Aecc English

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AECC ENGLISH SEMESTER 1
English Communication (University of Delhi)
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lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TERFACE
A TEXTBOOK FOR AECC
ENGLISH COMMUNICATION .
Breez Mohan Hazarika

Dr. Kironmoy Chetia
Pranami Bania

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INTERFACE
A Text Book on AECC English Communication

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INTERFACE
A Text Book on AECC English Communication
for BA/B.Com/B.Sc. (Honours) students
by
BREEZ MOHAN HAZARIKA
PRANAMI BANIA
DR. KIRONMOY CHETIA
Consulting Editor
SHIKHA KoTHIY AL
WORLDVIEW

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WORLDVIEW PUBLICATIONS
Delhi: 58 UB BUNGALOW ROAD, JAWAHAR NACAR, DELHI-110007, INDIA
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without written
permission from the publisher.
ISBN: 978-93-82267-25-6
Text© Authors, 2019

Style, Composition, Images, Compilation© Worldview Publications, 2019
Composed by Illuminati for Worldview Publications, Delhi-110007

Published by Sachin Rastogi for Book Land Publishing Co., Delhi-110007 and
Printed at D.K. Fine Art Press (P) Ltd., Delhi-110052

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SYLLABUS
Unit I
COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES
Theory of Communication: Types and Modes of Communication

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication (Spoken and Written)
Personal, Social and Business
Barriers and Strategies
Intra-personal, Interpersonal and Group Communication
Unit II
SPEAKING SKILLS
Monologue
Dialogue
Group Discussion
Effective Communication / Mis-Communication
Interview
Public Speech
Unit Ill
READING AND UNDERSTANDING
Close Reading
Comprehension
Summary
Paraphrasing

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-- VI I INTERFACE
Analysis and Interpretation
Translation
Unit IV
WRITING SKILLS
Documenting
Report Writing
Making Notes
Letter Writing

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CONTENTS
Preface X
Acknowledgements Xll
UNIT I
COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES
l>JTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
Elements of Communication Process 3

The Communication Cycle 4
Theories and Models of Communication 5
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 8
Verbal Communication 8
Non-Verbal Communication 11
Formal and Informal Communication 17
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Group Communication 18
MISCOMMUNICATION AND BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION 18
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 22
7C' s of Communication 23
UNIT II
SPEAKING SKILLS
MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE 29

Types of Monologue 29
Tips for Developing Dialogue or Conversational Skills 32
Difference Between Monologue and Dialogue 33

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VIII I INTERFACE
GROUP DISCUSSION
37
Importance of Group Discussions
37
Conducting a Group Discussion
38
Preparing for a Group Discussion
39
Mock Group Discussion
41
INTERVIEW
45
Objective
45
Types of Interviews
46
Techniques of Facing an Interview
48
Mock Interview
50
PUBLIC SPEECH
52
Importance of Public Speaking
52
Types of Public Speeches
53
Techniques of Improving Public Speaking
56
UNIT Ill
READING AND UNDERSTANDING
CLOSE READING AND COMPREHENSION

61
Steps in Close Reading
61
Comprehension
62
SUMMARY
67
Importance of Summary
67
How to Write a Summary
68
p ARAPHRASING
73
Difference Between a Paraphrase and Summary 73
How to Write an Effective Paraphrase 75
Techniques of Paraphrasing
75
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
80
Steps in Analysing a Text
80
Tips for Interpreting a Text
81

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CONTENTS I IX
TR.-\\SLATION 85
Types of Translation 86
Importance of Translation 86
Essential Qualities of a Translator 86
Transcreation and Transliteration 87
Examples of Translation 87
UNIT IV
WRITING SKILLS
DOCUMENTING 101
Purpose of Documentation 101
Types of Documentation 101
Requirements of an Effective Documentation 102
REPORT WRITING 110
Qualities of a Good Report 111
Types of Report 111
:--JOTE MAKING 117
Difference Between Note Making and Note Taking 117
Purpose of Note Making 118
Characteristics of a Good Note 118
LETTER WRITING 126
Writing Effective Letters 126
Types of Letters 127
Personal Letters 127
Business Letters 130
Official Letters 133
Letters to the Editor 136
Job Application Letters 139
Bibliography 147

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PREFACE
Today we live in a technology driven world, where every moment of our life
is in the communicative mode. When our vocal cords are in a state of inertia,
we either send text messages or use social media platforms. This means
communication has becon1e an integral part of our life. But in the want of
good communicative skills, we may not understand others and be understood
by them. With the transition from an industrial economy to a service driven
one, the importance of effective communication has never been felt so much
than what it is now. Even success in the professional field is not measured by
the amount of knowledge we possess but by our ability to communicate the
knowledge into positive outcomes.
As communication has become the defining element of our existence,
acquiring effective communication skills is the call of the hour. As teachers of
a globally significant language, we have always felt the necessity of developing
the English communication skills of our students. With the implementation
of the Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) curriculum in our universities,
where more thrust is laid on enhancing the abilities of the young generation
that the seeds of writing a book on English communication skills actually
germinated.
Inte1face, a comprehensive text book based on the syllabus of Ability
Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC) English Communication course
for B.A./B.Com./B.Sc.(Honours) students, is a humble effort on our part to
hone the communicative skills of the young minds. The work is by no stretch
of imagination an exhaustive one. We have restricted ourselves to dwell only
on the basics concepts of communication. Attempt has been made to maintain
an appropriate balance between theory and practice. Illustrations, pictures,
activities, diagrams etc., which form an integral part of the work, will keep
students engaged in a participatory role. We have employed a lively
conversational style to make the contents interesting and illuminating. Our

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PREFACE I XI
task was made easier by the resources available on the subject. We owe our
humble gratitude to each and every source that we heavily relied on in
scripting the work.
Our efforts are to meet the needs of students, particularly those coming
fron1 vernacular mediums. We earnestly solicit all types of constructive
suggestions and criticism so that we can address our shortcomings in
subsequent editions.
We will feel rewarded if teachers and students find this book useful in
the teaching-learning process.
We are grateful to Sachin Rastogi, the publisher and his support team of
Vatsala Singh and Anjali Thakur for making the book see the light of the day.
Breez Mohan Hazarika

Dr. Kironmoy Chetia
Pranami Bania
Jorhat
th
3 of July, 2019.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The publisher wishes to thank following for the use of images:
1. Cartoon strip on Intrapersonal communcation on page 9 by Brian Crane.

2. Cartoon on inflections on page 16, http:/ effcommskill.blogspot.com/
2015 / 09 /barriers-of-communication.ht ml
3. Sign Language on page 17 from, https:/ / previews.123rf.com/images/
rommmeo79/rommmeo791808/rommmeo79180800029/106517256-vector-
language-of-deaf-mutes-hand-american-sign-language-asl-alphabet-
art.jpg)
4. Do's and Don'ts in an Interview on page 51 by Retail Comics.
5. Public speaking cartoon on page 52 by Cartoon stock.
6. Line art on Paraphrasing by Shutterstock on page 73.
The copyright owners are acknowledged, but if any have been inadvertently
overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make necessary arrangement at
the first opportunity.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from

one person to another.
-- Keith Davis
Con1munication is the process of exchange of inforn1ation, ideas and emotions

with the help of words, letters, symbols and messages which bring about
common understanding and response. The term 'communication' is derived
irom the Latin word 'communicare' which means to impart, to participate, to
share or to make com1non.
Elements of the Communication Process
Communication is a continuous process which has the following elements:
1. Sender: The person who wishes to send the information or idea to others
is known as the sender or communicator or speaker.
2. Receiver: The person who receives the information or for whom the
information is meant is called the receiver or addressee.
3. Message: The subject matter of communication (information, ideas,
instructions, orders, suggestions, etc.) which is meant to be transmitted
to the receiver forms the message.
4. Communication symbols: The sender organizes his/her ideas into suitable
symbols like letters, words, sounds, gestures,etc and uses them to
communicate his/her message.
5. Communication channels: The modes (mail service, telecommunication
system, etc.) which help the sender to transmit the intended message an .
the receiver to receive the idea are known as the communication channels.
6. Feedback: The response or return message from the receiver to the sender
after receiving and understanding the message is known as the feedback.

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41 INTERFACE
The Communication Cycle
The communication cycle consists of interconnected stages which are as

follows:
1. Generation of an idea: The communication cycle begins when an idea.

thought, feeling or a piece of information comes to the mind of the sendff
and he/ she wishes to transmit it to someone else.
2. Encoding: It is the process of putting the generated idea into suitable
symbols or signs so that the idea is represented for the purpose of
transmission.
3. Message: The idea encoded by the communicator in suitable signs and
symbols forms the subject matter of communication which is called the
message.
4. Channel and Media: The message thus formed is sent to the receiYer
through suitable channel and media.
5. Decoding: It is the process of interpreting the meaning of the message
by the receiver or listener. It means interpretation and understanding of
what has been said in the message.
Encoding
Feedback
THE COMMUNICATION CYCLE
Importance of Communication
Communication is an essential process that underlies all our everyday

interactions. The importance of communication lies in the fact that through it

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COMMUNICATION:THEORY AND TYPES I 5
~a,·ior is modified, change is effected, information is made more productive

.r...:i goals are achieved. Com1nunication binds people together. It improves
the morale of employees in an organization. It helps in proper planning of
e'\·ents and responsibilities and proper co-ordination among en1ployees. It
iorms the basis for any kind of decision making. It also builds mutual trust
.r1d confidence.
Theories and Models of Communication
Communication has been studied by many linguists, sociologists, psychologists

a..":d many theories have evolved. A model or theory can be applied to real
.::0mmunication situations to enable our understanding of the communication
?rocess. Some important theories and models of communication are:
Speaker ➔ Speech -➔ Audience Effect

Occasion
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
1. Aristotle's One-Way Model of Communication
.-\ristotle proposed the first model of communication as a one-way process,

flowing from sender to receiver. According to this model, communication
consists of three basic components - a sender, a receiver and a message .
.-\ristotle states that successful persuasion takes place when a sender uses the
right techniques to give the right message to the right audience. He strongly
emphasized the need for the sender to consider the features of the audience
like their age, mood and temperament. Aristotle's model is important in spite
of its simplicity because it forms the basis of the later models of
con1munication.

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61 INTERFACE
Noise
1
Sender
(Source) Recipi~
Signal Signal Message
-l-________
.Message
Encoding Channel Decoding
w
__EA_v_rn_T_H_E_o_RY_ _ _ _ _ _ ________
s_H_A_N_N_o_N_·
2. Shannon: Weaver Theory
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver gave a theory of communication when-

they added the concept of encoding noise and feedback to the process a
communication. This model of comn1unication, also known as the Mathematica
Model of Communication, has the following five main components -
Information Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver and Destination. Th,
information source produces the n1essage. The transmitter encodes th
message into proper symbols and signals for transmission. The channel carrie-
the signals from the transmitter to the receiver. The receiver decodes th:
signals according to the level of understanding. The destination is the fine_
consumer of the message. Later, Shannon and Weaver introduced anothe~
important component to the process of communication - the noise sourc~
which interferes with the message in the channel. Shannon and Weaver als:
realized the importance of the sign theory which stated that the messagf
should not be sent to the receiver in the raw form. Rather it should be encode.:
in a form which is acceptable for the receiver.
3. Schramm' s Theory
In his theory of communication, Schramm includes the elen1ents of sender,

receiver, encoding, channel, decoding and feedback. According to this theory,
the process of communication follows a circuitous path.
4. Newcomb Theory
According to this theory, con1munication takes place because of the reactions

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COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES 17
oi mdividuals to each other and the topics discussed. Newcomb states that
the main factors in the con1munication process are receiver and the meaning
.i&_,xiated with the words stated.
5... \\.atlawick - Beavin - Jackson Theory
Th:.s theory states that con1munication takes place as a result of behavior of

the interactants. Their behavior is dependent on the relationship between
the individuals and it varies from individual to individual. A new element
.ralied metacommunication is added to this theory of con1munication. This
theory was the first to propose that communication is a two-way process.
6.. David Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication
Da\·id Berlo proposed that there are four basic components in the process of
.::c,mmunication - Source, Message, Channel and Receiver. All these components
are interrelated. The effectiveness of the Source depends on its communication
s-kills, attitude, knowledge, social and cultural context. The message is the
content or matter of communication. The channel is the medium through
wbich the message is sent to the receiver. The receiver's communication skills,
attitude, knowledge, social and cultural context also plays a crucial role in
:he effectiveness of the communication process. Later, Berlo added the
component of feedback to the process of con1munication. According to David
Encodes , Decodes
I Source ,' Message ,' Channel ', Receiver
I
! _:::,--mm_uniG\tion
1 Skills
Content
l Hearing
I Communication
Skills
I
[ .-\ttitudes Elements ) ( Seeing ) [ Attitudes )
Knowledge Treatment [ Touching ) [ Knowledge )
Structure [ Smelling ) Social Systemj
Culture ) Code [ Tasting ) [ Culture )
BERLo's SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

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8 I INTERFACE
Berlo, a piece of communication is like a bucket in which bits of information

drawn from many sources are dumped on the receiver. As such this theory
of communication is called Bucket Theory of Communication.
7. Indian Communication Theory
Bharat Muni, an Indian sage, terms 'sadharanikaran' as the key process in

communication. He says that it takes place between' sahridayas' - people whose
hearts are attuned to each other. In order to be a 'sahridayas', the sender and
the receiver need to have a common culture, comn1on learning and be adapted
to each other. This theory emphasizes the receiver's mental conditioning by
which he/ she can be in tune with the message. According to Indian
con1munication theory, communication is a mental search for meaning whose
aim is self-knowledge, freedom and reaching the truth.
Types of Communication
Communication can be categorized according to the following:

1. Medium: Verbal and nonverbal communication
2. Channel: Formal and informal communication

3. Level: Interpersonal, intrapersonal and group comn1unication
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Communication which uses words or languages is known as verbal

communication. In order to express our thoughts through a language we
have to arrange our words into various parts of speech in a proper sequence
according to the rules of grammar and syntax. Verbal communication can be
further divided into - Oral Communication and Written Comn1unication.
Oral Communication
When a message or idea is conveyed orally, that is, through speech, it is

known as oral communication. Examples of oral communication include face
to face conversations, telephone calls, group discussions etc.

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Advantages
1. Time saving: Oral communication is immediate and does not need time
for dictation, typing and mailing as needed in written com1nunication.
..,
-· Inexpensive: Oral communication is economical since it does not involve
the expenses of stationery and mailing.
.,., . Effective tool of persuasion and control: Oral communication gives a
personal touch which helps in resolving conflicts and disputes.
Flexible and spontaneous: During oral communication the speaker has
the scope to modify the n1essage according to the feedback of the audience.
:, . Suitable for group communication: Oral communication is the most
suitable mode of communication when comn1unicating with groups at
1neetings, conferences, assemblies, etc.
D Activity
The cartoon below shows a conversation between a husband and

a wife. Create a similar dialogue in the blank space provided.
© Brian Crane

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IO I INTERFACE
6. Promotes goodwill: Oral communication promotes friendly interpersonal

relations and helps to create goodwill.
Limitations
1. Low retention: Oral communication when unrecorded cannot be retained

for a long time.
2. No legal validity: Unrecorded oral messages do not have legal validity.
3. Greater chances of misunderstanding: Oral communication made without
proper planning and organization of thoughts has greater chances of being
misunderstood and confused.
4. Difficult to trace: Unrecorded oral communication is unreliable since the
source cannot be easily traced and it becomes difficult to fix responsibility
for mistakes.
5. Cannot be referred to in future: Generally oral communication is not
recorded and so it cannot be referred to in the future.
6. Dependent on listener's attentiveness: Oral comn1unication relies on the
listener's interest and receptivity in order to be effective.
Written Communication
Communication through written words is known as written communication.

