walls: Not
Full Grips: 30mm to 50mm
less than 50 mm, on
wide
ledges should be not
less than 40 mm

Notes: Handrails for ramps should be on both sides

Required continuous curbs on both sides of the ramp

shall have a minimum height of 100 mm.

Cracks: Not higher 6.5 mm higher

As per BP 344, what is the minimum dimensions of an

accessible elevator door? 0.80 m (all codes)

As per BP 344, what is the standard height of signages?

Lateral: min 1.5 m 1.40 m min. – 1.60 m max.
2.25 m As per BP 344, what is the color design of the signages?
– Blue Background and White Symbols & Figures

As per BP 344, what is minimum rest stop / turning

space? – 1.50 m X 1.50 m

As per BP 344, what is the minimum central refuge for

crossings? – At least 1.50 m deep and preferably 2.0
m where the width of road to be cross exceeds 10 m

As per BP 344, what is the minimum entrance with

vestibule? – At least 1.80 X 1.50 m width (shall be
equipped with curbs on both sides with a min. height of
100 mm)

Notes: “800mm or 0.80M is the minimum clear opening of
doors required by BP344. To achieve this the actual width
of the door sash should be 850mm minimum.”
"A minimum clear level space of 1.50M X 1.50M shall be
provided before and extending beyond a door;
EXCEPTION where a door shall open on to but not into a
corridor, the required clear, level space shall on the
corridor side of the door may be a minimum of 1.20M
corridor width;"
What is the maximum travel distance to exit?
As per BP 344, what is the maximum threshold height?
– 25 mm (latch side of the door at 200 mm)
As per BP 344, how high should be manual switches
positioned? – 1.20 m min. - 1.30 m max.
As per BP 220, how many meters in height should an
Automatic fire alarm suppression system be provided? –
15 m and above
As per BP 220, how many storeys of a building should
require elevators? – 6 storeys and above

As per BP 220, for multi-family dwellings and

Travel Distance BP 344 PD 1096
condominiums, what is the parking requirement?
With Sprinkler System 61.00 m 60.00 m
– 1 parking slot per 8 living units
Without Sprinkler System 46.00 m 45.00 m
As per BP 220, how far is the off-site parking?
– Within 100 m away
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Highlights of BP 220 – Economic and Socialized Habitable Room VS Mezzanine Floor
Housing Projects
Alley VS Pathwalk Measured from the finished floor line to the ceiling line.
Where ceilings are not provided, a minimum headroom
A public way with a width of 2.0 m intended to break a clearance of 2.0 m shall be provided. – Habitable Room
block and to serve both pedestrian and for emergency
vehicles, both ends connecting to streets. It shall not be
used as access to property. – Alley

A public way intended to be used only as a pedestrian

access to property for socialized housing projects. It shall
have a width of 3.0 m and a maximum length of 60 m.
– Pathwalk

A building designed or used as residence for one or more

families. – Dwelling A clear ceiling height of not less than 1.80 m above and
below it, provided that it shall not cover 50% of the floor
Shell House VS Complete House area below it. – Mezzanine Floor

A habitable dwelling unit which meets the minimum

requirements for a housing core with the ff.: additional
components being included as part thereof: 1. All exterior
walls to enclose the unit, 2. Openings for doors and
windows, 3. Plumbing fixtures, 4. Electrical wiring within
the unit, and 5. Floor. – Shell House

A habitable dwelling unit which meets the minimum

requirements for a shell house with the ff.; additional
components being included as part thereof: all windows A minimum of 1 entrance/exit shall be provided where the
and doors and partition walls for separating functional number of occupants is not more than 10 and 2
areas. – Complete House entrances/exits where the number of occupants is
greater than 10. – Entrances / Exits
Dwelling Types
Door Widths (Clear):
A dwelling for 1 family which is completely surrounded by Door Clear Width
permanent open spaces, with independent access, Main 0.80 m
services, and use of land. – Single Detached Service / Bedroom 0.70 m
Bathroom 0.60 m
A dwelling containing 2 or more separate living units each Rooms for habitable use shall be provided with windows
of which is separated from another by party or lot lines with a total free area of openings equal to at least 10% of
walls and provided with independent access, services, the floor area of the room. – Windows for Habitable use
and use of land. Such dwelling shall include duplexes,
quadruplex or terraces, and cluster housing. Bathrooms shall be provided with window/s with an area
– Duplex / Single Attached not less than 1/20 of its floor area with a total free area
of openings equal to at least 5% of the floor area of the
A single-attached dwelling containing 3 or more separate bathroom – Windows for Bathroom use
living units designed in such a way that they abut each
other at the sides, as in a row, and are separated from Interior Stairs:
each other by party walls; provided with independent Components Meters
access, and use of land. There shall be a maximum of 20 Width 0.25 min.
units per block or cluster but in no case shall this be Riser-Run 0.25 min. – 0.20 min.
beyond 100 m in length. – Row house Headroom Clearance 2.0 min.
Landings 3.60 max.
Shall mean single family per lot – Single-Family Dwelling Handrails (n/a for 0.80 min – 1.20 max.
less than 4 risers) 0.038 min from wall fastened /
A dwelling on 1 lot containing separate living units for 3 or 38 millimeters
more families, usually provided with common access, Guards 0.80 min. – 1.20 max.
services and use of land. – Multi-Family Dwelling Notes: The stairs shall ensure structural safety for ascent
and descent, even in extreme cases of emergency. It shall
Minimum Lot Area: afford adequate headroom and space for the passage of
Type of Housing Economic Socialized (sq.m.) furniture. The use of ladders may be allowed provided that
(sq.m.)
Single Detached 72 60 64 (before)
Duplex / Single 54 45 48
Attached (before)
Row Houses 36 30 28 (Before)

Notes: Saleable lots designated as duplex/single attached

and/or row house lots shall be provided with housing
components. Price of saleable lots intended for single
detached units shall not exceed 40% of the maximum
selling price of the house and lot packages.

Minimum Floor Area:

All Housing Economic Socialized (sq.m.)
Types (sq.m.)
22 22 18 (before)
-------Study Multi-Family Dwellings------- the maximum distance between landings shall be 1.80 m.

Firewall shall be of masonry construction and 56

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Highlights of PD 957 – Subdivision and
Condominium buyer's Protective Decree

Subdivision Condominium

Hierarchy of Roads:
Minimum Road BP 220 PD 957 Parks / Playground and/or Other Recreational Areas:
Sizes (meters) (meters
Interconnecting 10.00 10.00 ✓ Projects with a gross saleable area of 1.000
Major 8.00 10.00 square meters
Collector 8.00 10.00
Minor 6.50 8.00 ✓ Projects with ten (10) or more condominium units.
Motor Court 6.00 6.00 (5) Except when the condominium is part of a
Pathwalk 3.00 3.00 subdivision project or a park/playground not more
Alley 2.00 2.00 (2) than or 800 meters away and in reaching it, the
pedestrian will not be unduly exposed to hazard.
Notes: Both for Subdivision and Condominium. Including
Economic and Socialized Housing ✓ The minimum area for a single park/playground
shall be 50 square meters. Increments of 3.00
Minimum Lot Area: square meters for every additional family dwelling
type in excess of 10 units shall be added.
Type of Housing Open Market Medium Cost
(sq.m.) (sq.m.)
✓ Parks/playground or other recreational facilities
Single Detached 120 100
may not be required if the condominium is located
Duplex / Single 96 80
not more than or 800 meters from a publicly
Attached
accessible park/playground/or other recreational
Row Houses 60 50 facilities.
Notes: Saleable lots designated as duplex/single attached ✓ Parks/playground shall be properly landscaped to
and/or row house lots shall be provided with housing accommodate both active and passive activities.
components. Price of saleable lots intended for single
detached units shall not exceed 40% of the maximum ✓ Parks/playground may be accommodated in the
selling price of the house and lot packages. yard/s provided such yards are adequate and
usable as park.
Minimum Lot Frontage:
Types of Housing / Lot Frontage (meters) ✓ Other facilities (optional) such as tennis courts,
1. Single Detached swimming pool, etc. may be integrated with the
a. Corner Lot 12 park/playground.
b. Regular Lot 10
c. Irregular Lot 6 Minimum Floor Area:
d. Interior Lot 3 Housing Type Open Market Medium Cost
2. Duplex/Single Attached 8 (sq.m.) (sq.m.)
3. Rowhouse 4 Single-Occupancy Unit 18
Single-Occupancy Unit
Minimum Floor Area: for students / 12
All Housing Open Market Medium Cost employees / workers in
Types (sq.m.) (sq.m.) highly urbanized areas
42 30 Multi- Family 36 22
Dwelling Unit
Land Allocation:
Subdivisions Percentage (%) Land Allocation:
Saleable Area 70% max. of the Gross Area Area 1 hectare or more
Non-Saleable Area 30% min. of the Gross Area Saleable Max. 70% of Gross Area
Non-saleable Min. 30% of Gross Area
Notes: For open market and medium cost subdivision
projects with an area of 1 hectare or more.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Saleable Area:
(shall be observed consistent with PD 1216) Size of Beds:
Density Parks / Playgrounds Bed Types Citi Beds Graphic Max NBC /
(No. of Lots/Dwelling Unit Allocation in Percent of / Uratex Standards Fajardo Boards
Per Hectare) Gross Area Crib - 30” X 53” 30” X 39” 48” X 24”
(%)
Small 30” X 75” 30” X 75” - -
20 and below 3.5 Single /
21 —25 4.0 Daybed
26 —35 5.0
Single 36” X 75” 39” X 82” 35” X 75” 39” X 75”
36 — 50 6.0
Twin 39” X 75” - 39” X 75” 39” X 75”
51 — 65 7.0
Big Single 42” X 75” -
Above 65 9.0
Semi – 48” X 75” - - 48” X 76”
Double
Notes: Allocation of area for parks and playgrounds shall
Full / 54” X 75” 54” X 82” 53” X 83” 53” X 75”
be mandatory for projects 1 hectare or more and shall be
Double 56” X 76”
deemed non-buildable area. The same shall be
strategically located within the subdivision project. Area Matrimonial - - 71” X 83” -
allocated for parks and playgrounds shall in no case be Queen 60” X 75” 60” X 82” - 60” X 80”
less than 100 sq.m. King 76” X 80” 72” X 84” - 76” X 80”
California 72” X 84” - - 72” X 84”
King

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Plan formulated by the beneficiary-association, which What are the provisions for an alley? - No dead ends,
shall contain a site development plan that conforms to the terminates on both ends, no gates within and is for
CLUP of the local government unit under whose service purposes only
jurisdiction the project site is proposed to be located,
including community health, sanitation, and security plans, What is the maximum length of a path walk? – 60 m
as well as non-physical development components such as Different Roads:
self-help housing cooperative, livelihood , self-help Road Advantage Disadvantage
development, capability building, and a system of Arterial Wide roads and High volume, no
allocation of socialized housing units that promote and high-speed limit residences should be
protect the welfare of the elderly, person with disability, facing here
and children. – People’s Plan Collector Parks / Playgrounds High traffic from
are located within arterial and sub-
A Philippine government-owned and controlled the perimeter collectors Parking and
corporation under the Housing and Urban Development residences facing are
Coordinating Council responsible for the administration of discouraged.
the national savings program and affordable shelter Sub-Collector Relatively low Captures traffic from
financing for Filipinos employed by local and foreign- traffic, resident may smaller access streets
based employers as well as voluntary and self-employed face this road and convey them to
members. It offers its members short-term loans and collectors
access to housing programs. – Home Development Access Very low traffic Far from arterial road
Mutual Fund (HDMF) volume

What does PAGIBIG means? - PAGutulungan sa

Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno Exterior roads servicing several subdivisions or public
(PAGIBIG) roads outside, high volume street like national highways,
observes traffic between communities, activity centers
Who is the current Chairperson of HUDCC? – Eduardo D. even municipalities and cities. – Arterial Road
Del Rosario
Main road inside subdivision or main road where
Who was the Chairperson of HUDCC appointed last July landmarks are found, equal or lesser than the public road
7, 2016? – Vice President Leni Robredo to avoid bottleneck. – Collector Road
Before Eduardo D. Del Rosario was appointed as HUDCC Houses front facing roads with relatively low volume of
Chairperson, who was before him? - Leoncio "Jun" traffic. – Sub-Collector
Badilla Evasco Jr.
Cul-de-sacs, courts and turnarounds are usually found
What was the precursor of NHA? – Ministry of Human here, are minor roads with smallest road width and
Settlements (MHS) from Marcos Administration intimate in scale. – Access Road
What are the minimum setbacks for Socialized housing on Model A – classification of subdivision located in all cities
rear and sides? – Rear: 1.5 m and Sides: 1.5 m and municipalities regardless of class
Balance Housing Development: Model B – classification of subdivision located in second
Development RA 7279 Amended class municipalities
Subdivision 20% 15%
Condominium 10% 5% Model C – classification of subdivision located in third
class municipalities

It is the uppermost suite on the top most floor for VIP. Major Road – road which serves as main access of
– Penthouse subdivision from outside areas; connects site to another
transport route; provides mobility with direct access to lots
Residence for chancellors, embassy heads, ambassadors
and the likes. – Chancery Minor Road – road which provides for distribution of traffic
within the subdivision with direct access to lots but at lower
Apartment with two levels or a mezzanine inside for open speed
market and medium cost housing
- Maisonette / Mansionette Service Road – road which provide the distribution of
traffic among individual lots and activity centers wherein
Apartment with two levels having the mezzanine inside be integration of the road with the land is emphasized while
50% of the ground floor area for socialized and economic speed of movement is de-emphasized
housing. – Loft
Collector Road – road which links the site to access road
An apartment or flat with one main room. – Studio and provides selective crossing or interruption of traffic
flow with direct access to individual lots
A room or suite with complete living, sleeping, cooking,
and bath amenities, allocated for residential occupancy.
– Apartment (real meaning, misnomer of a 1 apartment
building for 1 family)

Apartment building with recreational amenities, pools,

gyms, residents lounge etc. – Condominium

What is the hierarchy of Subdivision planning?

– Easements-Roads-Lots

How many hectares will you not require sub-collector

roads inside a subdivision? – Less than 2.5 hectares

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Highlights of RA 9514 – Revised Fire Code of the A continuous, unobstructed route of exit from any point in
Philippines of 2008 the building to a public way. – Means of Egress (shall be
integral or permanently affixed to a building)
Device that produce sound to signal fire. Fire Alarm
The minimum width of egress. – 0.915 m min.
A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire
hoses can be attached on each floor. – Standpipe Exits: Both for RA 9514 and PD 1096:
System Occupant Load Number of Exits
0-499 2
Rigid vertical or horizontal pipe to which fire hoses can 500-1000 3
be connected. Standpipe 1000 or more 4

A continuous and unobstructed route of exit from one
point in a building to a public way. – Means of egress
The maximum number of persons that may be allowed to
occupy a particular building or space. – Occupant Load
Enforcement. – Rule 9
Safety Measures. – Rule 10
The number of sets of plans are sent from the Building
Official to the Fire Marshall for review. – 6 Sets
What is FALAR? – Fire and Life Safety Assessment
Report
The travel distance to exits at any point in the room for
individual rooms with maximum occupant load of 6.
– 15 m
As per RA 9514, what is the minimum headroom?
– 2.00 m
As per RA 9514, what is the minimum and maximum
door clear opening and maximum threshold height?
– 0.71 m min. – 1.22 m max., 13 mm max. (self-
closing mechanism for exit doors)
As per RA 9514, what is the minimum and maximum
handrails height from upper surface of thread?
- 0.76 m min. – 0.865 m max.

This is released once building plans and specs are found Allowed as means of egress only in existing buildings and
to be in acceptance to be in accordance with the Fire should not constitute more than 50% of required exit
Code; required for Building Permits. capacity. – Fire Escape Stairs
– Fire Safety Evaluation Clearance (FSEC)

This certifies that the building was inspected and was

found to be okay; required for Occupancy Permits,
Business Permits, permits to operate, PHILHEALTH
accreditation for hospitals, DOH license to operate.
– Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC)

The Three FALARS:

FALAR Documentation Involved Documents

1 On safety Architect Plans, Specs
features of the and Design
facility Analysis
2 Submitted Contractor / Compilation
certifying that Construction report of all
construction Manager approved
was in submittals,
accordance test forms,
with FALAR 1 acceptance
forms, and as
built-
documents
given by
contractor to
owner
3 Periodic Building Compilation of
Yearly Maintenance Owner and maintenance
Fire Safety and testing
Officer records

Notes: FALAR 1 and FALAR 2 are for all buildings while Not allowed as fire escape or means of egress. – Ladders
FALAR 3 is for buildings with occupant load of at least 50

In a nutshell: Wet Standpipes:

✓ Assembly occupancies with at least 1,000

Scenario Permit Actions FALAR Document
occupant load
1 Building Plans 1 FSEC
✓ Schools, hospitals, businesses, hotels, etc.
to be
4 storeys or taller
reviewed
✓ Hazardous occupancies exceeding 1,860 sq. m.
2 Occupancy Inspection 2 FSIC
per floor
3 Business Inspection 3 FSIC ✓ Except, buildings with an approved sprinkler
(renew) system
✓ All portions of the building must be within 6 m of a
nozzle attached to a 22.00 m long hose
This is not covered by the regulation. ✓ Minimum of 64 mm diameter
– Unrestricted Fire Sone
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Highlights of PD 1096 – National Building Code of PH
Building Occupancies
The National Building Code (NBC) applies to the design, A Residential dwellings
location, siting, construction, alteration, repair, conversion, B Residentials, hotels, apartments
use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, demolition of and C Education and recreation
addition to public and private buildings, except. D Institutional
– Traditional dwellings and BP 220 projects. E Business and mercantile
F Industrial
As per PD 1096, what are the buildings that has fee G Storage and hazardous
exemptions? – Public Buildings and Traditional Family H Assembly other than Group I (less 1000)
dwellings (a dwelling intended for the use by one family
I Assembly with 1,000 or more occupant load
and constructed of native materials (bamboo, nipa, logs,
J Accessory
lumber), the total cost of which does not exceed
PHP15,000.
Zoning Lands
A written authorization granted by the Building Official to
an applicant allowing him to proceed with construction R Residential
after plans, specifications and other pertinent documents C Commercial
have been found to be in conformity with the Code. GI General Institutional
– Building Permit I Industrial
UTS Utilities, Transportation, Services
What are the Building Permit exemptions? SPE Special
– Minor constructions and Repair works PRE Park structures, Recreation, Entertainment
CUL Cultural
What is considered a minor construction? A Agricultural
– Minor structures 6sqm. or less detached from other AI Agro-industrial
buildings, for private use only. (Example: sheds, poultry PUD Planned Unit Development
houses, greenhouses), Open terraces or patios not
exceeding 20sqm, Windows Grilles, Garden pools 500
mm deep or shallower and Garden masonry walls not Residential Allowable Firewalls
exceeding 1.20 m in height.
R-1 Not allowed, However, an abutment up to
3.20m high is OK for carports provided that
What are the Permit Requirements if the lot is owned? above 1.50m, the abutment shall be
– Application forms, OCT or TCT, Tax Declaration, constructed of perforated concrete blocks.
Current real property tax receipt and 5 sets of plans
and specs, signed and sealed by various
professionals.

What are the Permit Requirements if the lot not owned?

– Application forms, Contract of lease or Dee of
Absolute Sale in place of TCT and 5 sets of plans and
specs, signed and sealed by various professionals.

As per PD 1096, how many sets of plans completely

signed and sealed should the architect provide the client? R-2 One side only, Maximum 80% of the length
– Five (5) sets of side property line.
R-3 Two configurations are allowed:
How many days from the payments of fee should the Option A: Two sides:
permits be issued? – 15 days ▪ Maximum 85% of each side
▪ Total should not exceed 65% of lot perimeter
How many years is the architect or engineer liable from ▪ Two storeys high only
the completion of the building should it collapse due to Option B: One side + Rear:
defects in the plans or the ground? – 15 years ▪ 90% of side or rear (up to 100% for rear if
only 4m)
How many years does the architect or engineer needed to ▪ Total should not exceed 50% of lot perimeter
repair such defects if it’s reported within the 15-year ▪ Two storeys high for side, 3.20m high for
period? – 10 years rear
R-4 Two sides, Maximum 85% of each side, total
How many years is the total liability of the architect or should not exceed 50% of lot perimeter and
engineer on a building he drew up the plans and maximum height: 3 storeys
specifications? – 24 years R-5 Two configurations allowed:
Option A: Two sides
What is the permit’s expiration if construction does not ▪ Maximum 75% of each side
commence from date of issue? – Within 1 year ▪ Total should not exceed 50% of lot perimeter
▪ Maximum height: 8 storeys
What is the permit’s expiration if construction does not Option B: One side + Rear
resume ___days after suspension of abandonment of ▪ Maximum 65% of side and 50% of rear
work? – 120 days ▪ Total should not exceed 60% of lot perimeter
▪ Maximum height: 8 storeys for side, 14m for
Type Construction rear
1 Wood Commercial, Firewalls allowed on the ff. conditions:
2 Wood w/ fire-resistant materials and 1 hr. Institutional ▪ Provide sprinkler system
fire-resistive throughout and ▪ Install fire-retardant or fire-suppression
3 Masonry and wood w/ 1 hr. fire-resistive Industrial devices
throughout and incombustible exterior walls ▪ Maximum 70% of lot perimeter
4 Steel, iron, concrete or masonry w/ ▪ RROW setbacks are complied with
incombustible interiors (ceilings & walls)
5 Structural elements of steel, iron, concrete
or masonry w/ 4-hr. fire resistive throughout
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 An area within which only certain types of construction are How far is the building ingress and the intersection if it is
allowed, based on their occupancy, type of construction, a traffic-generating building? - at least 50m apart
and resistance to fire. – Fire Zone (measured between the two nearest curbs)

All types of construction are allowed. As per PD 1096, what is the height from roadway of
– Non-fire restricted zones signage that can project to a street assuming that it is
arcaded? – 5.00 m min.
Type 1 construction is not allowed.
– Fire restrictive zones Minimum Room Sizes:
Room Minimum Area Minimum Dimension
Types 1, 2, and 3 are not allowed. Human Habitation 6.00 sq.m. 2.00 m.
– Highly fire restrictive zones Kitchen 3.00 sq.m. 1.50 m.
Toilet ad Bath 1.20 sq.m. 0.90 m.
No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has
direct access to a public space, yard, or street on at least Group A Dwellings:
one of its sides. – Right of Way (ROW) Category Minimum Requirements
Sanitation At least one sanitary toilet and adequate
What are the eaves over required windows from the side washing and draining facilities
and rear property lines? – 750 mm / 0.75 m Foundation At least 250mm thick, At least 600mm below
the surface of the ground
A fireproof barrier used to prevent the spread of fire Structural First floor live load: 200kg/sqm
between or through buildings. – Firewalls Loads Second floor live load: 150kg/sqm
Wind load for roofs: 120kg/sqm (vertical)
Firewall Extensions: Stairs Minimum width: 750mm
Locations Extensions Maximum riser: 200mm
Above the roof line 400 mm Minimum tread: 200mm
Under the eaves 300 mm
From the building edges 600 mm Note: These riser/tread dimensions do not match
the general dimensions prescribed in Rule 12.
What is the height of towers, spires and steeples if made Entrance & At least one entrance, and another one for exit
of combustible materials? – 6.0 m above BHL Exit

What is the height of towers, spires and steeples if made Air Space Requirements:
of incombustible materials? – limited only by structural Rooms Air space per person Floor area per person
design School 3.00 cu.m. 1.00 sq.m.
Workshops -
Parking Slots: Factories 12.00 cu.m. -
Vehicle Width Length Description Offices 9.30 sq.m.
Car 2.50 5.00 Best economy in Habitable 14.00 cu.m. 28.00 sq.m.
(90 ° Perpendicular) terms of space (dwellings)
Car (30 ° Diagonal) 2.50 5.00 Large waste
space / easy entry Minimum Area of Windows:
and exit Room Minimum window Absolute minimum
Car (45 ° Diagonal) 2.50 5.00 Medium waste area
space / easy entry Habitable 10% of floor area 1.00 sq.m.
and exit Bathrooms, 5% of floor area 240 sq.m.
Car (60 ° Diagonal) 2.50 5.00 Small waste space laundry etc.
/ easy entry and
exit As per PD 1096, IRR of PD 1096: Signages:
Car (0 ° Parallel) 2.15 6.00 Difficult in entry Types of Signs Height / Length Maximum
Large Van 2.50 5.20 Graphics from Ground Width
Large Van w/ PWD 3.00 5.20 Standards Ground within Property 6.00 m Max. (Height) Shall not
PWD 3.70 5.00 BP 344 line and within set extend
Jeepney 3.00 9.00 PD 1096 backs beyond
Standard bus / truck 3.60 12.00 PD 1096 property
Articulated truck 3.60 18.00 PD 1096 line
Standard airplane 64.94 70.67 Within Apron Projecting from Arcade 5.00 m Min. (Height 1.00 m
Structure from roadway) Max.
What is the rule of thumb when computing for fractions in Projecting from 3.00 m Min. (Height 1.20 m
parking slots? - When computing for parking slots, a Setbacks non-arcaded side Max.
fraction of 50% or higher shall be considered as one walk)
slot. In all cases, at least one slot shall be provided unless
otherwise allowed.
What is the minimum width of access road for interior or
How far is the off-site parking for residential? rear lots provided that a 4 m wide chaflan is at the
- Not more than 100m away intersection with the main RROW? – 3.0 m

How far is the off-site parking for commercial? What is the minimum clear height for RROW above
- Not more than 200m away grade? – 4.27 m from crown of carriageway

Minimum Ceiling Heights: What is the minimum sidewalk width for a RROW width
Floor Level Artificially Naturally of 9.00 m or more? – 1.20 m on each side
Ventilated Ventilated
Ground 2.70 m 2.70 m Where in PD 1096 can the minimum sidewalk width for a
Second 2.40 m 2.70 m RROW width of less than 9.00 m be found?
Succeeding 2.10 m 2.70 m – Table VIII.G.3
Mezzanines 1.80 m 2.70 m

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What is the minimum planting strip requirements for 2.0
m sidewalk or more in width? – 800 mm wide up to a
maximum of 1/3 of the sidewalk width
For National roads or public highways, what is the depth
of footings may be located below grade and maximum
projection beyond the property line? – at least 2.40 m
below grade and 300 mm max. projection
For Public Sidewalk, foundations may encroach 500 mm
into the sidewalk if top of foundation is at least ___ below
grade. – 600 mm
What is the clearance between sidewalk grade and
lowest portion of balcony? – 3.00 m min.
What is the minimum height from ground of the arcade
whenever it is allowed by the existing building and zoning
regulations? - 3.00 m min. above the sidewalk grade
What is the minimum width of the chaflan for a public
street with less than 3.60 m wide truncated at the corner
to form the chaflan? – 4.00 m wide
When the Building Official authorizes a sidewalk
to be closed, what is the minimum width of a temporary
walkway? – at least 1.20 m wide
When the Building Official authorizes a sidewalk
to be closed, what is the minimum width of a temporary
walkway if the street has no sidewalk?
– may be reduced to 600 mm
When the Building Official authorizes a sidewalk
to be closed, what is the minimum width of a temporary
walkway if RROW is 5.00 m wide or less?
– No temporary walkways are allowed.
What is the minimum height of fences that shall entirely
enclose a construction site? – 2.40 m min, above curb
What is the minimum unobstructed height of canopies?
– 2.40 above the walkway
What is the standard kitchen counter top height above
the floor? – 0.85 m
What is the minimum cut slope? – No steeper than 2:1
(horizontal:vertical)
As per PD 1096: Size of Door:
Metric Figures
Width 0.9 m min.
Height 2.00 m min.
Opening Capacity At least 90°
Door leaf 1.20 m max.
What are prohibited doors for exits? – Revolving,
Sliding and Overhead
What is the minimum width of corridors? – 1.10 m min.
As per PD 1096: Stairway Widths:
Width Occupant load
1.10 m More than 50
0.90 m 50 or less
0.75 m Less than 10 (private)
Note: Handrails shall not reduce the width of stairways by
more than 100 mm
Component Requirements
Maximum riser 200 mm
Minimum tread 250 mm
Note: Always keep in mind that the NBC requirement is a
maximum for risers, and a minimum for treads.
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What is the minimum stairway headroom? – 2.0 m min.
What is the landing length / width if the stairway has a
straight run? – 1.20 m max.
What is the maximum vertical distance between
landings? – 3.60 m max.
Note: Landing width shall not be reduced by more than
100mm by any door when fully opened
What is the minimum width of 1 aisle serving one side
only? – 0.80 m min.
What is the minimum width of 1 aisle serving both sides?
– 1.00 m min.
What is the line of travel to an exit door by an aisle?
– 45.0 m max.
What is the maximum number of seats between wall and
aisle? – 7 seats
What is the maximum number of seats between two
aisles? – 14 seats
What is the maximum slope for aisles? 1:8
Notes: The number of seats between aisles may be
increased to 30 if:
▪Exit doors are provided along each aisle at the rate of 1
pair of exit doors for every 5 rows of seats
▪ The back-to-back distance between seats is 1.00m
minimum
▪ Minimum clear width of exit doors is 1.70m
Required with Automatic fire extinguishing systems:
Area Requirement
Habitable storeys area of 200 sqm or more
with an occupant load of
more than 20
Dressing rooms, occupant load of
rehearsal rooms, more than 10
workshops or factories
Assembly halls under occupant
Group H and I load of more than 500
How many storeys of building in height shall be equipped
with one or more dry standpipes? – 4 storeys or more
Where is the location of dry standpipes?
– Within enclosed stairway landings
Note: Siamese connections shall be located on the
street-front of a building 300mm-1200mm above grade
Where is the location of wet standpipes? - All portions
of the building are within 6.00m of a nozzle attached
to a hose 23.00m in length (standpipes 58.00m apart)
Clearance of Service Drops:
Length / Width Location from
2.50 m from highest point of roofs
3.00 m from the ground
1.00 m (horizontal) from windows/porches
5.50 m from the crown of the street or sidewalk
Note: No service drop conductors or any other wiring
shall pass over swimming pools
Air-Conditioning: Comfortable cooling standards:
✓ Temperature: 20°-24° Celsius
✓ Humidity: 50% - 60%
✓ Air movement: 4.60-7.60 meters per minute
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PART 4: Theory and Principles of Planning

Types of Planning Shapes A series of nearly equal sized

cities in close proximity.
A large circle with radial – Constellation
corridors of intense
development emanating from
the center. – Radiocentric

The shape of development

that encourages cooperation.
– Radiocentric
Constellation of cities around a
main center. – Satellite
Usually with two corridors of
intense development crossing The shape of development
the center, usually found in that exemplifies Meg Manila /
small cities rather than in Metro Manila. – Satellite
large. – Rectilinear

