Sundamentals of Mathematics

S7.
Concept/
Formula Head LOGARITHM
No.
Thelogarithm base number Concept /Formula
to which the of the Nto the
a ' must be base 'a' is
Logarithm of a designated as log,aN. raised to obtainthetheexponent
1. Number logaN
If a= 10,
X
¢a N,a > 0, a 1& N> 0 indicating the
number N This poweris
number
then we write log b
If a = e. we rather than log 1o b
write In b rather than
numerical value equal to
log, b. Here' e is
The existence and 2.7182. called as Napigrs
Domain of
help of set of uniqueness
of the number loga base has
The base of theconditions,
Detinition
a > 0& a 1& N Ncan be
unity will not havelogarithm
a
a' >0
must not equal unity determined with the
f(x) =logaX is logarithm and any number will beotherwise
called logarithmic numbersof not eual to
can be as
follows: function where a >0andthe alogarithm
1and unity
*>0 Its arach
Graph of
3
Logarithmic
Function 1,0)
o(1.0)
Case- |
For a>1 Case- |I|
4 Fundamental For 0 <a<1
Logarithmic a9aN =N, a>0,
Identity a #1
&N>0
Let M&N are
(0)
arbitrary
real numbers, then : positive numbers,
a a > 0,
loga (M.N) =loga M+
loga N;
1,b>0, b 1and a, ß
are any
The Principal In general
loga (X1
loga (M/N) =lo9a MX2....*n)=
5. (ü)
Properties of - logaX1 + loga X2+
Logarithm (ii) loga Ma = a. loga
loga M
N + loga Xn
(iv) log, M=;B log,M
1

(v) logh M=log, M

log.b (base changing theorem)
6.
Logarithmic
Equation
The equality loga X=
lo9a y is possible if
i.e. lo9a X =
loga Y X=y
and only if X= y
Always
Let 'a' ischeck
a real validity of given
() number
It
equation, (x >0, y
such that > 0, a >0, a =1)
7. Logarithmic (i) If
a>1, then logaX >loga y
Inequality (ii) If
a>1,then logaX < u
a>1, then logaX >u
X> y
(iv) If 0<X<
(v) If 0<a<1, then > logay
0<a <1,thn logax
log, x <u