Written communication includes letters, memos, reports, email etc.
Advantages
1. Accurate and precise: Written communication is made with great care

after serious planning and organizing. So, it is more accurate and precise.
2. Creates permanent record: Written communication becomes a permanent
record of the organization which can be used for future reference.
3. Legal evidence: Written records are accepted as legal evidences in the
courts of law.
4. Wide access: Written messages can be communicated to a large and
scattered audience at a reasonable cost and with great speed.
5. Promotes the goodwill of the organization: Prompt and efficient written

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COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES I 11
communication promotes the goodwill of the organization.

6_ Helps in fixing responsibility: Since written communication is preserved,
it helps in fixing responsibility.
Limitations
L Expensive: Written con1munication is expensive because it consumes

\·aluable time of the executives and the cost of stationery, postage, typing,
etc. makes it an expensive affair.
Time consuming: Written communication consumes a lot of time in
preparation of the message, typing and mailing it through the proper
channel.
~ Inflexible: Immediate clarification of written communication is not possible
and it cannot be changed according to need.
~- No immediate feedback: The response from written communication is
normally received after a long time.
Creates huge paperwork and files: Traditional written communication
involves heaps of papers and files. However, electronic modes of written
communication do not create such problems.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
:\on-verbal communication refers to the exchange of ideas through the medium

of gestures, body language, facial expressions etc. In fact, only 7% of our
everyday communication is verbal while 38% is conveyed through our voice
inflections and 55% through our body language. Thus, 93% of communication
is non-verbal in nature. Non-verbal communication is both unstructured and
spontaneous. It can help qualify, complement, contradict or expand the verbal
message. By careful observation of body language, facial expressions and
\·ocal characteristics, we can decipher the speaker's intended message.
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
1. Kinesics
Kinesics refers to the study of non-verbal communication through physical

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121 INTERFACE
body movements. Our body language is often involuntary and can be a use
cue to accessing the sender's psychological state. For example, arms cros
over the chest suggests that the person is either defensive or in disagreem
with the ideas and opinions of the other communicator.
Kinesics can involve the following physical qualities:
i) Appearance: Even though appearances are known to be deceptive, a 1

can be perceived about a person by the way they present themselves. For 1
instance, if a person comes to the workplace in an unkempt, casual appearance.,

the employers might think that he/ she is not serious about his/her professional
responsibilities. Therefore, one must always present himself/herself with the
the prevalent culture of the work place.
ii) Posture: The manner in which a person holds their shoulders, neck or
back is referred to as posture. Postures are often indicative of a person's
attitude and opinions. For example:
• Head duck means that one is shirking from responsibility or

avoiding work.
• Hands placed on hips suggest that the person is angry or
irritated.
• A slumped posture usually signifies low spirits.
iii) Gestures: Gestures are hand movements performed to complement verbal

communication and make it more engaging. Gestures vary across cultures
and may lead to miscommunication. For example, while clapping may show
appreciation, slow claps are used as a gesture of sarcastic disapproval.
Some common gestures include:
• Tapping fingers while communicating suggests that a person is

anxious.
• Showing up one's palm suggests that the person has nothing to
hide.
• Pointing one's finger at a person or object performs a locative
function.

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:J Activity
1. Discuss what the following actions indicate in a conversation.
a) Avoiding eye contact

b) Crossed arms
c) Smiling often
2. During a meeting between you and a teacher, he or she moves a

chair from behind the desk and asks you to sit down to discuss
something. You could interpret this non-verbal communication
to mean:
a) He or she is trying to conclude this meeting quickly.

b) He or she is distracted.
c) He or she is ready to listen to you attentively.
iv) Facial expressions and eye contact: Facial expressions are responsible for
conveying feelings and emotions and indicate a person's attitude towards
the topic of conversation. Eyes play an important part in complementing facial
expressions. While a continuous and stable eye contact suggests sincerity and
involvement in the communication, a wandering eye suggests distraction and
guilt.
2. Proxemics
Proxemics is the study of space between the sender and the receiver. A lot
can be observed about the relationship between the sender and the receiver
I
by studying their proximity or distance from one another.
In 1966, Edward T. Hall identified four distinct zones within the
communication space. These are as follows:
i) Intimate zone: The intimate zone extends to a radius of 18 inches. This

zone is only for fan1ily members and very close acquaintances. Touch
forms an important element of communication in this zone.
ii) Personal zone: Personal zone, lying beyond the intimate space, extends

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
14 I INTERFACE
from a radius of 1.5 to 4feet. This zone is for close friends and colleagues..
It is a relaxed and casual zone. I
iii) Social zone: Social zone extends from a radius of 4 to 12 feet. This spaCl!
is organizational in nature and negotiations take place within the social
zone.
iv) Public zone: Public zone extends beyond the radius of 12 feet and exten&-
to 25ft. Oral communication and paralanguage play an active role int~
zone which is usually characterized by mass address.
3. Chronemics
Chronemics is the study of the element of time and its role in the
con1munication process. Chronemics plays an important role in suggesting
one's professionalism and efficiency. However, the importance of time varies
Public Space
25ft
Social Space
12ft
Personal Space
4ft
Intimate
Space
1.5ft
EDWARD T. HALL'S SPATIAL ZONES

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across cultures and organizations. While strong emphasis is laid on punctuality

in a business environment, the same may not be applicable in a domestic
environment.
4. Haptics
Haptics is the language of touch. It is subject to gender and cross-cultural

variation. In the east, touching is closely related with displays of intimacy.
While people in the West shake hands, in the East, people prefer to bow.
5. Paralanguage
Paralanguage, derived from the words, 'para' and 'language' means 'beyond
language'. It refers to vocal features which assist the manner of exchange in
communication. Paralanguage consists of the following elements:
1) Vocalization: Vocalization of words involves:

a) Volume Variation: The amplitude of sound reveals the emotional state
of the speaker. While a whisper indicates secrecy, a louder voice suggests
anger or assertion.
b) Speed: Speedy deliverance should not be confused with fluency. Hurried
speech suggests nervousness while slow and relaxed delivery promotes
better understanding and reduces the risk of miscommunication.
c) Pitch variation: Pitch refers to the shrillness of sound. Pitch variation
makes communication dynamic. Low pitch variation indicates stability
while high pitch variation suggests a volatile emotional state.
d) Silence and pauses: Silence and pauses in communication help the listener
to understand better by providing necessary time to receive and decode
messages thus promoting effective comn1unication.
2) Word Stress: Meaning of sentences may vary because of stress laid on

different words in the same sentence.
For example,
Is this huw you live?
Is this how you live?

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
16 / INTERFACE

3) Inflections: Inflections are the regional or cultural variations attached tc

utterances. For example, British English differs greatly from Indian Englisr
on account of accent and variety of speech.
I~
l.1t-)PfiRSTANt>.
I 0J1,v Sf'£~~
EWt,t.1"H !
4) Non-fluencies: Non-fluencies are utterances such as ''umm", "err", "oh",

"okay" etc. which act as fillers in conversation. Some non-fluencies are helpful
and give the receiver time to grasp the meaning of the sender while an excess
could make the speaker sound anxious or non-serious and might as well
irritate the receiver.
6. Sign Language
Sign language is constitutive of symbols specific to communicative groups

and usually signifies a universal meaning. Signs can be categorised into
a) Audio Signs: Conch shells
Door bells
Race whistle
b) Visual Signs: Traffic signal

Highway signals
Graphs and maps

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Q Auc:0-Yisual Signs: Advertisen1ents

Documentaries
Mobile CPS Service
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T u V w X y z
SIGN LANGUAGE
foRMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
Formal communication refers to the exchange of ideas and inforn1ation with

a degree of formality. This con1munication usually takes place in professional
and corporate environments. The flow of formal communication is organised
and patterned. It follows organisational hierarchy and functions within the
sphere of authority and responsibility. It is credible and documented. This is
an expensive means of communication and due to excess formality,

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
IS I INTERFACE
communication is often slowed down.

Informal Communication or Grapevine refers to the exchange of ide~
and information which carries a degree of familiarity. This form o:
communication is more casual, relaxed and spontaneous. It follows no
particular chain of communication and is usually used in domestic and personal
spaces. Grapevine can often be used for spreading rumors and gossip, since
it is difficult to trace the source of the information.
Formal and informal communication can flow in a variety of
configurations, as illustrated on the next page.
INTRAPERSONAL, INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal communication is the communication taking place within the

mind of the individual. Clear intrapersonal communication serves many
important functions, such as resolving self-doubt, helping one make decisions
and process emotions, and so on. We come to a better understanding of
ourselves and our thoughts through "self-talk" or intra personal
communication.
Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information or ideas taking
place among two or more individuals. It includes the use of verbal and non-
verbal language, as well as listening and writing skills.
Group communication is the interaction taking place among two or more
persons to influence each other. Formal group communication takes place in
meetings, conferences, teams etc. Informal group communication takes place
spontaneously when people in societies meet for parties, marriages, etc.
Miscommunication and Barriers to Communication
Communication is the process of sending information and understanding

from sender to the receiver. When the infonnation in the mind of the sender
is not passed on and not understood exactly by the receiver, it is called
miscommunication. It may take place at the level of the communicator or at
the level of the receiver or at the medium. The hurdles or the problems which
do not allow the message to reach the target audience properly are called
barriers to communication.

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20 I INTERFACE
Egypt ,Be
patient !tl:lly ,,What do
you mean?"'
Greece: ,,That's
Just perfect'"
PERSONAL BARRIERS
The barriers or hurdles at the personal level which prevent effective

communication are as follows:
1. Emotions: Emotions like extreme happiness, extreme pain and extreme
anger do not allow effective communication.
2. Closed mind: Prejudices and firm beliefs lead to closed mind which
prevent the free flow of communication.
3. Status block: Status consciousness of both superiors and subordinates
do not allow free and effective communication.
4. State of health: Unhealthy mental and physical state leads to improper
communication.
5. Poor communication skills: Poor communication skills in speaking,
listening, writing and reading result in miscommunication.
SOCIAL BARRIERS
The social activities or the problems which do not allow effective

communication are known as social barriers to communication. Some of the
social barriers are:

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
l_ Cultural differences: In international communication, the cultural barriers

6ecome barrier to communication. The same symbols, words, body
movements convey different meanings to people from different cultures.
Group identification: The sense of belonging to a particular society,
culture, religion, caste, religion, etc., regulates the feelings of an individual.
Therefore, the ideas communicated may be accepted intellectually or
rejected emotionally.
3_ Interpretation of words: Some words have multiple meanings in different
,;ocieties. The context in which a word is used by a particular society may
not be understood equally in every society. This may lead to
miscommunication.
~- Wrong choice of medium: The media available to the sender for
transmission of a message is not suitable in every society. Wrong selection
of media by the communicator results in miscommunication.
Improper time: Different societies have different conceptions of time.
Communication made at a time unacceptable for a society turns out to be
a failure.
BUSINESS BARRIERS
Hurdles that prevent effective communication in a business organization are

ca:.led Business Barriers to communication. Some of the business barriers are:
l _ Organizational rules and regulations: Rigid rules and regulations of an
organization restrict the flow of information among the various levels of
employees and become hindrance in the process of communication. This
delays transmission of messages and discourages the employees to put
forward their innovative ideas.
-,
Non conduction of staff meetings: In business houses where staff meetings
and conferences are not held regularly, free communication does not take
place. Here non conduction of meetings become a barrier to
communication.
~ Hierarchical relationship: In most business houses, hierarchical and
formal superior-subordinate relationships in the organizational structure

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
22 I INTERFACE
do not enable free communication between subordinates and supeJ

4. Distance: Distance between different business houses becomes ab
to communication when it is greater and in the absence of proper chan:
and media.
5. Inadequate or overloaded information: Inadequate information
overloaded information within and outside business houses preve.
effective communication.
Effective Communication
Barriers to communication can be overcome with planning and great effo

The strategies which can be taken for overcoming the barriers
communication in order to make communication more effective are:
1. Overcome perceptional barriers: We can overcome perceptional barri
by becoming more alert and aware and through spiritual exercises.
2. Effective listening: Proper and effective listening to the communicat
ensures free and open communication.
3. Create healthy and friendly environment: Communication becomes
effective when the environment is healthy and friendly.
4. Convey emotional contents of the message: The message should be
conveyed along with the emotional content in order to make effectiYe
comn1unication.
5. Use appropriate language: Using appropriate language and words
understandable for the receiver helps in making the communication
effective.
6. Use proper channel: Using appropriate channels of communication after
proper audience analysis helps in effective communication. The
communicator may choose a meeting, mail or telephone conversation,
depending on the message to be conveyed.
7. Encourage open communication: Organisations should encourage open
communication from subordinates to superiors for removing the
communication gap among the employees.

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COMMUNICATION:THEORY AND TYPES 123
superiors. a &sure two way communication: Sound feedback from the receiver
e,:-..s-:.1res two way communication and is a requisite for effective
U:CL-n uni cation.
'91.a.ke best use of body language: Positive body language blended with
;:TOper voice modulation aids the effective transmission of a message.
-:-· Cs OF COMMUNICATION
Effective
Communication
SEVEN C's OF COMMUNICATION

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24 I INTERFACE
The following general rules, widely known as the 7 C's of communicati

should be adhered to in order to make communication more effective:
1. Clarity
The communicator must have clarity of thought and expression in order

make the communication effective. To have clarity of thought, the!
communicator should carefully consider the main purpose of communication.
the contents of the message and the medium of con1munication. For clarity of
expression, the communicator should use simple and easy words, short
sentences and avoid technical jargons and ambiguous words.
2. Courtesy
For effective communication, the communicator should be polite, considerate,

helpful, obliging, friendly and respectful in manners and action. Courtesy
can be shown by answering promptly, avoiding offensive expressions,
apologizing sincerely and showing gratefulness.
3. Correctness
Correct facts, grammatically correct language, correct style and correct timing
are necessary for effective communication. For that the communicator should
convey accurate facts in a language that can be easily understood by the
receiver. The style of presentation should be according to the needs of the
audience and the message should be conveyed in time.
4. Completeness
Effective conlmunication requires completeness of facts in all respects. To

ensure completeness, the communicator should check five 'W' and one 'H'
questions, i.e. who, what, where, when, why and how. It helps in ensuring
inclusion of the entire information. While replying to an enquiry or query,
the communicator should ensure that all the questions raised are answered.
5. Conciseness
Concise and brief communication is always effective. For that, the

communicator should properly organize the message by including only the
relevant facts and avoiding repetitions.

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unication, ~ r.:11.i..,..IO'l•d~eness
~tive:
IC.rlt ac1d specific expressions help in making the communication effective.
• o:icL":-lunicator should never make abstract or vague expressions.
~ c.nsideration
~ :..J..ie communicator focuses on the needs of the audience and shows

Flf&d.€ration for them, the communication becomes effective.
::J Activity
\'.-atch Charlie Chaplin's 'The Immigrant' and try to infer the
e"\change by identifying non-verbal means of communication.
link: https: / / www. you tu be.com/ watch ?v=t3PbTzarsvc
Questions
}_ \\nat is communication?
.,.
\\-hat are the elements of communication?
the ~ Discuss the importance of communication.
the .! \\'hat are the different types of communication?
~ \Vhat is verbal communication? I
,::,_ \Vhat is non-verbal con1munication?
What are the different models of communication?
~- What are the barriers to communication?
9. How can one overcome the barriers to communication?
10. Define: Intra-personal communication, Inter-personal communication,
Group Communication .
•
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MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE
The human voice is the most powerful instrument of all.