Most basic form of Types of Urban Form

development. – Rectilinear
by Topography

Radiocentric form with open

space between the
outreaching corridors of
development. – Star

A city built around a large

open space. – Ring
This affect the urban pattern’s circulation system,
The shape of development building form, and texture, utility systems, size and shape
that exemplifies City Beautiful, etc. – Topography
Garden Cities and Classical.
– Ring by Relationship with Nature

Usually the result of natural Cities within

topography which restricts nature
growth, may also be a
transportation spine. – Linear

The shape of development

that restricts in two directions
only. – Linear

A linear span with connecting

arms. – Branch
Cities in nature

The shape of linear

development that can expand
in more than two directions.
– Branch

A vast urban area with little or

no articulation. – Sheet
Nature within cities
The shape of development
with no discernible shape due
to large space. – Sheet

A sheet accented by one or

more central clusters and
several sub clusters.
– Articulated Sheet This is the
landscaping, bodies of water, nature in general, and its
relationship with the urban fabric are significant features
of a city. – Relationship with nature

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Ordering Principles of Architecture Types of Planning Organizations

A line established by two points in space, about which

forms and spaces can be arranged in a symmetrical or
balanced manner. – Axis
A central, dominant
Ex. Salk Institute by Louis Kahn space about which
a number of
secondary spaces
are grouped
– Centralized

The balanced distribution and arrangement of equivalent

forms and spaces on opposite sides of a dividing line or
plane, or about a center or axis. – Symmetry
A linear sequence
Ex. Church of Light by Tadao Ando of repetitive
spaces. – Linear

A unifying movement characterized by a patterned

repetition or alternation of formal elements or motifs in
the same or a modified form. – Rhythm
A central space
Ex. Turning Torso by Santiago Calatrava from which linear
organizations of
space extend in a
radial manner.
– Radial

A line, plane, or volume that, by its continuity and

regularity, serves to gather, measure, and organize a
pattern of forms and spaces. – Datum

Ex. Chapel of St. Ignatius by Steven Holl

Spaces grouped by
proximity or the
sharing of a
common visual trait
or relationship.
– Clustered

The articulation of the

importance or significance
of a form or space by its
size, shape, or placement
relative to the other forms
and spaces of the Spaces organized
organization. within the field of a
– Hierarchy structural grid or
other three-
Ex. Beinecke Library for dimensional
Yale University by SOM framework. – Grid

The principle that an architectural concept, structure, or

organization can be altered through a series of discrete
manipulations and permutations in response to a specific
context or set of conditions without a loss of identity or
concept. -Transformation

Ex. AEGIS Hyposurface

project by Mark
Goulthorpe

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Is inherently context-sensitive, minimizing negative
development impacts by respecting the landscape’s
natural and cultural patterns and processes.
– Sustainable Design
Making the built environment more sustainable and livable
through smarter land use planning and policymaking.
– Smart Growth
This was inspired by the Congress for New Urbanism
(CNU). – Smart Growth
Provides benchmarks for design, construction, and
operation of green buildings and related site development.
– Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Integrates the principles of Smart Growth, traditional
neighborhood design, ad green building design.
– LEED for Neighborhood Development (ND)
Provides guidelines and performance benchmarks for site
design, construction, and maintenance practices.
– Sustainable Sites Initiatives (SITES)
A consensus-based design rating system for community
sustainability. – STAR Community Index
The art of arranging the external physical environment to
support human behavior. – Site Planning (Lynch, 1971)
Community level plans that articulate a vision for how a
community intends to grow and develop physically and
economically, over 20-30-year period.
– Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)
Set of sectoral goals, objectives, strategies, targets and
programs supporting CLUP. (each sector)
– Comprehensive Development Plans (CDP)
Divides a community into smaller planning districts and
zones. – Zoning Codes
This urban grain represents a more unplanned city.
– Fine Grain
This urban grain represents a more planned city.
– Coarse Grain
This means as communal society where it is often seen in
rural areas due to the idea of “them first” and on the basis
of traditional social rules. – Gemeinschaft
This means as associational society where it is often seen
in urban areas due to the idea of “me first” due to being
typified by modern, cosmopolitan societies and large
industrializations. – Gesellschaft
He is a German sociologist influential for his work
Gemeinschaft (Community) and Gesellschaft (Society)
published in 1887. – Ferdinand Tonnies
Where does the wind is coming from during day time?
– Sea Breeze
Where does the wind is coming from during night time?
– Land Breeze
Implies a large concentration of people in a given
geographic area who support themselves on a fairly
permanent basis from the economic activities of that area.
– City
A city that is planned or designed. – Created City
A city that is grown organically. – Spontaneous City
Confederation or union of neighboring clans resorting to a
center used as a common meeting place for worship,
protection and the like by a sovereign body. – Urbanism
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First documented city with streets spread on a semi-circle
with a population of 500. – Khirokitia, Cyprus
Largest Neolithic city and most well-preserved site that
has no streets with a population of 10,000.
– Catalhoyuk, Turkey
Oldest known settlement on the southern Mesopotamian
alluvium and the very first village. – City of Eridu
Oldest continually inhabited city. – City of Damascus
Largest city with 80,000 inhabitants. – City of Babylon
Consist of worker’s camps. – Thebes and Memphis
Most advance city that used pipes and is located in
modern day Pakistan. – Harappa
This city used water closets, baked bricks sewage
systems, has civic buildings and inhabited by 40,000
people. – Mohenjo-Daro
Largest city of the yellow river valley. – Yin at Anyang
Earliest settlements in China. – Zhengzhou at Shang
Found in Forbidden City and was used Feng Shui for its
planning. – Ming Dynasty
Largest cities discovered in Mesoamerica, started from
organic eventually became grid pattern, built by Zapotecs,
Mextecs and Aztecs. – Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun
Regarded as the first planned city and demonstrates
Hippodamian plan. – City of Miletus
The ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house, or
family. – Oikos
First noted urban planner who introduced the grid system
and the Agora. – Hippodamus
New town – Neopolis , Old town – Paleopolis
Traditional Roman house with a central atrium, for upper
classes and wealthy freedmen. – Domus
3 to 6 storey apartments with storefronts that housed most
of the urban citizens of Rome catering lower or middle
class and upper middle class. – Insula / Insulae
A Roman country house built for the upper class – Villa
A country house that could be easily be reached from
Rome. – Villa Urbana
The farm house estate permanently occupied by the
servants who had charge generally of the estate.
– Villa Rustica
Covered markets and law courts in Rome. – Basilica
The local meeting, hall and capitol in Rome. – Curia
The main street, oriented north-south. – Cardo
The secondary main street, oriented east-west.
– Decumanus
Commercial town – Oppidum , Military town – Castrum
This affected most of Medieval town planning.
– Feudalism
Due to the use of aqueducts connecting to Roman forums
as focal points. – Sprawl
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The era of re-birth classic – Renaissance
A popular idea explored by planners during the
Renaissance usually star-shaped and radially
symmetrical. – Ideal Cities
An ideal city proposed by Filarete- Sforzinda
An ideal city built in Italy. – Palma Nova
City having the first University Town. – Vienna
These are new towns during the Medieval age.
– Medieval Bastide
These are old towns during the Medieval age. – Feudal
This means Military town in the Medieval age. – Boug
This means Citizen’s Town in the Medieval age.
– Fauborg
Early settlements were irregular and uneven and did not
grow to become permanent fortified towns.
– Organic Town
Characterized by rigid rectilinear street patterns where
public squares were allocated. – Gridiron Plan
Cities formed with diagonal avenues and circular plan.
– Radial Plan
This is King Philip’s II’s city guidelines that produced 3
types of towns: pueblo (civil), presidio (military) and
mission (religious). – Spanish “Laws of the Indies”, 1573”
An assumption / speculation of planners on where to
develop cities. – Speculator’s Town
Best example of speculator’s town – Philadelphia
(planned for William Penn by surveyor Thomas Holme)
Who designed the classic plan in Washington D.C.?
– Major Pierre Charles L’Enfant
Who designed the plan of Savannah which exemplifies
regular pattern of rectangular streets with park squares
liberally spotted in alternate blocks? – James Oglethorpe
This is called as the “Machine Age” which first started in
England, Great Britain. – Industrial Revolution
Spearheaded the reform movement by proposing a self-
supporting industrial town meant for 1200 persons on at
least 1000-1500 acres of land. – Robert Owen (New
Lanark Mills, Manchester)
An imaginary town with an imaginary site consisting of
high plateau and level valley, all alongside a river.
– Une Cite Industrielle
Une Cite Industrielle may have been a precursor to
modern zoning and it was proposed by this planner.
– Tony Garnier
Its characteristics are long, straight boulevards (“vista
avenues”) served to make large expanses of terrain
visible, and thus comprehensible. – Baroque Planning
Canberra, New Delhi and Brasilia are an examples of?
– Baroque Planning
He is famous for using Baroque Planning to his famous
works. – Daniel Burnham
He is the author of the 1898 “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path
to Social Reform” and conceptualized “Garden Cities”
– Ebenezer Howard
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According to Garden Cities, this is a city with an optimum
size of 58,000 to 65,000 people in 6,000 acres of land.
– Central City
According to Garden Cities, this is a city with an optimum
size of 30,000 to 32,000 people separated by permanent
green spaces to the Central City. – Satellite City
In what year the Garden City Association was
established by Howard? – 1899
This is the first developed Garden City that started in
1902. – Letchworth (designed by Raymond Unwin and
Barry Parker)
This is the second developed Garden City built in 1920.
– Welwyn (designed by Louis Soisson)
He is famous for designing Champs-Elysees in Paris.
– Baron Haussmann
Spearheaded the City Beautiful Plan movement which
started in Chicago in 1909. – Daniel Burnham
The original master plan was by Albert Myer but Le
Corbusier eventually took over.
– Chandigarh, Punjab, India
He deigned the master plan for New Delhi, India.
– Sir Edward Lutyens
The author of “The Cities of Tomorrow” – Le Corbusier
A super building that contained 337 dwellings in only 10
acres of land. – Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles
Known as City of Towers design for 3 million people.
– La Ville Contemporaine
Plan was continuous rows of buildings woven in zigzag
form across landscaped space, known as “Towers in the
Park”. – La Ville Radieuse / Radiant City
Frank Lloyd Wright proposal for 1 acre od land for every
family. – Broadacre
Frank Lloyd Wright’s translation of high-density living.
– The Mile-High Tower
He proposed Ciudad Lineal / Linear City
– Arturo Soria y Mata
He designed the masterplan of Brasilia. – Lucio Costa
He proposed the 3-dimensional self-contained cities
- Paolo Soleri
He proposed floating city / marine city as an alternative to
land reclamation. – Kiyonori Kikutake
He conceptualized the Neighborhood Unit.
– Clarence Perry
An early type of Planned Unit Development (PUD)
– Barbican Development
Called as the “Town of the Motor Age” where single
family dwellings were grouped about cul-de-sac (dead-
end) – Radburn, New Jersey
Formed due to the effects of suburban sprawl, one of the
founders is Peter Calthorpe. – Congress for New
Urbanism (CNU)
Who introduced Radburn?
– Henry Wright and Clarence Stein
71
“Image of the City” is a book which introduced /
emphasized these elements: paths, edges, districts,
nodes and landmarks, who is the author? – Kevin Lynch
A predominant element that channels along which the
observers move. – Paths
Linear elements not used or considered paths, may be
seams or barriers. – Edges
Involves major highways and streets, routes for mass
transportation, railroads, airfields, and waterways.
– Circulation Plan
Consists of both the pedestrian and the vehicular
movement, one of the primary considerations in
understanding the circulation patters of a city.
– Movement

Medium to large sections of a city, conceived of as two-
dimensional and the observer can mentally enter “inside
of” – Districts
Points, strategic spots by which an observer can enter,
also considered as junctions and concentrations.
– Nodes
Point references or markers considered to be external to
the observer, unique and special – Landmarks
Well-defined public streets, i.e. plazas, parks,
playgrounds, quadrangles etc. – Urban Spaces
Relaxes certain restrictions if builders and developers
provide desirable public features i.e. plazas, arcades etc.
– Incentive Zoning
Creating special zoning policies and regulations for
medium to large size-controlled developments.
– Cluster Zoning (PUD)

Places must be accessible to people to offer them This is required for large planning projects to outline the
choice, public and private access must be possible effects of the project on the environment.
complementary. – Permeability – Environmental Impact Assessment

Offers users choice of experiences in form of functions.
– Variety
How layout is understood and the degree of choices
depends on how legible it is. – Legibility
Environments / space which can be used for many
different purposes. – Robustness
A term used Interchangeably with preservation but
having the rather more positive connotation of adaptation
of parts of building (or the countryside) while retaining the
essential spirit of the original. – Conservation
The idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas of
towns & cities; cover both re-development and
rehabilitation. – Urban Renewal

Focuses on external details where decisions are already
made to determine the general appearance of the
scheme. – Visual Appropriateness
Variety of sense experiences that users enjoy; most
detailed level of design. – Richness
Allows people to achieve an environment that bears the
stamp of their own tastes and values; user preference.
– Personalization
Conversion of buildings into different uses without
significantly altering the structure. – Adaptive Reuse
The idea of repairing, redecorating and in some cases
converting existing structurally sound property to as
standard compatible with modern requirements of
amenity and health; renovation. – Rehabilitation
The entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an
already occupied area. – Invasion

Urban Planning: “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of
Scope Planning Description social or racial differences. – Block-boosting
Site Single project
Architect Subdivision / Medium to large scale Referring to an increase in population at a certain
Estate geographic center; where resources are.- Centralization
Public Urban Design Urban Spaces, in-city sites
Realm What happens if the majority of the population proceed to
Town / City Cover all aspects of the city? - Unavailability of low-cost housing
planning, set development
framework Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting
Urban Addresses growth the market for previously run-down areas.
strategies; cover towns – Gentrification
Policy and cities; policy-oriented
Oriented Regional Macro view, growth Coined by Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis which
potential, Region as a means science and hierarchy of Human Settlements.
whole – Ekistics
National Country development,
Development economic, social and A composite of cities, metropolises, and urban areas.
political emphasis, GDP, – Conurbation
GNP etc.
Merging of two or metropolises with a population of at
Directs the physical development of the community and its least 10 million. – Megalopolis
environs in relation to its social and economic well-being
for the fulfilment of the rightful common destiny; a guide Concept coined by Jan Gottmann which means “Great
for urban development, usually adopted as resolution by City”, used to refer massive urban concentrations created
the legislative body. – Comprehensive Plan from strong physical linkages between three or more
large cities. – Megalopolis
The legal regulation of the use of land; adopted as a
legal ordinance with penalties associated with violations. A large city or conurbation which is a significant
– Zoning Plan economic, political, and cultural center for a country or
region, and an important hub for regional or international
Sets policies to encourage the upgrading and connections, commerce, and communications; high
preservation of the existing city. – Land Use Plan density population. – Metropolis

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A mixed-use community with an average distance of 670 By sociologist
meters from a transit stop and commercial core area or James Vance,
within 5 minutes reach presents the
– Transit Oriented Development (TOD) emergence of
large self-
The commercial and business center of a city. In larger sufficient
cities, it is often synonymous with the city's "financial suburban sectors,
district". Geographically, it often coincides with the "city each focused on
center" or "downtown", but the two concepts are separate: a downtown
many cities have a central business district located away independent of
from its commercial or cultural city center or downtown. the central city. –
– Central Business District (CBD) Urban Realms
Model
Mid-sized developments built with the intention of self-
sustainability and ordinary zoning regulations can be
suspended for this particular property.
– Planned Unit Developments (PUD)

Developments that take the form of traditional
neighborhoods, while still accommodating the automobile
and other modern amenities. These are further illustrated
in “New Urbanism”
– Traditional Neighborhood Developments (TND)
If all the people converge in one place in the city, it is
called. – Monocentric
A city that has more than one center is called.
– Polycentric

The physical expansion of w town, city, or metropolitan What is the most ideal slope for a residential resort to
area as a result of a continually increasing number of new develop especially facing a lake? (the drawing of the slope
developments at the outlying areas. Initiated by the is more exaggerated than the written figure) – 10%
automobile, greedy developers, and the “American
Dream”. – Suburban Sprawl With the same figures, what is the most expensive for the
plumbing to develop? 15% (from choices: 2,5,10 and 15)
By geographer
E.W. Burgess, CBD An arcaded building has open spaces on what sides?
as center, around – All sides
which all other
users formed. – The method in planning where all concerns are given.
Concentric Zone – Hierarchy
Theory, early
1900s As an Architect, you were commissioned to do the
masterplan, what will you do?
– Study all related existing laws

It moves people from one to another in a certain direction

– Path
By economist Which area type will make wind more unpredictable?
Homer Hoyt, CBD – Valley / Hill
grows in specific
directions, most What is the percentage of informal settlers outside Metro
cities grow in the Manila? – 61%
direction of the
higher income. –
What is the percentage of informal settlers inside Metro
Sector Model, 1939
Manila? – 39%

What is the percentage of the known / distinguished

informal settlers outside Metro Manila? – 37%
By geographers
Chauncy Harris &
According to PSA, this is the one who settles on the land
Edward Pullman,
of another without title or right or without the owner's
uses do not evolve
consent whether in urban or rural areas.
around a single
– Squatter (or Informal Dwellers)
core but at several
nodes or focal
According to NEDA, in 2011, this is the number of Informal
points, have
Settlers Families (ISFs) in the Philippines for both Urban
varying accessibility
and Rural Areas. – 1,502,386 / 1.5 M (15% of the
requirements. –
Multiple Nuclei Philippines’ total urban population)
Model
According to MMDA, in 2010, this is the number of
Informal Settlers families living in Metro Manila. – 556,536
(2.8 M informal settlers)

According to HLURB, National Urban Development and

Housing Framework 2017-2022, by 2050, this is the
number of Informal Settlers Families (ISFs) in the
Philippines for both Urban and Rural Areas.
– 1,400,000 / 1.4 M

What is the country’s national housing need?

– 6,880,000 / 6.88 M units
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What department will house both HLURB and HUDCC?
- DHSUD
What is DHSUD? - Department of Human Settlements
and Urban Development Act
What is RA 11201? – “An Act Creating the Department
of Human Settlements and Urban Development,
defining its Mandate, Powers and Functions, and
Appropriating Funds Therefor”, also known as
“Department of Human Settlements and Urban
Development Act”
When was RA 11201 established? – February 14, 2019
What are the bureaus under DHSUD? - Bureau of
Environmental, Land Use and Urban Planning and
Development; Housing and Real Estate Development
Regulation Bureau, and Homeowners Associations
and Community Development Bureau.
What is HLURB? – Housing and Land Use Regulatory
Board
Provides data on network of protected agricultural areas.
– Department of Agriculture (DA) / Bureau of Soils
and Water Management (BWSM)
Provides data on lands covered by the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
– Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
Provides data on environmentally critical areas.
– Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) / Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)
Provides data on transportation and communication
services. – Department of Transportation and
Communication Services (DOTC)
Provides data on population and demography.
– National Statistics Office (NSO) / Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA)
Provides data on power. – National Power Corporation
(NPC), Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) and
National Electrification Administration (NEA)

What is HUDCC? – Housing and Urban Development Provides data on water. – Manila Waterworks and
Coordinating Council Sewerage Systems (MWSS) and Local Waterworks
and Utilities Administration (LWUA)
Walled City of Manila, was 1.2 sq. km in area and
housed 7000 residents of Spanish. – Intramuros Provides data on roads and other related infrastructure.
– Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
First Chartered city in the Philippines by virtue of Act No.
183 in July 31, 1903 with the population of 190,000 Provides tax maps and listings of all real properties with
– Manila City their corresponding market values and / or assessed
values located in their respective localities.
New Capital City in the Philippines by virtue of – City / Municipal Assessors Office
Commonwealth Act No. 457 in 1939 with an area of 1572
hectares. – Quezon City Easements:
Location Easement width
How many hectares is Makati CBD? – 979 hectares (meters) (per side)
Properties, Projections and 2.00 EPA
How many hectares is Ortigas CBD? – 600 hectares Trees (PRRC)
Urban Areas / Iloilo River 3.00
How many hectares is Cubao CBD? – 37 hectares (Water Code)
Esteros / Creeks (PRRC) 3.00 EPA
How many hectares is BGC CBD? – 500 hectares Large Creeks / Small Rivers 3.00 - 6.00
(PRRC) EPA
How any hectares is Boulevard 200 / coast of Manila Pasig River (PRRC) 10.00 EPA
Bay? – 1,167 hectares El Nido (Water Code) 20.00 (from 3.00)
Agricultural Areas (Water Code) 20.00
Sole government agency engaged in direct shelter Boracay (DENR) 30.00 (from 25.00)
production, focusing in providing housing assistance to Animal Trail (PRRC) 37.50
the lowest 30% of urban income earners through slum Forest Areas (Water Code) 40.00
upgrading, squatter relocation, development of sites and Animal Path (PRRC) 75.00
services and construction of core housing units.
– National Housing Authority (NHA) Water Distribution in Metro Manila:
Location Company Plants
Sole regulatory body for housing and land development, East Manila Water Balara
encourages greater private sector participation in low Treatment Plant
cost housing and formerly known as the Human West Manilad Novaliches
Settlements Regulatory Commission. – Housing and Treatment Plant
Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)
Supplies 97% of the water need of Metro Manila
Major government home mortgage institution. residents and most of the irrigation requirements of farms
– National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation in Central Luzon. Water flows through 2 tunnels down to
(NHMC) the Ipo Dam. – Angat Dam
Assists private developers in undertaking low- and middle- Located in Novaliches, Quezon City, can store up to 50.5
income mass housing production by encouraging private million cu.m. of water from Angat River and Alat River.
financial institutions and commercial lenders to finance – La Mesa Dam
such developments though certain incentive and formerly
known as the Home Financing Corporation. Conveyed through 3 intake structures to 3 connecting
– Home Guaranty Corporation (HGC) tunnels. Travels 6 km to Bicti, Norzaragay and passes 5
aqueducts, each 16 km long. – Ipo Dam
Provides data on land valuation and taxation.
– Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) Water is diverted through 13 km tunnel from Quezon
toward Macua and Anagt Rivers, which in turn flows in
Who approves real estate brokers? – HLURB Angat Reservoir. – Umiray River

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Utilities Systems, Structural Design and Building
Construction

PART 1: Building Utilities Systems

Plastic Pipes:

Metal Pipes:

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Others:

Fittings:

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Jointing:

Pipe Minimum Water Supply System:

Water Supply 1/2"
Drainage 1 1/2"
Vent 1/2"
Building Horizontal Drain 3/4"
Pool Drain 2”
Pipe Sleeve 25mm

Centerline of a pipe – Springline

Length along the centerline of the pipe and fitting

– Developed Length

Specify Inside Diameter

Quantify Linear Meter

- After pipe cutting, burrs should be removed
before connecting the pipe or fitting to another
The concussion and banging noise that results when a
volume of water moving in a pipe suddenly stops or
losses momentum – Water Hammer
Suppliers:
Consists of the water service pipes, water supply line,
water distributing pipe and the necessary branch pipes,
fittings, valves and all appurtenances required for the
supply of potable water - Water Supply System
Water distribution without pumps – Upfeed System
Pipe from street water main or other source of water
supply - Service Pipe

Belden Pipes Measures amount of water that passes through it - Water

Super Pipes Meter
Crown Pipes
Moldex Pipes The pipe carrying potable water from the water meter or
other source of water supply to a building or other point
of use of distribution on the lot. - Building Supply

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A water supply pipe extending vertically to one full storey
or more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing
fixtures - Riser
A horizontal pipe distributing water from the riser -
Branch
A. Soil Fixtures
Also known as Toilet or Commode; Typically made of
solid vitrified china cast with integral trap, also available
in stainless steel - Water Closet

A water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and

the water distributing pipe - Fixture Branch

Used to store water - Storage Tank

Testing for water lines – Hydrostatic

Fixture Supply Pipe:

Fixture Supply Pipe

WC (Tank type) 3/8”
WC (Flushometer) 1”
Lavatory 3/8”
Bathtub 1/2"
Shower 1/2”
Kitchen/ Service Sink 1/2"
Laundry 1/2" Setting:
Hose Bibb 1/2" – 3/4" Center to center 750mm
Drinking Fountain 5/8” Side wall to center 375mm
Urinal Flush Valve 3/4" Back wall to center 300mm-400mm
Form:
A receptacle other than a trap attached to a plumbing Round For space saving
system in which water or wastes may be collected or Elongated For public use
retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
- Fixture Flush:
Standard Efficiency 1.6gpf
A class of plumbing fixtures intended to perform a special Toilets
function; their operation may depend on the setting of
High Efficiency Toilets 1.3gpf
controls or on the characteristics of heating elements,
Dual Flush 0.8gpf (small button),
monitors or pressure or temperature sensing elements.
1.6gpf (big button)
- Appliances

A manufactured device or a prefabricated assembly or an

on-the-job assembly of component parts and serves as Types of
Water
adjunct to the basic piping system and fixtures.
Closet:
Demands no additional water supply nor does it add any
discharge load to a fixture or drainage system.
– Appurtenance

Unobstructed vertical distance between the lowest

opening to the flood level rim - Air Gap

Any two or more similar adjacent fixtures which

discharge into a common horizontal soil or waste branch
- Battery of Fixtures

A vertical shaft for installation of different pipe stacks

- Chase

A metallic sleeve, caulked or joined to an opening in a

pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed
for cleaning or examining the interior of a pipe. - Ferrule

The lowest portion of the interior part of any pipe or

conduit that is not vertical - Invert

Classifications:

Soil Water Closets, Urinals, Slop

Sinks
Scullery Kitchen Sinks, Laundry Tubs,
Bar Sinks
Bathing Lavatories, Bathtubs, Shower
Baths, Bidets, Whirlpool,
Foot/Sitz Tub, Shower
Receptors, Floor Drains.

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 Wash Down or Gravity Flush Operation of a Water Closet Flush Tank:
Water enters through
an open rim, as 1. Float valve or ball cock assembly is connected to
though a bucket of the water supply
water were dumped 2. The flush valve assembly consisting of an
into the bowl. It is the overflow tube, valve seat and rubber tank ball
simplest and noisiest that is attached to trip level with lift wires
3. Water is released upon tripping and recluses
upon release of lever and process is repeated.

Commonly used in public restrooms to reduce possible

contamination of closet seats; Available in vitreous china,
enamelled iron, stainless steel and built-up - Urinals

Reverse Trap Setting:

Water enters Center to center 600mm
through rim Side wall to center 300mm
creating a siphon Backwall to center 100mm-150mm
action.
It is effective but Flush:
moderately noisy.
Direct Flush 1gpf
Valve
Waterless/Flush saves 150,000L of water
Free per year; Blocks odor and
gases by means of a
liquid sealant. Produced
by Falcon Industries.
Types:
Wall Hung
Siphon Jet Has an integral trap
Water enters of 2” P-trap. The
through rim outlet openings to
punching filling the this consist of
trapway and several small holes
creating an instant cast into the china
siphon action at the bottom of the
without rise of the urinal
water level. It is Stall Type
the most common
Set into the floor of
flushing action
the toilet room. The
strainer is connected
with a caulked joint to
Siphon Vortex separate P-trap,
Water enters which is installed
through diagonal below the floor level
punching around
the rim of the bowl,
creating a vortex. It Pedestal
is quiet and One which the bowl is
extremely sanitary elongated and attached to the
floor.

Trough
Mounting: Has lengths ranging
WC - On slab Closet flange from 3-6ft long. The
WC - Wall hung Brackets & Bolts flushing of water
enters through the
perforated flush
pipes.

A deep sink for filling and emptying scrub

pails, washing out mops, etc. - Slop Sink

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 A plumbing fixture used for washing the Also known as shower surround; 80mm minimum.
middle private part of the body, especially the - Shower Compartment
genitals. - Bidet
Mounting height of shower heads – 6ft

Notes: Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.60sqm

and shall be capable of encompassing a 762mm
diameter circle

-This area shall be maintained from a point above the

shower drain to a height of 1.78m with no protrusions
other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab
rails

Center to center 0.750mm -Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not
Center to side wall 0.375mm more than 4.9m apart.
From Wall 300mm-400mm Carries waste water into the building drainage system
Other: A water closet consisting of a continuous trough - Floor Drain
containing water. The trough extend under two or more
adjacent seats. Prohibited by health authorities for Types:
permanent installations. - Latrine Flat For roof deck
Dome For canopy and roof
Scupper For swimming pools
Pop-up For lavatory, bathtub & floor drain
B. Scullery Fixtures Swivel For lavatory
A sink in a kitchen for washing dishes and A bathtub in which one bathes in a sitting position; used
preparing food – Kitchen Sink in hospitals or in therapeutic treatment – Sitzbath
A small sink placed in a home bar or other
entertaining areas – Bar Sink ¼ Bath WC
A plumbing fixture usually located in the ½ Bath WC & Lavatory
operating room in a hospital to enable ¾ Bath WC, Lavatory & Shower
personnel to scrub their hands prior to a 1 Bath WC, Lavatory, Shower & Bathtub
surgical procedure; the hot and cold water Note: Floor drains don’t count
supply is activated by a knee-action mixing
valve or by wrist or pedal control - Scrub Sink Powder Room Private; WC & Lav
Comfort Room Public; Small scale
Restroom Public; Big scale

Used to isolate the water supply - Valves

Kinds of Valves:
Cut off water by means of a circular disc/
wedge fitted against smooth faces; Most
Medical Sink common isolation valve; Also known as Full-
Laundry Tub Way Valve - Gate Valve
Drinking Fountain

C. Bathing Fixtures
A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face.
Sometimes called a wash basin - Lavatory

Types:
Cut off water by means of a circular disc or
Wall Hung Cheapest
plug against horizontal valve seat; Also known
Pedestal Cheaper alternative to countertype
as compression valve - Globe Valve
Vessel A free-standing bowl sink
Counter Requires substrate for the
countertop flushing

A tub for bathing, usually fixed plumbing installation

designed for one person. It is available in left outlet and
A globe valve and a 90 degree elbow to
right outlet. Holds 50-80gal. - Bathtub
reduce joints; Most common isolation valve on
Integrated with jet pumps; Outlets are called Hydrojets; fixtures - Angle Valve
has integrated pump - Whirlpool Baths

Also known as shower pans - Shower Receptor

Note: Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559mm

wide door

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Cut off water by means of a circular disc
attached to a lever handle that rotates it.
- Butterfly Valve

Has a wheel or knob that settles down a

diaphragm that limits flow of water
- Diaphragm Valve

Inserted into water main, control of water

service. - Corporation Stop
Installed between curb and sidewalk,
equipped with a removable cover. Serves
Automatically closes to prevent reverse flow as a control stop of the service between the
of liquid or gas - Check Valve curb and the building. - Curb Stop
• Swing Check Valve/ Gravity
• Lift Check Valve Placed at the street side of the water meter
• Spring Loaded Check Valve and serves as a controlling device for the
building installation. - Meter Stop

Automatic device used for converting high, fluctuating

Cut off water by means of a rotating sphere inlet water pressure to a low constant pressure –
with a hole in line with the pipe - Ball Valve Pressure Regulating Valve

Pumps:

A pump with an expanding cavity on the suction side and

a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. – Positive
Displacement Pump
A valve located at the end of a water pipe Types:
where water can be drawn from. Also known as
- Faucet/Bibb Plunger Pump;
Water is sucked
into a sealed
vacuum by use of
a piston – Piston
Pump
Water is drawn in
with either stroke,
A device that discharges predetermined uses two
quantity of water into fixture. cylinders and two
- Flushometer Valve rods – Duplex or
Twin Piston
Pump

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Types of Piston Pumps: Pumps water
7.5m below the
Piston pumps that ground – Deep
operate with Well Piston
controlled speed – Pump
Reciprocating
Pumps

Used to transfer
effluent
wastewater;
Piston pumps that used in septic
make use of a pump lines and
driver – Rotary sanitary pump
Pumps drainage -
Effluent Pumps
Used to remove
liquids that
Piston pump with an contain solid
exposed lift and pieces up to
push rod to activate about 2” wide
submerged piston – without getting
Jack Pumps clogged –
Sewage Pumps
Used to break
down solids into
smaller pieces
before being
passed through.
Consists of a stationary pump casing and an impeller Commonly used
mounted on a rotating shaft - Centrifugal Pump in light
commercial and
residential
Types of Centrifugal Pumps: applications –
Typically used for Grinder Pumps
drawing water up from The simplest,
a well – Jet Pumps consists of a
piston moving up
and down in a
cylinder and
barrel. Can
pump up to
7.50m – 8.50m
Used for large high – Lift Pump
applications because of
their multiple impellers What fixture has an integrated pump? – Whirlpool Bath
– Turbine Pumps
What sucks the water from elevator pit to ensure no
retained water? - Sump Pump

Designed to be fully
immersible within a
tank or other media
storage receptacle –
Submersible Pumps

Used where excess

water must be pumped
away from a particular
area; Known as Ejector
Pumps – Sump Pumps

Other types of pumps:

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SEWER SYSTEM

Types of Sewage Disposal System:

A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater

- Sewer

Is that part of a plumbing system extending from the

house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face
Fixture FU Trap & Arm of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the
Size street sewer or to any point of discharge, conveying the
Bathtub 2 38mm / 1 1/2" drainage of one building site. - House Sewer
Bidet 2 38mm / 1 1/2"
Floor Drain 2 51mm / 2” A common sewer directly controlled by public authority to
Shower 2 51mm / 2” which all abutters have equal rights of connections -
Sink 2 38mm / 1 1/2" Public Sewer Line
Urinal (Stall & WM, 2 51mm / 2”
Siphon Jet) A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or
Urinal (Wall Mounted) 3 51mm / 2” without pre-treated industrial wastes and without the
Urinal (WM, Washout) 2 38mm / 1 1/2" admixture of rain or ground water - Sanitary Sewer
Lavatory 1 32mm / 1 1/4 “
WC (Private) 4 76mm / 3” The collection line; The lowest horizontal piping of a
WC (Public) 6 76mm / 3” drainage system which starts from the end of the
building/house drain and which receives the discharge of
Includes all pipings within public or private premises which the building drain and conveys it to a public sewer,
convey sewage or other liquid wastes to a legal point of private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or
disposal but does not include the mains of a public sewer other point of disposal. – Building/House Drain
system or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
- Drainage System A non-water tight lined excavation in the ground which
receives the discharge of a sanitary drainage system or a
Any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the part thereof, designed to retain the organic matter and
discharges of any fixture except water closet and conveys solid discharging therefrom, but permitting the liquid to
the same to the soil branch, soil pipe or house drain. seep through the bottom and sides – Cesspool
- Waste Pipe

Any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet,

urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without
the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or
building sewer. - Soil Pipe

Is a receptacle of the plumbing system accessible on floor,

walls, ceiling. It provides a convenient place to access a
building's drain pipes to clear clogs and debris.
– Cleanout

The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances

into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from
any source other than from its intended source.
- Backflow

The flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water A concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter
from a plumbing fixture into a water supply pipe due to a constructed for the collection of raw sewage. – Privy
negative pressure in such pipe. - Back-Siphonage Water Supply Well distance
Septic Tank 15.20m
Testing for DWV - Gravity Disposal Field 30.50m
Cesspool 45.70

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Receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste
discharged from the house sewer, has an opening at the
bottom - Septic Tank
Enlarged vessels that can hold large
amount of water; usually connected to a
bathtub - Drum Trap

Receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste

discharged from the house sewer, does not have an
opening at the bottom – Septic Vault

Notes:
-Minimum (inside) Dimension: 90cm width, 150cm length,
120cm depth
Primarily used in slop sinks - Stand Trap
-Liquid depth: 60cm (min), 1.80 (max)
-Air gap: 200mm min
-Manhole access: 508mm (min)
-Capacity: 2cum (min)
-Minimum chambers - 3

Parts of a septic tank:

Semi-liquid substance at the bottom of the
septic tank – Sludge
Parts of the solids that floats – Scum
Divider between the Digesting Chamber and
Leeching Chamber – Baffle
Composes ⅔ of the Septic Tank - Digesting Used in service stations, parking garages
Chamber and industrial plants where discharged
Composes ⅓ of the Septic Tank - Leeching water contains oil and sediment – Oil
Chamber Interceptor

Minimum distance of Septic Tank

Building 0.60m
Water Supply Wells 15.20m
Streams 15.20m
Water Service Line 0.30m
Public Water Main 0.30m

A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide,

when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the
backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it -
Trap

Kinds of Trap:
Primarily used in lavatories, floor drains and
shower drains - P-Trap

A device designed to retain grease from one Can be attributed to inadequate ventilation of the trap
to a maximum of four fixtures - Grease Trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressure inside the
system - Trap Seal Loss

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Causes:
The result of minus pressure in the drainage system - Round Clamp
Siphonage

The result of plus pressure - Back Pressure

Water evaporates from the fixtures that aren’t often used.

Usually present in floor drains - Evaporation

The draining of the water seal caused by foreign objects

Split Ring Hanger
like thread or a string suspended and extended over the
outlet arm of the trap - Capillary Action
Support:
Pipe (Vertical) Support
Cast Iron Soil Pipe Every storey
Screwed Pipe Not less than every storey
Copper Each Storey, 3m max
Lead Every 1.2m max with rigid
vertical backup
Riser Clamp
Plastic 1m interval

Pipe (Horizontal) Support

Cast Iron Soil Pipe 1.5 interval max
Screwed Pipe Every 3m (>19mm)
Every 3.6m (<51mm)
Copper Every 1.8m (>38mm)
Every 3m (<51mm)
Lead Stiff metal/ wood backing, entire
length VENT SYSTEM
Plastic Stiff metal/ wood backing, entire
length for 38mm or smaller A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air
in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative
Types of Support: pressure exerted on trap seals - Vent pipe
Clevis Hanger
Minimum Diameter of Vent Pipes – ½”
Minimum length of a branch requiring separate venting
– 4.60m

An oversized pipe functioning both as soil or waste pipe

and a vent - Wet Vent
Nut Clamp
A vent that does not carry liquid or water borne wastes
- Dry Vent

A suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes. A

pressure less than atmospheric - Siphonage

Sprinkler Clamp
Extends through roof; Also called as SVTR (Stack
Vent through Roof) - Main Soil & Waste Vent

Nail Clamp

Saddle Clamp

U-Clamp

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 Portion of a vent pipe system that ventilates two
Serves as a terminal for smaller vents; Also called or more fixture traps; Commonly used in a battery
as Collecting Vent Line - Main Vent of fixtures; Reduces cost. - Circuit/Loop Vent

Circuit – Connected to the vent stack

Loop – Connected to the stack vent

Also called as Back Vent; Portion of the vent pipe

that serves as a single trap - Individual Vent

Used on fixtures in a room away from

partitions (dental clinic, kitchen island, etc.);
Not practical but tolerated when other
methods of ventilation is not possible. -
Looped Vent

Portion of a vent pipe system that ventilates two

fixture traps; Also known as Common or Dual
Vent. - Unit Vent

Also called as By-Pass Ventilation; A Relief

Vent installed on a long vertical soil pipe
with intervals at 3 to 5 floors - Yoke Vent

Provide circulation of air between drainage and

vent system. - Relief Vent

The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest

horizontal drain connected to the stack and extends
through the roof. – SVTR/ Stack Vent Thru Roof

A vertical vent pipe primarily for providing circulation of

air extending through the roof – VSTR/ Vent Stack Thru
Roof

15cm (min) Extension above the roof

90cm (min) Extension above opening

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 - The unit of the plumbing system that conveys rain or
storm water to a suitable terminal
- Normally discharged into street gutter conveyed by
public drainage system
- Storm drain is not permitted to discharge into a septic
tank or to the main sewer line
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Located under the basement floor or within the walls of

the building – Inside Storm Drainage

Installed outside the foundation wall – Outside Storm

Drain

Adopted when the street drainage is higher in elevation

than the basement floor. The pipe is well fitted and A pipe to carry rainwater from a roof to a drain or to
suspended inside the ceiling by hangers – Overhead ground level – Downspout
Storm Drain
Inlet pipe for roof deck drain – 2”
Downspout Location:
Interior (Pipe Chase) CI, GI, Brass,
An opening in the Copper, Lead,
side walls for Schedule 40 ABS,
purposes of PVC, Series 1000
draining water – Exterior (low height) 26 ga. Galvanized
Scupper Drain Sheet
Exterior (mid height) GI, Sched 40 ABS,
PVC DWV, Series
1000
A drain consisting
of a sump or a A shallow trough fixed beneath the edge of a roof for
body, a dome carrying off rainwater – Gutter
strainer, and a
combination of a Where is gutter attached to – Fascia Board
flashing clamp
and gravel guard
A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient
– Zurn Roof
period of time to allow setteable material to deposit. -
Drain
Catch Basin
Made with rubber,
provides flexibility Is the pipeline from the building to the public or street
and internal fluid storm drainage system - House Storm Sewer
path; Suitable for
floating roof –
Mesa Roof Drain

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FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEM
Stand Pipe - A vertical pipe or reservoir, into which water
is pumped to give it at a head, classified as:
Types of Standpipe:
A standpipe that is filled with water and is pressurized at
all times - Wet Stand Pipe
The standpipe that extends into the building to supply fire
fighting water to the interior of the structure via hose
outlets, often located between each floor in stairwells of a
high rise building. - Dry Standpipe
Remote control device at each hose station - Manually
Operated Standpipe System
A hose fitting with clapper valves for combining the flow
from two or more lines of hose into a single stream. -
Siamese Connection
Best used for water distribution? PVC, PPR, GI, Copper
Tube
It is used to protect potable water supplies from
contamination or pollution due to backflow – Check
Valve (from choices: Foot Valve, Pressure Valve, and
Backflow Preventer)
A sanitary pipe which is earthquake resistant, usually
used for buildings 30m or higher – PP, HDPE, cPVP,
Copper Pipe
It is the water and wastewater services provider of cities
and municipalities that form the West Zone of the Greater
Metro Manila Area – National Water and Sewerage
Authority (NAWASA), The Manila Water Company,
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.,
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
A system of devices, usually installed below ground level,
to scatter or spray water droplets over a lawn, golf
course, or the like – Lawn Sprinkler System
Allowable Sprinkler Pipework:
Domestic Pipework Solvent cement bonded,
CPVC
Industrial & Threaded Galvanized mild
Commercial Pipework steel
Sprinkler Head Spacing:
12sqm Area covered by one head (max)
4.00m Distance between heads (max)
2.00m Distance from wall to ceiling mounted head
(max)
2.00m Distance between heads in the same room
(min)
Types of Sprinklers:
The Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA)
A gutter used to carry off water in between two
intersecting planes – Valley Gutter (from choices:
Special Gutter, Inside Gutter)
Used to connect straight pipes – Coupling (from
choices: Bushing, Nipple, and Fitting)
What will happen if a soil pipe was provided with a
4% slope – Efficient discharge of wastewater
(from choices: Faster discharge of human waste)
Where is the cistern located? - Sides of the lot
(from choices: Front of the lot, back of the lot, and
beside septic tank
Minimum gauge of galvanized sheet for downspout
– 26
98
Pipe fitting for Yoke Vent – 1/8 bend

Minimum number of stories served by a waste stack

requiring parallel vent stack – 10

Treats hard water – Zeolite

Minimum lead content of pipes – 8%

A prohibited type of water closet because of health

codes – Wash Down

Water distribution system which relies its pressure

from the main water pipe – Upfeed System

Pipe support intervals – 4’ maximum

Length of tailpiece – 600mm (max)

Standard size of wet stand pipe outlet for each floor

– 1 ½” or 38mm

What combination of pipe fittings are installed at the

base of a soil stack – Wye & 1/8 bend

Used to reduce opening of a pipe, tank or pump –

Bushing

Fitting for a straight connection of 2” – 1” – Reducer

Most common type of water purification – Filtration

Deepest well construction – Dug Well

Which is deeper, Driven well or Bored well

– Bored Well

Which is used for gutter –S (from choices: K, C )

As per BP 344 Law, what is the mounting height for

the grab bar – 900mm (from choices: 600, 700)

According to the Plumbing Code, what is the

minimum slope – ½”:1m, ¼”:12”

The water that flows out of the system is

contaminated, what could be the reason – There is a
hole in the piping system, A combined line for
other fixtures

How is the connection of gutters – Aluminum Rivets

What should not be used in the pipechase – Drywall

(from choices: CHB, Shear wall)

Where should the soil pipe be placed – Pipe chase

What wall should be used if soil pipe will run through

it –150mm chb (from choices: Dry wall)

Work done on site to replace damaged utilities –

Repair

Not a commercial size of G.I. pipe for water – 1 1/4”

Diameter of pipe fitting applicable for WC – 3”

Distance of center of drain

Notes:

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ELECTRICAL, LIGHTING, ACOUSTICS AND Components of AC power:
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS: Real Power Working power that performs
useful effort in a circuit
A form of energy resulting from the existence of electron Reactive Useless power; product of
and proton – Electricity Power voltage and current
Apparent Combination of Real Power &
Produced through rubbing two materials against each Power Reactive Power
other – Static Electricity
The reciprocal of conductance – Resistance
Produced heat or when two dissimilar metals are joined
and heated – Thermoelectricity Resistance in alternating current system - Impedence

Produced from a galvanic reaction that produces Shows vertical relationships of all panels, feeders,
opposite electrical charges in two dissimilar metals when switches, switchboards and major components except
placed in a chemical solution – Electrochemistry branch circuiting. It is an electrical version of a vertical
section taken through the building – Riser Diagram
Piezoelectricity Pressure & heat
Photo-electricity Light
Magnetoelectricity Magnetic field

A coulomb of electricity comprises of 1018 electrons

Rate of current flow in a closed electrical system
– Ampere or Amp

Ampere: Related to the number of electrons flowing

through a section of conductor over a period of time; 1
coulumb = 1 second in an electrical circuit

The driving force behind current flow – Volt

The measurement of electrical energy consumption –

Energy

The rate which work is accomplished – Electric Power

1 Kilowatt 1,000 Watts

1 Megawatt 1,000,000 Watts
1 Watt 1 joule / second

I Current Determined by the number of

electrons that pass through a
cross-section of a conductor in
one second
A Amperes Unit of measurement of current
E Voltage The force that is applied to a
conductor that causes electric
current to flow
V Volts Unit of measurement of Voltage
R/ Resistance/ Opposition of a conductor to the
Ω Ohm flow of current

I (amp) = E (volts) / R (Ohms)

W (Watts) = I2R or VI
Whr = I2R t
KWhr = l2R t / 1000

Types of current:

An electric current flowing at one direction only – Direct

Current (DC)

An electric current that reverses its direction many times

a second at regular intervals, typically used in power
supplies – Alternating Current (AC)

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The point of delivery of electricity to a building by a public
utility company – Service Entrance
The overhead portion of service conductors extending
from the nearest utility pole to a building – Service Drop
The underground portion of service conductors extending
from a main power line or transformer to a building
– Service Lateral
Captures the energy of falling water – Hydroelectric
Energy
Renewable organic waste that are burned so that
energy in biomass will release heat – Biomass Plant
Includes windmills – Wind Turbine Farm
Uses a PV cell that is power-generating that produces
direct current when exposed to light – Solar Farm
Combines wind and solar energy in a single system –
Hybrid System

Standard frequency of power supplied by the local power

utility company like Meralco – 60 Cycles An electrical device that transfers electrical current and
voltage from one circuit to another using induction -
Types of Service Entrance: Transformer
Tapped to the main service lateral consists of a buried
concrete enveloped raceway extending from the A machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical
building to the property line – Underground Service energy – Electric Motor
Connected form a service drop in the nearest utility
pole to the building service entrance point – - Rated in horsepower
Overhead Service - 1 HP = 745.7 Watts

A room that houses the switch board – Switchgear Types of Electric Motors:
Universal Frictional; Less than 1HP; For AC &
Where the service entrance conductors (wires, cables Motor DC
and bus bars) terminates – Main Switchboard Split Phase Operates on single phase AC only;
Motor not for heavy loads
A set of conductors which extends from the main Capacitor Operates on single phase AC only;
switchboard to a Main Distribution Panel (MDP) with no Motor Have one more capacitor to help start
other circuits connected to it between the source and the motor
distributing center – Feeder Circuits
Three Phase Large motors operate efficiently on 3
Motor phase AC power; 7.5 HP
Line extensions of a feeder, fed through a panel board or
Dual Voltage Motors above ¼ HP; Operate one of
from one distributing center to another – Sub-Feeder
Motor two different line voltages
Circuits
A device for changing AC to DC and vice versa –
One or more metal cabinets that serves a single unit,
Converter
including buses and overcurrent protection devices –
Panel Board
A device composed of one or more diodes that converts
AC to DC – Rectifier
Another name for distribution panel – Power Panel
Device for converting electrical power to another form
Types of Panel Board:
(Frequency, Voltage or Phase of Power) – Motor
LP – Lighting Panel Boards
Generator Set
PP – Power or Motor Panel Boards
MDP/DP – Main Distribution Panel Boards An automatic electric control device whose output
provides a constant voltage supply – Voltage Regulator
A central storage batteries are mounted in individual
racks or cabinet and always provided with automatic
charging equipment – UPS (Uninterruptable Power
Conductors:
Supply)
Gold Best
Silver Best
Basic Sources of Electricity:
Copper Good
A combination of two or more electric ells capable of Aluminum Good
storing and supplying direct current by electro-chemical Steel Fair
means – Battery Iron Fair
Other metals Fair
Machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical Salt Water Fair
energy – Generator
Insulators:
AC Generator/ For power and lighting Glass Good
Alternators Porcelain Good
DC Generator Elevators, Escalators, Dry Wood Good
Intercommunicating Telephone Paper Good
System, Signal Systems & Clock Plastic Good
Systems Rubber Good
Water (Pure) Fair
Power Producing Plants:
Burning fossil fuels (Coal, oil or gas) to produce An insulating material is also called as – Dielectric
electricity – Fossil Fuel Plant
Heat from earth’s core is used to heat water of A pliable metallic strand often insulated with dielectric
another working fluid to turn a turbine of a generator – material used as a conductor of electricity – Wire
Geothermal Plant
Heat source is a nuclear reactor – Nuclear Plant Standard Size of wire:
Natural gas (usually methane) used through Circuit line – No 12
cogeneration of gas and steam turbines – Natural Switch line - No 14
Gas Plants

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A single insulated conductor or a bound or sheathed Cat 5 Cable –
combinations of conductors insulated from one another Computer Network
– Cable Cable

Farad is the unit capacity of a – Capacitor

Plastic:

Capable of softening when heated and of hardening

again when cooled – Thermoplastic
RG59 – Coaxial
Kinds of Thermoplastic: Cable
Polycarbonate
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polyvinyl & Vinyl

Becomes permanently rigid when heated and cannot be

softened again - Thermosetting

Kinds of Thermosetting:
Polyester
A tube, pipe, or duct for enclosing and protecting
Polyurethane
electrical wires and cables – Conduit
Epoxy
Melamine Kinds of PVC conduits:
Phenolic EPC
EPT Schedule 40 and 80
Insulation Codes for Electrical Wires:
RHH Thermoset Kinds of metal conduits:
RHW Moisture-Resistant Thermoset RS Rigid Steel
RHW-2 Moisture-Resistant Thermoset IMC Intermediate Metal Conduit
THHN Heat-Resistant Thermoset EMT Electrical Metallic Tubing
THHW Heat-Resistant Thermoplastic AL Aluminum Conduit
Retardant Flexible Also known as Greenfield; For motor
THWN Moisture-and-Heat-Resistant Metallic connections and other locations where
Thermoplastic Conduit vibration is present
XHH Thermoset
XHHW Moisture-Resistant Thermoset Standard length of electrical metal conduit – 10’
XHHW-2 Moisture-Resistant Thermoset
Raceways & Cable bus:
Types of Cables: Utilized only in dry, non-hazardous, non-corrosive
locations and may generally contain only wiring
Service Entrance Cables: operating below 300 V – Surface Metal Raceways
SE Above ground Arrangement of parallel rectangular metal or heavy
USE Underground plastic raceways laid on the structural slab and
covered with concrete fill – Underfloor Raceways
Non-metallic: A fully accessible floor raceways provided by a
Non-metallic Indoor, Dry; Also cellular metal flooring that is an integrated
Sheathed Cable (NM known as Romex structural or electrical system – Cellular Metal
or NMC) Floor Raceways
Underground Feeder Outdoor & indoor, Enclosed, tubular space in a floor made of precast
(UF) damp or wet cellular concrete slabs for electrical, data and
locations; Buried signal wiring systems – Precast Cellular Concrete
Floor Raceways
Metal-clad Cables: Applicable to spaces with very heavy cabling
Flexible Armored BX or Greenfield Cable; requirements, particularly if frequent recabling and
Cable (AC) Exposed and concealed reconnection are required – Full Access Floor
work A rigid metal housing for a group of heavy
Metal Clad Cable Indoor & outdoor; conductors insulated from each other and has
(MC) Exposed or concealed; enclosure – Busway or Busduct
For service feeders A heavy conductor in a form of solid copper bar
used for collecting, carrying and distributing large
electric currents – Bus or Busbar
Cables:
RJ11 Cable – A circuit box responsible for holding fuses
Telephone Cabling – Utility Box

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An enclosure that protects a connection of two or
more wires carrying electrical current
– Junction Box

A box installed in an accessible place in a run of Kinds of NEMA Enclosures:

conduit to facilitate the pulling of wires and cables
– Pull Box NEMA 1 Indoor, general purpose
NEMA 2 Indoor, with drip-shields (laundry
rooms)
NEMA 3 Indoor or outdoor, weather
resistant

3R – can’t protect against

windblow dust
3S – operable when laden with
ice
3X – corrosion resistant
NEMA 4/ 4X Indoor or outdoor; water tight;
An electrical panel containing switches and fuses Protection against corrosion
or circuit breakers controlling branch circuits that is
NEMA 5 Dust tight; With gaskets
enclosed in a metal cabinet – Panel Board
NEMA 6/ 6P Submersible
NEMA 7/ 8/ 9 For hazardous conditions
NEMA 10 For mine safety
NEMA 11 Indoor, general purpose; Drip
and corrosive resistance
NEMA 12/ 12K Indoor; Drip, dust and rust
resistant
NEMA 13 General purpose; Oil exclusion
and rust resistant

NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers

Enclosures typically used in outdoor applications Association
for wiring and junction boxes – Nema Enclosure

A point in the wiring system where current is taken to

supply an appliance, piece of equipment or lighting
installations – Outlet

An intended outlet for connection of a power receptacle –

Power Outlet

An intended outlet for direct connection to a lamp

receptacle, lighting fixture or pendant cord terminating in
a lamp holder – Lighting Outlet

Takes control of rig’s lighting – RGB LED A socket that connects devices with slotted contacts
Controller installed at the outlet for the connection of single
attachment plug – Receptacle

An end piece of a cord for an electrical device with

prongs that fit into a wall socket – Plug

A device placed between two or more electrical

conductors in a circuit to safely and intentionally open or
close the circuit or to redirect the path of current in a
circuit – Switch

Types of Switch (According to Voltage):

ND – Normal General duty switches, for normal
Duty use in light and power circuits
Stainless Steel, dust proof and waterproof HD – Heavy Intended for frequent interrupting for
enclosures – NEMA Enclosures Duty heavy industry, commercial and
institutional
LD – Light Intended to connect loads
Duty occasionally such as service
switches

Types of Switch (According to Service):

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 General Purpose General distribution and Consists of a voltage source, some type of load, and a
branch circuits conductor to allow electrons to flow between the voltage
Disconnecting and Intended for disconnecting source and the load – Electric Circuit
Isolating and isolating; NFDS; FDS;
Emergency Switches A complete path of an electric current, including the
Wiring Small switches that are source of the electric energy – Circuit
employed in interior wiring
installations for the control
branch circuits, individual Open Circuit -
lamps or appliances Broken or
Single Pole – Single On-off switch, opens or incomplete;
Throw closes a single ungrounded Current flow is
conductor in a circuit interrupted –
Single Pole – Double Diverts current from one Open Circuit
Throw conductor path to another;
Two way switch

Refers to the number of conductors the switch is opening

and closing – Pole Uninterrupted
path that
Refers to the number of operations a switch can perform allows
– Throw continuous
flow of current
Single Pole – Single Throw On – Off through an
Single Pole – Double Throw On – On electrical
Single Pole – Double Throw On – Off – On conduit
– Closed
Double Pole – Single Throw On – Off
Circuit
Double Pole – Double Throw On – On
Double Pole – Double Throw On – Off – On
Occurs when
current leaks
Special Types of Switches:
out of the
Time Used to control time period that a intended
Controlled pc of equipment operates
conductor
Switches
path such as
Dimmer Varying power to a circuit out of a wire
Switch damaged
Air Switch Switch in which the interruption of insulation –
a circuit occurs in the air Short Circuit
Knife Switch A form of air switch in which a
hinged coper blade is placed
between two contact clips
An
Float Switch Controlled by a conductor floating arrangement
in liquid
of component
Mercury A quiet switch that opens and in an electric
Switch closes an electric circuit by circuit in which
shifting a sealed glass tube of the same
mercury current flows
Electronic Set for 7 day cycles; Require through each
Timers relay switching on large loads component in
Electrolier or Used for the control of lights in a turn without
Multi-Circuit multi-lamp fixtures so that one branching –
lamp may be turned on or off Series Circuit
alone An
Key Switch Operates by inserting a key or arrangement
card of the
Automatic A double throw switch; Arranged component in
Transfer that on failure of normal power, an electric
Switch emergency service is circuit in which
automatically supplied all positive
Photocell Sense light and open or close a terminals are
Control circuit with a presence of light connected to
Occupancy Control a lighting or equipment by one conductor
Sensor sensing occupants in a space and all the
Ultrasonic Emit high-frequency sound above negative
Sensors the capacity of normal hearing; terminals are
Objects moving in the space shift connecter to
the frequency of the returning the second
signal conductor,
Relay Electromagnetic device that same voltage
changes in the current flow in one applied to
circuit are used to open or close each
electric contacts in a second components
circuit – Parallel
Circuits
The flow of free electrons – Current
Electrical Circuits Classified by NEC:

104
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Supplies outlets for lighting and appliances including Cartridge Fuse –
convenience receptacles – General Purpose Branching Cylindrical in shape,
enclosed with
Supplies outlets intended for feeding appliances insulating fiber
– Appliance Branch Circuit

Designed to supply a single specific item – Individual

Branch Circuit
Open Link Fuse –
Appliance Watts Breaker App. in Consist of wire or
Ampere circuit strip of easily melted
Range 4500 30 AT 1 metal
AC (3/4hp) 1200 30 AT 1
Central AC 5000 40 1
Range Tops 6000 30 1
Dryer 5000 30 1
Microwave 1000 20 1 or more
Refrigerator 300 20 1 or more
Freezer 350 20 1 or more Time Delay Fuse –
Washing 1200 20 1 Can handle overload
Machine for a fraction of a
Hand Iron 1650 20 1 second without
Water 4500 30AT 1 blowing; Slow blow
Heater (MP) fuse
Water 1600 20 1
Heater (SP)
TV 300 20 1 or more
Audio Ctr. 350 20 1 or more
PC 1000 20 1 or more
Pumps 1200 20 1
Provided to send and receive electronically coded
Excessive current flow in the circuit caused by overload information – Signal System
or short circuit – Overcurrent
Consists of:
Overcurrent protection devices: - A signal source
- A means of conveying the signal
- Indicating equipment at the destination
Signal requires a sensor

Means of conveying a signal requires:

- Low voltage wiring
- Air waves

The signal indicators must provide either:

- Audible sounds
- Visual info
- Printed data
A switch that automatically interrupts an electric circuit to Fire Alarms:
prevent excess current from damaging apparatus in a - For fire and smoke detection; could be automatic or
circuit or from causing a fire – Circuit Breaker manually operated
Automatic Manual Audio
Helps protects individuals against shock in addition to Operation Operation Indicators
providing current overload protection; detects very small Fire Detector Pull Station Bell
current leak to a ground that might not be detected by a Smoke Horns
conventional circuit breaker – GFCI or Ground-Fault- Detector
Circuit-Interrupter
Type of perimeter detector detects a change in
Switchboard
capacitance of the area covered, caused by intrusion –
Proximity/ Capacitance
An overcurrent protective device with a circuit opening
fusible element which opens (breaks) when there is an
Telephone Systems
overcurrent – Fuse
LAN Local Area Network System
WAN Wireless Area Network Systems
Types of Fuse:
Plug Fuse –
Simplest type of building automation system –
Designed to be
Telecommunication System
pushed into a socket
in a panel or board
A private telephone system that interconnects with public
telephone system - PABX

Security Systems:
- To extend surveillance activities of a limited security
force in order to remove or reduce the incidence of crime

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Detecting devices are:
CCTV
Motion Detectors
Intrusion Detectors
Scream Alarms
If 5 bulbs are connected to a series, what happens when
you take one of the bulbs – All lights with go out, nothing
What is needed if you need to get power from generator
(Aside from Meralco) – Double Throw
Pipe material used as a raceway for the Service
Entrance Cable – RSC, EMT, IMC, PVC
Material widely used for electrical conduits – PVC, Steel,
Copper, Aluminum
Minimum height of switch button for PWD – 0.90m-
1.20m
Not a commercial wattage of fluorescent lamps – 12W,
20W, 21W, 28W
A #6 AWG (14mm2) THW conductor has an ampacity of
– 45 Amps, 65 Amps, 75 Amps, 95 Amps
NEMA 4 – SS Enclosure, dust proof, water proof
What is the minimum wire size of a THHN copper
conductor in a raceway for branch circuit with a 20
ampere rating – 3.5mm2
1 Hp = 0.79kW
CEI – Certificate of Electrical Inspection
The number of wires that goes out of a transformer – 3
The color designation for live wire – Black

Controls and operates all service systems in a building Notes:

specifically those that utilizes energy (HVAC, Lighting,
Shading Devices, Electrical Loadings) – Central
Monitoring & Control System

Building with fire alarm and suppression system

– Intelligent building

RA 7920 – New Electrical Engineering Law

RA 9292 – Electronics Engineering Law of 2004

RA 8495 – Philippine Mechanical Engineering Act of

1998

RA 1364 –Sanitary Engineering Law

RA 1378 – Revised National Plumbing Code of the

Philippines

Where to place the HVAC & Lighting in the house?