-- Arvo Part
3?€aking is an action by which we create or produce vocal sounds. By means

ot this action we communicate our thoughts to others. The communication of
thoughts may take place in the form of a monologue or dialogue.
Monologue
A monologue is the act of speaking by a single person. The speaker in a

monologue speaks to himself/herself with or without a listener. The word
monologue is derived from the Greek words 'monos,' which means 'alone' and
logos, meaning 'speech'. The term is variously defined. In the world of theatre,
cinema or television show, it is termed as a long speech or utterance by one
person. For some people, it is a prolonged talk or discourse by a solitary
speaker without allowing others to participate in the conversation.
TYPES OF MONOLOGUE
~1onologues are of two types: Interior Monologue and Dramatic Monologue.
Interior Monologue: In an interior monologue, the speaker expresses his/

her thoughts, feelings, and impressions to the listener or audience so that the
latter could form an idea of the speaker's inner thoughts. Interior monologues
can be categorised into two sections - direct and indirect. In a direct
monologue, others get an opportunity to know what is going on inside the
mind of the speaker. But in an indirect monologue, the speaker's role is taken
over by the writer who acts as a guide, commentator, presenter and selector
in throwing light to the inner thought processes of the character.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
30 I INTERFACE
□ Example
I saw on the Discovery Channel where a long time ago, before the
beginning of time, the entire universe was as small as the head of a
pin. And everything was inside it. Stars, planets, houses, people,
cars - other pins. Everything in the universe. And then one day,
this head of a pin just exploded and everything came out at like
million degrees hot and million miles an hour. And all the stars
and planets and people and cars just kept getting bigger and bigger,
until they filled up all of space and all of time, just burning and
melting and spinning. And as soon as I heard that, I knew that I
was just like that pin, and that one day I'm gonna explode too.
And when I do, fire and stars and whole worlds will come out of
me and they'll be a million degrees hot and they'll travel so far and
so fast that I'll never have to come back here again ..... Not ever.
(Source: http://www.bbbpress.com/2014/07 I
4-free-monologues-kids-teens /)
Dramatic Monologue: A dramatic monologue, which usually occurs in a poem,

is a speech made by someone speaking to an unseen listener about important
events or thoughts. Here, the speaker may be alone or in the presence of a
silent listener, and engaged in a one way communication. As the setting of
the poem is generally dramatic in nature, the monologue is called as a dramatic
monologue. The device helps in revealing the inner thoughts and feelings of
the speaker. Browning, Tennyson, T.S. Eliot etc. were masters in using
dramatic monologues in their poems.

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I MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE I 31
I :J Example
\ly Last Duchess
That's my last Duchess painted on my wall,

Looking as if she were alive. I call
That piece a wonder now, now; Fra Pandolf's hands
\\'orked busily a day, and there she stands.
\\'ill't please you sit and look at her? I said
''Fra Pandolf" by design, for never read
Strangers like you that pictured countenance,
The depth and passion of its earnest glance,
But to myself they turned (since none puts by
The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)
And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst,
How such a glance came there; so, not the first
Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir 'twas not
Her husband's presence only, called that spot
Of joy into the Duchess' cheek; perhaps
Fra Pandolf chanced to say, "Her mantle laps
Over my lady's wrist too much," or Paint
Must never hope to reproduce the faint
Half-flush that dies along her throat." Such stuff
Was courtesy, she thought, and cause enough
Foe calling up that spot of joy.
Excerpt from Robert Browning's My Last Duchess
ln the above dramatic monologue, Browning makes an analysis of the jealous

and sadistic nature of the Duke of Ferrara who fails to appreciate the pleasing
qualities of his dead wife. He considers his wife as his property, and her
courtesy to others as the infringement of the rights of property.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
32 i INTERFACE
Tips for developing Monologue Skills
• As the sentence is the smallest unit of a speech, the speaker must ac

the knowledge of making sentences on the topic or situation sugges
• A speaker must learn how to use and assimilate different sentence patt
• Then the speaker must know how to make statements on the given t
or situation.
• After assimilating different sentence patterns, the speaker should learr
to combine statements of various sentence patterns in a logical sequena=..
• Having acquired the skills of making statements and combining sentenas
in a logical sequence, the speaker may practice speaking on a picture.
film, or a story.
□ Activity
Enact a monologue in your class taking inspiration from any existing

piece of literature or try to create one of your own.
Dialogue
A dialogue is a verbal communication process between two individuals or a

group of persons on certain issues. It is derived from the Greek words dia
(through) and logos (meaning). Together the words seem to suggest a process
where 'flow of meaning' takes place in the conversation between two persons
or a group of persons. It is also a conversation between two people in a book,
film or play.
In today's world, dialogue has a significant role. It helps in narrowing
and overcoming differences, building consensus, promoting en1pathy,
exploring new ideas and perspectives, and bringing unexamined assumptions
into the open.
Tips for developing Dialogue or Conversational Skills
• As dialogue is a two-way communication process, the first and foremost

thing is to practice conversation and gain fluency in the speaking language.

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MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE I 33
Ii- ~ ~ possible by engaging oneself with friends who have good verbal
r amrnunication skills.
it acquire
tggested. • le de\·elop conversational skills, it is very important to be a good listener
_,_ Listening helps in understanding the view points of others, and to
~are answers accordingly.
• ltf-..:: 5peaker wants to develop English speaking skills, he/she must form
1
~ hatiit of keeping himself/herself connected with the language. Watching
E:-:~'.ish movies or television news, listening to radio programmes on a
~--ular basis, help in familiarising with the language.
• :ori\·ersation sessions with friends should be recorded. When the speaker
cture, ~:5tens to the recording, it helps in gaining insights on the
r:-.:scommunication and in evaluating errors in pronunciation.
• -3.a:,·ing one's thoughts out loud can be an effective way to practice spoken
English.
Drfference between Monologue and Dialogue
lbough monologues and dialogues are speaking skills, they are quite distinct
frc-m each other:
• The first and foremost difference between a monologue and a dialogue
is that the former is a speech made by a speaker to express his/her thoughts I
and feelings to others who are silent. Dialogue is also a conversation but
I
between two or more interactive persons.
• \1onologue is one-way communication process where only the speaker is
active. Dialogue is a two-way communication as both sides participate in
the process.
• \1onologue is generally a speech, whereas dialogue is a conversation.
• Monologue has a single speaker. But in a dialogue there are two or multiple
speakers.
• A monologue expresses only personal thoughts and feelings of the speaker.
A dialogue is a process where all parties get an opportunity to discuss or
negotiate in order to come to an understanding.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
34 j INTERFACE
□ Example
Conversation between a waiter and a customer in a restaurant
Waiter: Welcome, sir. Please have your seat.

Customer: Thank you.
Waiter: How can I help you, sir?
Customer: Can I see your menu card before ordering something?
Waiter: Sure! Sir this is our menu card.
Customer: Can you please tell me the famous dish of your restaurant?
Waiter: Sure! What would you prefer, veg or non-veg?
Customer: Non-veg.
Waiter: Roasted spicy chicken is one of the best dishes we serve.
Customer: Get that one.
Waiter: Anything in beverage?
Customer: Yes one coke.
Waiter: Ok! Sir.
Customer: How long will it take?
Waiter: It will take about 20 to 25 minutes.
Customer: Excuse me! 1 forgot to mention one thing.
Waiter: Yes, please tell me.
Customer: I want coke without ice.
Waiter: Sure, sir.
Customer: Meanwhile can I get something to read?
Waiter: What would you like to read sir?
Customer: Can I get a magazine?
Waiter: Yeah, sure.
(Source: https: / / peptalkindia.com/ 29624-2 /)
Questions
1. What is a monologue? Mention its types.

2. What is a dialogue? Ho\v can you develop your dialogue skills?
3. State the differences between a monologue and dialogue.

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MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE I 35
Mt\ie-:r t.l-ie following dialogue between a lady and a grocery salesman.

l
ant
5-lesr:-.an: Hey, Mrs. Gogoi. How are you?
-n_ \·ery well, Binoy. I want some potatoes and a can of peas. What
i .,. -casonal vegetables do you have?
SiJe.sr.i an: ................................................................................................. .
l.i,dy: ...... ......................... ··············································· .............................. .
::....t':'man: .................................................................................................. .
l..:iY: ........................ :................................................................................... .
':::li!_~man: ................................................................................................. .
Laav: .............................................................................................................
:::-2..esman :.................................................................................................. .
l.ad\- :............................................................................................................ .
i Re\,·rite the following as a dramatic scene with dialogues and stage
iirections:
Jokhu, who'd been sick for several days, held back his thirst for a
'.ittle while. Then he said, 'I'm so thirsty I can't stand it. Bring me the
water, I'll hold mv nose and drink a little.'
J
Gangi did not give it to him. His sickness would get worse from
drinking bad water that much she knew. But she didn't know that by
boiling the water it would be made safe. She said, 'How can you drink it?
Who knows what kind of beast has died in it! I'll go and get you some
water from the well.'
Surprised, Jokhu stared at her. 'Where can you get more water?'
'The Thakur and the shopkeeper both have wells. Won't they let me
fill just one Iota!'
'You'll come back with your arms and legs broken, that's all. You'd
better just sit down and keep quiet. The Brahman will give a curse, the
Thakur will beat you with a stick, and that money-lending shopkeeper
takes five for every one he gives. Do you think people like that are going
to let you draw water from their wells?'
Harsh truth was in these words and Gangi could not deny it. But she

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
36 / INTERFACE
wouldn't let him drink that stinking water.
(Excerpt from Premchand' s Thaku? ·

6. Construct a dialogue using at least 6 words from the options given
Red, Clouds, Painting, Cake, Cricket, Bicycle, Sunset, Cotton
Dollhouse, Tulips.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
\ GROUP DISCUSSION
r's Well)
l below:
candy,
We can't solve problems by using the same kind of
thinking we used when we created them.
- Albert Einstein
•A ~oup discussion, or what is popularly known as GD, is an interview tool

I ~ by employers to assess the personality traits of an individual. Apart
ir0m the evaluation of a candidate's personality traits, his/her decision making
M'i.lities, problem solving skills and adaptability to work in a team environment
M<? put to test in a GD. In this technique a group of 5-15 candidates are given
a common topic for discussion under the observation of a panel of experts.
Tne panellists record the observations and prepare an analytical report on
ttle performance of each candidate.
Importance of Group Discussions
Sometimes there is a mismatch between subject knowledge and its application

m the field of work. A person with high academic credentials may not always
be the fit person to work in a group environment. Employers generally try to
recruit a person who is academically brilliant and also possesses the skills to
be a team player. GD plays an important role in the selection procedure of a
candidate who has the right balance. Its importance lies in the following:
1) When candidates express their views on a given topic, the panellists in
the GD try to gauge the confidence level of each participant.
2) A team member not only asserts his/her point of view but also listens to
what others say. A GD helps in focusing on the candidate having the
attitude to swim along with other team members.
3) GD enables employers to detect candidates who can provide leadership
to a team of workers for completing a task.
4) A person having clarity of thought and expression can easily connect

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
38 I INTERFACE
with others. GD panellists look for a candidate with excellent

communication skills.
5) A group discussion comes in handy to assess certain skills that an interview
cannot evaluate.
Conducting a Group Discussion
A group discussion is conducted in the following manner:

Step 1: The group of selected candidates are asked to sit in a semi-circular or
circular seating arrangement.
Step 2: A group of subject experts called panellists oversee the entire process
and mark individual scores in scoring sheets.
Step 3: A single topic is given for discussion by the panellists.
Step 4: Candidates are generally given 5-15 minutes to develop strategies
and points of view.
Step 5: Each candidate is allotted a fixed period of time to discuss the topic
and exchange the ideas with other candidates.
Step 6: Panellists stop the discussion after all the candidates have participated
in the discussion.
Participant I Participant 2
□
Tape rerorder Tape «oocde, )
'
g ~ Participant 4
Notetake-r
Parti..:ipant 6
Participant 5
LAYOUT OF A GROUP DISCUSSION

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
GROUP DISCUSSION I 39
excellent ,., if! sing for a Group Discussion

.
interview
a. lhe competition is stiff, it is necessary for candidates to have a thorough
pq:aation before appearing in a group discussion. Preparation may include
~ following:
• Group discussion is an oral process. To make a forceful presentation one

mt.:st be fluent in the English language. A good stock of words aids in
cular or .::n>ating an impact in the discussion.

• _.\ GD topic may be anything under the sky. Knowledge on diverse areas
:irocess ui human learning is essential for participation in a group discussion.
Knowledge can be gained by n1aking reading a habitual process.
• It is essential to show leadership skills in group discussions. To be a leader
it is necessary to develop such skills like critical thinking, creating a vision
and communicating a vision.
• For an effective presentation there is also n1uch space for exploring non-
,·er bal forms of communication. Body language should be used
appropriately as it tells much about one's personality.
• Quality of listening should be developed for appearing in group
discussions. Listening to other speakers with attention gives the idea
that the listener admits and respects different points of view.
□ Activity
The facilitator/ moderator begins with questions on a certain topic.
Participants respond individually and then they pair up for a
discussion. Double the size of each group when prompted by the
facilitator/moderator. Finish the discussion once everyone is in
the full group.
Some topics for discussion:
i. Technology and Education
ii. Co-ed versus single sex education
iii. Should reality shows be banned?

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
40 \ INTERFACE
Do's and Don'ts in a Group Discussion
To ensure success in a group discussion the following do' s and dont' s need
to be observed:
Do's
• It is better to be oneself than to look artificial.
• One needs to be vocal to grab attention of panellists.
• Thorough understanding of a topic is a must before speaking.
• Use of appropriate body language reflects confidence.
• Being assertive in the discussion may win points over others.
• Politeness in making a point makes the argu1nent even 1nore forceful.
• Motivating others to participate shows one's leadership skills.
• Misinterpretation may be avoided if clarifications are sought on doubts
over the topic.
• Formal dress and neat hairstyle are signs of professionalism.
Don'ts
• Losing temper defeats the force in driving a point.

• Shouting too much drowns the point made.
• Pointing fingers and table thumping are not signs of assertiveness.
• Aggressiveness can create feelings of distrust in others.
• To blow one's own trumpet makes bad music in the discussion room.
• Interrupting when others are speaking must be avoided.
• Deviation from the topic may lead to unknown destinations.
• Unnecessary rush to become the first speaker may cause accident.
• Speak not with arrogance but with respect.
• Making personal remarks and mocking others are undesirable qualities
in a leader.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
□ Mock Group Discussion
Judge: Good morning. You can choose any topic you like or take a slip
from that box. You are given one minute to think to start with the
discussion. The observers will not interfere in your discussion. If
no conclusion is reached, we may ask each of you to speak for a
minute on the topic at the end of the discussion. The topic on the
slip is "Multinationals: Boon or Bane?". I suggest you should start
the discussion.
Mr. A: This is a good topic. I am against multinationals. We have Coke
and Pepsi. Do we need them? We can manufacture our own soft
drinks. Multinationals destroy the local industry and sell non-
essential products.
Mr. B: I agree with you. What is the fun of having Coke or Pepsi? We
have our own Campa Cola.
Mr. C: I think water is good enough.
Mr. D: We are not here to discuss soft drinks. The topic given to us is a
much larger one. First, let us define multinational companies. They
are merely large companies which operate in a number of large
countries. There could be some Indian multinationals also. So there
is nothing wrong with them. The point is whether they have a
good or bad impact on the host countries. We have to discuss their
business practices and find out whether they are desirable or not.
Mr. E: That is a very good introduction to the topic. Multinational
companies do serve an important function of bringing new products
and technologies in countries which do not have them. And it is
not just Coke and Pepsi. They set up power plants, build roads and
bridges, which really help in the development of host countries.
Mr. F: But are they all that good? We have seen that they destroy local
industry. In India they just took over existing companies. They
came in areas of low technology. Moreover, we have to see why
they come at all. They come for earning profits and often remit
more money abroad than they bring in.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
421 INTERFACE
Mr. A: I agree with you. I am against multinationals. We can produce

everything ourselves. We should be swadeshi in our approach. Why
do we need multinational companies?
Mr. E: We may not need multinational companies but then it also means
that our companies should not do business abroad. Can we live in
an isolated world? The fact is that we are moving towards becoming
a global village. The world is interconnected. Then we have also
seen that foreign companies bring in business practices that we are
impressed with. Look at foreign banks. They are so efficient and
friendly that the nationalised banks look pathetic in comparison. I
think we can learn a lot from multinationals if we keep our eyes
and mind open.
Mr. B: Take a look at McDonald's. They are providing quality meals at
affordable prices. One does need to wait at their restaurants.
Mr. C: How do you account for the fact that they take out more than
they put in and thus lead to impoverishing the country?
Mr. D: The fact is that every poor country needs foreign investment.
Poor countries often lack resources of their own. That is why they
have to invite foreign companies in. There is nothing wrong in this
because then products like cars, air conditioners and so on can be
made in poor countries. Often multinationals source products from
different countries which boost their export earnings.
Mr. E: We have been talking about Coke and Pepsi. It is well known
that Pepsi is in the food business also and has helped farn1ers in
Punjab by setting up modern farms to grow potatoes and tomatoes.
Modern practices have helped people in that area.
Mr. A: I still feel that multinationals are harmful for the country.
Mr. D: Well, there could be negative things associated with such companies.
They may not be very good in their practices. But can we do without
them? I think the best way is to invite them but also impose some controls
so that they follow the laws of the country and do not indulge in unfair
practices.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
ce '\Ir. E: I think laws are applicable to everyone. Very often officials in
bv poor countries take bribes. The fault lies not with company which
gives a bribe but the person who actually demands one. Why blame
the companies for our ills.
~Ir. A: What about the money they take out?
\Ir. D: We have had a good discussion and I think it is time to sum up.
Multinationals may have good points and some bad ones too, but
I competition is never harmful for anyone. We cannot live in a
protected economy any more. We have been protected for many
years and the results are there for everyone to see. Rather than be
close about multinationals, let us invite them in selected areas so
that we get foreign investn1ent in areas which we were lacking.
Laws can be strictly enforced that companies operate within limits
and do not start meddling in political affairs.
Analysis: Though Mr. A started the discussion, he could not make any
good points. Later, he could not give any points about why
multinationals are bad. It is also a bad strategy to say at the outset
whether you are for or against the topic. Remember, it is not a
debate but a discussion. The first step should always be to introduce
the topic without taking sides. See the way in which the discussion
is proceeding and give arguments for or against. The observers
are not interested in your beliefs but in what you are saying. The
participation of Mr. B and Mr. C is below average. A candidate
must make 3-4 interventions. Their arguments are also not well
thought out and add nothing to the argument. It is important to
say relevant things which make an impact rather than speak for the
sake of speaking. The arguments of D and E are better. They seem
to be aware of the role of multinational companies. Mr.E's approach
is better as he intervenes a number of times. He has also taken
initiative in the beginning and brought order to the group. If
selection has to be made from the above six candidates, the obvious
choice would be Mr. E and thereafter, Mr. D.
(Source: http://www.indianshout.com/ sample-mock-gd-group-discussion-i/ 2634)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
ll
441 INTERFACE
I
Questions
1. What is a Group Discussion? How is it conducted?

2. Why is it important to hold a Group Discussion before selecting a candidate
for a job?
3. What techniques should an interviewee adopt while preparing for a Group
Discussion?
4. Mention the do' s and don' ts for creating an impact in a Group Discussion.
••

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
INTERVIEW
To be a great champion, you must believe that you are the best.
If you're not pretend you are.
- Muhammad Ali
The word interview is derived from the French word, entrevue, meaning to
''see each other." In simple terms, it means an interface meeting between two
persons or a group of persons involving a session of questions and answers.
The person(s) responsible for putting forth the questions is/ are called
interviewer(s). On the other hand, the person answering the questions is
called an interviewee. Ideally it is an exercise to bring out maximum amount
of information from the person being interviewed. It strives to evaluate the
person's credentials, family background, work experience and personality
traits like manners, communication and interpersonal skills.
Objectives of an Interview
An interview is an appropriate technique for an organisation to know where

it stands. It also helps in eliciting information on the qualities of the people
involved in it. Generally it serves the following objectives:
• Sometimes information received through applications, tests and group
discussions are not sufficient in knowing a person. So interviews assist in
knowing a person better.
• Interviews help in validating the accuracy of information already
submitted by a candidate at the time of applying.
• It has mutual benefits for the interviewers and the interviewees. Both
come to know each other.
• Interviews come as handy in measuring the ability of a person to perform
the tasks with minimal supervision.
• Valuable insights on a person's ability to interact, response to issues, to

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
46 I INTERFACE
think critically, and capacity to work in a group can be gained from•

interview. J
Types of Interviews
1) Evaluative Interviews: An evaluative interview is one that tries to examinr

the interviewee's knowledge, exposure to work, attitude, skills etc.
Generally questions on situational, knowledgeable and behavioural aspects
are asked in an evaluative interview. The main purpose of such an
interview is to have a proper assessment of the strengths and limitations
of the person interviewed.
2) Persuasive Interviews: A persuasive interview is a face-to-face meeting
between interviewers and interviewees to evaluate whether the latter
possesses persuasive skills to promote the interests of the former. Here.
the interviewers ask questions to find out whether the interviewee would
be able to achieve realistic targets or solve problems encountered in the
process of achieving the goals.
3) Structured Interviews: In structured interviews the interviewers ask a
group of pre-planned questions. The questions are generally arranged in
a particular sequence and based on the requirements of the interviewers.
All the candidates are required to answer the same set of questions. Its
main aim is to eliminate the subjective element and biasness that may
creep in the form of gender, physical attractiveness, race etc. Performance
of the candidates is evaluated through a rating system using scorecards.
4) Unstructured Interviews: Unlike structured interviews, interviewees are
not supposed to respond to a pre-fixed pattern of questions in an
unstructured interview. In this type of interview, questions are itself based
on the responses of the candidates or a variety of topics. But it is less
reliable and precise because one cannot rule out the pull of the subjective
element influencing the judgement of the interviewers.
5) Promotional Interviews: Organisations hold pron1otional interviews when
some of its members become eligible to progress to higher responsibilities.
Here, the conversation generally focuses on evaluating the professional
competency of the candidate to assume the responsibilities that come

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
INTERVIEW ! 47
l
'from an •ith the promotion. Part of the interview is also meant to evaluate whether
dllf ~rson is mentally fit to cope with the challenges of a new assignment.
:' •1 Telephonic Interviews: A telephonic interview is an interview conducted
en the phone between an employer and a job seeker. Some employers use
tt'i5 type of interviews in order to cut the expenses involved in organising
traditional face-to-face interviews. Though it is a smart and cost effective
?rocess, failure to read the body language of the respondent prevents
the interviewer from collecting certain key information.
r.,- Online Interviews: An online interview is a computer based interview.

Here, interviewers collect information from the interviewees by means
ting oi text messages, email or video conferencing. Through this computer

1atter driven interview, interviewers try to evaluate the thought processes of
Here, the interviewees. It allows them_ to gain proper understanding of their
ould experiences, attitude, ideas and the like. Interviews in the online mode
the are gaining popularity by the day.
~l Group Interviews: A group interview is one designed to interview multiple
number of persons at the same time and same place. Candidates
participating in group interviews have to respond to a topic common to
all. In this type of interview, the panel of interviewers get the scope to
compare the interviewees side by side and select the best one from the
group. Group interviews help in selecting leaders required to work
especially in a team environment.
9) Stress Interviews: There are some works which are strenuous in nature
and located in unfriendly terrain. People required to work in such
conditions have to be mentally alert and physically fit at all times. A
special type of interview called as stress interview is conducted to recruit
these people. Here, interviewees are placed in stressful situations to
observe how they react and absorb the pressure. This type of an interview
is mandatory if the work field is filled with stress.
10) Exit Interviews: An exit interview is an interaction between an employer
and an employee when the latter decides to leave the workplace. The
idea behind such an interview is to know the reasons why the concerned
employee is leaving the organisation. It also tries to know from the

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
481 INTERFACE
employee the positive and negative aspects of the organisation. Such a

feedback helps the organisation in identifying its loose ends and plug in
the gaps.
Techniques of Facing an Interview
• Interview candidates should be dressed in formal attire and not appear

in casual clothing. A pleasing appearance speaks volume on the personality
of the interviewee.
• An important step towards a successful interview lies in having a thorough
knowledge of the organisation in which he/ she is appearing as an
interviewee.
• Interviewees should prepare well ahead of the interview. Practice sessions
with intelligent friends make the preparation more fruitful.
• Information provided in the resume or curriculum vitae 1s to be
remembered in detail. One must be able to confidently elaborate every
point mentioned there.
• Interviewers like to have confident people in their organisation. Having
confidence in one's abilities helps in creating a favourable impression in
an interview.
• As an interview is a question-answer process, it is necessary for the
interviewees to anticipate certain questions and prepare the response
accordingly.
• Persons appearing in an interview must have a positive body language.
They should maintain a direct eye-to-eye contact with the interviewer,
sit in a comfortable posture and wear a smiling expression.
• Interview bound candidate should be punctual. They must arrive at least
half an hour before the interview starts.
• Interaction with interviewers should take place in a polite manner.
Fighting or arguing with interviewers will not help in scoring points.
• Honesty should be the best policy during interview sessions. Candidates
should never lie in an interview. It is better to say "sorry" than to be
identified as a liar.
• Making negative statements or comments against past employers should
be strictly avoided.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
INTERVIEW 149
I
~ha
• During online video-conferencing interviewees must select a location
which is well lighted. It would enable interviewers to have a better vision.
In
It is advisable to check in advance that the microphone and video chat
are in working condition.
• For telephonic interviews, the place selected should be noise free and
have good reception of telecommunication signals.
• In group interviews candidates should be assertive and try to convey
strong messages that they can work in team environment.
an
Do,s and Don,ts in an Interview
Success comes with a price. To be successful in an interview a candidate has

to follow certain best practices and avoid bad habits:
Do's
• One should smile but do not overdo it as it may make one seem nervous.
• One should be courteous and respectful.
• One should carry all necessary documents and CV in a portfolio.
• One should dress in professional formal attire.
• One should highlight his/her analytical skills.
Don'ts
• One should not be arrogant and aggressive.

• One should not release nervous and negative energy.
• One should not indulge the interviewer in long anecdotes from his/her
personal life.
• One should not lie while stating the facts in the resume or curriculum
I vitae.
• One should not use jargons and slangs during the interview process.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
SO I INTERFACE
□ Mock Interview
Candidate: Good Morning!

Interviewer: Hello Shibani. Good morning! Please have a seat.
CD: Thank you.
IV: So Shibani, we see that you've worked at Scholarly for two
years. What made you change your mind?
CD: Well, at Scholarly, I used to work mostly on children's
literature. Although the work was engaging, I realized that my
interests lie more towards the critical and theoretical framework
of higher education. So, I decided to add my experience to a
publishing house which catered to the needs of college graduates.
IV: I see. Why should we hire you? What can you bring to our
publishing house that the other candidates cannot?
CD: Working on Children's Literature opens one to ingenious and
imaginative ideas. It has helped me acquire a unique technical and
creative skill set. Over the last two years I've developed strong
relations with contributing authors, freelancers, and in-house artists.
This experience has sharpened my managerial and communicative
efficiency.
IV: Most certainly. How would you like to describe yourself in
five years time?
CD: My immediate goal is to secure a job with a growth oriented
company. As for describing myself in five years time, I'd like to
see myself growing into a position of responsibility and playing a
vital role in leading an expanding venture as yours towards a more
holistic developmental approach.
IV: Very well Shibani. Shall we discuss your salary requirements?
CD: I'm sure we can agree on a reasonable amount. The range you
provided to the placement cell seems pretty decent to me.
· IV: Thank you Shibani. It was lovely meeting you. You may wait
outside. We will respond in a while and inform you regarding the
same.
CD: Okay. It was nice meeting you all.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
INTERVIEW/ 51
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Questions
1. What do you mean by an interview? What are the objectives of holding

an interview?
2. Discuss at least five types of interview.
3. Mention some of the techniques of facing an interview.
4. What are the habits one should adopt and avoid to be successful in an
interview?
5. Select a teammate and study the profile of a company. Hold a mock
interview before the class with one student acting as the interviewer and
the other as the interviewee. Have the class critique the interview and
I make a note of comments to prepare your own do's and don'ts list.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
PUBLIC SPEECH
If you can't communicate and talk to other people and get across your ideas, you're
giving up your potential.
- Warren Buffet
Public speech or public speaking is the act, art, or process of making effective
speeches to an audience which is active or live. It is intended to inform,
motivate, persuade, educate or entertain the listeners in a face-to-face manner.
The process enables a speaker to form connections, influence decisions and
motivate change in the listeners.
Importance of Public Speaking
• Public speaking gives the speaker an opportunity of direct connection

with the audience to express why a particular idea, service or product is
beneficial to them.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
PUBLIC SPEECH I 53
• In public appearances, speaking without fumbling and stammering helps

the speaker in building his/her self-confidence.
• In order to keep the audience interested and engaged, the speaker has to
think about new ideas. This leads to critical thinking.
• Speaking at length on a particular topic is very challenging. It becomes
easier if the speaker is familiar with the ins and outs of the topic.
Researching on the area increases the knowledge base of the speaker.
• Effective public communication paves the way for developing leadership
skills.
• Good public speakers are always in demand. More and more people love
to hear them speak. This gives the speaker an opportunity to enlarge his/
her social connections.
• Interaction with the audience makes the speaker a good listener as well
develops his/her argumentative skills for driving the point home.
Types of Public Speeches
Ceremonial Speech: Speech delivered on the occasion of marriage ceremonies,

funerals, birthday celebrations, official parties etc. is called a ceremonial
speech.
Demonstrative Speeches: A demonstrative speech is one which is informative

in nature. Through effective demonstrations, the speaker educates his/her
listeners how to complete a particular process or work.
Persuasive Speech: A persuasive speech is one in which the speaker tries to

convince the audience to accept their point of view. Such a speech is arranged
and transmitted in a manner which compels the listeners to accept at least a
part of the expressed view, if not the whole.
Informative Speech: An informative speech is one which makes the listeners

enlightened about a topic which they are not aware of previously. It aims to
help the audience to understand and remember the information presented
before them.
Impromptu Speech: A public speech made on the spot without any prior