Wire size in sqmm for branch circuit with a 30 amp rating
used in Type THW stranded copper conductor raceway
– 5.5sqmm
Where usually are the telephone lines are placed
– Under the sidewalk on the short road under the road on
the wider road, near the curb
Where usually a storm sewer is placed – Under the
sidewalk on short road and under the road on wider road,
near the curb
In plumbing, if valve is to regulate the flow of water, what
is the counterpart in electrical – Switch
Old buildings use – PABX
A form of security – CCTV
Very low luminance, consumes too much energy, banned
on government buildings – Fluorescent, Incandescent
Bulb
Identify the ckt (AC) unit – ckt 19

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LIGHTING Sodium Vapor 8,000-10,000
LED 30,0000
Radiant energy that is capable of exciting the human
retina and creating a visual sensation – Light The warm or coolness of white light expressed in Kelvin
– Color Temperature
Sounds & Lights are generally a “linear phenomenon”

Sounds & Light both exist within a Visible and Audible 3,000/ Brings out the Restaurants, Night
Spectrum: Warm high color clubs, Hotel lobbies,
contrast but Residences, Hospital
Sound 0 dB to 140 dB emphasizes bedrooms
Light 380 – 780 nm reds and
oranges
Value of radiant flux which contains wavelengths which 3,500/ Combines Showrooms, Gen
are detectable by the human eye; Total amount of light Moderate advantages of merch., Work areas,
emitted by a lamp in all directions warm and cool Classrooms, Gym
– Luminous Flux/ Light Output fairly well
4,100/ Renders all Large office areas,
Unit of luminous flux – Lumen/ “lm” Cool colors well but Hospital public areas,
slightly favors General commercial
1 candle = 12.50 lumens blues and and industrial
greens, better
The luminous intensity of light is expressed in – Candela for high
illumination
Term given to the quantity of luminous flux falling on unit levels
area of a surface – Illuminance/ “E” 5,000/ Portrays blues Daylighted spaces,
Crisp, and violets laboratories, Clinics,
The luminous intensity emitted by a light source per unit clean, Icy with greater Control rooms,
area – Luminance/ “L” Blue clarity, best for Drafting & Inspection
high lighting rooms, Hightech gen
E Illuminance Lux or Lumens per sqm levels but poor merch
L Luminance Candela per sqm for low

Foot Candle 1 lumen per sqft Types of Lamps:

Lux 1 lumen per sqm Type of lamp used
for roadways and
Reflection sidewalks, uses
Refraction sodium gas – HPS
Diffraction (High Pressure
Diffusion Sodium)
Absorption

Mood:
Festive
Joyful
Romantic
Romantic/ Warm
Impressive High intensity
Inviting discharge lamp in
Convivial/ Social which the light is
Theatrical produced by
radiation from a
The amount of light emitted by a lamp for each Watt of mixture of metallic
power consumed – Lamp Efficacy (lumen or watt) vapor – Ceramic/
Metal Halide Lamp
Lamp Lamp Efficacy
Compact HID
Incandescent 8-14
Fluorescent 55-90
CFL 50-87
Halogen, low voltage 16-22
Halogen, high voltage 12-20
Mercury Vapor 55-100
Metal Halide 65-105
Sodium Vapor 50-70
LED 40-65 Type of lamp
producing light by
means of reaction
Life expectancy of the lamp – Lamp Life of halogen additive
in the bulb that
chemically reacts
Lamp Lamp Life (Hours) with Tungsten –
Incandescent 1,000 Tungsten-Halogen
Fluorescent 8,000-15,000 Lamp
CFL 8,000-12,000
Halogen, low voltage 2,000-4,000
Halogen, high voltage 2,000-3,000
Mercury Vapor 8,000
Metal Halide 5,000-9,000
107
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Type of lamp
popular for lighting
commercial
interiors, uses
argon gas and
produces light by
the electric
discharge in
mercury vapor –
Mercury Lamp
A lamp designed to
project and diffuse
a uniform level of
illumination over a
large area –
Floodlight

CFL – Compact
Fluorescent Light

Formula:
T8 – 8/8 = 1 inch diameter
T5 – 5/8 = 0.625 inch diameter
LED – Light
Emitting Diode

Material used for filament in an incandescent bulb –

Tungsten

Equivalent of filament in a fluorescent lamp – Cathode

Means of producing light from gaseous discharge –

Fluorescence
Swimming Pool
Underwater 3W Any lighting device that includes a lampholder and the
LED (Floor) means of electrification and support for that device;
Synonymous with a lighting fixture – Luminaire

Types of Luminaire:
Stationary
Movable

Stationary Luminaires:
Downlights
Uplights
Louvered Luminaires

Direct lights predominantly downwards; Surface or

pendant – Downlights

Types of Downlight:
Double Focus Have a high luminous
efficiency even though the
aperture is small
Washlights Have asymmetrical lighting
distribution; Designed to
illuminate a section of the
wall, corner ot a space or
two opposite sections of
walls
Directional Provide accent lighting of
specific areas or subject
Air Handling Represent a dual function
solution comprising
lighting and air-condition

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Emit light upwards, can be used for indirect lighting and
can be mounted on the floor or wall – Uplights
Designed for linear light sources; Name is derived from
the anti-dazzle attachments that may be anti-glare
louvers; Have wide beam light distribution; Can be
surface mounted, recessed or pendant – Louvered
Luminaires
Types of Louvered Luminaires:
Asymmetric Louvered Predominantly radiate light
in one direction only
Direct-Indirect
Air Handliing
Movable Luminaires:
Used as an accent lighting since it illuminates a limited
area, can be adjusted to meet changing requirements –
Spotlights
Kinds of Lighting:
Overall lighting of a room for safety and basic visual
recognition – Ambient
The lighting in a room intended for the performance
of a specific task – Task
Used to illuminate features and displays such as
artwork, architectural features, retail displays and
signs – Focal or Accent
Lighting intended as ornament to the space such as
chandeliers, sconces, lanterns, pendants, lamps
– Decorative
Lighting system where 90-100% of light output is
directed to the ceiling and up to the walls of the
room – Indirect Lighting
A type of lighting that provides illumination to special
objects like sculpture, flower arrangements, etc.
– Specific Lighting
Lighting originating from sources not facing each
other, as from windows adjacent in walls
– Cross Light
A louvered construction divided into cell-like areas and
used for redirecting the light emitted by an overhead
source – Eggcrate
What is an air-handling luminaire – Luminaire passing
air returning to the ductwork system from the
conditioned room
Range of luminous flux for stairs – 100-200 lux
What affect the light in a room –Color
Using (downlight/ pinlight) indirect lighting in a store gives
a – Dramatic Effect
Wire size in sqmm for branch circuit with a 30 amp rating
used in Type THW stranded copper conductor raceway –
5.5sqmm
Where usually are the telephone lines are placed –
Under the sidewalk on the short road under the road
on the wider road, near the curb
Using (downlight/ pinlight) indirect lighting in a store gives
a – Dramatic Effect
In plumbing, if valve is to regulate the flow of water, what
is the counterpart in electrical – Switch
Old buildings use – PABX
A form of security – CCTV
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
Where usually a storm sewer is placed – Under the
sidewalk on short road, under the road on wider road,
near the curb
Very low luminance, consumes too much energy, banned
on government buildings – Fluorescent, Incandescent
Bulb
Identify the ckt (AC) unit – ckt 19
If 5 bulbs are connected to a series, what happens when
you take one of the bulbs – All lights with go out, nothing
What is needed if you need to get power from generator
(Aside from Meralco) – Double Throw
What affect the light in a room – Material texture, Color,
Window
Where to place the HVAC & Lighting in the house?
Construction joint of a spiral column?
Material proportioning for exposed aggregate finish?
Purpose of BMS
When to apply waterproofing on roof dec
Connection of steel column to base plate on top of
reinforced concrete pedestal column
Connection of 2x8 ledger strip on reinforced concrete
column
Tape between gypsum board so that putty may adhere
and fill joints – Gypsum joint tape, Fiberglass joint tape,
Drywall joint tape, Perforated joint tape
Not a common length of rebar – 6, 7.5, 10, 15
Cantilever beam at the end of trusses – Overhanging,
Bracket, Corbel, Chord Beam
Cantilever beam extending from another beam –
Overhanging, Bracket, Corbel, Chord Beam
Not a connection of plywood to steel flat bar – Screw,
Blind Rivet, Tekscrew, Glue
Short flat lumber bolted, nailed or screwed to 2 butting
pieces to splice together – Scab, Fishplate, Gusset, Cleat
Order of lumber locally – Even & Meter, Even & Feet,
Odd & Meter, Odd & Feet
UPS meaning – Uninterrupltable Power Supply
Specify HVAC rigid conduits – GA16x600x300,
600x300xGA16, 600x300, 300x600
Primary purpose of blinding concrete – Avoid effects of
groundwater or rain on foundation, For preparation,
Increase mobility of work, Allow base coarse setting
Not a ready mix concrete specification – Size of gravel,
Size of sand, Compressive strength, Volume
Putty for QDE – Polituff, Acrycast, Plasolux, Patching
compound
Top coat for Ducco finish – Acrylic emulsion, Lacquer flo,
Automotive Lacquer, Polyeurethane
Doesn’t need top coat – Rubber epoxy, Epoxy enamel,
Faux, Varnish
Paint not sprayed – Latex, QDE, Lacquer, Acrylic
Not to flat paint – Kitchen, Wood, Ceiling, Rough surface
Tin to pints – 8, 24, 12, 32
109
Not a local supplier of electric pipes – Moldex, Atlanta
Pipes, Lucky Pipes, Crown Pipes

Matwood – Pergo, Hornitex, Matimco, Anderson

Queueing depth of a 24” escalator – 3ft, 4ft, 5ft, 6ft

Stops the escalator because of abnormal current –

Disconnect switch, Governor, Magnetic breaker, Driver
gear

Used in a mall – AHU, FCU, Chiller, Cooling tower

Interrelationship of value of voltage & current with the

same frequency – Cycle, Phase, Ohm, Kva

Not used in corners – Rado, Mitsa, Kapon, Tumbok

NDFS meaning

Threshold of pain – 120db, 130db, 140db, 150db

Dry wall methodology

Source power divided by area over source energy –

Sound intensity, Pressure level, Power, Loudness

Not an electrical roughing in – Conduit end, Elbow,

Conduit Wye, Conduit Tee

Search:

Porcelain Ceramic Conductor

Transformer Bushing

Spark Plug

Heavy Duty Fusible Links

Granolithic

Crazy Cut

Terrazzo

Riser Ring

Clevis Support

Clevis with adjustable ring

Riser Clamp

Not soaked in water

-Ceramic tile

-Cement tile

-Porcelain Tile

-Common Brick

Jet Pump – Centrifugal Pump

Angle Part Fitting

-Eccentric, Support, Transom, Upper

Hold glass

-Rart, Pin, Peg, Holder

Minimum thickness of pebble washout so that it wouldn’t

crack – 12mm, 25mm, 28mm, 50mm

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ACOUSTICS
Unit of loudness – Phon
Process of dissipating sound energy by converting it to
heat – Sound Absorption
Distance sound travels during each cycle of vibration –
Wavelength
The reduction in the intensity or in the sound pressure
level of sound which is transmitted from on point to
another – Sound Attenuation
Unit of sound absorption equivalent to 1sqft of perfectly
absorbed material – Sabin
Acoustical phenomenon which causes sound wave to be
bent or scattered around – Sound Diffraction
Minimum sound pressure level that is capable of being
detected by the human ear – Threshold of Audibility;
20 – 20,000
Fluctuation in pressure, a particle displacement in an
elastic medium – Sound
Sound sensation in a single frequency – Pure Tone
Wave produced by a pure tone – Sine Wave
Sound system input device that reacts to and converts
variable sound pressure into variable electrical current –
Microphone
Rate of flow of sound energy – Sound Intensity
The bending of sound wave when traveling forward,
changes in direction as it passes through different
densities – Refraction
Type absorbent is best for lower band frequencies –
Porous Absorbents
Number of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillations
expressed in hertz or cycle per second – Frequency
Number of decibels by which sound is reduced in
transmission through it; a measure of the sound
insulation value of the partition, the higher the number,
the greater the insulation value – Transmission Loss
The rate at which sound pressure level (in db) decreases
when the source of sound is eliminated - Decay rate
Any change in the transmitted sound signal such that the
sound received is not a faithful replica of the original. -
Distortion
Sound waves which have been reflected back to a
listener with sufficient magnitude and time delay - Echo
A measure of frequency - Hertz
The subjective attribute of an auditory sensation -
Loudness
Any unwanted sound, it is annoying and interferes with
speech and hearing, or intense enough to cause hearing
damage - Noise
Attribute of auditory sensation which enables us to order
sound on a scale extending from low to high frequency -
Pitch
Prolonged sound - reverberation
Echo - magnitude & delay
Resonance - oscillated a greater amplitude
Transmission of sound curved surface - creep
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
Pitch - Frequency
Volume - Power
Loudness - Amplification
Material against echo - heavy curtain
Music room flooring - wood
Office - carpet
Home theater - wood
Best acoustical treatment for ceiling Gypsum(if walang
acoustical boards)
Acoustical Materials:
Impermeable - materials with not allowing fluid to pass
through or very low rate in absorption ; uses usually as
reflectors.
Porous - materials having water absorption that serves
as insulation in sound transmission.
Impermeable Materials:
Brick - modular block made of clay , it attenuates sound
very well.
Concrete - light weight is less effective, and virtually no
absorption. However aerated concretes that are
intentionally porous.
CHB - not a good acoustic material if regarding to quality
because of its hollowness
Glass - marginal sound attenuator because it is thin and
the mass per unit is small. However double glazing are
almost totally reflective in the higher frequencies
Wood - is mixed between non porous and pours material
having relative balanced amount of absorptive vibration
regarding sound and reflective.
Porous Materials:
Acoustical Tile - widely used ceiling material made of
mineral or cellulose fibers. Varies sizes 300mm x 300mm
to 610 mm to 1220mm . Prone to damages when
contacted. Not recommended to surfaces within human
reach
Acoustical Foam - Cellular Material, made of
polyurethane. Open-cell foams are excellent sound
absorbers. Closed-cell foams absorbs sound but less
efficiently and less predictably.
Acoustical (isolation) Blankets(wool, glass fiber) -
rock wool ,glass fiber, wood fibers, hair felt. Installed on a
wood or metal framing system. Thicknesses between 1
and 5 inches. Absorption increases with thickness,
particularly at low frequency.
Fiberglass- insulation as in stud walls and ducts, and
various application in industrial noise control. Absorption
of fiberglass depends on flow resistance
Insulation (loose) - it is similar to fibrous batts and
blankets, except that it can be blown or dumped in place.
It improves attenuation through the partition.
111
Carpet - Soft floor finishes made of synthetic material
such as nylon or natural materials such as wool. It
reduces in some cases almost completely eliminate
impact noises from above.
Curtains and Fabrics - include a range of textiles that
are used on their own (as curtain) or as covering for
other material that may or may not be sound absorbing.
Curtains absorb if they are reasonably heavy. Provided
they are not airtight, they make an acoustically excellent
finish that fully preserves the substrate’s absorption.
Commercial Acoustical material for various building
application:
Image Material
Absorptive noise
barrier quilted curtains
Acoustical baffles
Foam baffle
Bonded acoustical pad
Low frequency sound
absorber
Melamine foam linear
wedges
Polyurethane foam
sound absorber
Porous expanded
polypropylene
Rockwool
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Escalator:
Inclination of an escalator – 30 degrees
In escalators, these stop the escalator if a foreign object
becomes wedged – Handrail Guard Switches
In escalators, this is located at the bottom truss of the
escalator and provided with on and off positions to stop
or prevent the escalator during inspection of the drives or
during general maintenance – Disconnect Switch
In escalators, this is provided at the drive unit location to
protect against accidental movement of the escalator
during inspection of the drives or during general
maintenance – Mechanical Maintenance Locking
Device
In escalators, this stops the escalator automatically if an
abnormal current is supplied to the motor – Current
Overload Safety Switch
This switch cuts off all current supply to the escalator for
inspection, maintenance or repairs – Knife Switch
Design Standard:
- Operating Speed:
- 90 ft/min 2000-4000 person/hr
- 120 ft/min 2000 - 8000 person/hr
- Width: 32” (0.82 meters)
48” (1.21 meters)
- Slope 30 degrees
Travelators System:
- They can be inclined and horizontal during travel
- best to have rest in intervals for proper
movement
Moving ramp - trolley
Walkalator maximum length - 250m
Most economical layout for escalators - straight
Driving machine - it provides the motive power of unit
Balustrade - the side of an escalator extendig above the
steps, it also includes skirt panel, interior panels.
Endless Belt - A continuous belt (chain) attached to the
handrail and indirectly connected to the steps.
Emergency brake - located at the top sprocket and will
stop a loaded escalator safely in the event of a break in
the chain.
Controller - it consists of relays and a circuit breaker
normally located near the driving machine.
Emergency Stop Botton - this is wired to the controller
and placed near or on the escalator housing which will
stop the driving machine and apply the break.
112
Elevator: Elevator Brand Names

Width of single slide door (small com/res) – 0.60m (min); - Otis

0.80 PWD
- Mitsubishi

- Schindler
Lift - Passenger elevator
- Fuji
Height of Dumbwaiter – 1.20m (max)
- Goldstar
Two types of passenger elevators: Electric (high rise) &
Hydraulic (low rise-mid rise) - Hyundai

An assembly consisting of a pulley wheel, slide plates, - Westinghouse

shaft and bearings over which the cable or roped is - Hitachi
passed – Sheave
Elevator Maximum Normal
In elevator, it detects obstacles during closing and Capacity Passenger Passenger
reopens the door. Photocell can be used together with (lb) Capacity Load per Trip
this – Safety Shoe 2,000 12 10
2,500 17 13
Prevents passengers from falling into the hoist way when
3000 20 16
they try to get out of the car which is stopped between
3,500 23 19
floors – Fascia Plate 4000 28 22
In elevator, it protects the equipment from overcurrent –
Circuit Breaker Mechanical Room
In elevator, these prevent the excessive car travel at the - has a minimum clear height of 2.4m
highest and lowest floor – Limit Switches
As per PD 1096:
In elevator, it makes the buzzes alarm when the car is
overloaded and the door remains open until overloading Max rate speed of escalator along angle of travel –
is eliminated – Weighing Device 38m/min

Hoistway - a vertical enclosed space for the travel of
one or more elevators. also called elevator shaft.
Guide Shoes - are fastened to car frame and
counterweight at top and bottom.
Elevator pit
- the portion of a hoistway extending from the
level of the lowest landing to the floor of the hoistway.
- Hoistway pits shall be of such
depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed
buffers, there shall be a vertical clearance of not less
than 610mm.
Buffer - a piston or spring device for absorbing the
impact of a descending elevator car or counterweight at
the extreme lower limit of travel.
Brake - The electro-mechanical device used to prevent
the elevator from moving when the car motion is applied
to the hoist motor.
Governor - A device that causes car and counterweight
(if required) to stop in case of emergency by actuating
the safety.
Min width between balusters in an escalator – 558mm
Min diameter of hoisting and counterweight rope – 30mm
Clearance between the underside of the car and the
bottom of the pit shall not be less than – 600mm
Vertical Tracks that serves as a guide for the car and the
counter weight – Guiderails
Elevators, gear driven machine having a drum to which
the wire ropes that hoist car are fastened and on which
they wind – Winding Drum Machine
In theatre stage house, a weight usually of iron or sand
used to balance suspended scenery or the like –
Counter weight
Building with outfitted with automatic fire suppression and
alarm system, inter-office communication line, etc
- Intelligent building / smart building
Power supply provided for a subdivision is not sufficient
for the power requirements of the households
- transformers
Protective device used in the kitchen - Heat detector

Counterweight Elevator: AC - DC - Rectifier

- the elevator car is balanced by a DC -AC - Inverter

heavy counterweight that weighs roughly the same
amount as the car when it's loaded half-full (in other
words, the weight of the car itself plus 40–50 percent of
the total weight it can carry).
Row of Elevators - Elevator Bank / Elevator Lobby
Device that control the elevator - control panel
Energy Efficiency ratio; the ratio of net equipment cooling
capacity in BTU/hr to the total rate of electric input in
watts - EER
It is the line in a single diagram that runs from the fuses
to the homerun- riser diagram
Router - amplifing wifi connection
PABX - local connection as well as an outline line
(Private Automatic Branch Exhange )

(Disadvantage Inermittent Signal)

LAN - local data sharing (Local Area Network)

113
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CCTV - Surveillance security Air operated device used to open or close a damper or
valve – Air Motor
Intercom -communication of 2 or more individuals by
electronic means A graph used in air conditioning and showing the
properties of air system mixtures – Psychrometric Chart
Computer based control system installed in builings -
building management system (BMS) What is the rating index of an air-conditioning system
which rates the unit number of BTU’s of heat removed
per watt of electricity input energy – EER (Energy
HEAT Efficiency Rating)

The amount of heat which is absorbed or evolved in

changing the state of a substance without changing its AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM
temperature – Latent Heat
Common Refrigerants:
TW – Moisture resistant, in wet and dry location
Freon
XHHN – Moisture and Heat Resistant-Cross-Linked
Thermosetting - reason for tremendous growth of residential air-
conditioning system
PABX/PBX – Pvt. Automatic Branch Exchange
- low toxicity
Effective room temperature in air conditioning – 68 -74 F
- not flammable
Other type of flame detector than ultraviolet type – Infra
Red Freon effects to the environment

Interrelationship between value of voltage and current with - major contributor to ozone depletion
the same frequency – Phase

An instrument which responds to changes in temperature,

and directly and indirectly controls the temperature – Alternative to Freon:
Thermostat - Genetron AZ 20, SUVA 410A, Puron
Descriptive of any material such as synthetic resin which
hardens when heated and cured and does not soften
when reheated – Thermosetting Refrigeration Components:

A controller sensitive to the degree of moisture in the air – - Evaporator ; compressor ; condenser; refrigerant
Humidistat/ Hygrostat metering device.

Vertical flow or air used to separate different functions of

space – Air curtain
Best type of fire detection that can detect fire during the
incipient stage – Ionization
Condensing unit is a part of – Refrigeration
The evaporator - taking up the external heat and
producing cooling.
The compressor - the compressor is the heart of the
refrigeration system.

A fire detector installed in a fire alarm system which uses The condenser - rejects both sensible (measurable) and
low melting point solders or metal that expands when latent (hidden) heat from the refrigeration system.
exposed to heat to detect a fire – Fixed Temperature
Heat Detector
Notes:
Heat rating for a fixed temperature heat detector – 135-
197 F

The cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of ice at 32 F (0 C)

melts to water at the same temperature in 24hrs (=12,000
Btu/hr) – Ton of Refrigeration

A rate of rise type detector – Thermal Detector

The transmission of heat energy from one piece to

another by circulatory movement of mass fluid –
Convection

Heat that raises air temperature – Sensible Heat

Type of perimeter detector uses both the Passive

infrared and Ultrasonic or Microwave system – Passive
Infrared with Ultrasonic (Microwave)

Type of perimeter detector which is subject to false alarm

from aircraft radar and from movement outside building
through window, wood doors and the like. It uses radio
waves – Microwave

What mechanical equipment, coupled with a central air-

condioning system is used to dehumidify and cool the air
stream injected to a conditioned space – Fan Coil Unit
114
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Types of Air conditioning: Dessicant - An absorber which could be liquid or solid
that can remove water vapor from a material.
Window type system - evaporator and condenser are
one Damper - A device used to vary the volume of air
passing through an air outlet, inlet or duct.
Split type system - separation of Evaporator and
Condenser.

Multi-split type system - where you can have multiple Relative humidity 100% - Saturated
Condensers and evaporators
1 Ton = 2000BTh/hr
Centrifugal
Compressor Air handling unit - AHU

Cassete type air-con - located at the Ceiling

Centralize air-con - 17 degrees in hospital to maintain

Cassette aircon the amount of cleanliness in bacteria

Chillers are located at the ground floor

Air-cons have individual circuit

Cooling tower
Conduction - the transfer of heat from one place of
higher temperature to a place of lower temperature of the
same body to another which it is in contact with.

Convection - The transfer of heat by motion of the

Split type aircon particles of the heated substances

Radiation - the process of transmitting rays of heat

through the air.

Window type

Air-cooled Condensing unit (ACCU) - Air-cooled

condensing unit is the complete outdoor portion of a Elevator:
split type air-conditioner.

Air-cooled Condenser (ACC) - Designed to condense

the hot refrigerant to a liquid by passing air over a
condensing coil. Can be located indoors if air intake and
exhaust are extended to the outside.

Air-cooled Water Chiller (ACWC) - Chiller is another

type of outdoor portion of a unitary air conditioner. The
refrigerant in the evaporator chills water that is then
pumped to the could in the fan coil unit.

Centrifugal Compressor - used in arge refrigeration and

air-conditioning system, handling large volumes of
refrigerants at low-pressure differentials.

Humidity - Water vapor within a confined space of

environment.

Relative Humidity - The ratio of weight of water vapor

actually in humid air to the max possible weight of water
vapor

Thermostat - A device which responds to changes in

temperature, dirtectly or indirectly.

Latent heat - Changing its temperature without changing

its temperature.

Sensible Heat - changing its temoerature without

changing its state.