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
54 j INTERFACE
preparation is called as an impromptu speech. Impromptu speeches may be

on a wide range of topics. Speakers having interest in diverse areas qualify
for such speeches.
D Malala's UN Speech
In the name of God, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful.
Honourable UN Secretary General, Mr Ban Ki-moon,
Respected President General Assembly, Yuk Jeremie
Honourable UN envoy for Global Education, Mr Gordon Brown,
Respected elders and my dear brothers and sisters. Today, it is an

honour for me to be speaking again after a long time. Being here
with such honourable people is a great moment in my life.
I don't know where to begin my speech. I don't know what people

would be expecting me to say. But first of all, thank you to God for
whom we all are equal and thank you to every person who has
prayed for my fast recovery and a new life. I cannot believe how
much love people have shown me. I have received thousands of
good wish cards and gifts from all over the world. Thank you to
all of them. Thank you to the children whose innocent words
encouraged me. Thank you to my elders whose prayers
strengthened me.
I would like to thank my nurses, doctors and all of the staff of the
hospitals in Pakistan and the UK and the UAE government who
have helped me get better and recover my strength. I fully support
Mr Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General in his Global Education
First Initiative and the work of the UN Special Envoy, Mr Gordon
Brown. And I thank them both for the leadership they continue to
give. They continue to inspire all of us to action.
Dear brothers and sisters, do remember one thing, Malala day is

not my day. Today is the day of every woman, every boy and

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
PUBLIC SPEECH I 55
hes may be
fas qualify e\-ery girl who have raised their voice for their rights. There are
~ hundreds of Human Rights activists and social workers who are

not only speaking for human rights, but who are struggling to
achieve their goals of education, peace and equality. Thousands of
people have been killed by the terrorists and millions have been
injured. I am just one of them ....
. . . Dear brothers and sisters, we want schools and education for

every child's bright future. We will continue our journey to our
destination of peace and education for everyone. No one can stop
us. We will speak for our rights and we will bring change through
our voice. We must believe in the power and the strength of our
words. Our words can change the world, because we are all
together, united for the cause of education. And if we want to
achieve our goal, then let us empower ourselves with the weapon
of knowledge and let us shield ourselves with unity and
togetherness.
Dear brothers and sisters, we must not forget that millions of people
are suffering from poverty, injustice and ignorance. We must not
forget that millions of children are out of schools. We must not
forget that our sisters and brothers are waiting for a bright peaceful
future.
So let us wage a global struggle against illiteracy, poverty and

terrorism and let us pick up our books and pens. They are our
most powerful weapons.
One child, one teacher, one pen and one book can change the world.
Education is the only solution. Education First.
(Note: Malala Yousafzai's speech at the Youth Takeover of the

United Nations on July 12, 2013. For the complete speech, visit the
link: https:/ /www.un.org/News/ dh/infocus/malala_speach.pdf)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
561 INTERFACE
Techniques for Improving Public Speaking
• Topic knowledge: An effective speaker is one who has a thorough

knowledge about what he/ she is going to speak. Research on the subject
matter is of utmost importance.
• Audience information: Knowing the targeted audience helps in preparing
the speech. The intended speech should be at par with the level of
understanding of the audience.
• Story telling: To draw the attention of the audience and keep them
engaged, the speaker may add stories to his/her speech. However, the
stories should be relevant to the topic and the listeners should be able to
relate them.
• Follow professionals: Speaking is an art and only a small minority is
efficient in this. By keenly observing professional speakers, one can have
a fair idea about what goes into the making of an effective public speaker.
• Build confidence: Fear of the audience stands as a stumbling block in
facing the crowd. Positive thinking and believing in one's capabilities
dispel the fear for the faces in front.
• Language command: Command over language is a must for becoming an
effective speaker. Short sentences and easy words make the audience
understand the expressed view of the speaker.
• Voice control: To be a master speaker one must know the art of voice
modulation. It means adjusting the pitch and volume while speaking,
giving stress on key words, pause in between, and maintaining the tempo
or speed of the speech.
• Humour: Using humour in public speeches is almost like adding spice to
our food. An appropriate dose of humour in a speech keeps the public
awake, interested, connected and entertained.
• Practice: Practice makes one perfect. One must rehearse before making a
public speech. It helps in organising the speech and facilitates the speaker
in remembering the content.
• Feedback: Audience feedback is an important factor in making an effective

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
PUBLIC SPEECH I 57
speaker. It allows the speaker to have insights on how his/her message is
I being received and how it is being interpreted by the audience.
□ Activity
Read the speech given below and decide the category it falls under.
Toni Morrison's The Bird is in Your Hand
"Once upon a time there was an old woman. Blind but wise." Or
was it an old man? A guru, perhaps. Or a griot soothing restless
children. I have heard this story, or one exactly like it, in the lore
of several cultures.
"Once upon a time there was an old woman. Blind. Wise."
In the version I know the woman is the daughter of slaves, black,
American, and lives alone in a small house outside of town. Her
reputation for wisdom is without peer and without question.
Among her people she is both the law and its transgression. The
honor she is paid and the awe in which she is held reach beyond
I her neighborhood to places far away; to the city where the

intelligence of rural prophets is the source of much amusement.
One day the woman is visited by son1e young people who seem to
be bent on disproving her clairvoyance and showing her up for the
fraud they believe she is. Their plan is simple: they enter her house
and ask the one question the answer to which rides solely on her
difference from them, a difference they regard as a profound
disability: her blindness. They stand before her, and one of them
says, "Old woman, I hold in my hand a bird. Tell me whether it is
living or dead."
She does not answer, and the question is repeated. "Is the bird I
am holding living or dead?"
Still she doesn't answer. She is blind and cannot see her visitors,
let alone what is in their hands. She does not know their color,
gender or homeland. She only knows their motive.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
58 I INTERFACE
The old woman's silence is so long, the young people have trouble
holding their laughter.
Finally she speaks and her voice is soft but stern. "I don't know",
she says. "I don't know whether the bird you are holding is dead
or alive, but what I do know is that it is in your hands. It is in your
hands."
Her answer can be taken to mean: if it is dead, you have either
found it that way or you have killed it. If it is alive, you can still kill
it. Whether it is to stay alive, it is your decision. Whatever the case,
it is your responsibility.
For parading their power and her helplessness, the young visitors
are reprimanded, told they are responsible not only for the act of
mockery but also for the small bundle of life sacrificed to achieve
its aims. The blind woman shifts attention away from assertions of
power to the instrument through which that power is exercised.
Speculation on what (other than its own frail body) that bird-in-
the-hand might signify has always been attractive to me, but
especially so now thinking, as I have been, about the work I do
that has brought me to this company. So I choose to read the bird
as language and the woman as a practiced writer.
(Note: This excerpt is from Toni Morrison's Nobel Lecture The Bird
is in Your Hand 1993. © The Nobel Foundation.)
Questions
1. What is public speaking?

2. Why is public speaking important in day to day life?
3. What are the different types of public speech?
4. What type of skills must one possess to become an effective public speaker?

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
58 I INTERFACE
The old woman's silence is so long, the young people have trouble
holding their laughter.
Finally she speaks and her voice is soft but stern. "I don't know",
she says. "I don't know whether the bird you are holding is dead
or alive, but what I do know is that it is in your hands. It is in your
hands."
Her answer can be taken to mean: if it is dead, you have either
found it that way or you have killed it. If it is alive, you can still kill
it. Whether it is to stay alive, it is your decision. Whatever the case,
it is your responsibility.
For parading their power and her helplessness, the young visitors
are reprimanded, told they are responsible not only for the act of
mockery but also for the small bundle of life sacrificed to achieve
its aims. The blind woman shifts attention away from assertions of
power to the instrument through which that power is exercised.
Speculation on what (other than its own frail body) that bird-in-
the-hand might signify has always been attractive to me, but
especially so now thinking, as I have been, about the work I do
that has brought me to this company. So I choose to read the bird
as language and the woman as a practiced writer.
(Note: This excerpt is from Toni Morrison's Nobel Lecture The Bird
is in Your Hand 1993. © The Nobel Foundation.)
Questions
1. What is public speaking?

2. Why is public speaking important in day to day life?
3. What are the different types of public speech?
4. What type of skills must one possess to become an effective public speaker?

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
II
I CLOSE READING AND COMPREHENSION
I
A close reading is a purposeful and careful reading of the text. It may be
considered as re-reading. It is an intensive re-reading of the text where the
reader focuses on the author's purpose, the meaning of the words, and what
the structure of the text informs.
Effective readers engage in close reading to extract the meaning from
complex texts. Thus, close reading may be defined as the reading and re-
reading of texts to locate the purpose and focus on subject matter. It may be
considered as a micro-reading of the text because it involves the attentive
and detailed reading of a text to find the author's real purpose.
Benefits of Close Reading
1. Helps in building a comprehensive understanding of the text.

2. Helps to find out interconnected ideas contained in a text.
3. It helps in looking for and understanding systems of meaning.
4. Close reading helps readers to go beyond the surface meaning so as to
access the multiple meanings of a text.
5. It helps in paying close attention to the kind of language used - syntax,
grammar, structure etc. in a certain text.
Steps in Close Reading

Step 1
• Cursory reading to get the general idea of the text.

• Highlight the important points.
• Think about the subject matter of the text.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
62 / INTERFACE
Step 2
• A second and a closer reading of the text.

• While reading if one doesn't understand some parts of the text, then that
portion has to be marked.
• Analyse the significance of marked portions.
Step 3
• Finally we have to look at the questions.

• Reread to find their answers.
• Frame the answers accordingly.
Comprehension
To comprehend means to understand. Comprehension test, therefore, means

the test of understanding of a text or passage by the readers in the proper
perspective. It aims at making an assessment of how far the readers understand
the contents of a given text or passage. Questions are set at the bottom of a
given text or passage to evaluate the understanding level of the readers.
Readers are required to give answers to these questions in their own words.
Acquiring reading comprehension skills increases the enjoyment and
effectiveness of reading. It helps one to develop intellectually, socially, and
professionally.
Tips for effective comprehension
• One should read the text or passage a number of times to ensure a thorough
understanding of the piece.
• If the reader is not aware of the meaning of a word or certain words in
the passage, he/ she should try to infer meaning from the context in which
the word or words appear.
• Questions should be taken up and the given passage should be read for
their answers.
• Answers should be clear, brief and to the point.
· II

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
CLOSE READING AND COMPREHENSION/ 63
• There should be no vagueness, extra illustration or any unnecessary

elaboration in the answers.
that • All answers should be in the indirect speech and no direct speech should
be used while answering the questions.
• Lines or line from the given text or passage should not be reproduced
I while answering the questions.
• Each answer should be in separate paragraph and separately numbered.
I •
•
Language used in answering the questions should be simple, clear and
plain.
Answers should be preferably in the same tense in which the questions

are asked.
PROCESS OF CLOSE READING

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
64 j INTERFACE
Solved Example of a Comprehension
New Year is a time for resolutions. Mentally, at least, some of us could compile
formidable lists of do' s and don' ts. The same old favourites recur year in
year out with monotonous regularity. We resolve to get up earlier each
morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand
and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don't like, drive carefully,
and take the dog for a walk every day. Past experience has taught us that
certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. If we remain deep-rooted
liars, it is only bec;1c1se we have so often experienced the frustration that
results from failure.
Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are
too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out. We also make the
fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we
look even more foolish when we slip into our old bad ways. Aware of these
pitfalls, this year I attempted to keep my resolutions to myself, I limited myself
to two modest ambitions: to do physical exercise every morning and to read
more in the evening. An all-night party on New Year's Eve provided me with
a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first
day of the year, but on the second, I applied assiduously to the task.
The daily exercise lasted only for eleven minutes and I propose to them
early in the morning before anyone had got up. The self-discipline required
to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable.
Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living room for two days
before anyone found me out. After jumping on the carpet and twisting the
human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table
in an exhausted condition. It was this that betrayed me. The next morning
the whole family trooped in to watch the performance. That was really
unsettling but I fended off the taunts and jibes of the family good humouredly
and soon everybody got used to the idea. However, my enthusiasm waned,
the time I spent at exercises gradually diminished. Little by little the eleven
minutes fell to zero.
By January 10 th I was back to where I had started from. I argued that if I
spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning I would keep my
mind fresh for reading when I go home from work. Resisting the hypnotising

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
CLOSE READING AND COMPREHENSION I 65
effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to
a book. One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and
sat in front of the television pretending to read. That proved to be my undoing,
for I soon got back to the old habit of dozing off in front of the screen. I still
haven't given up my resolution to do more reading. In fact, I have just bought
a book entitled 'How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute'. Perhaps it will
solve my problem, but I just haven't had time to read it.
Practice Questions
(i) What has the past experience of New Year resolutions taught us, according
to the writer?
(ii) According to the writer, why do most of us fail in our efforts for self-
improvement?
(iii) Why is it a basic mistake to announce our resolutions to everybody?
(iv) Why did the writer not carry out his resolutions on New Year's Day?
(v) Find words in the passage which carry a similar meaning as the following:
(a) Overwhelming
(b) Drawbacks
Answers
(i) According to the author, the past experience of New Year resolutions has
taught us that we are not able to act upon our resolutions.
(ii) According to the writer, most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement

because our plans are too ambitious.
(iii) It is a basic mistake to announce our plans at self-improvements to

everybody because when we fail in our efforts, we look very foolish.
(iv) The writer did not carry out his resolutions on New Year's Day because
of an all-night party on New Year's Eve.
(v) (a) Formidable
(b) Pitfalls

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
66 I INTERFACE
SUMM
□ Activity
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
India occupies a key position in the world and has done so since
civilisation began to fan out from its original birthplace in what is
now Iraq. In India there is an attitude towards life, and an approach
to human affairs that answers to the present situation.
India occupies a key position in the geographical sense. India holds

the balance between rival ideologies. Today the parliamentary form
A sum
of democracy has a hold in Asia because India has made this way
signific
of political life her own. If India were to change her mind over
this, the effect would be felt, not just in India itself, but all round
the shores of the Indian Ocean and in the heart of Asia and Africa.
However, politics is one of the more superficial of man's activities.
Merel\·
Religion cuts far deeper, and at the religious level, India has not
avoid. T<
been a recipient, she has been a giver. About half the total number
An
s of the living higher religions are of Indian origin. As for politics,
India has been the site of no les than four of those empires that will
be recognised in retrospect, as experimental models for a world •
state in the literal sense. Two of these, the Maurya and the Gupta
Empires, were built and maintained wholly by Indian hands. •
lmpo
Questions •
(a) Where can you find the original birthplace of civilisation?
(b) What positive factor does the author notice in India? •
(c) Apart from its geographical location, how is India in a key position?
(d) Why does the author suggest that at the religious level, India has been a • s
giver?
(e) Name the two model empires in India identified by the author.
•

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
SUMMARY
It is my ambition to say in ten sentences what others say

in a whole book.
- Friedrich Nietzsche
A summary is a short, concise method of stating the main idea and other
significant supporting details found in a text. It condenses the main points of
a text, while preserving its original idea in a more concise form. It focuses on
most important ideas, while greatly reducing or leaving out its minor details.
It has to be noted that a summary must be written in one's own words.
Merely combining selected quotations from the original text is a sin one must
I
avoid. Typically, a summary is one-fourth the length of the original text.
An effective summary is a condensed rewrite of the original text reflecting
the depth of reader's understanding of the original passage.
• It can be thought of as a study outline that is connected by sentences
rather than numbers, letters, or indentations.
• A summary condenses a larger piece of work down to its essential parts.
Importance of Summary
• Writing a summary is a beneficial tool in written communication because

it cements the understanding of the reading materials. It refreshes the
information that is already lying dormant in the mind.
• Summarising a broader text helps us in identifying the main points and
key details.
• Summary works like a memory capsule. By looking at a summary we
tend to remember the text that we have already read. It saves precious
time while preparing for an examination.
• Additionally, it further enhances students' understanding of a text. For,

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
681 INTERFACE
it requires them to condense information down to its essential or main

parts.
• It helps in building comprehending capacity of students.
Techniques of Summary
Step 1: A few minutes have to be spent in previewing the passage. One should
have a quick look at the following: title, subtitle, first and last paragraphs
and other items like heads/ subheads/ pictures/ charts/ diagrams/ italic
type words/boldface print etc.
Step 2: The next step is to have a close reading of the text. After the first
reading, one should mark the main points and key supporting details.
Step 3: Re-reading the important areas as well as the main points and key
supporting details that are marked the first time around constitute the
third step. It further gives us an opportunity to mark those key points
that might have been missed.
Step 4: Then we have to prepare rough notes by concentrating on the main
ideas and the key supporting points.
Step 5: The concluding step is to write the summary by identifying the author,
title, and date of publication at the top. One should express the main
points and key supporting details in one's own words. Then revision of
the first draft is required. And finally we have to produce the final draft
of the summary.
How to Write a Summary
1. Identifying the main word or idea in each paragraph is the most

important skill in writing a summary.
2. After identifying the main points or idea in each paragraph, we have to
paraphrase the main idea.
3. Compiling the sentences and paraphrasing them is important.
4. Finally writing the rough summary is the last important thing to do.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
SUMMARY\ 69
ain What a summary should include
• The main idea of the original passage.

• The most essential supporting details or explanations.
• Only that information contained in the original text.
uld • Objective and factual information from reading the text.

phs • Summariser's own words and paraphrasing skills.
• Length of one-fourth of the original text.
Solved Passages
PASSAGE I
The work of the heart can never be interrupted. The heart's job is to keep
oxygen-rich blood flowing through the body. All the body cells need a constant
supply of oxygen, especially those in the brain. The brain cells live only four
to five minutes after their oxygen is cut off, and death comes to the entire
body.
The heart is a specialised muscle that serves as a pump. The pump is
divided into four chambers connected by tiny doors called valves. The
chambers work to keep the blood flowing round the body in a circle.
At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the
first of the four chambers. Its oxygen has been used up and it is on its way
back to the lung to pick up a fresh supply and to give up the carbon dioxide
it has accumulated. From the right atrium the blood flows through the tricuspid
valve into the second chamber, the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts
when it is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which leads
to the lungs. In the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and picks up
fresh oxygen. Then it travels to the third chamber, the left atrium. When this
chamber is filled it forces the blood through the mitral valve to the left
ventricle. From here it is pushed into a high blood vessel called aorta and sent
round the body by way of arteries.
Heart diseases can result from damage to the heart muscle, the valves
or the pacemaker. If the muscle is damaged, the heart is unable to pump

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
70 I INTERFACE
properly. If the valves are damaged, blood cannot flow normally and easilv
from one chamber to another, and if the pacen1aker is defective, the contractio~
of the chambers will become un-coordinated.
Until the twentieth century, few doctors dared to touch the heart. In
1953, all this changed. After twenty years of work, Dr. John Gibbon of U.S.A. J
had developed a machine that that could take over temporarily from the
heart and lungs. Blood could be routed through the machine, bypassing the
heart so that surgeons could work inside it and see what they were doing.
The era of open heart surgery had begun.
In the operating theatre, it gives surgeons the chance to repair or replace
a defective heart. Many patients have had plastic valves inserted in their
hearts when their own was faulty. Many people are being kept alive with
tiny battery-operated pace1nakers; none of those repairs could have been
made without the heart-lung n1achine. But valuable as it is to the surgeons,
the heart-lung machine has certain limitations. It can be used only for a few
hours at a time because its pumping gradually damages the blood cells.
SUMMARY
Heart is responsible for the constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to all parts
of the body. It is a pumping machine divided into four chambers. The used
blood goes to the right atrium and through tricuspid valve passes into right
ventricle. The latter pushes the blood into lungs through pulmonary artery.
Blood gets oxygenated in the lung and moves to aorta. A heart disease is the
defect in the muscle, valve or pacemaker. The heart-lung machine is very
useful in treating a diseased heart.
PASSAGE 2
Occasional self medication has always been part of normal living. The making
and selling of drugs has a long history and is closely linked, like medical
practice itself, with belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so
has the development of scientific techniques made diagnosis possible. The
doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many illnesses with
specific treatment of their cause. In many other illnesses of which the causes
remain unknown, he is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
SUMMARY 171
and easilv treatment of sympton1s. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat
on traction
~--rnptoms only and when to attack the cause. This is the essential difference
~tween medical prescribing and self-n1edication.
heart. In
of U.S.A.
from the
sing the
r 5-elf medication has always been part of normal living as use of medicine is
:inked to black magic from ancient times. Diagnosis with scientific techniques
doing.
is only hundred years old. Now a doctor can diagnose with specific treatment
of the illness's cause. The doctor is trained enough to find out the real cause
replace
of the disease and with self 1nedication this is not possible.
Jin their
Passages for Practise
1. Classroom management can be affected by how the seats are arranged in

the classroom. The instructor needs to think about the order of the room
and how it will affect what their expectations of the students. For example,
if the instructor chooses to put the desks in pairs or groups, they need to
be realistic about the fact that there is bound to be some amount of
socializing. The seating arrangement also needs to be organized in a way
that the instructor can easily move around the room and 1nonitor student
behaviour.
2. Feminism as a movement became popular since the seventies. It aimed at
liberating women from various manifestations of gender based
discrimination and exploitation. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) in his famous
book The Subfection ofvVomen (1869) and Mary Wollstonecraft (1750-1797)
in A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) were the pioneers of the
feminist movement. They frankly exposed the inhuman injustice imposed
on women and the hypocrisy underlying the obnoxious patriarchal social
order. Wollstonecraft was an ardent supporter of women's rights and
liberties. Mention can be made of Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own
which exposes the exploitation w01nen suffered in English society. She
vehemently opposes gender inequality in the society and subscribed to
the feeling that women should be allowed to express their own thoughts
and should be given liberty to move freely to University libraries.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
72 I INTERFACE
Therefore it is indeed a very difficult task to define feminism in a few

words as with the changes in society, its definition also changes to
incorporate diverse notions, beliefs and ideas which women vouch as
part of their denied rights. To put it in very simple words, 'feminism'
stands for the collective view that women are at par with men and they
should be allowed to occupy the same position equitably with their
counterparts in all institutions and all walks of life. As such feminist critics
started reading literary texts from feministic perspectives by delving more
deeply into the psyche of the women characters so as to give different
subjective identities.
3. The best way to prepare oneself for the spiritual life when one has to live
in the ordinary occupations and surroundings is to cultivate an entire
equality and detachment and power of the Gita with the faith that the
Divine is there and the Divine Will at work in all things even though at
present under the conditions of a world of Ignorance. Beyond this are
the light and happiness towards which life is working but the best way
for their advent and foundation in the individual being and nature is to
grow in this spiritual equality. That would also solve your difficulty about
things unpleasant and disagreeable. All unpleasantness should be faced
with this spirit.
Questions
1. What do you mean by summary writing?

2. What are the techniques of writing a summary?
3. Why is summary writing important?
4. What are the important things we should remember while writing a
summary? What should we include in a summary?
,.
L
lOMoARcPSD|12475037
in a few PARAPHRASING
inism'
their
True art selects and paraphrases, but seldom gives
a verbatim translation.
more
- Thomas Bailey Aldrich
erent
Paraphrasing is an important skill in written communication. It is a writing
skill in which one rephrases/rewrites informatiuu from an outside source in
k) live
I one's own words without changing its meaning. While rewriting all, or nearly
all, of the content of the original passage, a paraphrase is almost as long as
the original passage. When paraphrasing, it is important to avoid plagiarising,
that is, writing a paraphrase that is too similar to the original. A paraphrase
is unacceptable when it contains the same words and sentence structure as
the original.
Difference between Paraphrase and Summary
• A paraphrase contains the complete account of a text in one's own words.

But a summary contains only the central idea in one's own words.
• While paraphrasing, one has to change both the words and the sentence

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
74 I INTERFACE
structure of the original co111position. But in a summary so1ne key words

may be retained.
• A paraphrase simplifies and explains the original text. But a summary has
no scope for explanation as it focuses only on the main points.
• Paraphrasing is a specific activity as it covers all portions of the text. But
a sum1nary is selective in nature as it restricts itself to the n1ain ideas
only.
• Length-wise, a paraphrase is al111ost of the san1e length as the original

work. But a sum111ary is only about one-fourth of the original.
Par.11'hr.1Ning
1. u~ your O\'\'Il '\'\'(ll"Js
2. ( 'w41h!' p4~s...tg-1.~s o( lht• s.lnH'
length"" orlgin,.I
3. Indude in-te:,.1 dt.ition
<...>uoting Summ..risins
l. UNe ex.id wording 1~ Ust...,. your ow·n words
2. U.,.,:, quot ..libn m.irk~ 2. Cr'c'ollt> l'.t"s"&'-'"
l. lnduw in-text dt .. tion shorh•rlh,tn origin.ii
3. lndmh• in-ll•xt fil.ilion
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARAPHRASING, SUMMARISING AND QUOTING
Importance of Paraphrasing
1. Paraphrasing helps us to comn1unicate the meaning of a difficult passage.
When we proceed to make our ow·n argument, it will allow us to refer to
another writer's thoughts by retaining the focus and tone of the argument.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
PARAPHRASING I 75
ords 2. Paraphrasing helps us in finding out the real meaning of a passage. It is

better than quoting information.
3. Paraphrasing enables us to understand what the author has written. It
may be regarded as a test to measure our comprehension abilities.
4. Paraphrasing is an aid for improving writing skills. While preparing rough
But
drafts for paraphrasing practices, we virtually end up improving our
writing skills.
5. Paraphrasing saves us from the temptation of forming a copy /pasting
habit. In return it promotes original thinking and creativity.
6. Paraphrasing keeps one engaged in searching new words with similar
meanings to replace those in the text. It boosts our vocabulary.
How to write Effective Paraphrases
Step 1 : Repeated reading of the original passage is required until one

understands it fully. Emphasis should be laid on spotting unfamiliar words
and replace them with appropriate synonyms. If one needs to take notes, the
best way to approach is to write down only one or two words for each idea.
At this stage sentence writing should be avoided.
Step 2: The ideal way to write a paraphrase is to rely on one's memory.

Looking at the original text may defeat the very purpose of paraphrasing as
the former' s influence cannot be ruled out. Including as much information
from memory is the way forward towards writing a good paraphrase.
Step 3: One should check one's paraphrase against the original for accuracy
and con1pleteness. The points that have been missed should be added in the
final draft.
Step 4: While writing a paraphrase one should be careful to mention the

source of the original passage.
Techniques of Paraphrasing
1. We should use different vocabulary to replace the original words by

employing synonyms.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
761 INTERFACE
2. Order of words has to be changed.

3. We can use different forms of grammatical pattern.
4. A simple change from a clause to a phrase n1ay be attempted.
5. Quoted speech should be changed to indirect speech.
6. Active voice needs to be changed into passive voice.
7. Changing word forn1s is an essential technique in paraphrasing.
8. One should be able to interpret to identify the underlying meaning of a
statement.
Example of Paraphrasing
PASSAGE I
ACT I
Scene I, A Desert Place.
Thunder and Lightning, Enter three Witches.
First Witch: When shall we three meet again,

In thunder, lightning or in rain?
Second Witch: When the hurlyburly' s done,
When the battle's lost and won.
Third Witch: That will be ere the set of sun ,
First Witch: Where the place?
Second Witch: Upon the heath
Third Witch: There to meet with Macbeth.
First Witch: I come, Graymalkinl
Second Witch: Paddock calls
Third Witch: Anon
All: Fair is foul, and foul is fair:
Hover through the fog and filthy air.
( Excerpts from Act I Scene I of
William Shakespeare's A1acbeth)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
PARAPHRASING I 77
PARAPHRASE
Act 1
Scene 1. A Desert place
Thunder and lightning. Enter three Witches.
First Witch: At what time of the day are we going to meet again? Shall not we
meet when nature is seriously disturbed by thunder, lightning, and rain?
Second Witch: We shall meet again when the tumult of battle is over, and its
result is known -victory for one party and defeat for the other.
Third Witch: The battle will be decided before the sun sets.
First Witch: At what place we are going to meet?
Second Witch: Let it be the wild moorland.
Third Witch: There we are going to meet Macbeth, as he returns from the
battlefield.
First Witch: I am coming, Graymalkin (in answer to the cry of an attending
spirit in the shape of a cat).
Second Witch: My attending spirit , a toad is calling me.
Third Witch: I am coming immediately.
All: All that is good is evil to us and all that is evil is good to us- we delight
in topsy-turvydom. Let us fly through the fogged and unwholesome air.
PASSAGE 2
A casual scan of the front page of any major Indian newspaper assaults the
reader with shocking incidents of violence against women and children. The
recent YouTube video of a teenage girl being molested by a mob in Guwahati
caused a national outcry. In a country where women and girls are traditionally
revered as the Mother and the Goddess, this is simply unacceptable. A society
that is unable to respect, protect and nurture its women and children loses its
moral moorings and runs adrift. This problem cannot be solved by the
government alone but by a national awakening involving the entire country
and civil society.
While women in India generally face numerous disadvantages - poor
health indicators, lower literacy rates, lower income levels, poor female to

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
78 I INTERFACE
male ratio due to sex-selective abortions and female infanticide, to list a few
- the last few years have witnessed some astonishing acts of violence against
women and children.
(Excerpt from an article 'Are women not part of our being?' by Siddharth
Chatterjee in The Hindu dated Sept 18, 2012)
PARAPHRASE
The recent article in one of the leading dailies has asked us a simple yet
provocative question. 'Are women not a part of our being'? Day after day
the front pages of our newspapers are splashed with news of assault against
women and children. Theoretically revered as the 'Devi' figure, the reality of
the Indian woman is a far cry, that of being doormats to men. They face
gender discrimination, fewer rights to education, poor health facilities, female
infanticide, etc. The list is endless. There needs to be an awakening in society
in our attitude towards women which cannot be achieved by governmental
agencies and organisations alone.
Passages for Practise
1. Paraphrase each of these sentences from Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s
1963 speech, "I Have a Dream."
a. I say to you today, my friends, even though we face the difficulties of
today and tomorrow, I still have a dream.
b. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
c. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true
meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal."
d. I have a dream that one day, on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down
together at the table of brotherhood.
e. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering
with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be
transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
f. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content
of their character.
L
lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
list a fe\•; 2. Paraphrase the following passage.
PARAPHRASING I 79
e against
Democracy as a Way of Life
iddharth Den1ocracy is n1uch broader than a special political form, a method of

18, 2012) conducting government, of making laws and carrying on governmental
administration by means of popular suffrage and elected officers. It is that,
I of course. But it is something broader and deeper than that. The political and
I governmental phase of den1ocracy is a means, the best means so far found,

for realizing ends that lie in the wide domain of human relationships and the
development of human personality. It is, as we often say, though perhaps
without appreciating all that is involved in the saying, a way of life, social
ace and individual. The keynote of democracy as a way of life may be expressed,
ale it seems to me, as the necessity for the participation of every mature human
ty being in formation of the values that regulate the living of men together:
which is necessary from the standpoint of both, the general social welfare
and the full development of human beings as individuals.
3. Paraphrase the following passage.
Although language is the main means of communication between people, so

many different languages have developed that language has often been a
barrier rather than an aid to understanding. For many years, people have
dreamed of setting up an international, universal language which all people
could speak and understand. The arguments in favour of a universal language
are simple and obvious. If all people spoke the same tongue, cultural and
economic ties might be much closer, and goodwill might increase between
countries (Kispert, 2006, p.302).
Questions
1. What do you mean by Paraphrasing?