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 PM PART 2&3: Structural Design, Building Materials and ACRONYMS
Methods of Construction
AA Architectural Association
MASTER FORMAT AAA Architectural Aluminum Association
Div 00 - Requirements of Bidding and Construction (PP) AAIF Architectural Advocacy international
Div 01 - General Requirements Foundation
Div 02 - Sitework AAMA Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers
Div 03 - Concrete Association
Div 04 - Masonry AASHTO American Association of State
Div 05 - Metals Highway & Transportation Officials
Div 06 - Woods and Plastics ACE Architects Council of Europe
Div 07 - Moisture and Thermal Protection ACI American Concrete Institute
Div 08 - Doors and Windows ACS American Ceramic Society
Div 09 - Finishes ADS Air Diffusion System
Div 10 - Specialties AEA Aluminum Extruders Association
Div 11 - Equipment AGA American Gas Association
Div 12 - Furnishing AGC Associated General Contractor
Div 13 - Special Construction AIA American Institute of Architects
Div 14 - Conveying Systems AIEE American institute of Electrical
Div 15 - Mechanical/Sanitary Engineers
Div 16 - Electrical AIMA Acoustical and Insulating Materials
Association
Si General1 Sit2 Con3 ay isang Mason4 na nangangarap AISC American Institute of Steel
mag-negosyo ng Metals5, hindi Wood6 dahil maselan ito Construction
sa Moisture7. Napagmasdan niya ang Doors8 ng AISI American iron and Steel Institute
kanyang kapitbahay na Finish9. Nabanggit nito na AITC American Institute of Timber
Specialties10 niya ang ganun at meron siyang Construction
Equipment11 para doon. Naupo sila sa kanyang ALS American Lumber Standard
Furnishing12 habang pinaliwanag niya ang Special AMCA Air Movement Control Association
Construction13. Ng matapos ay umakyat sila gamit ang ANSI American National Standard Institute
Conveying Systems14 para makita ang ARCASIA Architects Regional Council Asia
Mechanical/Sanitary15 lines kaso sila’y nadisgrasya sa ASLA American Society of Landscape
Electrical16 surge at namatay. Architects
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
ASTM Standards APA American Plywood Institute
C-31 Standards for Making, Curing Concrete ARI Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Test Specimen in the Field Institute
C-33 Concrete Aggregates ASA American Standards Association
C-39 Compressive Strength of Concrete ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
Cylinders ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
C-94 Standard Specification of Ready-Mixed Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Concrete ASME American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
C-143 Slump Test Method Standards
ASPE American Society of Plumbing
C-150 Portland Cement Specification
Engineers
C-309 Liquid Membrane Forming Compounds
ASSE American Society of Sanitary Engineers
for Concrete Curing
AWWA American Water Works Association
C-494 Chemical Admixtures AWG American Wire Gauge
A615 / A706 Reinforcing Steel Bars AWPA American Wood Preservatives
A36, A53, Carbon Steels Association
A500, A501, • Low: less than 0.15% AWS American Welding Society
A529, A570, • Mild: 0.15% - 0.29% CSI Construction Specification Insitute
A611, A709 • Medium: 0.30% - 0.59% CISPI Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute
• High: 0.60 - 1.70% EAROPH Eastern Regional Council Asia
A242, A441, High Strength Low-Alloy Steel EN European Committee on
A572, A588, Standardization
A606, A618, IAPMO International Association of Plumbing
A709 and Mechanical Engineers
A514,
MATERIAL A709
TESTING Alloy
MINIMUM Steel
REQUIREMENTS ISO International Standard Organization
JEREMIAH SUNGA QUEDDENG PDI Plumbing and Drainage Institute
CDEPMATERIAL TESTING MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS UIA union Internationale des Architectes
MATERIAL MIN. REQUIREMENT MIN. QTY FOR EACH SAMPLE UL Underwriters Laboratory, Inc
USCS Unified Soil Classification System
1. CEMENT 1 per 2000 bags 10 KG
2. ASPHALT MIX 1 PER 40 TONS OR 200 DRUMS 20 KG
CONVERSION FACTORS
3. AGGREGATES English - Metric
A. COARSE 1 PER 1500 CUM. 70 KG in. to cm. in. x 2.54 = cm
B. FINE 1 PER 1500 CUM. 50 KG mm to in. mm. x 0.0393
4. RCP 1 PER 50 PIPES OR 1 PIPE
mm to ft. mm. x 0.00328
2% OF NO. OF PIPES
5. NRCP 2 PIPES OR 0.5% OF NO. OF 2 PIPES ft. to m. ft. x 0.305 = m
6. STEEL BARS 1 PER 10,000 KG 3 @ 1 METER sq.ft. to sq.m. sq.ft. x 0.0929 = sq.m.
7. GI SHEET 1 PER 1000 SHEETS 1 SHEET cu.ft. to cu.m. cu.ft. x 0.0283 = cu.m.
8. CONCRETE CYLINDER 1 SET OF 3 PER 50-75 CUM 6 X 12, 4 X 8
9. CONCRETE BEAM 1 SET OF 3 PER 75 CUM 6 X 6 X 21
10. ASPHALT CORE 1 PER 100 METERS
11. CONCRETE CORE 6 PER KM
12. STRUCTURAL STEEL 1 PER 50 TONS REDUCED SECTION
13. CHB (COMPLETE) 1 PER 20,000 UNITS 6 UNITS
A. COMPRESSIVE 1 PER 20,000 UNITS 3 UNITS
B.MOISTURE CONTENT 1 PER 20,000 UNITS 3 UNITS
14, STEEL PIPES 1 PER 500 LENGTH 2 PCS @ 10 CM LONG FROM 116
BOTH SIDES W/O THREAD
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ESTIMATE BASICS METALS AND STEEL
TRUCK VOLUMES Weight of Steel 7850 x [ pi (Ø)2 / 4 ] x L
Elf Truck 2-4 m3
Hydraulic Elf Truck 5-6 m3 Size Conversion (Bar # / 8) x 25.4 = size in mm
10-Wheeler Dump Truck 20-23 m3 (20 sa exam) No. of Vertical Rebars (Column Vol. x 0.01) / [ pi (Ø)2
12-Wheeler Dump Truck 27-32 m3 (30 sa exam) in columns /4 ]
Truckload of Ready- 1 truckload = 5 m 3 (minimum Stirrups Spacing @ 50mm away from each end of
Mixed Concrete order) beam; rest varies
LUMBER & BOARDS Stirrups Cutting Length Perimeter of beam - 0.20m = L
Acoustic Ceiling 60cm x 60cm or 2’x2’ Bend Diameters 10mm to 25mm - 6db
Boards 60cm x 120cm or 2’x4’ 28mm & 32mm - 8db
Boards Fiber Cement Board, Plywood, 36mm - 10db
(<2” thk, >2” width) Particle Board, Hardboard, etc. Temperature Bars Minimum: 10mm Ø spaced @
4’x8’ or 1.22m x 2.44m 0.30m
Planks Vinyl plank length Kegs (unit for nails) 40kg per keg
900mm Welded Wire Fabric 4’x8’ or 1.22m x 2.44m
Laminated plank length Also available in rolls
1200mm 5’ or 6’ wide
T&G Board Foot 1”x3” - 20.00 bd.ft. / m2 150’,200’ and 300’ long
1”x4” - 13.70 bd.ft. / m2 ROOFING
1”x6” - 10.80 bd.ft. / m2 Roofing Side Lap:
1”x8” - 8.34 bd.ft. / m2 • 2 ½ (0.60m)
Board Foot [D (in.) x W (in.) x L (ft.)] / 12 • 1 ½ (0.70m)
WOODEN FRAMING End Lap:
Common Wood Lengths - 8’, 10’, 12’ • 0.25 to 0.30mm
Ceiling Joists 2”x2” Lumber TILES
0.60m spacing O.C. B.W. Tiles by the box 60X60 - 4 pcs/box
Floor Joists 2”x6” 30X30 - 11 pcs/box
0.30m spacing O.C. B.W. Wastage of Rectilinear 20x20 - 16 pcs/box
Sleeper Joists 2”x3” Layout: 5% 30X60 - 4 pcs/box
0.30m spacing O.C. 1D 40x40 - 9 pcs/box
Ledger Strip 2”x6” Wastage of 45 degree 80x80 - 2 pcs/box
TEE RUNNER SYSTEM layout: 15% 20x120 - 5 pcs/box
T.Runner Main Tee 12’ L (3.60m) APO Vinyl - 45 pcs/box
spacing @ 2’ (0.60m) Tile Grout Basis: 1kg bag = 4m2 coverage
T.Runner Cross Tee 2’ L (0.60m) or 4’ L (1.20m) of 3mm thk ground 30cm x
spacing @ 2’ (0.60m) 30cm tiles
T.Runner Angle 8’ L (2.40m) Tile Adhesive 1 bag (25kg) per 5-7 m2
FURRING SYSTEM Powerbond (vinyl floor 20 m2 per 1 gallon
Furring Channel 16’ L (5.0m) adhesive)
spacing @ 2’ (0.60m) COATING MATERIALS
Carrying Channel 16’ L (5.0m) Plexibond 4-6 m2 per 1 gallon
spacing @ 2’ (0.60m) Concrete Neutralizer 20 m2 per 1 gallon
Angle 12’ L (3.60m) (1:16 proportioning)
DRYWALL SYSTEM Skim Coat 1 bag (20kg)
Metal Studs - 2mm thk: per 10 m2
Metal Tracks - 1mm thk: per 20 m2
Splicing Or 1-1.2kg per 1m2 of 1mm thk
MASONRY Paint (Latex, etc.) 25 m2 per 1 gallon
No. of CHB 12.5 pcs / 1 m2 4 gal = 16 liters = 1 tin
Plaster volume 0.0015 m2 per face per block Elastomeric 18-20 m2 per 1 gallon
Mortar and Filler Volume per block
4” - 0.0005 m2 UNIT SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS
6” - 0.0008 m2 Material Commercial BOQ BOM
8” - 0.0010 m2 Concreting cu.m.
CONCRETE Works
Sand 0.5 x Volume of Member Mobilization lot
Gravel 1 x Volume of Member Excavation dump
Weight of Concrete Mass 2300kg/m3 truck
R.C. 2400kg/m3 Rebars kg kg
Tiles pcs sqm
Ready-Mixed Concrete Area (m2) x 0.1 = Vol. (m 3) Sheet Metal sheet sqm
Volume Roofing
Portland Cement Type 1 (general construction Tile Roofing sqm sqm
grade) Shingle Roofing Per pack sqm sqm
CHB
Vol. of member x 7.5 = # of Stone
bags
Glass
STRUCTURAL
Camber of Beams Simply Support - 10mm per 4m
span
Cantilevered - 50mm per 3m
span
Laminated Wood Per box
Camber of Slabs Simply Support - 8mm per 3m
span Roll-up door sqm
Cantilevered - 14mm per 2m Toilet Partitions sqm
span
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BRANDS OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
DOOR HINGES ELECTRICAL
TILES LAMINATES • BLUM • CHORUS LUX
• EURO TILES • APO • DIRECT HARDWARE • CLIPSAL (Lights)
• MARIWASA • FORMICA • HAFELE • COLUMBIA
• TENZEN • PERGO • HAIER • (Wires)
• KCC (Wood Tile) • GREENLAM • DURAFLEX
• HUANQIU • WILSONART DOOR KNOBS & LOCKSETS • GARTIM (Lights)
• ZIRCONIO (Spain) • HORNITEX • HAFELE • LUXPIA (Lights)
• KENT • SCHLAGE • MOLDFLEX
CEMENT • KRONOTEX • YALE • (uPVC Conduits)
• LAFARGE • MILAN • SENTRY • PHELPS DODGE
• REPUBLIC • MULTI-LINE (Bamboo • SOBO • (Wires)
• RIZAL Flooring) • PHILFLEX (Wires)
• VIBRO (Bistay) • MULTIRICH CABINET HINGES ROYU (Elec. Devices)
• PRIMAFLOOR • YALE
REBARS • PUYAT • SOSS
• PAGASA STEEL • STEIGER
• STEELASIA • ZETA HAND TOOLS ELEVATORS/LIFT
• C-MART TOOLS & ESCALATORS
BOARDS • DAIKEN • OTIS
• BORAL • LOTUS • MITSUBISHI
• RICHMOND • MASCOT • SCHINDLER
• STANLEY • FUJI
• RIDGID • GOLDSTAR
DOORS AND WINDOWS PAINTS • BLACK DECKER • HYUNDAI
• KENNETH & MOCK • BOYSEN (PACIFIC • BOSCH • WESTINGHOUSE
• RISING SUN (WOOD PAINTS • HITACHI LIFE
DOORS) PHILIPPINES)
• ACCENDO • DAVIES MECHANICAL (AC) PLUMBING
• JARO • RAIN OR SHINE • ALENALREE • ALASCO
• MIGHTY DOOR • DUTCHBOY • CARRIER • ALFAIDRO
• POLY DOOR • DUNN EDWARDS • CONDURA • ATLANTA
• NIPPON • COOLMASTER • BLUE MAGIC
• JOTUN • DAIKIN • (Water Tanks)
• SPHERO • FEDDERS • CREATIVE
• FUJITSU • (Fixtures)
WATERPROOFING ADHESIVE • GREE • ECOSAN
• ABC • BOSTIK • IDEC • EMERALD
• EQUA SUPREME • ABC GYPSUM • IWATA • FALCON (Fixtures)
• DR. SEAL PUTTY • KELVINATOR • GEBERIT
• A-PLUS • BETONIT • KOLIN • LUCKY (Pipes &
• CASTLE • COWPROY • KOPPEL • Fittings)
• DESTINY • FIBER-23 • LG COLLINS • NELTEX
• DUROTECH • POWERBOND • MC QUAY • POLYMUTAN
• NOVSEAL • TOTAL COAT • MITSUBISHI • POWEREE
• MORTABOND • STIKWEL • MIDEA • RNW
• BESSER • NATIONAL • RNW PACIFIC
• SAMSUNG • (Pipes)
• SANYO • SANIMOLD
STEEL ROOFING INSULATION • SHARP • (Pipes)
• JACINTO • BETAFOAM • SUPER COOL • SUPER TANK
• COLORSTEEL • EXCEL COIL • SUPREME • WEIDA (Septic
• PHILMETAL • COATING • TRANE • Tanks; Storage
• MVP • CORPORATION • UNI-AIR
• DN STEEL • MACRO • WHIRLPOOL
• ONDULINE • INDUSTRIAL
• WHISTLER • PHILIPPINE
• INSULATION
TILE ROOFING • PRIME PRODUCT
• RIVIERA • SPEACIALISTS
• THERMAC
POLYCARB ROOFING • WAH PHIL
• BAYER • WRIGHT
• MAKROLON
• HEAT SHIELD WATER TANKS
• KANOPY • BESTANK
• K-PLAST • FIRSTANK
• METALPLAS • SUPERTAN WEIDA
• PLEXIGLASS (Acrylic)
• POLYLITE
• XANLITE

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BASIC GEOMETRY: DIV 02 - SITEWORK

EARTH (p.232 DK)

Top layer of the earth’s surface consisting of
disintegrated rock and decayed organic matter. Soil

• Large, naturally round rock – Boulder

• Naturally round stone smaller than a boulder –

Cobble

• Small pebbles and stones formed naturally or by

crushed rock. – Gravel

• Loose granular material from disintegration of rocks –

Sand

• Loose sedimentary material of fine particles – Silt

• Natural, earthy material that is plastic when moist but

hard when fired – Clay

• Rich soil made of sand and silt – Loam

• Compressed, partially carbonized vegetable matter. -

Peat
AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Old New
Boulders Above 75mm > 300mm
Cobbles <300mm >75mm
Gravel 75mm to No.10 4.75mm - 75mm
sieve
Sand Coarse 0.07mm - 4.75mm
No.10 to No.40
sieve
Fine
No.40 to No.200
sieve
Silt Passing No.200 Smaller than 0.075
Clay sieve Anything smaller

• Soil with considerable strength. It is hard when dry

and moldable when wet. Cohesive Soils
• Soil that has little to no strength. It only relies on
internal friction. Cohesionless Soils

Atterberg Limits

a. Moisture Content of soil changing it from Liquid

to Plastic State. Liquid Limit
b. Water Content of soil making it behave like a
solid and crumble. Plastic Limit
c. Difference between Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit
(LL - PL). Plasticity Index

According to particle and size

1. Fine Grain - Silt and Clay
2. Coarse Grain - Sand and Gravel

According to Use
Surface Course (road/ pavement) is underlay by:

1. Granular Fill/ Fillers/ Choker Aggregates

• extra above the general fill requirements
• prevents movement of fine particles
• Used at the TOPMOST
2. Base Course Materials
• Hard durable stone and a filler of sand
• Used at TOP
3. Borrow Fill
• Disintegrated gravel, sand, shale, cinders
• Sub base Material
• Used at BOTTOM
4. Fill Materials (escombro)
• soil, crushed stone, sand
• used under footings, pavers, slab on grade,
BOTTOMMOST
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Soil Investigation
1. Test Pits
• Shallow work on an open pit (2m depth)
2. Test Boring
• Excavations no deeper than proposed level
3. Loading Test
• Plate load test in determining SAFE
BEARING CAPACITY of foundation bed
4. Percolation Test
• Determines PERMEABILITY
5. Field Density Testing/ Sand Cone
• COMPACTION test during construction
• 3 cones = 5,000 php
Soil Bed Strength and Stability
a. Allowable Bearing Capacity
• max unit pressure vertically and laterally
permitted on soil mass
b. Density - bearing capacity of soils
• SPT (Standard Penetration Test)
- 12 meters minimum, records number of
blows by a hammer
• MDD (Maximum Dry Density)
- Density of soil after heating at 221 deg F
c. Shearing Strength
• ability of soil to resist displacement from
cohesion and internal friction
d. Water Table
• level beneath soil w/ groundwater
Earthwork Preparations
1. Excavation - Process of digging earth to provide
space for the foundation
2. Levelling and Grading - Altering the land elevation
and slope.
3. Stabilizing - Compaction of soil
4. Protection of adjoining structure - Responsibility
during excavation.
5. Shoring - Transferring a portion of load of the wall to
temporary footings
• Sheet Piles - timber/steel/precast plank driven
vertically to retain earth
• Wales - horizontal beams that join sheet piles
• Soldier Piles - H columns to support lagging
• Lagging - boards joined together to retain earth
• Crossbracing/ Rakers - inclined shore to
support sheet piles
• Tiebacks - steel rod anchored to earth to
prevent lateral movement
6. Needling and Underpinning - Use
of girders in holding a wall with an old footing in
need of replacement
7. Dewatering - Lowering the water table
• Well Points - Perforated tube to collect water
• Slurry Walls - Foundation walls made of
bentonite and clay
• Tremie - funnel-like device to deposit concrete
underwater
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Retaining Structures (p.288 DK)
Wall of treated timber, masonry or concrete Retaining Wall or
for holding in place a mass of earth. Breast Wall
Simplest method of protecting the slope with Slope Terracing/
2:1 ratio Bending
Natural means of stabilization through the
use of plants (uses Vitriver or “Miracle Grass” Soil Binders
which grows up to 1m
Irregularly broken and random sizes stones.
• Used to fill the voids - Structural Grout
• Underlayment - Filter Fabric or Graded Riprap
Sand and Gravel
Galvanized wire basket filled with stones. Gabions
Modular, interlocking units of precast with Bin Wall or
voids filled with gravel Cellular Wall
Cellular framework of concrete layered in Cribbing
right angles.
Retaining wall that resists overturning and
sliding by the weight and volume of its mass Gravity Wall
Inverted T shape concrete structure up to 6 T Type
meters high Cantilevered
L shape concrete structure used when L Type
abutting a property line Cantilevered
Utilizes triangular shaped cross walls as Counterfort
stiffener
Geosynthetics
Pioneer of geotextiles used for sediment control,
subsurface drainage and riprap underlayment
– Geotextiles
Continuous impermeable polymeric sheets used in
lining water features – Geomembrane
Combination of any geosynthetics – Geocomposite
Polymeric ribs serving as rockwall protection; makes
plants grow on walls – Geonets
3D prefab polymeric systems - Geocells
Termite Proofing
A. Physical Barriers
1. Termite Resistant Sand - utilizing uniform sand
particles to avoid tunnel construction
• <1.0mm - Too Small
• >3.0mm - Too Large
• 1.0-3.0mm - Effective
2. Termite Mesh - used in slab construction and
pipes
3. Home Construction - physically separate their
home
B. Chemical Barriers
C. Bait System
Roads and Pavements
A. Concrete
1. More compressive, more expensive
2. Slab on Grade - 10mm temperature bars spaced
@400mm placed on top portion
3. Control Joint spacing is equal to width of
pavement (ex. 1.2m concrete sidewalk shall
have control joints spaced every 1.2m)
B. Asphalt
4. Faster to make, impervious, slippery
1. Hot Mix - use of Vitumol placed, shaped and
compacted while hot over a base
2. Cold Mix - no heat, less firm than hot mix, used
for repairing potholes
3. Asphaltic Macadam - Cheaper alternative,
grading and compacting crushed stone and
binding with asphalt
4. Asphalt Overlay - placed on existing pavement
C. Paver Blocks
1. Rigid - paving units mortared over a concrete
slab, has waterproofing
2. Flexible - paving units laid on a 3” compact
sand bed resilient to loads
3. Turf - has openings for plants to grow (pervious);
placed where there is least direct sunlight.
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DIV 03 - CONCRETE Ferro-
Components Concrete
A. Cement
• Most expensive component of concrete
• Portland Cement is most commonly used
Type I Normal General Construction
Type II Moderate Piers, Retaining Walls
Type III High Early Early Removal of
Strength Formwork, Cold Weather
Type IV Low Heat: Massive concrete Pervious
Sulfate structures, Gravity Dams Concrete
Resisting
Type V Sulfate Retards setting time
Resisting

B. Sand
• Fine aggregates (smaller than ¼”)
• Sand used for plastering is Vibro Sand or
Binistay
C. Gravel
• Coarse aggregates (bigger than ¼”)
• Not to exceed 1” for RC beams, slabs, thin walls
D. Water Stamped
Concrete /
• 5 to 7 gals (6.5 ave.) of Water: 1 bag of cement
Stampcrete
Admixtures
1. Accelerators - speeds up setting time
2. Retarders - slows down hydration
3. Air-entraining agents - minute air bubbles
4. Colored Pigments - gives color to concrete
5. Hardeners
• Truscon “Art-Roc” hardener w/ color
• Flor-Hard hardener w/ color
• Metalicron metallic hardener
Concrete Proportions
• Colorcron colored floors in
moderate traffic areas
CLASS C:S:G USE
AA 1 : 1.5 : 3 Concrete underwater, Retaining
Aggregates for Lightweight Concrete
wall
1. Perlite - volcanic glass expanded by heat; spherical
A 1:2:4 Slab, Beam, Column, Arch, Stairs,
particles
Walls -100mm thk
2. Vermiculite - mica expanded by heat; wormlike
B 1 : 2.5 : 5 Walls +100mm thk, Footings,
threads
Steps, RC Slab on fill
C 1:3:6 Plant boxes, Non-critical structures
Processed Concrete
D 1: 3.5 : 7 Mass Concrete
1. Aerocrete - added with metallic aluminum powder
2. Porete - added with chemical foam
Weight of Mass Concrete 2300 kg/m3
3. Haydite - added with lightweight aggregates
Weight of Reinforced Concrete 2400 kg/m3
Weight of Water 1000 kg/m3
Shotcrete /
Gunite
Mixing Methods and Placement of Concrete
“Cement
A. Mechanical/ Machine - for large quantities
Gun”, 1. Batch - one at a time
depositing 2. Continuous - constant feed and discharge
sand and
cement B. Manual/ Hand-Mixing - Done on watertight platform/
under mixing board
pneumatic • Delivery of concrete from mixer to forms should not
pressure exceed 30 minutes
used for • While concrete is in its plastic state, it shall only be
encasing used within 30 minutes. Use of partially hardened
structural concrete is not allowed.
members • Not to be dropped freely over 3 ft if exposed and 5
ft. if unexposed (enclosed forms)

Slump Test
Vacuum
Concrete • To test workability and consistency of
concrete
• Standard slump cone: 4” top radius, 8” bottom
radius, 12” height

Cylinder Test

• To test compressive strength of concrete

• Standard: 6” x 12” / Sub-standard: 4” x 8”

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Minimum Ultimate Compressive Strength DIV 04 - MASONRY

Class Cylinder Cube (15x15x15cm) CHB Mortar and Plaster Mixture

AA 2400 psi 2800 psi
A 2000 psi 2400 psi
B 1600 psi 2000 psi
C 1300 psi 1600 psi
D 1000 psi 1200 psi

Slump Table

Structure Consistency (Slump)

Maximum Minimum
Slabs, beams, thin 150mm 75mm
RC walls, columns
RC Foundation 125mm 50mm
Walls and Footings
Plain footings, 100mm 25mm
caissons,
substructure walls
Pavements 75mm 25mm

Shrinkage and Temperature Changes

1. Drying Shrinkage - reduction in volume due to loss
of moisture Note: Nominal Sizes in PH (Actual size less 10mm thk)
2. Setting Shrinkage - reduction of volume due to
hydration of cement paste A plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of
both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in
Formworks and Curing Time before Removal masonry construction. – Mortar
Material
1. Lumber Type of Mortar According to Strength:
2. Plywood - Grade A (1/2” thk) Type Strength Purpose psi / kPa
3. Phenolic Board - reusable M High Reinforced 2,500 psi /
masonry, 17,238 kPa
4. Steel - pans, steel decking, corrugated steel
foundation,
5. Plastic - Polystyrene and ABS retaining walls
• Crude oil & motor oil application for non-plastered S Medium- Where bond and 1,800 psi /
• Water only if surfaces shall be plastered High lateral strength 12,411 kPa
are important
Curing Period or Time Required for the Removal of Forms N Medium Exposed 750 psi / 5,171
masonry kPa
O Low Interior non-load -
bearing walls and
partitions
x Very low Interior non-load -
bearing walls and
permitted by
Building Code

What is the standard size of a brick?

– 3-3/4” X 2-1/4” X 8” (in the boards, covert to mm,
95.25 mm X 57.15 mm X 203.2)

Study types of brick laying and its definitions (p.11 DK)

Stretcher Soap
Header Bat
Rowlock Gauge
Soldier Quoins
Shiner Voussoirs

Study types of brick layout and its definitions (p.12 DK)

Common bond Flemish bond
Running bond Flemish cross bond
English bond Flemish diagonal
English cross bond Herringbone
Wythe / Tier Glass brick / block

Study types of CMU (p. 168 DK) - Stretcher, Partition,

Bullnose, Corner, Double-corner, Half-corner, Pilaster,
Control-joint, Bond-beam, Sand-lime, Screen, Faced,
Slump, Header, Lintel, Open-end

What is the labor per day effectiveness for masonry?

– 60 blocks per day

Note: Study the minimum and maximum curing time. What every how many meters are stiffeners located in a
lintel beam? – Every 3 meters

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DIV 05 - METALS

Any class of elementay substances al of which are

crystalline when solid and many of whch are
characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity and
unique luster when freshly fractured. – Metal
Types of Metals:

Actual: Are noble, or stable, metals that are not prone to corrosion.
Examples are gold, silver, nickel, and titanium. Jewelry is
made from these materials because it does not corrode rapidly.
– Cathodes

Are less stable and are more susceptible to corrosion.

Examples include zinc, galvanized steel, and aluminum.
– Anodes

A forming process which reduces the cross-sectional area of

the incoming metal stock or produces a new cross-section of
the material at the exit while improving its mechanical
properties through the use of rotating rolls carried out by hot,
warm, cold depending on the application. – Rolling

Controlled, plastic deformation or working of metals into

predetermined shapes by means of pressure or impact blows,
or a combination of both. – Forging

A metal forming process involving pulling a workpiece (cold or

Finishes: hot) through a die providing reduction of the cross section of the
workpiece (dies with opening of similar shape). – Drawing

Also known as pressing, includes a variety of sheet-metal

forming manufacturing processes, such as punching using a
machine press or stamping press that includes blanking,
piercing, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining.
– Stamping

The process of shaping material by forcing it to flow through a

shaped opening in a die. – Extrusion

Involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains hollow

cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to cool and
solidify. – Casting / Molding

An electrolytic passivation process used to increase the

thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal
parts. – Anodizing

Occurs when two electrochemically dissimilar metals are

in contact and a conductive path occurs for electrons and
ions to move from one metal to the other. One metal
corrodes as its ions are deposited onto the other metal.
– Galvanic Action
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A method to join metals, to make electrical connections,
to seal joints hermetically them in with another, lower
melting metal or alloy called the solder. – Soldering
A type of soldering in which the operating temperatures
are higher (but lower than in welding) and in which
stronger and higher-melting alloys are used to fill the
joints, which consequently are stronger than ordinary
soldered joints. – Brazing
The process by which two metals are so joined that there
is an actual union of the interatomic bonds. – Welding
A piece of metal or other material, curved or bent back at an
angle, for catching hold of or hanging things on. – Hook
Continuous tensioned reinforcements which are
completely anchored and sufficiently lapped
mechanically or using weld, usually used in columns.
– Ties
A loop which is embedded in any concrete structure to
hold the main bars, prevent columns and beams from
collapsing under severe forces like earthquakes.
– Stirrups

In which pressure and heat make the weld.
– Pressure Welding
In which the heat and added metal make the weld.
– Fusion Welding
Welding on small yet detailed areas. – Spot Welding
Hot-rolled steel beam with I-shaped cross section, and
tapered flanges narrower than wide flanged beams (such
as H-beam). The section of steel is good at bearing direct
pressure and tensile, but the section size is too narrow to
resist twisting, which is quite opposite in terms of H-
Beam. Small in length, high in height and can only bear
the force of one direction. – I-Beam

When welding rod (or electrode) is brought near the joint
of the metals to be welded, an electric arc is to be formed
which melts and fuses the metal and the welding rod.
– Electric-arc method
The process of welding at elevated pressured, normally
underwater. – Hyperbaric / Under water welding
Wet underwater welding commonly uses variation
employing a waterproof electrode.
– Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Hot-rolled steel beam with H-shaped cross section, used
mainly in piling and retaining structures. Economical
section steel with more optimized section area
distribution, more reasonable stronger weight ratio,
welding is simpler than I-Beam and has better
mechanical properties, which can save a lot of material
and construction time. Has a deep groove, large
thickness and can withstand two directions of force.
– H-Beam / Column

Involves the weld being performed at the prevailing

pressure in a chamber filled with gas mixture sealed
around the structure being welded.
– Dry Hyperbaric Welding

In case suffers because of hyperbaric pressures due to

increase pressures, this is commonly used.
– Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

A process of using powder and applying it to metal

electrostatically and is then cured under heat to allow it to
flow and form a hard “skin”. – Powder Coat finish

An electrolytic passivation process used to increase the

Used to join two reinforcement bars to transfer the force
thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of
from one bar to the joining bar. The forces are
aluminum parts. – Anodized finish
transferred from one bar to the other through bonds in
concrete. – Splicing
A chromate conversion coating applied to aluminum
parts where the part surface is converted into the coating
A metal cylinder or rod which has a head at one end, is
with chemicals (clear & gold). – Chemical Film
inserted through holes in the materials being joined, and
then the protruding end is flattened to tie the two pieces
A process which provides a conversion coating on iron
of materials; used to join or fasten metals. – Rivets
which changes the surface of the material to a naturally
occurring black iron oxide. – Black Oxide
Manufactured from solid steel sheets wherein the sheet
is first cut or pierced in staggered slots or patterns; then
This finish makes the metals appear to have stood the
the two sheet is held by the two sides parallel to the slots
test of time, often by darkening or tarnishing it.
and stretched by pressure until the desired openings or
– Antiqued finish
forms are obtained. – Expanded Mesh
A matte finish looks as if it has been smoothed with a
Made of cold-drawn steel wire is widely used for the
paintbrush, leaving faint brushstroke marks in the metal.
reinforcement of concrete slabs and floors, as well as for
– Brushed finish
stuccoed work. – Wire Fabric
It appears to have been pounded and has many small
Used to reinforce concrete slabs used in light
indents adding texture to the surface.
construction, also called as welded-wire fabric.
– Hammered finish
– Welded-wire mesh / Steel matting
This finish creates a reflective, mirror-like surface on
Study Fasteners (nails, screws, bolts) (pp. 84-87 DK)
metals, shows smudges and fingerprints more readily
than other finishes. – Polished finish

Similar to brushed metals, however this type of finish is

smoother and oftentimes without brushstroke marks. The
sheen is between matte and polished. – Satin finish

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A type of screw generally A metal link or sleeve
used to secure an object internally threaded at each
within or against another end, used for coupling and
object, normally not using tightening two parts, as the
a nut. Without a head, threaded ends of two rods
threaded through a hole in or stays. – Turnbuckle
one part tightly to prevent
relative movement. A medium duty, torque
– Set Screw controlled, expansion anchor,
with an integrated pull-down
A form of self-drilling screw, section, designed for medium
which means they’re duty anchoring of timber and
specifically designed with steel fixtures to concrete, brick
drill bit points that bite into or block. – Dyna Bolt
the metal. This eliminates
the time and effort involved A bolt having a ring-shaped
with drilling an additional head to receive a hook or rope.
pilot hole. – Wafer Screw – Eyebolt

Normally used to hang

and fasten / hold the
flange of the metal stud
to the flange of the stud A metal rod bent in the
rail. – Stud Screw shape of a U and threaded at
each end. – U-bolt

An outdoor screw
used for hard
landscaping, decks
and outdoor furniture
and structures such
as bolting timber An anchor bolt having split
together. casing that expands
– Batten Screw mechanically to engage the
sides of a hole drilled in
masonry or concrete.
is a form of self-drilling screw that’s specifically designed – Expansion bolt
for drywall applications. Bugle head screws feature a
countersunk head with a flat top and a concave under-
head bearing surface. – Bugle Screw

A bolt passing through all the

thicknesses or layers which it
binds or in which it is fixed and
made fast by a nut at the end
Usually made of opposite the head.
coated steel or – Through Bolt
brass. They are
designed for use in
hard and
softwoods, MDF A J-shaped metal rod
and chipboard. threaded at ne end to
– Wood Screw receive a nut. – J-bolt

Allows them to anchor into concrete, brick, and block, tap

threads into a predrilled hole in concrete, brick or block.
– Concrete Screw
Long square head stud bolts
that use tension to hold a part
in place, or to jack up a part
into position.
- Jack Bolts / Screws

A bolt with a head of square

Screw with a Flat upper or rectangular shape
surface + Bell shaped intended to fit a T slot /
underside. – Bulge Screw having a crosspiece for a
head.
- T-Bolt

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Reinforcing Steel Bars Composite Decking

Form Decking

Acoustical Decking
ASTM/ PNS POPULAR TYPICAL
NOMENCLATURE APPLICATION
Grade 33 Structural Grade Low-Rise
PNS 230
Grade 40 Intermediate Medium Rise
PNS 275 Grade
Grade 60 High-Tensile Medium & High
PNS 415 Grade Rise

Cellular Decking
Casement and awning hinge

Raised Access Flooring System

Hinged window hardware

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DIV 06 - WOODS AND PLASTICS
Types of Wood Processing
1. Natural Method
- Air Dry
- Sun Dry
2. Artificial Method
- Kiln Dry
- Forced Air or Pressure Drying
- Vapor Drying
- Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
-
Trees Used for Construction
Philippine tree / wood that is good for building
bridges. – Apitong (Yakal)

Philippine tree / wood that is good for building

roof members such as posts, beams, trusses
etc. – Guijo

Philippine tree / wood that is famous yet considered

endangered already (furnishings). – Narra

Philippine tree / wood that is good for building

window frames, ship building and railroad tracks.
– Molave

Philippine tree / wood that is good for building

Small decorative pieces and eskrima. - Kamagong

Philippine tree / wood that is good for building

Interior finishes and cabinets. – Tanguile

Philippine tree / wood that is good for building

furniture, surface finishes and outdoor constructions.
- Yakal

Wood Products (p. 297 DK)

1. Strip <2" thk <8" wide
2. Board <2" thk >8" wide
3. Dimension lumber >2" and <5" in any dimension
4. Timber 5" as its smallest dimension
5. Stringer (for stairs)

Study Wood Joineries: Dovetail, Lap, Finger,

Mortise and Tenon, Rabbet, Coped, Dado etc.
(pp. 144-145 DK)

Study Wood Defects (p.296 DK)

Study types of wall paneling: Bevel, Shiplap (p.284)

Philippine hardwood with grey Kamagong

sapwood and black heartwood?
Block or panel type insulating Corkboard
material used in flat roof of
commercial or industrial building
Dimension of commercial acoustic 24" x 48" x
boards for aluminum T-runners used 1/2"
for dropped-ceiling in offices
Narrow strip of wood applied to Batten
cover a joint along the edges of two
parallel boards in the same plane
The direction, size, arrangement, Grain
appearance, or quality of the fibers
in wood

Soften when heated and hardens when cooled

regardless of the number of times the process is
repeated. – Thermoplastics

Set into shape permanently when heat and

pressure is applied during the forming stage.
- Thermosetting Plastics

Largely amorphous, rigid, tough solvent and

flame-resistant thermoplastic. – PVC

A family of linear polyesters, good heat resistance

Up to 150 deg. C and excellent dimensional stability.
- Polycarbonates
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DIV 07 - MOISTURE AND THERMAL PROTECTION Vigan
Roof Tile
A method of making building surfaces impervious to
water. – Waterproofing

Applying a water-impervious material or a vapor barrier

to a surface, usually slab-on-fill, to prevent the
penetration of moisture, from the ground or the exterior
or to prevent the penetration of condensate to the
surface material. – Damp-proofing

Changes in color, texture, strength, chemical composition

Architectural
or other properties of a natural or artificial material due to
(Dimensional)
the action of the weather. – Weathering
Shingles
Type of Waterproofing:
Type Brand
Integral Sahara, Sakura
Membrane Bituthene, Ice and Water shield
Fluid Newflex, Newflex R100
Cementitious Mortaseal, Hydratite

Spanish
Fluid Type
Barrel-Style
Waterproofing
Roof Tile

Membrane Type
Natural Slate
Waterproofing
Roof

Cedar Shake
Expandable Shingles
Foam Sealant /
water stopper
seal
Metal Slate
/ Shingle
Look Roof

Cementitious type waterproofing

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Types of Welding Joints:

Which is made Which is

of natural made of
material? aluminum?

Which is
made of
uPVC?
(Hollow
uPVC)

Which is
made of
fiber
cement?

Which is made
of vinyl?

Twist Strap

For Clamping Pipes

Sleeve Anchor

Lag Shield Anchor

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DIV 08 - DOORS AND WINDOWS
A hinged, sliding, or folding barrier of wood, metal, or
glass for opening and closing an entrance to a building.
– Door

• Parts, type definitions (pp.64, 116 DK)

Types according to Types according to
Operation Panel and Frame
Material
1. Pivot Swing 1. Wood
2. Sliding a. Narra
a. By-pass -hard, doesn’t
-50% opening swell, nice grain
-one at a time b. Kamagong
b. Surface -hardest, cannot
-100% opening be hinged
c. Telescopic 2. Metal
d. Pocket • GA #16-22 (16 for
-pocket wall gates)
-4” thk 3. Glass
3. Dutch • 3/8”-1/2” thk
4. Jib or Hidden 4. Plastic
5. Folding • uPVC, Acrylic,
a. Off set Fiberglass,Polycar
b. Center set b
6. Bi-Fold 5. Composite
7. Accordion 6. HDF/MDF
8. Revolving 7. Phenolic
9. Overhead • 1/2” thk
• Used for car • Compact Boards
garages - used for toilet
10. Roll-up or Coiling partitions (3/8”)
• Used at • 4” clear width on
storefronts sides to attach
• Usually metal gravity hinge
slats and comes
with casing
11. Automatic
• Equipped with
sensor/ activator
• Manusa (brand)

Types according to Types of frames

Composition according to
Construction
1. Hollow Core Flush 1. Single Rabbet
2. Solid Core Flush 2. Double Rabbet
3. Framed Flush 3. Wrap Around
4. Railing and Stile 4. Frameless
5. Batten
6. Kalemein Door

Door Frames on Openings

• Wood Frame Rough
• Steel Frame Rough
• Aluminum Frame Finished
• UPVC Frame Rough/ Finished

Hardware
Finish hardware (p.116 DK)
Hinges (p.117 DK)
Latches & Locksets (p.118 DK)
• Door Pull - for glass door (12” minimum)

+Miscellaneous
• Mohair - weather/ breeze protection in door
• Astragal - hides seams of 2 door leafs and makes it
single swing
• Coordinator - makes sure correct leaf is on top
• Bulkhead - wall on top of the door
• Door Guard - a connectable device used to limit the
extent to which a door can be opened.

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A hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by Best Type of Door/ Window for:
fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a
mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization. • Airport Swing
– Glass • School Double Swing
Fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a furnace • Hospital Awning (international requirement)
(drawn glass), or by forming a cylinder, dividing it • Office Awning
lengthwise, and flattening it (cylinder glass). Distorted • Tropical Jalousie
vision. – Sheet Glass (for privacy)

Formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that is Windows

subsequently ground and polished after cooling. Virtually
clear and undistorted vision. – Plate Glass (clear vision) Types according to Types according to
Manufactured by pouring molten glass onto surface of Operation Frame Material
molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. Minimize (easiest to hardest)
distortion and eliminate the need for grinding and
polishing. – Float Glass (min. distortion) 1. Fixed 1. Wood
2. Pivot 2. Steel
Cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses. 3. Casement 3. Aluminum
– Annealed Glass (simplest and most brittle) 4. Awning/Hopper 4. UPVC
5. Tilt and Turn 5. Composite
Annealed glass that is partially tempered by a process of
6. Louvered
reheating and sudden cooling.
– Heat-strengthened Glass (tougher than annealed)
7. Jalousie
8. Sliding
Annealed glass that is reheated to just below the 9. Single Hung/
softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce Double Hung
compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the 10. Accordion
glass and tensile stresses in the interior.
– Tempered Glass (Glass entrance doors) Ease of Cleaning Maximum Ventilation
(easiest to hardest) (highest to lowest)
Consists of two or more piles of flat glass bonded under
heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin
1. Pivot 1. Tilt and Turn
that retains the fragments if the glass is broken.
2. Tilt and Turn 2. Pivot
– Laminated / Safety Glass (for Skylight)
3. Jalousie/ Louvered 3. Jalousie/ Louvered
A laminated glass that has exceptional tensile and impact 4. Hopping (in-swing) 4. Casement
strength. – Security Glass 5. Casement 5. Awning
6. Sliding 6. Sliding/ Double
A flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire 7. Awning Hopper Hung
mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering in the (out-swing) 7. Hopper
event of breakage or excessive heat. – Wired Glass 8. Double Hung 8. Fixed
(Fire Exit Door vision panel)

Has a linear or geometric surface pattern formed in the Egress Capability Assembly Time
rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light. (easiest to hardest) (fastest to slowest)
– Patterned Glass
1. Sliding 1. Fixed
Has one or both sides acid-etched or sandblasted to 2. Double Hung 2. Jalousie
obscure vision. – Obscure Glass 3. Casement 3. Awning/ Hopper
4. Awning 4. Sliding
An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in
5. Pivot 5. Pivot
curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic
frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-
6. Hopper 6. Tilt and Turn
strengthened glass. – Spandrel Glass
7. Jalousie 7. Casement

A glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass Window Frames on Openings:
separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide
thermal insulation and restrict condensation. • Wood Frame Finished
– Insulating Glass • Steel Frame Rough
• Aluminum Frame Finished
Has a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of the • UPVC Frame Rough/ Finished
radiant heat and visible light that strike it.
– Tinted / Heat-absorbing Glass

Has a thin, translucent metallic coating to reflect a portion

of the light and radiant heat that strikes it.
– Reflective Glass

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 VERNACULAR ENGLISH
Halige / Poste Column
Porma Formwok
Ampaw Honeycomb
Gatang-gatang Gutter tailpiece
Bolada Projection
Guardya Agua Drip moulding
Kapak Hollow sound
Tambol Board up
Sahig / Suelo Flooring
Padron Pattern
Tapon Brown coat
Marko ng pinto Door Frame
Hamba Jamb
Sombrero / Head
Trabisyanyo
Umbral Door Sill
Anilyo Ties / Stirrups
Retaso Waste
Ceruho Off-cut
Bisagra Hinge
Espolon Cabinet Hinge
Liyabe Adobe Anchor
Tansi / Pisi Nylon String
Sapatos Spacer
Arranging Kamada
Poso Negro Septic Tank
Clebe Slop drain
Estanyo Soldering lead
Suban Temper
Roskas Thread
Rodelang Kahoy Wooden float
Rodelang Bakal Metal trowel
Rodela Plastic float
Sinsil Chisel
Kikil File
Piketa Pickwork
Maso Sledgehammer 169
Masonero Mason
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DIV 09 - FINISHES Concrete Floor Finishes:

Wooden Float
Concrete Wall Finishes: Floor Finish

Bush
Hammered
Finish

Terrazzo Floor
Finish

Sandblasted
Finish

Pebble
Washout Finish

Stucco or
Cement Plaster
Finish

Granolithic
Finish

Rubbed Finish
(circular
motion)

Tile Floor
Finishes:

Travertine
Brushed Finish

Ceramic Tiles

Tooled Finish

Marble

Exposed
Aggregate
Finish Slate

Kosturada Wall
Finish

Faux Wood

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Non-Resilient Flooring:

Resilient Flooring:

Sample Questions:
Asphalt
Davies paint for elastomeric? Sun & Rain
Best paint for waterproofing walls and Elastomeric
floors?
A high quality, two-component system Epoxy
that has excellent corrosion Enamel
resistance and sealing properties that
can be applied on metal, galvanized
iron, wood and concrete?
Rough plaster finish obtained by Tryolean
flinging plaster on a wall with a hand Finish
operated machine
Modern method of installing wood Gluing/
parquet flooring on wooden boards Pasting
sub-flooring
Interior paint that contains a high Flat Paint
proportion of pigment and dries to a
flat/ lusterless finish
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Common Defects of Wall Finishes:

Is caused due
to the trapping
of air, moisture Is caused
or solvent by moisture
between the on the wall,
surface and poor
the paint film. surface
– Blistering / preparation
Swelling or using an
incorrect
painting
system.
Is due to This defect
excessive use happens on
of putty or due walls as well as wood or metal surfaces.
to very thick
coat of paint - Peeling
or defective
surfaces. – An
Chipping advance
state of
checking,
varying in
Formation of degree to a
white powdery coarse
deposit on texturing of
walls after the finish
painting is film.
caused due to
salts present - Alligatoring
in the building
material like Due to
brick and improper
mortar, which surface later on. – Efflorescence application
of primer
Is an alkyd-type product specially prepared for filling coat over
minor surface unevenness on enamel-painted wood. putty, and
– Plasolux not being
completely
Is a 2-component polyester body filler that is impact and covered. It
shock-resistant. – Polituff can be due
Made by refining seed lac and its natural color is orange; to application of paint on insufficiently dry surfaces.
white shellac is obtained by bleaching. – Shellac - Flaking
It is a resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a Is made of synthetically, and is closey related to rayon or
volatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit nylon fabrics. It requires special thinner sold by each
varnish). – Varnish manufacturer for his own brand. – Lacquer

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Boysen Paints (Pacific Paint Philippines) Permatex - Water based - Interior masonry,
- Dries to a fine drywall and wood
PAINT GENERIC USE rubbery coating surfaces
Acqua - Water based acrylic - Concrete Floors - Creates beautiful
Epoxy epoxy paint and Walls, Metal textured finish
- Weather Substrates Plexibond - Cementitious - Excellent
Resistance Waterproofing adhesion to
Acrytex - Acrylic solvent- - Exterior and System Concrete, Bricks,
based coating Interior Masonry, - Acrylic Polymer + Wood and good
- Non-porous, Wood, and Portland Cement corrosion
watertight Primed Steel - Eliminates plaster resistance on
- Excellent Adhesion defects metal surfaces
- Long-Term Primeguard - Industrial Anti- - Metals
Durability Corrosive painting - Available in
Chalk - Primer for - Walls on metals White, Gray and
Blocker repainting chalky Red Oxide
surfaces Quick Drying - Fast drying paint - Exterior and
Cool Shades - Infrared Reflective - Roofs Enamel - Durable, high gloss, Interior woods
Pigments (QDE) long lasting and metals
- Heat Reflective Roofgard - Gloss acrylic, - GI surfaces, Pre-
colored roof coating water-based painted sheets,
DECORe - Water-based - Concrete walls, - Gives a durable Asphalt shingles,
decorative paint wood, drywalls and flexible film Unglazed roof
- Provides distinctive - Fast drying, good tiles
finish of European gloss retention
walls Titan - Self-priming flexible - Interior and
EcoPrimer - Eco-friendly acrylic - Masonry and Superflex coating Exterior Concrete
water-based primer Drywall surfaces - Reflects UV Surfaces
- Ultra-low VOC - Waterproof and
Elasti-Kote - Acrylic Water - Masonry Walls water resistant
based elastomeric Virtuoso Silk - Has TEFLON - Interior walls in
paint Touch surface protector need of Stain
- Bridges cracks, - Luxurious silk resistance
preserves and finish
upgrades surface Wallguard - Latex paint with - Walls of bldgs
integrity very high near industrial
- Superb elongation resistance to dirt, areas and
and tensile strength dust, smog highways
Epoxy - Superior chemical - Topcoat for - Painted in bldgs in - Repainting
Enamel and abrasion Epoxy Primer, a highly polluted medium and high
resistance applied on environment rise without
- Eliminates need interior surfaces primer
for concrete - Metal, GI, Wood, Xyladecor - Decorative, Water - Wood stain for
neutralizer Masonry Repellent and exterior and
Healthy - Odor-less, with - Residences, Wood preserving interior wood
Home interior coating of Medical - Emphasizes the surfaces
Microban Facilities, grain, dries to a silk
antibacterial Nursing homes, matte finish
protection Schools (interior) - Seals and prevents
Knoxout - First air cleaning - Indoor car parks fungal growth
paint in the world and other
- CristalActiv buildings in urban
- photocatalytic tech areas Notable People:
- Self-cleaning,
antibacterial,
deodorizing
Eugene Freysinnet – Folded Slab
Marmorino - Lime-based - Interior walls
decorative marble - Luxury
finish bathrooms and Frei Otto – Tensile Structures
- Watertight, damp areas
antibacterial Robert Maillart – Mushroom Slab
- Smooth, Low
Luster finish Eero Saarinen – Reflective Glass
Nation - Latex Paint - Interior concrete,
Dreamcoat - Best Choice for stucco, bricks,
low-cost budget plaster, drywall, Pier Luigi Nervi – Ferrocement
CHB
Nation Dura- - Water based roof - Protect and Felix Candela – Thin Shell
Roof coating adhere to
- Fast drying time, galvanized Buckminster Fuller – Space Frame
good color retention surfaces, pre-
painted sheets,
unglazed roof Alvar Aalto – Bent Plywood
tiles
Perlescente - Decorative paint - Interior Walls Frank Lloyd Wright – Textile Blocks
(under with hints of gold
Decore) and silver gleaming Wallace Harrison – Thermal Glass
Permacoat - Acrylic latex paint - Interior and
- Durable, dirt pick- Exterior
up resistance - Concrete,
- Less coats and Stucco, Bricks,
lasts longer CHB, Drywall,
Primed Wood

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DIV 11 - EQUIPMENT Coping Saw

Hand Tools:

Leveling Hose

Hack Saw

Nylon String / Tansi /

PIsi Gouge (concave blade
chisel)

Plumb Bob / Line / Hulog

Cut-off saw or
press cutter

Beam Level / Spirit

Level Bar / Level Bar
Miter Saw

Philip Screwdriver

Flat Standard
Screwdriver

Plunge Router

Glass Diamond Cutter

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 Metal Lathe
Circular Saw Machine

Belt Sander /
Power
Sander
Chipping Gun

Jig Saw Demolition

Hammer

Jack Hammer with

compressor

Hollow Bit
Mortiser

Diamond Cutting Disc

(grinder attachments)

Metal cutting disc /

grinding disc (grinding
attachments)

Thickness Planer
(portable)

Portable Concrete
cutter

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Power electric hand drill Hand Tools:
(rotary)

Open end wrench

Adjustable crescent
wrench

Power electric
hand drill
(percussion)

Rammer

Drill bit (wood)

Ratchet brace /
bit brace

Drill bit (steel)

Wooden float

Drill bit (forstner bit) Steel trowel

Notched trowel / mastic

adhesive trowel
Drill bit (masonry)

Pointed rowel / brick trowel

/ kutsara

Diamond Core

Straight edge / bara

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Blind / pop riveter /
rivet gun

Manual bar bender &

cutter

Miter clamp

Where is this
installed? – HVAC
Supply Plenum

Splicing box

Uninterruptible
power supply
(UPS)

Nema box
Switch gear

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Power Tools and Small Machines: Plate compactor

Hammer drill
(percussion)

Roller compactor

Coring machine

Cylinder (compressive)
testing equipment
Mechanical rebar
bender

Site dumper
Power trowel

Dump truck
Power float

Needle / immersion
concrete vibrator

Elf truck

Vibratory tamping
rammer

Trench roller

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 Backhoe
Tamping sheep foot
roller

Backhoe loader
Concrete agitator
truck / ready-mixed
concrete truck

Combination
Concrete pump: backhoe / loader
boom-type or mobile
pumpcrete or truck-
mounted

Bulldozer / Dozer Crawler Crane

Skid-steer loader /
skidsteer
Hydraulic mobile
crane or truck
crane

Excavator
Fighter boom
truck crane
- 0.50, 1.00, 1.25,
1.50 cum

Wheeled Excavator
or “Backhoe” in Pile driver
local terms - 0.25,
0.50, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50
cum

Boom shotcrete

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 Dragline
Tower crane
(luffing type)

Plastic home panel board

/ European standard type

Mini Circuit breaker

Note: Bobcat is the brand. Skid Loader is the

equipment Fire
pump

Pull box

Smoke Detector

Welding
machine for
soldering

Pile driver

Upright sprinkler

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DIV 12 - FURNISHINGS

Casework

Cabinet Hinges
Types of Concealed Hinges:

Types of Drawer Runners:

Types of Cabinet Catches:

E-Single
Friction Extension
Catch

V-Full
Extension
Magnetic
Pressure Catch

T-Telescopic Extension

Bullet or ball
catch

Screw-in
Study Hardware (p.117-118 DK)

Types of Shelf Supports:

Pin-mounted

Screw-mounted

Plug-in

Glass Shelf support

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Types of Door Locking Bolts:

Glass Accessories What is used for sliding door?

Handrail Glass Shelves – Thumbturn Sliding Door
lockset

Patch Fittings FD100

Angle Patch • Open Back - part
• glass door to glass above the door
which houses the
pivot hinge
• sides of glass
doors are framed
with Tubular w/ What is used for
partition Snap-On main entry door?
Linear Patch • per linear meter – Mortised handle
• glass door to (up and down) set

masonry

Bolted Patch Fittings Sliding Glass Door

What is used for service
/ utility room?
– Lever type knob set
(in case hands are full,
elbow can be used to
open)
w/ Stainless Cover
Plate

Flush Door What is used for

bedrooms?

- Keyed entry
knob set

What is used
Spider Glass fitting for T&B?

Bed & bath knob set

w/ easy to open pin
hole for emergency

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DIV 13 - SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION Diagrid System

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & METHODOLOGIES

Light Metal Frame Construction

Clear Span Construction / Rigid Frame Construction

Steel Arch Construction

Mild Steel Frame Construction / Space Frame Roof

Thin Shell Construction

Dome Structure

3D Wall Panel Construction

Straight Wall Steel Building

Note: These are exact images.

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Div 14 - Conveying Systems
Div 15 – Mechanical / Sanitary

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Div 16 - Electrical

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Structural General Principles Identify: Other Materials
Force
• An external influence on a body producing or Fiberglass Polyurethane
tending to produce a change in a member’s
shape or movement
Stress
• DK: internal resistance or reaction of a member
to external forces
Strain
• DK: deformation of a body under the applied
action of a force

Location of Forces
Axial Vapor Barrier Cellulose
• Forces along the longitudinal axis of a
member
Transverse
• Forces perpendicular to the length of a
member
Eccentric
• Forces along the longitudinal axis but not on the
centroid of the cross section

Types of Forces
Compression
• Shortening or pushing together resulting in a Radiant Barrier
reduction of size or volume
Tension
• Stretching or pulling apart resulting in
elongation of size or volume
Shear
• Lateral deformation by a force that causes a part
of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in
a direction parallel to their plane of contact.
Stress due to load acting perpendicular to
member axis

Types of Moment
Bending
• Bowing of an elastic body as a force is applied
transversely to its length. Due to bending
moment about the perpendicular axis of a
member
Torsion
• Rotation or twisting of an elastic body about its
longitudinal axis. Stress due to moment about
the member’s axis

Identify the following: Exact Images

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Study parts of a foundation and structure (pp. 102-105
DK)

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Study reinforced concrete (pp.212-213 DK)

Wall Footing Cantilever

/ Strap
Footings

Combined
Footings

Mat /
Raft
Footing

Isolated / Single
Footing

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Are employed when stable soil of adequate bearing
capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface. They
are placed directly below the lowest part of a
superstructure and transfer building loads directly to the
supporting soil by vertical pressure.
– Shallow Foundation
Used on soil of low bearing power where there is a
tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal
loading of soil. (for soft soil) – Mat or Raft Foundation
When it is desired to avoid the deep excavation required
for concrete and masonry footings, and when the load has
to be distributed over a wide area of support, steel rails or
beams are used to give the required moment of resistance
with a minimum of depth. – Steel Grillage Foundation
Are employed when the soil underlying a shallow
foundation is unstable or of inadequate soil bearing
capacity. They extend through unsuitable soil to transfer
building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum of
rock or dense sand and gravel well below the
superstructure. – Deep Foundation
A system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps, and
time beams for transferring building loads down to a
suitable bearing stratum. – Pile Foundation
A slab or connecting beam which covers the heads of a
group of piles, tying them together so that the structural
load is distributed and they act as a single unit. – Pile Cap
Depend principally on the bearing resistance of soil or rock
beneath their feet for support. The surrounding soil mass
provides a degree of lateral stability for the long
compression member. – End Bearing Piles
Depend principally on the frictional resistance of a
surrounding earth mass for support. – Frictional Pile
Is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and
pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface,
as a construction technique, first used in 1914.
– Shotcrete
Is the process of strengthening the foundation of an
existing building or other structure. – Underpinning
A method used to create support below the ground for an
existing structure, for example holding an existing
building in the air. – Needling
Is the process of temporarily supporting a building,
vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props) when in
danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations.
– Shoring
Pile retaining walls involve driving steel I-beams into the
earth to help hold soils and aggregate in place by placing
lagging in between the beams that typically consists of
wood, steel or concrete panels that form a barrier against
ground pressure. – Lagging
Is a type of survey that controls the on-the-ground,
horizontal or vertical location of improvements to be
constructed. This most often will be in accordance with
architectural or engineering drawings, plot plans or
zoning regulations, by the placement of offset stakes. No
plan need be prepared; however, documentation with
respect to the position of points placed shall be
maintained as a permanent record. – Staking Out
Is a plan that shows a detailed layout of the whole site
and the relationship of the proposed works with the
boundary of the property, nearby roads and neighboring
buildings. – Site Layout
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Are temporary frames, set beyond the corners of a
planned foundation at precise elevations.
– Batter boards
What does a formwork for column consists of?
- Side & End Planks, Yoke, Nut & Bolts, two end &
two side planks are joined between the yokes and
bolts.
Term applied for materials which are like glass in
appearance – Vitreous
Paint which can also be used as waterproofing
– Elastomeric (from choices: Epoxy, Latex, and Flat)
Formed metal or
sheeting secured on
or into a wall to cover
and protect the upper
edge of a base
flashing
– Counterflashing
Which of the ff. is not a ceiling component – Trim (for
finishes and moldings) (from choices: Main tee, Hanging
Wire, and Wall Angle)
Is the pioneer in the local manufacture of load bearing
modular concrete blocks. Established in 1948 using
Besser Vibrapac Block Machines from USA, the
company– Jackbilt Industries Inc.
Minimum thickness of footing according to the NBC
– 250 mm (from choices: 350mm, 300mm, and 200 mm)
A beam composed of two or more dissimilar materials
joined together to act as a unit – Composite Beam (from
choices: Reinforced Beam, Built-up Beam, and
Cantilevered Beam)
A heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom,
dipper, bucket and cab on a rotating platform. Also called
as “Power Shovel” – Excavator (from choices: Backhoe,
Bulldozer and Loader)
Main reason or advantage why long span GI roof is
widely used – Ease of Installation (from choices:
Aesthetic, Economical, and Quality)
Arrange the following in correct sequence of stripping off
formworks:
1. Column
2. Beam side
3. Slab Soffit
4. Beam Soffit
What is the ceiling for conference room? – Convex
(acting as sound diffusers)
Artificial stone made up of water, cement, sand, gravel.
– Plain Concrete
What is concrete made up of?
– Cement, Water and Aggregate
What is the average inclination of an escalator? – 30 deg
What is the maximum length of a ramp? – 60 m (from
choices: 12, 30, and 36)
What is the height of a shower glass partition/ - 1.80 m
according to HCG (1.70 / 1.90)
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Which of the following is true?
a. Cement is a composite material composed of
coarse aggregates bonded together with water
that hardens over time false, it’s made of finely
pulverized clinker
b. The term Cement and Concrete can be used
interchangeably false, cement is an ingredient of
concrete
c. Concrete shrinks a little during curing stage due
to the evaporation of water false, moisture loss
occurs after concrete has already hardened
(drying shrinkage)
d. Aggregates comprises 60% of the concrete
mix
What do you call the twisting of structural body?
– Torque
Megacryl is a premium 100% acrylic water based interior
and exterior paint recommended for stucco, masonry,
plaster, bricks, hollow blocks, asbestos tc. What brand is
it? - Davies
Safest and least toxic paint? – Latex (from choices:
elastomeric, automotive and acrylic)
Composite slab:

What is usually the wastage percentage applied in

estimating concrete – 15% (from choices: 12%, 10%, and
7.5%)

What is the ratio of mortar mixture?

– 1 part cement 3 parts sand
(from choices:
2 parts sand 4 parts cement,
1 part sand 3 parts cement, and
2 parts cement 4 parts sand)

How soon can formworks be stripped for beam soffit?

– 14 days One-way slab with beam:

How soon can formworks be stripped for columns and

beams? – Columns 2 days, Beam Sides 3 days

What is primarily used in estimating rebars – Weight

(from choices: Length, Diameter, and No of pieces)

What is the minimum diameter of rebars for an 8” CHB

wall? - 10mm for 4” and 6”

For a door with latch bolt, which of the following can be

added for additional security? – Dead Bolt (from choices:
Barrel Bolt, Hasp, and Door Chain) One-way ribbed slab:
Philippine hardwood with grey sapwood and black
heartwood – Kamagong

What type of glass is best to be used as a skylight?

- Laminated Glass

What glass is best used for full glass doors?