2. How is Paraphrasing different from Summarising?
3. Write down the importance of Paraphrasing?
4. Elaborate the steps involved in writing an effective paraphrase.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The only people who see the whole picture

are the ones who step outside the frame.
- Salman Rushdie
Analysis and interpretation are terms generally used interchangeably in an

academic setting. But the terms are not synonymous. Analysis, in fact, means
a systematic examination and evaluation of data or information contained in
a text. It involves breaking the data or information into its component parts
to uncover their interrelationships.
Analysis may also mean an examination of data and facts to uncover
and understand cause-effect relationship for problem solving and decision
making.
On the other hand, interpretation means the action of explaining the
meaning of something. It may also mean an explanation or process of explaining
the text. Together, analysis and interpretation may be termed as a process of
assigning meaning to the collected information and determining the
conclusions, significance and implications of the findings in a text.
Steps of Analysing a Text
Analysis of a text starts with close reading. The following steps may be
followed for analysing a text:
Step 1: The first step in analysing a text involves a thorough reading for
understanding what is happening in its structure. It helps in understanding
both the parts as well as the whole of the text.
Step 2: Locating basic ideas, events and other key information constitute the
second step in analysing a text.
Step 3: The third important step in text analysis is to capture the main
arguments, essential statements and the basic structure of the text.
Step 4: The next step involves identification of how the thought has been
ordered, developed and described.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 181
Step 5: The last step involves drawing conclusions about the text through a
process of self-reflection and critical thinking.
TIPS FOR INTERPRETING A TEXT
1. The first important thing is to read or reread the text with specific questions
in mind. Reading of the text gives the reader an understanding of what
the text is all about.
2. The second important thing is to grasp the main idea of a text. It includes
understanding of the topic, the theme, and the writer's intention in writing
the text.
3. The next important thing in interpretation is to identify facts and opinions
contained in the text. This gives the reader a clue to what the author
thinks and feels about the topic.
4. The fourth important step is inference. It means figuring out the unstated
meanings and then drawing conclusions on the basis of the facts given in
t.,e the text.
5. Prediction is the last step in the interpretation of a text. It means the
ability to predict the outcome when the author chooses to leave it for the
readers to infer.
□ Activity
Given above is The Scream by Edvard Munch. Analyse the picture

and interpret it in your own words.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
821 INTERFACE
I
Solved Example Int~
Ad
The Soul selects her own Society -
love
Then - shuts the Door -
the:
To her divine Majority -
a S<l
Present no more -
Unmoved - she notes the Chariot - pausing -

At her low Gate -
COIi
Unmoved - an Emperor be kneeling
acti
Upon her Mat -
chi
I've known her - from an ample nation -
Choose one -
Then - close the Valves of her attention -
'
Like Stone -
(Emily Dickinson's
The Soul Selects Her Own Society)
Analysis of the poem
The Soul selects her own Society is a short poem by the American poetess, Emily
Dickinson. The poem is about how the Soul selects her own chosen one. This
chosen one is God. Having made such a choice the Soul shuts the door and
allows nobody to enter inside. Her choice is possibly only at spiritual maturity t
(divine Majority).
Unmoved then, she notes the Chariots of other suitors at the low gate.
She remains unmoved by the prayers of other royal suitors who go on kneeling
and praying upon her mat. She rejects their prayers and waits for God alone,
the King of Heaven, surely taking precedence over mortal emperors.
The poetess says that she has known the Soul from an ample nation. She
has chosen one and that one is God. After choosing her suitor, she closes the
valves of her heart. To all others she turns into a heart of Stone. Her stony
demeanour clearly suggests that her choice is final.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 183
Interpret-ation of the poem
A deeper reading of the poem, however, would reveal that it is not about
love or friendship. It is about spiritualisation of the total self. Chariots and
the kneeling power - the pomp and pageantry of life can have no appeal for
a soul refined by spirituality.
Underlying the entire drama is the conception of the Soul as Queen. Her
regal qualities are suggested by the term divine Majority, and by the way in
which representatives from the world are made to present themselves (as in a
court) for her honour. In the words - selects, Unmoved, Choose - in the soul's
actions and firmness with which the Soul shuts the Door, in her decision to
choose the Valves of attention, we further see the regal qualities of the Soul.
The central idea of the poem is that the Soul rejects the mundane and
the material and selects the spiritual. God alone would be a suitable companion
to the Soul, the only King fit for her regal personality.
Practice Question
Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer

To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake

To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
,
841 INTERFACE
And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.
Given above is a poem by Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy

Evening. Read it closely and interpret the: a) The Direct Meaning in the poem
b) The Implied Meaning of the poem

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TRANSLATION
Snowy
poem
Without translation, I would be limited to the borders of
my own country. The translator is my most important ally.
He introduces me to the world.
- Italo Calvino
The word translation has been derived from the Latin word 'translatio' which
means 'carried across'. Translation refers to the process of converting the
text from its original language to some other language in such a way that the
meaning of the text is carried across in the closest way possible. According to
J.C. Catford, "Translation is an operation on languages: a process of
substituting a text in one language for a text in another." However it is
important to note that translation is not a mere re-wording of a text but
blends the cultural and historical ethos of the two languages to bring about a
multilingual harmony of meaning.
The process of translation involves two languages:

i) Source Language is the original language in which the text is written.
The text is translated fro1n the source language to the target language.
ii) Target Language is the language to which the original text is translated.
A translator is an agent who converts the text from the source language
to the target language. He/ she is the receiver of the encoded text, the meaning
of which he/ she has to decode. Being the channel of communication between
the originator and the reader, a translator performs both on the level of
language and on the level of culture. Sri Aurobindo states, "A translator is
not necessarily bound to the original he chooses; he can make his own poem
out of it if he likes, and that is what is generally done." According to the
intent of the translator, translation can be categorised into: Literary translation
and Non-literary translation.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
86 ! INTERFACE I
Types of Translation
i) Literary Translation: A literal translation must emphasize the expressive,

symbolic and connotative aspects of a text. It must cover all literary
I
features of the source text. It provides the reader the freedom to explore
multiple interpretations with a wide intuitive and imaginary range.
ii) Non Literary Translations: Non-literary translation deals with the factual
details which ensure that the structure and narrative of the source text is
reflected in the target text.
Importance of Translation
1. It helps in locating a text in the greater context crossing regional

boundaries.
2. It helps in locating a substitute text and increases the readers' accessibility.
3. Translation helps in finding out the inner meaning of the text.

4. Translation helps in creating a subtext by delving into the layers of
meaning.
5. Translation assists in dissemination of ideas and information.
Essential qualities of a good translator
• A translator must have a strong command over the Source Language (SL)
from which he/she is trying to translate into the Target Language (TL).
• A translator must have adequate knowledge of the socio-cultural contexts
of both the SL and TL.
• In order to capture the spirit of the SL text, the translator must have
sufficient knowledge of the subject in which he/ she is working upon.
• A good translator should never try to impose his/her own ideas while
translating an SL text into a TL text.
• To achieve accuracy in translation, a translator must have a keen mind to
do research. Research enables a translator to clear doubts in those areas
he/ she is unclear or not familiar.

•
lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TRANSLATION i 87
Transcreation and Transliteration
;si\·e, I i) Transliteration: It is the process involved in the conversion of the text

~rarv from one script to another. This process does not aim at transfer of
~lore interpretation and meaning of the text across languages. It is concerned
I
with sound attached to the word.

ii) Transcreation: It is the process of finding an equivalent of a culturally or
locally relevant phrase or colloquialism which does not directly translate
in the target language. It is concerned with preserving the intent attached
with the source text.
al Translation from Hindi to English
fv.
of
if Wl ffilif it ~ ~ {
~ m-un:m it im mim ~ f'lFf t
-Fen -zj ~ full: m t m full: 3R ti
im ~ w.mr if ~-ftli«TT ~ t
~ if fll~i-;J,f cflf ~ t
~-;;JT~~•t
~ if im ell li=fi<-'l ~ ii ~ t, 'fFP-f ct ~
$+i7f'-"'IQ,, ~ ~ < T T -+!ITT[ 3TI'ef@ t,,
~ 1:WA am~ if1
(m TcR!-'lTT 1-\~lcfil&ff if:; ~ ~ i'
~- ~ -+ITT ~ if)
6-H-I 4i M ct I cflf "F[-""i.fi'iTTl ~ {

$Af'-"'IQ, f!.!:;- % i-;Ji:fcfi{;c::H -;;fRi <TT "p:jffiTT t
m'l-~ !-.11' cfi1
~ if mm-~ wn ~ {

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
88 ! INTERFACE
~9'iTI
m tjr if 3Nft ~$mrr it fuR {
m it arn:r,::, {
~flfMQ, fcf;- cm °t ~ ~ ~
1LU~"fll'1:fi"~*~m~
~ m if mm "9'@T
lR, ~ ~ '!fun: filR1l11I 6

fcf;- ~ cfjJll ~ m
~fcf;-3lWft"&Um
m tjr if ~ am: am cfi'r it m "9'@T 1
Rf~;,,{2.lJ, fcl2f1-1.:ff, lfs41£P-ff <t oiTITT cfi1

TJ@"l:ll'q:;'t~~
mt ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~
ir2.T cfi1 3WIT -q ~ cfi1 ~ t
~ it fmt ~ ~ it ~ t
ffi "Bo! <1MFR1cl Wl~if fi:r~ °t 'IJl:r °t
~ ~ "Q,cfi" cm fcf;-
~ cnT ~ t
~- i:fi ..i'.fi2.I { tdJ {
~- cf, ~ if ~ {
mwn fuom:! ~ ~ ~m«rr {
~~m{1
So VERY FAR
(TR. VISHNU KHARE AND ADIL JussAWALLA)
I am so very far from you people,

My fires are so very different from yours,
That what's poison for you is food for me.
Multitudes walk with me in my isolation;

In my loneliness, friendly hands 5

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
-- TRANSLATION I 89
Of those you despise, but caught

By my troubled soul and held precious there.
And that's why you rain your blows on me
In public and in private.
(Leaves of our blood-stained epics fly 10
In our fight.)
I covered myself with failure's trash,

Finding heaps on the spiral staircase
Of corruption and cash,
And though I've gone straight 15
I'm still bitter in what I do, hate
The poison.
For whatever one has one wants something better,
To sweep the whole world clean you need a scavenger
And I'm not him. 20
And though someone inside me roars each day
That no work is unclean if the man be true,
The work's still grim.
Beyond the world and its end-products:
Refrigerators, vitamins, radiograms, 25

There's my famished daughter.
In her intestines a gnawing nothing,
In her lungs the shame of those who have nothing.
Only suffering imprisoned by the nothings is true,

All else is umeal, untrue, a delusion, deceit. 30
The only truth is
A sequence of grief.
I am the split-eared, the underground wretch

Correcting disorders.
Under your Chevrolets and Dodges I stretch, 35
Oil-covered, black,
Bowed by your orders.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
90 I INTERFACE
FRC
(TR
Ghi
yea
~ zj ~ c!<@ ~ qft oRRf ~ 3wit. ~ ~ ~ °%Tf1TT m, ~ c!Jc@if ~ can
7jjl qft<r ftrffi m. % ~if q@ m. 3fn: 31Gi[ m~ ~ ~ m.
ha"
~-°% ~ m 'iiffi'IT' ~ it m ~ ~ cfiT "@Al 3fn: ~ m fl:wrr, ~ c:fR'll' -it fflcfi1 Pu1
'lTT ~ µ ~ ~- fflcfil! ~- oo ~ ~ dn: 3lm'IT mqfj-i ~ - ~ - -&r-;, ~ sp1,
if,~ "@"I,~~ d{cfilD, '®. ~- ~- 3T<i! cFIT ~fcn ~~if cFIT ~ fl:wrr. ~ reli
im, -itcfi m m. 7jjl ~ ~ . lWlT. f;,@;n ~ . <S!ldr, ~ -it itm <9T<IT. itm <9T<IT. fcn fcnm ,va
it -qr;rr -;, ffl Tf1TTI lflTT 9~1+:11~ c!Wt t fcn ~ if Tflf-Tflf, "l"]l('[-"l"]l('[ f!ctlfoa cfi.Jif,i\'-li ~ ~ no
t, .:r,:n ~ t fcn m ~- ~ -q,: m~ m ~ t i::rn: °% t fcn ~ ~ t, 3fn: ~ oo I dis
~ mfw:rr, -at 1W!-$t1 I'-l I 1-TI ftrffi I i::rn: ~ 1TT1" ffi qft ~ "fj,'tl m? ~
c! ~3=1T -;, "l@T mI ~ \'O
.
"1Tcfi1: 3l1R ~ "9<: Be Tf1TTI ,tm fu;r-~ m °% ~ ! eal
1CfT'tlcf ';:t ~ ~zjf cfiT "lf'f-"eft-"lf'f ~ c'tit ~ cfim-3T<i! ~ ~ ,tm ~ -.:i-iJ. f@<'.11111 I de
'3T<i! ~ cFIT f@t'llll,lll? °% -;;p:JRT ~ ml 3T<i! -at fflcfi1 fcfi9il'-ld ~ i1 00-~ if l'IB ho
~ "cfiU, fsi:;?:rr-q;i::f if l'IB ~ "cfiU I ~ , ~ cfiT 1CfTt1 o'fiR- q 2.1 {cfi < ~ 00 I ~ if -al "cfi1TT 1n
m i1 61, ~ if fcfi9il'-ld ~ i!'