- Tempered Glass

A type of glazing system that uses specialized web /

spider fittings and glass stiffeners. – Frameless Glass
system / Structural Glass walls / Spider Glazing
System (from choices: Curtain Wall Glazing, Mullion
glazing system, and Curved Unitised Panel system)
This is a most general method of curing as it satisfies all
the requirements of curing. These methods maintain the
Galvanized coated wire baskets filled with stones
presence of moisture in the concrete during the early
stacked to retain an earth form. – Gabions
hardening period. – Water Curing

These methods prevent the loss of mixing water from the

What material shouldn’t be used as a ceiling for eaves? –
Plywood (due to warping) (from choices: PVC, Gypsum
and Fire board)
Ideal time na tapakan ang freshly poured concrete
– 24 hrs, (from choices: 2 days, 6 days, and 9 days)
surface of the concrete. Sometime concreting is carried
out at a remote place where there might be an acute
shortage of water. A large amount of water required for
water curing is not possible for economic reasons too.
– Membrane Curing (Wet Covering)

Ideal time to paint a newly assembled drywall.
– Immediate (from choices: 24 hrs, 36 hrs, and 48 hrs)
Is a high quality, two-component system that has
excellent corrosion resistance and sealing properties that
can be applied on metal, galvanized iron, wood and
concrete? – Epoxy Enamel
These methods accelerate strength gain by supplying
heat and additional moisture to the concrete. When
concrete is subjected to higher temperature, it
accelerates the hydration process and hence resulting in
faster development of strength. – Steam Curing
(Application of Heat)

What do you call the load that is moving? – Live Load

CHB number of core cells? - 3
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What is the appropriate material for exterior enclosure of
a warehouse project? – Steel (or Steel & Concrete)
What is the appropriate roofing material for the
warehouse project? – Long span G.I.
A joint appropriate for resisting water penetration.
– Concave Joint
Fine plaster for exterior walls. – Stucco
What makes kitchen cabinets light, clean and bright?
– Alabaster
What do you usually use for floor pavement finish?
– Float Finish
The surface of the stone has been ground to a smooth,
flat, consistent surface. – Honed Finish
Concrete made from mixtures of aggregate, sand, and
cement. – Normal Concrete
A material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic
cement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and
added to the batch immediately before or during its
mixing. – Admixture
Steel is. – Malleable
Clear span steel is intended for. – Warehouse (due to no
support for columns)
Which is expensive curing process. – 14 (from choices:
21, 28 and 36)
What kind of waterproofing is Thoroseal? – Liquid
membrane / Fluid
Which among the following is a supplier of “plain roofing
sheet” materials in the Philippines? – Puyat Steel (from
choices: Pagasa steel, SteelAsia and Stronghold steel)
Which among the the following is the stone roof supplier
in the Philippines? – Decra Roofing (from choices: DN
Steel, Jacinto and Puyat)
Study Glass railing, Glass handrail, Glass shelves
and Glass sliding door)
Steel manufacturer in the Philippines – Steel Asia (from
choices: Pagasa steel, Pacific, and Republic)
Percentage for materials. – 70% (or 60%)
Percentage for labor. – 30% (or 40%)
Ratio of cement to sand for mortar, 1-part cement is to
___part sand. – 2 (but 3 is common)
Paint low in Volatile Organic Compound (VOC).
– Boysen (from choices: Davies, Rain or Shine and
Permacoat)
Paint for metal to ensure its protection and durability.
– Epoxy (from choices: acrylic, latex and oil-based)
Paint for aluminum to ensure its protection and durability
– Acrylic (from choices: epoxy, latex and oil-based)
Which among the listed roofing materials is considered to
be the heaviest type? – Asphalt Shingle (from choices:
metal, slate tile and clay tile)
Which among the listed roofing materials is considered to
be the eco-friendly? - Reclaimed slate / slate tile (from
choices: asphalt shingle, clay tile and metal)
Considered to be the energy-efficient roofing material.
- Clay tile (from choices: slate tile, metal, and asphalt
shingle)
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The roofing material that is low maintenance. – Clay tile
(from choices: slate tile, metal, and asphalt shingle)
A wall capable of supporting an imposed load.
– Bearing Wall
Drywall with preformed insulating board of foamed plastic
or cellular glass. – Rigid drywall
Drywall that is sprayed by foamed plastic.
– Insulated drywall
A system of building construction that is prefabricated
then assembled on site. – Prefab (from choices: Space
frame, cast in-situ and tilt-up)
What is a column footing? – Shallow square
What is a grade beam? – Shallow strip
What is a pile? – Very deep strip
What is a caisson? – Very deep square
The best flooring material for music room? – Carpet
Another name for vinyl. – Linoleum
Study combined, wall and isolated footings.
What is used for wide glass façade & glass roof?
– Spider fittings
Study glass accessories for handrail, balusters,
sliding doors and bookshelves.
Biggest paint manufacturing company in the Philippines
– Pacific Paint (from choices: Nippon, Davies, Sinclair)
Study waterproofing: Sheet membrane, liquid
membrane, water stop seal and bentonite.
What is bentonite made of? – Volcanic Ash
How many holes are there in a concrete hollow block?
–3
Classification of combustible materials like paper.
– Class A
Buildings of wood construction with structural members
that are fire-resistant and one-hour fire-resistive
properties. – Type II
A material that can be used as a substitute for glass
shaped into small and thin square pattern and with
diffusive effect once exposed to sunlight. – Capiz
Glass having an irregular surface pattern formed in the
rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light is
known as. – Pattern Glass
A recessed space built into the bottom of a cabinet that
sits on the floor. – Toe Space
This type of retaining wall is made of rectangular baskets
made of steel wherein it is filled with stones to hold the
soil. – Gabion Wall
The Filipino vernacular term for beam. – Biga
The Filipino vernacular term for purlins. – Reostra
(Barakilan)
The Filipino vernacular term for bottom chord.
– Barakilan
The Filipino vernacular term for top chord. – Tahilan
The Filipino vernacular term for crossbar. – Trabesanyo
The Filipino vernacular term for rafters. – Kilo (Tahilan)
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Wall treatment, mostly painted or with wall panels,
measuring usually 0.90 meters vertical distance from the
floor finish. – Wainscoat
In concrete mix, any water can be used that is. – Clear
(should be clean)
Material best for exposed trusses. – Tubular
What is the paint used for roofing that are pre-painted?
– Automotive paint
A company brand for paints in the Philippines. – Davies
(from choices: Neltex, Decra and Pacific Paint)
Pacific Paint is also known as. – Boysen
The Philippines’ No. 1 paint exporter. – Davies
The Philippines No. 1 paint, the leading paint
manufacturer, supplier of house and industrial paints and
other paint products. – Boysen
A rich cement mortar which is applied by spraying under
high-pressure is known as. – Gunite
Most of the concrete that is used in building construction
has a maximum aggregate size of – ¾” – 1”
Honeycomb in concrete can be prevented by
– Using vibrators
What pile material is ideal for swampy area? – Wood
The kind of roof appropriate for asphalt shingles.
– Steep roof (only for 30 degree above) (from choices:
Hip roof, Gable roof, and Flat roof)
Lumber specification for S4S means. – Smooth on four
sides (for furniture use)
A type of wood-end joint where both end of wood are cut
at equal angles diagonally. – Miter Joint
Another term for plaster board is. – Gypsum board or
Lath
A common and cheap masonry finish wherein dry
consistency mortar mix is sprayed by mechanical or
pneumatic means. The sprayed cement is left to dry t
give a wall or surface a rustic finish effect and paint coat
may be required or optional. – Sandblast
This finish is made by fusing sandblast and metal roller.
– Anay Finish
A brand of textured paint. – Spraytex
Portion of post or sheet metal driven into the soil to
secure firm foundation. – Sheet pile (used for soft soil
conditions)
A widely use and known brand for door knob hardware.
– Schlage
A test used to determine the strength of materials.
– Compression Test
Study parts of a truss: apex, truss plate, web, top
chord, scope pitch, panel joint, bearing point, bottom
chord, bottom chord length and cantilever.
Study boom shotcrete, shotcrete, power trowel and
concrete vibrator
What is the commercial size of plywood? – 4’ X 8’
What is the material commonly used for drywall
construction? - Gypsum
A brand of Gypsum. – USG Boral, Thailand / Boral
Elephant (Siam Gypsum)
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What gypsum brand that won Green Industry Award for
being an environmentally-friendly business. - USG Boral
Thailand / / Boral Elephant / Siam Gypsum
Oil stain that prevent molds. – Xyladecor
The equivalent of #6 rebar in millimeter. – 20 mm (19.05)
What is the ratio of Class AA Concrete? – 1:1.5:3
What is the ratio of Class A Concrete? – 1:2:4
What is the ratio of Class B Concrete? – 1:2.5:5
What is the ratio of Class C Concrete? – 1:3:6
The Filipino Vernacular term for floor joists. – Soleras
What is used in laying bricks? – ¾” mortar
What is used in cement / masonry? – 3/8” plaster
What is used for 12” X 12” tile max? – Tile Adhesive
What is used for light material? – Cement Paste
What is used for heavy stones? – Stone Adhesive
What type of roof uses marine plywood underlay?
– Asphalt Roof
What type of roof uses battens / G.I. under sheathing?
- Clay-tile roof
Roof system where ceilings are customarily left exposed.
– Rafter roof system
Where do you use battens? – Roof
Where do you use furring? – Ceiling
Where do you use studs? – Wall
A method of wood seasoning but requires more time in
removing moisture in wood. – Air drying
If 2 ft. X 2 ft. carpet tiles will be used as flooring material
for the conference room 8 m X 14 m in size, how many
pieces are needed? – at least 310 pieces
For the same conference room layout, if 2 ft. X 4 ft.
acoustic tiles will be used for the ceiling, how many
pieces are needed? – at least 150 pieces
What is the standard ratio of cement (in bags) for Class A
mixture? – 9 bags
What is the standard ratio of cement (in bags) for Class B
mixture? – 8 bags
What is the standard ratio of cement (in bags) for Class
AA mixture? – 12 bags
What is the standard ratio of cement (in bags) for Class
C mixture? – 6 bags
Which of the following glass has less defects during its
production particularly distortion? – Float Glass
Type of glass produced to resist impact. – Wire Glass
A strip of rubber, metal, or other material used to seal
edges of a door or window against the cold.
– Weather strip
What is a mohir? – Brush on escalator
This is part of a sash. – Trimmer
This used to seal joints between pipes in trenchless
construction or rehabilitation to ensure that no leakage
occurs when the pipe is under pressure.
– Compression gasket
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Study parts of a window detail: Sash, Muntin, Jamb,
Pane etc.
Study wood joineries: common dovetail, secret
dovetail, lap dove tail etc.
Intramuros “adobe” stone is an example of.
– a Sedimentary rock (quarternary volcanic rock,
Guadalupe formation)
Study types of doors: French, Dutch, Batten, Glass,
Louvered etc.
Study parts of a door: Lock rail, Stile, Panel, Bottom
rail etc.
Which is not a brand for cement? – Dragon (from
choices: ALL LOCAL: Island, Republic and LaFarge)
Which is not a brand for paints? – Prompts (from
choices: Universal, ADD, and Island)
Which is more expensive?
A. 10 mm O plain round bar
B. GA #16 1” x 1/1” tubular steel
C. 2 mm thick PVC edgeband
D. 5/8” bolt
Which is cheapest?
A. 10 mm O plain round bar
B. GA #16 1” x 1/1” tubular steel
C. 2 mm thick PVC edgeband
D. 5/8” bolt
If there are 3,000 rebar intersections, how many
kilograms of GA #16 tie wire is needed if the cutting list
for the same is 200 mm? – 12 kilos
Which among the following is not a mill product? – Wood
Board (from choices: Wood moulding, wood window
frames, and wooden doors)
When a large aggregate of more than 6 mm (1/4”) in size
is added to cement, water, and fine aggregate, the
product is? – Concrete
Portland Cement:
21.0 mPa (3000 psi) for column, beam, slab and
footing
17.2 mPa (2500 psi) for partitions, bedded slabs,
walks, & other non-structural
member
10.5 mPa (1500 psi) for lean concrete, or as required
by the Engineer
Is performed in the field during construction on soil
material that is being placed in a fill and must provide a
sufficient level of compaction to support a structure or
roadway. This test compares the Laboratory Compaction
Density to the Field Density in order to determine the
percent compaction achieved. – Field Density Testing
or Sand Cone
What is an effective barrier for termite or bukbok?
– 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm wherein termites cannot
penetrate
What is a too small barrier where termites or bukbok can
penetrate by removing porticles? – less than 1.0 mm
What is a too large barrier where termites or bukbok can
crawl through spaces between porticles?
– more than 3.0 mm
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Formed by grading and compacting layers of crushed
stone or gravel, then binding the top layer with asphalt to
stabilize the stone, provide a smoother surface, and seal
against water penetration. – Asphalt Macadam
What is spread first before hot mix asphalt applied?
– Vitomol
Where is the least place that you will put turf pavements?
– Place where there is no regular sunlight
Where should be temperature bars should be placed on
concrete slab on grade? – Upper third
What is the size of a spacer block? – 50 mm
What joint do you use to avoid creeping or hidden
cracks? – Control Joint
What can be the reason for sudden cracks on roads?
– No temperature bars (or wrong preparation)
What is the control joint for a 1.2 m walkway?
– 1.2 m also
Where do you usually use contraction joints? – Roads
Where do you usually use control joints?
– Floors and walls
Has half the volume of the cement. – Tricalcium Silicate
Has about one quarter of the volume of the cement.
– Dicalcium Silicate
Has about one-tenth of the volume of the cement.
– Tricalcium Aluminate
How many pounds is there in 1 bag of Portland cement?
– 94 lbs. for 1 cu.ft.
Is a reduction in volume of concrete or mortar or plaster
caused by a loss of moisture. – Drying Shrinkage
Is a reduction in volume of concrete prior to its final set,
caused by hydration of the cement paste.
– Setting Shrinkage
A brand of lath. - Ribplex, Hyrib
Is composed of stable silicates, and is inert and thus
durable for use as a lightweight aggregate or for
insulation. – Perlite
Is a micaceous mineral which expands on application of
heat to as much as 30 times its original volume.
– Vermiculite
Normally use for ornamental plaster work and castings.
– Plaster of Paris
Highly decorative type of plaster work developed in Italy
during the Renaissance. – Sgraffito
Each, continuous, vertical section of the all, one masonry
unit thick. – Wythe / Tier
What stone was used for Benguet Center by Leandro
Locsin? – Arahal Stone
Stone fitted together at random without any attempt to lay
them in course. – Random Work
How to connect two granite? – Use polymer (w/
hardener, granite dust and calsomine)
What is used in preparation for tiles? – Scoring
How many glass blocks are there in1 box?
– 6 Glass Blocks
208
What is the actual dimension of a CHB according to
Building Performance Study (BPS)? – 140
What is the actual dimension of a CHB according to
ASTM? – 144
What is the original purpose of Beam or Lintel Blocks?
– Acoustic
What is the other purpose of Beam or Lintel Blocks?
– Lightweight
What is the average size of a long span for sheet metal
roofing? – 10-12 meters
How many years is the warranty for long span roofing?
– 10 years warranty
What is the average spacing for purlins?
– 300 mm / 0.3 m
What will you provide on the roofing if you want to have
natural ventilation? – Roof Monitor
What is the average size of a gutter? – 8-10 feet
How do you estimate gutters in Baguio? – per sq.m.
Normally how do you estimate gutters?
– per Linear Meter
What is tegula made from? – Clay
How many years is the warranty for tile roofing?
– 25 years
For spacing of roof tiles, how far is the first roof tile?
– 305 meters
What do you use to fasten asphalt and wood for shingle
roofing? – Common Wire Nail (CWN)
For tropical countries, how many percentage of the roof if
you want a skylight? – 3-5%
What does PTFE, a white and non-translucent roofing
stand for? – Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (PTFE)
What does ETFE, translucent roofing stand for?
– Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (ETFE)
A good example of building that used PTFE.
– Busan Asiad Main Stadium by Architect Sofia Ruiz
A good example of building that used ETFE.
– Eden Project by Architect Nicholas Grimshaw
What is the sturdiest seam for roofing? – Batten
How thick of nipa / thatch for Nipa hut roofing for long
term? – 12 inches
An accelerated corrosive action that takes place when
dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an
electrolyte? – Galvanic Action/ Galvanic Corrosion
This soil is hard when dry and moldable when wet like
plastic. – Cohesive Soils
This soil relies on internal friction for strength, also known
as Friction Soils. – Cohesionless Soils (good for
slanted dug up ground)
What is the interval of compaction for soils? – 150 mm
What do you normally use for retrofitting? – Carbon
Fiber and Epoxy
This is frequently use by DPWH in roadways. – Steel
Grillage
These are soil binders that can grow up to 1 meter.
– Vitivier
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
What do you call the green color on copper? – Patina
How many years is the warranty for waterproofing?
– 5 years
What is the covered area in height of roof deck? – 12”
What is the size of gravel / stone use for water / vapor
barrier? – 6 mm
For water tight, What is the gravel size for dense
concrete permeability? – Smallest gravel size available
What is the sequence of toilet installation?
1. Ceiling / Ceiling Board
2. Wall Tiles
3. Waterproofing
4. Floor Tiles
5. Plumbing Fixture
Cementitious using crystallization & polyurethane.
– Xypex
A brand of Cementitious by Boysen that rough in surface.
– Plexibond
A famous integral waterproofing. – Sahara
How do you apply waterproofing membrane with
polyester fiber? – Torch-On Polybond
A brand of Emulsion waterproofing. – Flint Kote
What could be the basic problem on waterproofing?
– Wrong application by worker
What kind of waterproofing do you use for swimming
pools? – Rubberized based
What is the average size of thermal barrier polyethylene
foam sheet? – 1.22 X 50 m per roll
What is the average size of reflective insulation
aluminum sheet? – 1 X 50 m per roll
What is the average size of a batt mineral wall insulation
rock wool? – 0.6 X 1.2 m
What is the average size of batt fiberglass, glass wool?
– 0.5 X 5 m
Glass wool is more expensive than. – Rock wool
What is the average size of a rigid foam insulation,
polycarbonate? – 30 X 80 bd.ft.
A brand of polycarbonate. – Polysio
What is the minimum pitch of roof slab towards drains?
– 1% slope
What is the finish of a door wood / steel / uPVC frame?
– Rough or Finished
What is the finish of a door aluminum frame? – Finished
Filipino Vernacular term for rough coat? – Tapon
What is problem of big undercut?
– Wrong level of flooring
Where is the best location of pipechase? – Inside
Where is the best location of downspout for economical?
- Sides of the building
What is used for toilet partitions that is sold to you
normally? – Compact Boards
What is the size of a bisagra? – 4” width
209
Where is the location of a fire-rated plate if it is provided
on the fire-rated door? – At the side
This makes the latch easy to release. – Panic Hardware
How many kilo-newtons for force is used for Panic
Hardware? – 7 kilo-newtons
What does FDAS mean? – Fire Detection Alarm
System (FDAS)
What set do you use for Pivot door? – Center Set
A brand of Automatic door. – Macusa
What door should you use for an airport? – Swing
What is the best size of a window in a hospital? – 0.90 m
What is the best size of a window inside a patient’s
room? – 1.20 m
What do you need to tell the supplier to buy cheaper
windows? – Commercial Sizes / Dimensions
What kind of hinge to make an awning window fixed?
– Limiter / Stay Hinger
These are ventilation slats? – Louver
What is the best window for high-rise and hospital
buildings? – Awning Windows
Brand names of local ceramic tiles. – Mariwasa,
Eurotiles
Pair of equal parallel forces that tend to continuously
rotate one body that they are acting on. – Couple
Pair of forces of parallel forces that tend to continuously
rotate the body that they are acting on, equal in
magnitude. – Force Couple
Single force (or moment) which acting alone will produce
the same effect as the combined forces found in a force
system. – Resultant Vector / Vector Sum
A force that cancels the effect of the applied external
loads of an object. – Reaction
Hyatt Terraces, Baguio is an example of. – Diaphragm
Discontinuity
JC Penney Bldg, Alaska is an example of. – Glass
Façade Problem
Magnitude – Scalar
Magnitue and Direction. – Vector
What factors affecting a vector quantity? – Intensity,
Point of application and Direction
American Urban Teepe is an example of. – Concurrent
Force
A highway is an example of. – Simple Support
An escalator is an example of. – Roller Support
Technical term that simply refers to forces acting on
structural element. – Load
Who is the author of categorization of structures?
– Heinrich Engel
Arch of the Winter Garden, UK is an example of.
– Form Active
Lamella Dome (Pier Luigi Nervi) , Rome, Italy is an
example of.
- Vector Active
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
Crowne Hall (Ludwig Mies Van Rohe), Chicago, USA is
an example of. – Section Active
Sydney Opera House (Jorn Utzon & Peter Rhyes),
Australia is an example of. – Surface Active
A truss that has two pitches, a lower pitch on the bottom
part of the roof, and a steeper pitch on the top part of the
roof. 17.5 to 35 degrees. – Polynesian Truss
The Sydney Bridge is famous for its arch-based design
and was conferred a heritage-listed steel. When was this
build and what was its nickname?
– 1932, The Coathanger
One of the most famous buildings of the structural
expressionist style, the skyscraper's distinctive X-braced
exterior shows that the structure's skin is part of its
"tubular system". – 875 North Michigan Avenue / John
Hancock Center
Who pioneered the X-Bracing and designed the said
building? - It was pioneered by Bangladeshi-American
structural civil engineer Fazlur Khan and chief
architect Bruce Graham.
The building has a modular design consisting of five steel
modules prefabricated in the UK by Scott Lithgow
Shipbuilders near Glasgow, and shipped to Hong Kong.
About 30,000 tons of steel and 4,500 tons of aluminium
were used. – HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong
Identify (Foundation plan in sectional view resting on a
concrete) The foundation is resting on - Gravel bed
compacted (3/4” or G1)
Stainless steel finish for railing with least maintenance
- Mirror
What happens when laminated glass is shattered?
Laminated glass holds together when shattered.
During breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer,
typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl
acetate (EVA), between its two or more layers of
glass
Glass for privacy where one can see the outside but be
concealed inside - Tinted glass
Glass that turns into smaller pieces without sharp edges
when shattered - Tempered Glass
Flooring for a gym - Rubber Flooring
How to attach wood to a concrete panel - Concrete Nail/
Screw
Advantage of long span roofing? - Less jointing
Where is a gutter attached? - Fascia board
Truss is designed with a bottom chord for what reason?
- To counteract tensile and bending stress
Ready mix concrete should be tested at – Plant
210
Floor will be laid with new tiles on an uneven surface Notes:
level. What should you do? - Apply with levelling grout

What is used to measure the property line? - Steel Tape

Least cost to get the right angle? - 3-4-5 multiple

To prevent accident, what should NOT be used on

pavement (more prone to accident) - Tiles

What happens to a structure when torsion is applied?

- Twisting

What is curing? Maintaining concrete at the required

temperature and hydration for the first 7 days
following placement to ensure proper hardening

Who is responsible for the relocation of points? --

Architect

Advantage/s of steel - Takes less manpower

Disadvantage of cast in place over pre-fab? - Takes time

to finish

What should be used if a wall will be in contact with

earth/soil? - Retaining wall

This material has almost the same properties of concrete

- Plaster

Serves as a door stopper - Basyada/ Rabbet

Window that receives the most air:

- Tilt and Turn - Pivot - Jalousie - Casement - Awning

- Sliding - Hopper

Mixture of silica and lime - Cement

Solution for powdering of paints?

Good formulation / application and choosing right

type of paint

Material/ method for rat proofing - Poison/ Lason

Advantage of PVC roof? - Flexible especially on

curved surfaces

Solution for noisy room - Install carpet

How is the gutter attached? - Blind rivets

What glass is used when a client wants to see below the

floor? - Safety glass / Laminated Glass

Wall not used outside? – 100 mm

What shows contours, elevation marks? - Topographic

map

What part of the roof creates its slope? - Rafter

Roofing system shall be exposed and will be used an

interior element, which of the ff. fastening system should
be used? - Full weld

Used to cut intricate patterns? - Jigsaw

211
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
DAY 2: AM-PM: Architectural Design and Site
Planning, Tropical Design and Sustainability
✓ You can find some of the answers on the project
description itself, you just have to read everything.
✓ Questions per project are scattered throughout the
questionnaire. (About 5 questions will be asked on a
certain project then it will switch and ask another 5 on
to another project, so on and so forth.)
✓ You should be able to interpret the project description
correctly by drawing and planning. (*not all projects
should be drawn and interpreted, read first all the
related questions for the project to verify if drawing and
planning is necessary to save time.)
On a 42” inches TV, what is the minimum and maximum
distance a viewer can watch?
1.6 m min. – 1.83 m max. / 5 ft min. – 6 ft max.
“Ideally, the court should have a north/south orientation,
with a tolerance of +/- 15° deviation depending on whether
it is used in the morning (+) or afternoon (-), but not around
midday. If the court is used around midday, then the ideal
orientation is east/west with a tolerance of +/- 15°
deviation as needed. If the outdoor facility is intended to
attract spectators, an area should be reserved for them on
the side parallel to the longitudinal axis, so the sun is
behind them.” – Study of Sunlight, p. 238 (FIBA Guide to
Basketball Facilities, 2009)
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
For R-2-Basic: Two-Storey, 2-Bedroom House
Project: Attached 2-Bedroom House / Model House
Building Type: R-2 Basic, Attached
Lot Type: Regular Inside Lot w/ 1- Firewall (Left)
Lot Shape:
Setbacks: Front: 3, Right-Side: 2, and Rear: 2
Complexity: Easy(updated to Attached from w/o Firewall)
What is the Building Height Limit (BHL) of the project?
– 3 Storeys (p. 89)
For R-2 Basic and R-3 Basic uses or occupancies (for
single family dwelling units only), only up to how many
percent of the front yard abuting the RROW may be
paved or hardscaped, i.e., converted into a courtyard for
carport use is allowed? Such use shall nit be permitted in
all other uses or occupancies. – 50% (p.116)
For a 2-Storey House with a maximum of 3 meters for
the first floor, what is the maximum total height in meters
of its wooden posts or suportales? – 6.00 m (p.117)
The wind load for roofs shall be at least ___ per square
meter for vertical projection. – 120 kg (p.117)
Referring to table VIII.1 of Rule 7 and 8, how much is the
TOSL of the project? – 40% (p.131) 45 if no firewall
It is the required open space left between the outermost
face of the building / structure and the property lines.
– Yard (p. 137)
The client wished to have a customized design of a twin
bed, what is the best dimension for it?
– 125 cm X 230 cm (from choices: 90 cm x 230 cm, 135
cm x 230 cm, and 96 cm x 230 cm)
What should be the desired height of the lavatory?
– 75 cm to 85 cm
How much is the minimum air space that should be
provided for a habitable room?
– 14 cu.m. per room (p.143)
If the client asks you to buy a 90 cm X 230 cm bed, what
kind of bed is it? – Single Bed (from choices: Twin, Roll
away and Double)
The National Electrical Code provides that: “100 watts
shall be the maximum load for each household lighting
outlet. – True, it should be 100 watts per outlet
For a small appliance load, section 3.3.1.2. of the
Philippine Electrical Code specify 180 watts load limit per
convenience outlet. – True
It is an upright post or support as a window railing.
– Stanchion
It is a translucent, hollow block of glass with clear,
textured or patterned faces, made by fusing two halves
together with a partial vacuum opening. – Glass Block
It is a concrete proportion primarily used for the walls
thicker than 100 mm (4”0, footings, steps, reinforced
concrete slabs on fill. – Class B
212
For R-3-Max: Seven Storey Apartment Building For GI: Proposed Two-Storey Administration Office
Extension Building (Baguio Teacher’s Camp)
Project: Seven-Storey Apartment Building
Project: Two-Storey Admin. Extension Building
Building Type: R-3 Max
Building Type: General Institution (GI)
Lot Type: Regular Inside Lot w/o Firewall
Lot Type: Corner Lot w/o Firewall
Lot Shape:
Lot Shape:
Setbacks: Front: 3, Right-Side: 2, and Rear: 2
Setbacks: Right-Side most: 5 (near side deck 6mX14m)
Complexity: Medium – Exactly Same
Complexity: Hard (updated with stairwell and two offices)
What is the range of the Allowable Maximum Building
Footprint (AMBF) of the project based on the table VIII.3 Given the site, what is the most appropriate dimension
of Rule 7 and 8? – 450.00 sq.m. – 455.00 sq.m. for the multi-purpose area? – 40% of TLA

Which of the following is the most economical flooring
material for the main lobby of the project?
– Local marble slabs (from choices: Greek marble
slabs, Italian granite slab and Italian granite tile)
Which of the following is a resilient architectural flooring
material for use on the project’s apartment units?
– Vinyl strips (from choices: Granite tile, Ceramic tile,
and Clay tile)
Which of the following will you specify for the ceiling of
the units? – 9mm FICEM (from choices: 12 mm MDF
board, Acoustic tiles, and Plywood)
What is the average size of parking space slot for
perpendicular parking? – 2.50 m X 5.0 m
According to Table VII.G.1. of Rule 7 and 8, how much is
the Building Height Limit (BHL) of the said project?
– 12 Storeys
What is the minimum thickness of a foundation bed?
– 10 CM / 100 MM
Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) are tested for its.
– Compression
Before commencing the excavation work, the person
making the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of
the adjoining building not less than ___ days before such
excavation is made. (NSCP 302.2.4) – 10 Days
Is it necessary to install dry standpipes for this project? –
Yes (because no firewalls)
It is a structural system without complete vertical local
carrying space frame. (NSCP 208.20)
– Bearing Wall System
Get the 2nd floor slab thickness. – 150 mm (for above
Ground is 100 mm min.)
Compute the total linear meter of steel decking at second
floor slab. – 275.00 lm
What should be the height of the docking area? – 0.30 m
The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is
(NSCP 409.6.2.) – L / 10
The minimum one-way slab thickness which is simply
supported at the ends only is (NSCP 409.6.2.) – L / 20
The minimum one-way slab thickness for a One end
continuous slab is (NSCP 409.6.2.) – L / 24
The minimum one-way slab thickness for a Both ends
continuous slab is (NSCP 409.6.2.) – L / 28
The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place
slab. – 45 mm (40 mm)
It is one in which the storey lateral strength is less than
80% of that in the storey above. – Weak Storey
It is the one which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of
that in the storey above or less than 80% of the average
lateral stiffness of the three storeys above. – Soft Storey
It is a concrete proportion primarily used for the walls
thicker than 100 mm (4”), footings, steps, reinforced
concrete slabs on fill. – Class B
What is used in order to determine the function use of
spaces? – Floor Pattern
What is economical, safe in backing-out, and the most
efficient? – Perpendicular Parking

Which of the following is not a brand name or Heat absorbing glass with blue green or gray color
manufacturer of decorative stones for cladding? reflects heat coming into space.
– None of the above (from choices: GT stone works, – because of Chemical composition and color
Decostone, and EZ rocks)

What type of moisture control applied to building walls

and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the
interior spaces of this project? – Damp proofing

If the area for the second-floor hallway has 2,000 psi,

how much psi is there in 1 sq.m.? – 4.55 psi

In reference to Table VIII.1 of Section 803, how much

should be the Maximum Allowable ISA? – 20% (p.131)

How many trucks of backfill is needed for the project?

– 10 loads

213
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
For R-2-Basic: Two-Storey, Duplex House
Project: Two-Storey Duplex House / Quadruplex House
Building Type: R-2 Basic, Attached
Lot Type: Regular Inside Lot w/ 1- Firewall (Middle)
Lot Shape: or
Setbacks: Front: 3, Right-Side: 2, and Rear: 2
Complexity: Easy (updated to Quadruplex House)
What is the minimum front setback for each of the units?
– 3.00 m (p.137)
What is the total volume of concrete for the slab on-fill on
the ground floor? – 15 cu.m. (multiplier of 0.15 m)
What is the minimum thickness of the common wall
separating the two units? – 100 mm (based on problem)
What would be the minimum diameter of Deformed Steel
Bars to be used for the columns?
– 16 mm (2-storey residence)
What would be the appropriate concrete mixture for the
columns and beams? – Class A
What would be the desired height of the kitchen counter?
– 75 cm - 85 cm / 0.75 m - 0.85 m
It is a concrete proportion primarily used for the walls
thicker than 100 mm (4”), footings, steps, reinforced
concrete slabs on fill. – Class B
What would be the ideal concrete strength of slab on-fill
in psi? - 2,500 psi
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
For C-2: Proposed Four-Storey Commercial Building
Project: Proposed Four-Storey Commercial Building
Building Type: C-2
Lot Type: Regular Inside Lot w/ 2- Firewalls (both sides)
Lot Shape:
Setbacks: Front: 10.5 m X 14.8 m (Parking Space) and
Rear: 2 m X 2 m yard on left and right edges of the site,
upper floor is 5 m front setback
Complexity: Medium – Exactly Same (updated on 2019
as a Trapezoid lot problem R1 / R2)
What is the minimum front setback for the building?
– 5.00 m (p.138)
What would be the degree of compaction for the backfill
for the footings? – 90%-95%
What is the minimum stirrup spacing for the Second
Floor Beams? – 50 mm
The ideal concrete strength for the suspended slab?
– 4,000 psi
The ideal slab thickness for the roof deck. – 150 mm
What would be the most economical partition among the
rentable spaces? – Dry Wall (from choices: Brick Wall,
Fire Wall, and CHB Wall)
How many parking slots would you provide for the
PWDs? – One (1)
What would be the volume of concrete for the Second-
floor balcony? – 2.50 – 3.00 cu.m.
Considering the use of artificial ventilation, what would be
your minimum ceiling height for the owner’s office?
– 2.10 M (at 4th floor)
The owner’s executive office should have at least how
many square meters? – 40-50 sq.m. (221/5.7)
12 cu.m. / 2.1 = 5.7 sq.m.
Would you advice the owner to install an elevator?
– Yes, because of the roof deck.
What would be the ideal floor finish for the office spaces?
– Carpet (from choices: Wood for Home Theaters,
Monolithic Tiles, and Marble)
What is the minimum stirrup spacing for the columns?
– 50 mm
Kind of beam to be used for the balconies?
– Cantilever Beam (L / 10)
What would you provide to avoid the slab from vibrating?
– Slab Stiffener
What would be the Building Height Limit (BHL) of the
project? – 4-Storey (based on Actual)
What would be the most crucial factor on roof decks?
– Water Proofing
The junior executive office should have at least how
many square meters? – 10-20 sq.m. (less than 40 sq.m.
of Owner’s Executive office)
214
For SPE: Truck Hub with Service Station
Project: Truck Hub with Service Station
Building Type: R-1, I-1, and C-1
Lot Type: Regular Inside Lot w/ Fire Wall
Lot Shape:
Setbacks: / Driveway: 6 m
Complexity: Hard – Exactly Same
Compute for the total linear meter of steel bar for the
matting at the ground floor slab for the owner’s house.
– 26.67 lm (320/12=26.67)
What is the most appropriate height for electrical devices
switches? – 1.30 m (As per BP 344, 1.20-1.40 m, mean)
What is the recommended height for convenient outlets
from the floor? – 300 mm
How much is the total lot area of the project?
– 50 m X 200 m
How many truck load of concrete is needed in order to
complete Warehouse 1 construction? – 17 loads
What is the ideal volume of concrete to be used to finish
commercial building 2nd floor slab? – 50.40 cu.m.
As per coder, what is the standard size of truck?
– 3.60 m X 12 m
It is used to attach aluminum gutter to roof. – Rivets
© Da Vinci Ƨ019
Under the present practice in the country, which of the
following is no an Architectural Design consideration for a
project? – Drainage canal slope & direction (from
choices: Compliance with prevailing laws, Maximum flood
level, and Solar, wind, noise, odor, and view orientation)
The ideal distance of dining table to the interior wall
finish. – 900 mm
What is the size of a Twin bed?
– 39” X 75” / 1.0 m X 1.9 m (NBC / Max Fajardo)
Comparing the standards in BP 344, PD 1096, and RA
9514, what is the minimum required width of a door?
– 0.80 m (from choices: 0.71, 0.90, and 1.00)
What is the size of a Queen Bed?
– 60” X 82” / 1.5 m X 2.1 m (Graphic Standards)
What is the size of a Dining Chair?
– 0.45 m X 0.45 m (min. Max Fajardo)
As per BP 344, push buttons and switches must be at
what distance from the finish floor so that it can be
reached by person seated on a wheelchair?
– 0.90 m X 1.20 m
Based on RA 9514, which among the following is not a fire
protection device? – Fire exit door (from choices: Fire
sprinkler, Smoke detector, and Alarm bell)
The maximum reaching height for male.
– 1.9 m – 2.0 m (1.9, Max Fajardo) or 1-1/5h
The maximum reaching height for female.
– 1.7 m – 1.8 m (Max Fajardo) or 1-1/5h
As per PD 1096, which of the following does not form
part of the footprint of the projects? – Basement level
What is the maximum depth of counter?
– 600 mm / 0.6 m (Max Fajardo)
As per PD 1096, stairways serving an occupant load of
10 or less must have a clear width of. – 750 mm / 0.75 m
The appropriate height of a kitchen counter.
– 800 mm – 850 mm / 0.8 m – 0.85 m (Max Fajardo)
(900 mm, Graphics Standard)
What should be the ideal height of shower enclosure?
– 1.50 m (Ar. Rino)
What is the minimum corridor width? – 1.10 m (NBC)
Construction of jails shall be organized by.
– BJMP (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology)
There will be a construction along easement in Metro
Manila, it should be approved by whom? – Metropolitan
Manila Development Authority (MMDA) (Outside Metro
Manila shall be approved by DPWH)
If a truck will be docked in a sheltered area, what is the
minimum clear width ceiling height recommended?
– 4.20 m (no specific law, from actual practice)
As per PD 1096, what are the max riser and min tread
dimensions (in meters) of a stairway? – 0.20 m & 0.25 m
As per PD 1096, what shall be the maximum height of a
spire? – 6.00 m
What is the (sitting) height of a dining chair? – 400 mm –
450 mm / 0.4 m – 0.45 m (450 mm, Max Fajardo)
As per BP 344, what should be the minimum width (in
meters) of a disabled parking slot? – 3.70 m
215
As per BP 344, what shall be the minimum clear width (in
meters) of the disabled water closet stall? – – 0.75 m (740 mm, Max Fajardo)
1.7 m (if lateral: 1.5 m)
What is the maximum number of elderly persons who can
walk side by side on a 1.8 m wide sidewalk? – 2
As per BP 344, what shall be the minimum clear depth (in
meters) of the watercloset stall for disabled? – 1.8 m
As per RA 9514, what is the maximum door width in a
building? – 1220 mm / 1.22 m
Assuming that the government building project will be
located in a heavily forested site, what type of roof
structure should be introduced? – Steep Gable Roof
(for hilltop location, windbreakers and sun breakers)
What is the minimum exit door in a building? – 2
As per RA 9514, what is the maximum dead end?
– 6.0 m
As per BP 344, what is the maximum length of ramps?
– 6.0 m
As per BP 344, what is the grab height for disabled?
– 900 mm / 0.9 m (BP 344, 0.7 m – 0.9 m)
For low-storey residential project, where would you
recommend to locate the service areas? – South
For low-storey residential project, where are the best ites
to plants large trees that will serve as “habagat” wind
buffers? – West, southwest, & south perimeters
Given the project site orientation for a low-storey
residential project, from what direction shall the “amihan”
come from? – Northeast
Assuming you are designing a low-storey residential
project, where would you recommend to locate most of the
bedrooms? – North side
In terms of material production, this is considered to have
the lowest carbon footprint. – Hand-cut natural stone
(from choices: Baked clay, high-pressure laminated
flooring, and ceramic tiles)
As per PD 1096, what is the minimum parking slot size for
standard trucks – 3.6 m X 12 m
As per PD 1096, what is the minimum parking slot size for
articulated trucks – 3.6 m X 18 m
What minimum width is recommended for two-way service
road trucks? – 24 ft
What minimum width is recommended for one-way service
road trucks? – 12 ft
What is the minimum height of marquee from the sidewalk
to bottom of the marquee / canopies? – 3.0 m
If you utilize an off-site parking for your project, what
should be the maximum distance of the off-site parking
from your building? – 200 m
As per PD 1096, which is part of the GFA of a building?
– Lobby (from choices: ACCU balcony, covered parking,
and roof deck)
As per PD 1096, what is the minimum width of courts that
can be connected to a street or yard and can be used as
passageway? – 1.2 m
As per PD 1096, what is the minimum toilet dimension?
– 0.9 mx 1.35 m (at least 1.20 sq.m.)
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What is the ideal height of a conference table?
As per PD 1096, which is no part of the GFA of a
building? – Cooling Tower (if introduced) (from choices:
Elevator lobby, corridor, and balcony)
If the ground floor FFL is 500 mm above the sidewalk
level, how long is the ramp to be provided? – 6.0 m
Which of the following does not precede the architectural
design activity of any project?
– Technical Specifications (from choices: Architectural
plans, architectural program, and space plan)
Windows having a 100% opening and used for
evacuations. – Casement
The applicable ratio of lamp to be used by PWDs. – 1:12
As per BP 344, what is the desired travel distance from
entry to elevator for PWDs? – 30 m
As per PD, 1096, what is the maximum door leaf width?
– 1.20 m (RA 9514, 1.22 m)
As per PD 1096, what is the ideal height of railing.
– 1.00 m min.
The minimum width of a bathroom door. – 0.6 m X 2.1 m
The minimum width of an entrance door. – 0.8 m
Not less than how many meters is the clear distance
between signboards erected on one building? – 4.0 m
Group A dwelling shall occupy not more than ___ for
inside lot? – 80%
Type of window canopy / shade that can be
disassembled. – Awning
What do you call the plan that in actual you see above
but in plans you look downward?
– Reflected Ceiling Plan (RCP)
How many people can sit around a round dining table
with a diameter of 1500 mm?
– 7-8 people (Graphic Standards, 5ft – 6 ft)
Formula: O or Round Table
= (seat width (m) or 0.60 m x # of people) / 3.1416 or pi
How much clearance should be provided in front of
cabinets or drawers in the bedroom, to ensure that they
can be used comfortably despite the swing-out doors or
drawers?
– 900 mm (based on using dresser, Max Fajardo)
How high clearance should be provided from the edge of
the dining table if passage only is required? – (no seating)
– 600 mm (based on round table, Max Fajardo)
How high should the highest shelf in the lavatory medicine
cabinet be? – Maximum of 1800 mm (Graphics Standard:
1700, Female and 1760, Male)
For flood prone areas, what should be done? – Platform
This is not considered an equipment item.
– Soap Dispenser (Furnishing) (from choices: Exhaust
fan, Wall or ceiling fan and dome type CCTV camera)
This is not considered a furniture item. – Wall-mounted
TV (appliance) (from choices: Sofa, coffee table, and
dresser)
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Curtains and draperies are examples of ___. –
Furnishings (from choices: Furniture, Fixtures, and
Fittings)
Maximum height of a Phone Booth. – 1.10 m
As per PD 1096, what is not a principal use for a G.I.
zoning? – Dance School (from choices: Children’s
hospital, orphanage, and kindergarten)
The owner requested that the architect find excellent
locally-produced furniture for the house. How tall should
the coffee table in the living room be? – At least 6” lower
than the sofa set.
What is the camber of a 4.0 m span beam? – 10 mm
For a 6.0 m clear span beam, what will be its camber?
– 16 mm
Formula for camber: L / 360 (Deflection Limit)
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded
with live load only. (NSCP 107.2.2) – L / 360
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded
with dead load and live load only. – L / 240
What is the minimum thickness of the reinforced concrete
slab if it will be used for a residential project? – 100 mm
What is the biggest rebar to be used in the reinforced
concrete slab? – 12 mm
As per DPWH, Soil boring test is a requirement for
structures with five (5) stories and above. What should be
its required depth? – 1.50 m
This structural member resists lateral force and gravity.
– Brace
For a Reinforced Concrete beam, how many bottom bars
is at the midspan section of a beam? – 2
For a Reinforced Concrete beam, what is the minimum
spacing of ties? – 100 mm
For a Reinforced Concrete beam, what is the regular
spacing of stirrups? – 150 mm
As per NSCP, what is the minimum clear spacing between
bottom bars that should be considered in the placement of
rebars? – 25 mm
For a Reinforced Concrete beam, if it’s located inside a
building, what will be the required concrete cover on both
sides based on NSCP? – 40 mm
For a Reinforced Concrete beam, of the stirrups is 10 mm,
what will it be its minimum bend requirement based from
NSCP? – 60 mm
What is the type of beam that is fixed at one end?
– Cantilever
In a structural steel section joints, which of the following is
not recommended to be use?
Oxyacetylene Welding (for cutting)
In a tropical country where air flows slowly, what will you
use to improve the ventilation of the building for
economical purposes? – Ceiling Fan
What is the classification if the scenic area needs to be
protected? – Perceptually and culturally
What is the minimum habitable area and least minimum
dimension? – 6.0 sq.m. and 2.00 m
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Identify this figure. – Flemish Bond
_____|__|______|__|_____
___|______|__|______|__|
_____|__|______|__|_____
___|______|__|______|__|
Identify this figure. – Foldable Partition / Folding Door
=====\/\/
Identify this figure. – Bifold door / Accordion door
\/\/
What is the minimum door width of a bedroom?
– 900 mm
As per RA 9514, what is the minimum width of the means
of egress? – 915 mm
What is the most dangerous type of building in case of
earthquake situation? – U-Shape building (more
chances of friction)
What is the best type of footing for soft soil bearing? –
Matt Footing
What paint is to be used if the owner wanted to help
clean the air around the building? – Knoxout
As per RA 9514, what is the minimum travel distance of
to exits for individual rooms with maximum occupant load
of 6? – 15 m
As per PD 1096, what is the height of handrails above
the nosing of treads? – 800 mm – 900 mm above the
nosing of treads
As per RA 9514, what is a normally open device installed
inside an air duct system which automatically closes to
restrict the passage of smoke or fire. – Damper
As per RA 9514, how far is a smoke detector for
actuation of automatic-closing vestibule door?
– within 3 m from vestibule door
As per RA 9514, what is the number of passenger
elevator for residential buildings 5 storeys or higher?
– At least One (1) passenger elevator on 24-hour
constant operation
As per PD 1096, what is the minimum hoist way pit from
underside of car to bottom of pit? – 600 mm min.
As per PD 1096, what is the maximum elevators in a
single hoist way? – Four (4) elevators
As per PD 1096, what is the maximum inclination of
escalators? - 30 ° from horizontal
As per PD 1096, what is the width between balustrades
for escalators? 560mm-1200mm. Shall not exceed the
width of the step by more than 330mm
– As per PD 1096, what is the speed of an escalator?
- 38 meters per minute maximum (common rule is 90-
120 fpm/27.5-36.5mpm)
What is the kitchen work triangle? – Refrigerator, sink
and cooking surface / Range
What is the height of window sill from the ground?
– 0.90 m
What is the height of the mirror from the floor inside a
bathroom? – 1.20 m
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What is the best finish that will fit on the left side
elevation of the building if its frontage oriented to the
east? – CHB walls with air gaps
Not considered as a passive design concept.
– Integrated Building Management
The steeper the slope the faster the temperature will drop
at night, where I this applicable? – Land
What passive design concept would you apply if you
want to admit daylight into the room if the kitchen of a
house is oriented towards the east? – Provide a window
This building uses an active concept as sun shading
devices. – Milwaukee Art Museum Pavilion
This is a passive form of roofing concept in a tropically
designed building. – Yellow G.I. Sheets
A measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such
as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or
ceiling, resists the conductive flow of heat. – R-Value
What will happen if a material has a short to release and
propagate heat?
– It will absorb and release heat quickly.
Your roofing connections must ideally withstand what
amount of wind velocity? – 212 kph
If you have an altitude of 77 degrees, how long will be
the ledge that’s going to be your sun shading device at
the south west windows of your building? Considering
you’ll need a 2400 high opening. – 0.55 meters
Formula: 2400 / tan77 = 554 / 0.55 meters
This month would require you to have longer ledge
projections as sun shading devices at the south elevation
of your building. – December
Considered a building in the center of Makati CBD, this is
considered as the most sustainable. – Use Low-E Glass
Ideally requires to most daylighting. – Kitchen
What daylight device is more sustainable? – Window
(from choices: skylight, solatube, and PET light pipes)
Instrument used to measure relative humidity.
– Hygrometer
Serves as climatic mesh that filters the outside
environment to create a proper and hopefully a
comfortable indoor environment. – Building Envelope
Any cool mass that is available for the absorption of
excess heat, including water bodies, the ground and
massive building materials. – Heat Sink
Is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by
the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.
– Sunlight
What is the wind behavior if it is coming from the leeward
side of a hill? – Low pressure
Which convention center garnered the first platinum
LEED accreditation?
– David L. Lawrence Convention Center
What is the Mind Museum’s LEED accreditation level?
– Gold
Who is the architect of the Mind Museum in BGC?
– Ed. Calma
How many stars did BERDE awarded to the Henry Sy Sr.
Hall? – 2 Stars
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Wind speed increases rapidly as the percentage opening
area in walls increases from 0 to ___%. – 20%
A building on Royal Victoria Dock in east London that
contains a permanent exhibition about sustainable
development. – The Crystal
Who is the architect of The Crystal by Siemens?
– Perkins + Will
Who is the current chairman of the Philippine Green
Building Council? – Ramon Rufino
Which city in the Philippines is awarded with the APEC
Low Carbon Model Town? – Mandaue City
Which of the following has the less heat gain?
– Air Gap between 2-100 mm CHB
This landscape / landform cannot be found in the
Philippines. – Tundra
Which of the following is not a tropical climate feature in
a bahay na bato? – Azotea (from choices: Galeria,
volada and alero)
What window type will allow wind into the building the
most? – Casement (from choices: awning, hopper and
sliding)
Which is not an active type of concept for tropical
design? – Vertical landscapes (from choices: IBM, PV
cells, and dynamic louvers)
Which is the least sustainable design option?
– Bermuda grass on roof (Green Roof) (from choices:
Low-E Glass, PV cells, and spectrally selective coatings
on glass
Is the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were
cooled to saturation (100% relative humidity) by the
evaporation of water into it, with the latent heat being
supplied by the parcel. – Wet-Bulb
Is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer
freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and
moisture. – Dry-Bulb
This design variable refers to the size, position, and
orientation of windows; window glass materials; external
and internal shading devices. – Fenestration
The tendency of air or gas in a shaft o other vertical
space to rise when heated, creating a draft that draws in
cooler air or gas from below. – Chimney / Stack effect
How much energy will be used in Asia by 2030? – 56%
What does BERDE means? – Building for Ecologically
Responsive Design Excellence
How much natural gas does the Philippines consumed
this year, which is often used for heating, cooking, and
electricity generation? – 102.41 billion cubic feet. (last
year was 99.09 billion cubic feet.)
What kind of survey does NSO and DOE holds for
residential energy consumption? – Household Energy
Consumption Survey (HECS)
According to NECS, how many households used
electricity from reference period March to August 2011?
– 18 million household or 87.2% of the 21 million
participating households.
The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general
or over a long period. – Climate
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Bahay Kubo Climate solutions:
Feature Climate phenomenon
Pitched roof Rainy season
Larger openings Admit wind
Awnings to have Daylight and natural ventilation
a media agua
A climate always relates to a particular location although,
on a global level. – Macroclimate
The specific climate of a region of conurbation, a valley,
or other succinct geographic entity. – Mesoclimate
This refers to the climate of a specific local are such as a
building complex. – Microclimate
This is also referred to as solar radiation. – Sunlight
Annual, monthly, and diurnal maximum and minimum
temperature. – Air Temperature
The direction, frequency and force of the wind throughout
the year. – Wind
It is characterized by relatively high temperature, high
humidity and abundant rainfall. Warm temperatures
throughout the year and a significant amount of
precipitation. – Tropical Climate
What is the hottest month in Manila with an average
temperature of 30°C (85°F) – May
What is the coldest month in Manila with an average
temperature of 26°C (78°F) – January
What is the month with the most daily sunshine hours at
9 in Manila? – April
What is the wettest month in Manila with an average of
140 mm of rain? – August
This refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere.
– Humidity
Note: The average monthly relative humidity that varies
between 71% in March and 85% in September.
It is the most important climatic element in the Philippines
as it plays a vital role in the agriculture industry.
– Rainfall
What is the season from June to November in the
Philippines? – Rainy Season
What is the from December to May in the Philippines?
– Dry Season
When is the cool dry season during Dry season?
– December to February
When is the hot dry season during Dry season?
– March to May
When does Christmas in the Philippines falls under?
– Cool Dry Season
When does Laboracay in the Philippines falls under?
– Hot Dry Season
Affects eastern portions of the country during October to
March having a cold, dry air mass and is characterized
by widespread cloudiness with rains and showers.
– Southeast Monsoon / Amihan
A very warm moist and humid air that affects the country
during July to September and is characterized by heavy
rainfall. – Northwest Monsoon / Habagat
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Was one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded
which devastated Philippines last November 08, 2013
killing at least 6,300 people and is the strongest storm
recorded at landfall. – Typhoon Haiyan / Yolanda
The deadliest overall tropical typhoon to impact the
Philippines with an estimated killing up to 20,000 people
recorded September 1861. – Typhoon Haiphong
What does PAGASA means? – Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA)
A warning from PAGASA which means Evacuation due
to more than 30 mm rain observed in 1 hour and
expected to continue in the next 2 hours considered as
torrential rain. – Red Warning
A warning from PAGASA which means Alert due to 15-
30 mm rain observed in 1 hour and expected to continue
in the next 2 hours considered as intense rain.
– Orange Warning
A warning from PAGASA which means Monitor due to
7.5-15 mm rain observed in 1 hour and expected to
continue in the next 2 hours considered as heavy rain.
– Yellow Warning
Most common negative effect of a tropical climate.
– Heat Gain due to direct Solar Radiation
Low-energy design that uses a building’s morphology
and construction to maintain a comfortable temperature
within the building. – Passive Design / Systems
What are the 8 passive systems by Ken Yeang?
✓ Building Configuration
✓ Built from Orientation
✓ Façade Design
✓ Solar Control Devices
✓ Daylight Concepts
✓ Design by Color of Building Envelope
✓ Design by Vertical Landscaping
✓ Use of Wind and Natural Ventilation
Systems achieved through electro-mechanical means.
– Active Design / Systems
Shows the typical distribution of wind speed, direction
and frequency for a particular location. – Wind Rose
Facing sides of a building that are regarded as the “hot
sides” because it receives the most amount of heat
during the day. – East and West
This method uses two panels of glass installed parallel to
each other with an air space in between.
– Double Glazed Façade
A system of building consisting of two skins, or facades,
placed in such a way that air flows in the intermediate
cavity. – Double-skin façade
He first explored the concept of double skin façade with
the idea called “mur neutralisant” (neutralizing wall)
which involved the insertion of heating / cooling pipes
between large layers of glass. – Le Corbusier
St. Mary Axe by Lord Norman Foster used this double
skin façade where the cavity between the two façade
layers are ventilated creating a stack effect.
– Ventilated Double Façade (VDF)
Can be used externally o internally and can be controlled
manually or power assisted and may be automated to
respond to changing conditions such as current radiation
levels and day-lighting or thermal requirement.
– Dynamic Louvers
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A pavilion-like construction made of white steel-and-
concrete reminiscent of a ship that has a kinetic structure
of a bris-soleil with louvers that open and close like the
wings of a great bird designed by Santigao Calatrava
from Eero Saarinen’s original war memorial design.
– Milwaukee Art Museum Pavilion
A glass provided with special coatings that reduce heat
transfer made out of thin, almost invisible metal oxide or
semiconductors film that costs about 10% to 15% more
but reduce heat gain by 30% to 50%
- Low-e Glazing (Low-Emissivity Glass)
This is the first building in the Philippines with LEED
Platinum Certification known for using low-emissivity
glass where it allows 90% of the interior office space to
have natural light. – Zuellig Building, Makati
Filters out 40% to 70% of the heat normally transmitted
through clear glass, while allowing the full amount of light
to be transmitted and can reduce the space cooling
requirements by more than 40%.
– Spectrally Selective Coating
Glass or glazing whose light transmission properties are
altered when voltage, light or heat is applied changing
from translucent to transparent. – Smart Glass
Glass change color properties when sunlight (photon)
hits the surface of the glass. – Photochromic Glass
Glass changes its color when the surface reaches the
prescribed temperature. – Thermochromic Glass
Glass that is regulated by DC power applied to the
electrochromic layer sandwiched between two panes of
glass. – Electrochromic Glass
Using a laser to score a panel of acrylic so that light
would be angled further into the room and changes direct
sunlight into more acceptable diffused light to the deeper
interior space. – Holographic Optical Elements (HOE)
Layers of sophisticated metal oxides, which are super-
sensitive to light. This flow of electrons produces electric
currents. – Photovoltaic
Designed to look like and integrate with conventional
asphalt roof shingles. Also double as functional,
protective and weatherproof roof shingles in their own
right. – Solar Shingles (photovoltaic cells)
A material providing high resistance to heat flow.
– Thermal Insulation
The amount of heat a building section or material is able
to transmit in a given period of time. – U-Value
(watts/sq.m. °C (metric) and Btu/hr-sq.ft °F)
The ability to store heat. – Heat Storage Value (HSV)
The time it takes the material to release or propagate the
heat. – Time Lag
An important factor in the level of energy efficiency that a
building wants to achieve. – Sun Control
Which building face will specifically hit by afternoon sun?
– West facing
Full height glazing is best applied at what building face?
– North Facing
Horizontal Sun Shades are best applied at what building
face? – North and South Facing
Vertical fins are beast applied at what building face?
– East and West facing sides (sun will hit these sides
at low altitude and mostly from an oblique azimuth)
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Façade openings need to be protected by both horizontal
and vertical shades during this phenomenon.
– Facades of a building do not run along the North-
South or East-West
A combined horizontal and vertical shade.
– Egg-Create Sunshade (Bris-soleil)
If the interior spaces cannot be protected 100% from
direct solar radiation, what special façade should you
use? – Doubled layered facades, low-e glazing etc.
These interior blinds will not reduce solar heat gain
because it stops the heat only when it is already inside
the space and eventually move past the blinds by
convection or radiation. – Venetian blinds
A graphic depiction of the path of the sun within the sky
vault projected onto a horizontal plane.
– Solar Path Diagram
An angular measurement in a spherical coordinate
system. – Azimuth
The angular elevation of a celestial body above the
horizon. – Altitude
Either of the two time during the year when the sun
crosses the plane of the celestial equator and when the
length of day and night are everywhere approximately
equal; occurring about March 21 (vernat equinox or
spring equinox) and September 21 (autumnal equinox).
– Equinox
The time of the year, on or about June 21, when the sun
reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere
making the beginning of summer in the northern
hemisphere. – Summer Solstice
The time of the year, on or about December 21 when the
sun reaches its southernmost point on the celestial
sphere, marking the beginning of winter in the northern
hemisphere. – Winter Solstice
Refers to the apparent significant seasonal-and-hourly
positional changes of the sun (and length of the daylight)
as the Earth rotates, and orbits around the sun.
– Sun Path
A precisely-movable light source was used to show the
angle of the sun on a physical model of a proposed
building. – Heliodon
The practice of placing windows or other openings and
reflective surfaces so that during the day natural light
provides affective internal lighting. – Day-lighting
A numerical ratio uses to describe the relationship
between indoor and outdoor daylight illuminance
(typically under overcast sky conditions
– Daylight Factor (DF)
The process of grouping various spaces in a building with
similar luminous requirements into a daylight zone,
thereby enabling design and control cost savings.
– Daylight Zoning
The wall where the window / opening is located.
– Aperture Wall
Uses apertures located at the roof plans as the point of
admission for ambient daylight. – Top-lighting
Integrated double glazing transparent for roofs that
creates bright internal spaces and cool temperature
conditions even during summer conditions. – Skylight
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This building is famous for using a skylight designed by Give more local shelter but also cause strong down
SOM and WV Coscolluela & Associates having 4-floor draughts and give higher wind speeds at low level than
high-ceiling. – Yuchengco Tower (RCBC Plaza) areas behind permeable ones. – Solid wind

Used for areas in buildings unable to receive adequate
natural illumination such as basements and deep-section
interior space. – Vertical Light Pipe
This is a famous vertical light tube by the Philippines
GeoGreen Inc. – Solatube
Captures daylight using giant mirrors outside the buiding
envelope and reflects it into the interior spaces.
– Sun Scoops
Operates similar to control of lens diaphragm in the
camera lenses, fitted with sensors that detecs daylight
and adjust the shutters accordingly to maintain a
comfortable level of illumination inside the building.
– Dynamic Shutters
Operates on the similar principles of vertical light-pipes
but applied mainly for deep plan of spaces such as office
buildings. – Horizontal Light Pipe
Process of supplying and removing air through an indoor
space by natural means, meaning without the use of a
fan or other mechanical system. – Natural Ventilation
The application of vegetation within and around the
façade of buildings particularly those within dense urban
areas. – Vertical Landscaping
Tend to be “soil-on-a-shell” or “soil-in-a-bag” type
systems. – Loose Media
Tend to be either coir fibre or felt mats.
– Mat type systems
Keep the ground partially shaded and cooler.
– Trees and grass
Restrict air movement at ground level, and will deflect the
wind away from openings. – Low bushes
An ability to carry forward, support, or maintain a practice
or situation for a prolonged period of time, approaching
perpetuity. – Sustainability
This certificate is a manifestation of how one can design
am environmental-friendly building issued by DENR.
– Environmental Compliance Certificate (EIC)
Established by former President Benigno Aquino III last
June 2015 as a referral code for PD 1096 completed by
DPWH. – Philippine Green Building Code (PHILGBC)
This building was Gold LEED Certified last 2016 starting
as a LEED BD+C: Core and Shell v3 last 2009.
– Tera Tower, Ortigas by Robinsons Offices
PHILGBC created this as an appropriate response to the
Philippine building industry’s need to proactively address
the negative impacts of climate change in the property
sector. – BERDE
What document do you need to prepare to receive an
ECC? – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
What document will DENR give you if you do not comply
the ECC? – Certificate of Non-Compliance (CNC)

Utilizes an egg crate pattern.

– Semi-open call polyurethane sheet media

Growth medium “blocks” that are not loose, nor mats, but
which incorporate the best features of both into block that
can be manufactured into various sizes, shapes and
thicknesses. – Structural Media

Large windmills used to generate electric turbines.

– Wind Farms

First wind farm project in the Philippines that generates

42 megawatts of generation capacity but will eventually
be able to generate up to 120 megawatts of electricity.
– North Luzon Wind Project

The side of the obstacles where the wind “strikes”.

– Windward side

The opposite side of the windward side. – Leeward side

Hot air or gas tends to rise within a vertical space.

– Stack effect or Chimney effect

The movement of air from a positive pressure area

towards a negative pressure area. – Cross Ventilation

As wind passes to this, positive or high pressure is

created on the windward side while negative or low
pressure or “suction” is created on the leeward side,
thus, making it unpredictable. – Hills

As wind passes to this, deflects strong winds down to

lower level. – Buildings

As wind passes to this, permeable wind breaks do not

give to much shelter immediately behind them but slow
down wind for some distance. – Open field / Grass field

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 But thanks be to God!
He gives us the victory through our Lord
Jesus Christ.
+1 Corinthians 15:57

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