,vi
·~ ~ ~ ~ "@f1TT irit?'
·~it~ "@f1TT ~,·
is
' ~ it cfill iR -;, "@f1TT irit I ~ "9"cfiT mI l mim 3=1T'tll 1-TI m t I'
~ ~ ~ - i t -qr;fi m 3fn: 9ITT' 3IB]c[ cl,~ 3Nft mfu1:ii ~ cJTc[ ~ if mm Sill
w1 1\ir ~ ~- m ~-~f<'l<11 TJil: ~ t,

3rR ~1--l<TT 311-TI \lcfi ~ @ mI
* This is an excerpt from Premchand's Kafan. Translated by M. Assaduddin
l
lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TRANSLATION I 91
FROM PREMCHAND' S SHROUD

(TR. M. AssADUDDIN)
Ghisu was reminded of Thakur' s marriage, which he had attended twenty

years ago. He remembered that extraordinary feast to this day. He said, 'I
can never forget it. Never have I been to another feast like this where I could
have such a bellyful. The bride's side fed puris to everyone, big and small.
Puris fried in pure ghee. And there was curd, three kinds of dry saag, one
spicy curry, chutney, sweets and many other things. I can't tell you how I
relished it! There was no one to stop you. You could demand anything you
wanted and eat as much as you liked. People gorged so much that there was
no space for even a drop of water in their stomachs. But the servers kept on
Fi dishing out piping hot, fragrant kachauris. They didn't listen to you even if
F- you said no or raised your hand to restrain them. And when people finished
Ir
eating and rinsed their mouths, they were served paan as well. But I had no
desire left for paan ~s I could barely stand! I somehow managed to reach
home and stretched out on my blanket ... The Thakur was large hearted
indeed!'
Madho listened to the description of the sumptuous list of delicacies
with relish and said, 'I wish someone would feed us like that now.'
'Who'll feed you now? Those times were different. Nowadays everyone
is saving money. Stingy in marriages and weddings, stingy in rites and rituals.
What are they going to do with all the money they grab from the poor people?
I ask you. They are not tight fisted when it is a question of grabbing, they are
so only when it comes to giving.'
'You must've stuffed yourself with at least twenty puris?'
'More than twenty.'
'I would've polished off fifty.'
'I must've eaten that many. I was a hefty fellow. You aren't even half
the size I was.'
They finished the potatoes and drank water. Then they covered
themselves with their dhotis, tucked their knees up against their chests and
went off to sleep right there beside the ashes of the fire. Like two huge,
coiled-up pythons.
Budhia was still writhing in pain.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
92 I INTERFACE
Some passages translated from Assamese to English p
Passage 1
1.5: ~~'9f., ~ * 'e~ ~ ~ :
-!Im ~ rl'9 ◄ $113 -!Ir-! ~ }{_1i ~ VI ~ ~ >t!~l ◄~ •~

~ pn ~ m ~,rs~ 1 ~ <li'tmf.i fi1~m ~ ~ QI -!!<Ii f.lffi
~ ~ ~ Ql<i ~I fi1'9~ ~ ~
6f~911Cif~~.•Wfltf~~•m~Ciillfl! ~
~ ~ ~, I ~ ~ ~ ~1' ◄ '416! ◄ ~
~~16!161'6 , "<;iMt\3 m C6f ' $ ~ ~ -!C'S/141-1 " ~ ~ 'ifttol I lltt~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ fim~~· il11R 'fli ◄ M ~ -m-
~ $11'1 ffl ~ I ~ ~ rl'9Wl lSt~ ~ '51m ~ ilt§~ 'ifl ◄ '
fbJlA~~, , >tl~J<ji <fie1' ~ 9f1ll I~ ~fit~~ (Qf IS~ ~~'t-i ~'e/R<ti1 I
Dr Bhupen Hazarika and Bharat Ratna
Lakshminath Bezboruah was so much impressed by the song sung by a child

that he got up fr01n a meeting and blessed the child by kissing him. Bezbaruah
could guess that this child will be a prodigy later on. The child met geniuses
like Bishnu Rabha and Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla and others quite early in his
life. He learnt to sing folk songs from his mother. At a very early age of
twelve years, this boy sang two songs 'Kakhote kolosi loi' and' Bishwa bijoy
nojuwan'. At the age of thirteen years, he proved his talent by composing
the song 'Agni jugor phiringoti'. The boy grew up to become one of India's
greatest music composer, singer, film maker and litterateur. The boy is none
other than Dr. Bhupen Hazarika.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TRANSLATION I 93
Passage 2
~ ~ ~ "1R 1ff'5i ~
to~o9Jt~~C<fi~
t m~,ci~
ffl\o ~ ~~"I ')"ft~ .•.
~'o
~
"C~Fmi~~
..if.; c'-1 0tm 9fi'IO'I
~ ~ ~ ~'if~ <Wf ~4..f ..
~ '{~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~?
~ ~ ~ ~◄ 61Pl<1>1~ ~?
~ l!U'-11 ~m ?!'1
Wlil~~~m<fitft ...
'6!1~44 '(~ ~ 'llll,- ~IG"lb ◄ 'l'l'clb

~
~W<!>~<lim~~<llM
Wlil~ri'I
91~ ~ ,m;!...
~00 , l!ll~!{PIBl<l ~ ~ ~ i~
15'1\IG'-11 ~ ~
~\
~"' ~ '!l"' ~e ~"' ~ ~
~~~'et~*~""" ~cm .... 11 '"~ W blf-4<1>1~,.
On the shore of the life's river was in search of gems and pearls.
The trick of searching everywhere
The echoing sound of conscience
Turns into reality the colourful dreams ...
Crossing the boundary of knowledge

The flowing currents.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
94 j INTERFACE
Washed away the dark clouds

The left out silt- -
Tra
Will bring completion to lakhs of people. 'Li&
Who will give the strategy of being a winner in life's struggle? Ral:
What is the key to win life's struggle?
Often the same question.
Knowledge may be the key ....
Let the struggles and obstacles of whole life ....

Be accompanied with knowledge ....
Filled with knowledge ...
Who said divine power can't be reached?
The sea of knowledge engulfs everything.
It can be the true pathfinder.
Good character and perseverance is really required in life's struggle.
To climb the ladder of succes so to reach the top.
Without high thinking there is no satisfaction in this struggle.
There is only one word both in the national and international level
There cannot be any other mantra to get succes in life.
Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu and Lord Mahadev
A thousand salute to the Almighty.
( The Key to Life's Struggle/ Naren Nritom Das)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TRANSLATION 195
Translation from Bengali to English
'Light, Oh Where is the Light?

Rabindranath Tagore
I
c-:'m'<ffi.l '5J I CM I, C<f>T~ '8Uf '5J IC<1 I !
M-i:! :i !<i CM \Sa IC<1 l @ '5TC<I \Sa 1CM 1 !
?JUJC!i'i rtl9f <TT QiJ lttii M"<IT,
..sJ~ ~ '9TC<9" ~ rn f<of~-
~ am::T~'1 CSl ~ ""ICFII I
RBl!'i:l<'lCM ~91'~ \tfjlC<11 II
(<l'1<il'f'51 'r!tGtt:ii, ''8@ ffi'1,

'9ffer '9iit5fi"f ' 5 ~
(\:l IN1-i:! l
fc1~'4 ~ '5Ji,\li<!ilc?l
ililC<fi''f<'l '551GT<'l' I '
,,,r,1 ii \'.) <1 Gi n:JC!l€ CT'TC\:J '9Bl',

i I '\S'i1f?f
.£)1{"i'f C<fi"''i ~ (ti <llrn" <.'lJ'ra I
M©J_t<9 ~ ~ ~ '5J l '-':' I ,m<=l,

ffir¾'-';i\')?l R,rn?f Cb-rt~·~ ,
~ <TI C<!iT'<lT '5J(<'i -!.1'f<'l tT,~ 9f'<.f9ffc'f~ GJ1C<'11, C<f>T~ '8"G:l '5JIC<'11 !

W?l:ili'lCM %ICM! @ G'fC?l \$;:ilCMI I
I ~
i.51M">clzi c.'l'NT, ~TR>clzi ~,sm,
c5'1V9' ?.ITq m m-Gm,
~rn',+F<i"""i.5~_ f<'Fri f<1 <I'>~~ 1t<-11 ,
9f?lTf \SatcMI I!

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
961 INTERFACE
Tagore's Translation
I
The
Light, oh where is the light? Kindle it with the burning fire of desire! ll
In I
There is the lamp but never a flicker of a flame, - is such thy fate, my I 1
heart! Ah, death were better by far for thee!
½11
Misery knocks at thy door, and her message is that thy lord is wakeful, I
and he calls thee to the love-tryst through the darkness of night.
The sky is overcast with clouds and the rain is ceaseless. I know not
what this is that stirs in me, - I know not its meaning.
I
A moment's flash of lightning drags down a deeper gloom on my sight,
and my heart gropes for the path to where the music of the night calls me.
Light, oh where is the light! Kindle it with the burning fire of desire! It
thunders and the wind rushes screaming through the void. The night is black
as a black stone. Let not the hours pass by in the dark. Kindle the lamp of
love with thy life.
William Radice's Translation
Where's the light, the light?

Ignite it with the fire of longing
The lamp is there, but no flame
What is this doom on my brow?
Death would be preferable
Light the lamp with the fire of longing
Pain's envoy sings, 'O breath of life,

God stays awake for you'
Pain's envoy sings, '0 breath of life,
God stays awake for you
Shrouded in the dark
He calls you to a tryst
Valuing you for your sorrow,
God stays awake'

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
TRANSLATION \ 97
The sky is crammed with clouds

Rain pours down
In the depth of this night for what
Am I suddenly awake?
Why is my breath thus caught?
Rain pours down
Lightning, flaming for an instant,

just makes the darkness thicker
Lightning, flaming for an instant,
just makes the darkness thicker
I do not know where, far away,
A song with a bleak tune
Drags my life down a path
where the dark thickens
Where's the light, the light?

Clouds thunder, wind howls
Time passes, but this deep night,
Black as a whetstone, doesn't pass
Light love's lamp with my breath
Kothay alo kothay ore alo
Kothay alo kothay ore alo.

birohanole jvalo re tare jvalo.
royechhe dip na achhe shikha
ei ki bhale chhilo re likha
I ihar cheye moron se je bhalo.
birohanole prodipkhani jvalo.
bedonaduti gahichhe, 'ore pran,

tomar lagi jagen bhogoban.
nishithe ghono ondhokare

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
981 INTERFACE
daken tore pren1abhisare.

duhkho diye rakhen tor man.
tomar lagi jagen bhogoban.
gogontol giyechhe meghe bhore,

badoljol poRichhe jhori jhori.
e ghor rate kiser lagi
poran momo sohosa jagi
emon keno korichhe mori mori.
badoljol poRichhe jhori jhori.
bijoli shudhu kshonik abha hane

nibiRotoro timir chokhe ane.
jani na kotha onek dure
bajilo gan gobhir sure
sokol pran tanichhe pothopane
nibiRotoro timir chokhe ane.
kothay alo kothay ore alo.

birohanole jvalo re tare jvalo.
dakichhe megh, hnakichhe haoya,
somoy gele hobe na jaoya,
nibiR nisha nikoshghono kalo.
poran diye premer dip jvalo.
(Transliteration by Dilip K. Basu)
Questions
1. What is translation and what are the types of translation?

2. What is the importance of translation?
3. Mention the esstential qualities of a good translator.
4. What do you mean by trancreation and transliteration?

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
DC
•
•\Vhat is tl1e pm
•Who :is tl1e aud.i
•lVhicl1 i1lfomtatio11 to collect)

•How to collect !lie i11fonnatio11 J
•How to orga11ise tl1ei11fo11natio111
•How to develop an ottt.line?

•How to edit the doc1unen ti
•How to fomut tlte dortunent?
1)
STEPS FOR DOCUMENTING 3)
1)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
DOCUMENTING
l Art is to me the glorification of the human spirit, and as such it is the

cultural documentation of the time it is produced
-- Hans Hofmann
Documenting or documentation is any communicable material that is used to

describe, explain or instruct about some attributes of an object, system or
procedure, such as its parts, assembly, installation, maintenance and use. It is
the process of storing, locating, updating and sharing data for the purpose of
achieving progression and outcomes in an organisation.
Purpose of Documentation
The purpose of documentation is to:

1) Describe the use, operation, maintenance, or design of a process through
the use of manuals, diagrams, and other written and graphic materials.
2) Provide useful information to the targeted audience.
3) Teach something by demonstration.
4) Persuade and convince the people to revise their decisions.
5) Establish a culture of standardised practices within an organisation.
6) Ensure compliance with requirements of end-users.
Types of Documentation
The documentation process consists of two basic types:
1) System Documentation
It records a system's design specifications, its internal workings, and its

functionality. System documentation may be further divided into internal

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I 02 I INTERFACE
and external documentation.

• An internal document is a record that is created and stored within an
organisation. The document is used to support the processes of the
organisation. Internal documents may include employee timesheets,
production plans, purchase requisitions, sales order etc.
• An external documentation is the record of the outcomes of all the
structured programmes of an organisation. Documents that are external
in nature include customer specification documents, product standard
codes, rules of statutory and regulatory bodies, operating and repairing
manuals etc.
2) User documentation
A user document is the record of how an application system operates. It

provides knowledge to end users on how to use a system. User documents
are in the form of a booklet and may include such information like introduction
to the system, technical or operational details, glossary of technical terms,
troubleshooting tips etc.
Requirements of an Effective Documentation
• Production of a good document requires planning and considerable

investment of time and resources.
• Technical terms specific to a particular system should be explained in
simple and comprehensible language to the readers.
• Collection of proper feedback adds value to the documentation process.·
The more the inputs the more informative will be the document.
• Accuracy of information should be maintained at all costs. If the
information is not true, the document will lose its credibility.
• Good documentation involves providing exhaustive information with
multiple numbers of examples. Proper illustrations make a document user
friendly.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
DOCUMENTING J I 03
□ Example
USHA INTERNATIONAL LTD.
Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi
Dear customer,
Congratulations!
You are now the proud owner of USHA electric iron.
Innovatively designed, using only the highest quality material and
components, your USHA Electric Iron is designed for years of
trouble free performance.
Please read this Instruction Manual carefully before using and keep
it cautiously after reading for future reference.
Best wishes
IMPORT ANT PRECAUTIONS
Please read operation instructions before using the appliance.

• Never leave the iron 'ON' when not under observation. Unplug
the iron, even when momentarily absent from the room. Keep
away from the reach of children.
• Take care that the main cord does not touch the soleplate when
it is hot.
• Never use the iron if it is damaged in any way.
• For your safety, please ensure the power supply is ELCB.
l, TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Model: EL-3302
WATTAGE: 1100W
VOLTAGE: 240V AC, 50Hz
SOLEPLATE: Black American Heritage Coating

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I 04 I INTERFACE
FEATURES: f
• 1100 Watts element for powerful performance with minimum

heating time.
• Sleek and elegantly designed plastic body to ensure protection from
electric shocks.
• American Heritage coated soleplate for effortless ironing with best
results.
• Ultra Light Weight Aluminium Alloy for a comfortable ironing
experience.
• Snap action thermostat for accurate temperature control.
• Dual colour LED Indicator Lamp for thermostat function indication.
• Button groove in soleplate for reaching into the tricky area under
buttons.
HOW TO USE IRON
• Start ironing your fabric once the signal light will turn red signifying
soleplate heating is OFF.
• Always check first the ironing instructions are attached to the
articles to be ironed.
• If the fabric consists of various fibres you must always select the
lowest ironing temperature of the composition (e.g. an article
consisting of 60% polyester and 40% cotton, should be ironed at
the temperature indicated for polyester.)
• Velvet type textiles should be ironed only in one direction, applying
light pressure.
TIPS FOR CARE OF THE IRON
• Do not keep the soleplate on a rough or abrasive surface.

• Do not use the iron on metallic fittings, zips etc. to avoid scratches.
• After each use, clean with a damp cloth when the iron is still warm.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
l DOCUMENTING I I OS
• For stubborn marks, clean with vinegar when the iron is cold and
then clean with damp cloth.
• Never immerse the iron in water.
• Never select higher temperature for the article to be ironed otherwise
you run the risk of scorching the fabric and damaging the soleplate.
STORING
• Before storing let the iron cool down sufficiently (standing on the
back rest).
• Clean the iron with damp cloth.
• Store the iron standing on its back rest to prevent damages to the
sole plate.
I In case of any defect do not tainper with the appliance yourself,

contact USHA Care at Toll Free No. 1800 1033 111.
I (Source:https:// www.usha.com/sites/ default/files/

Product Manuals /USHA %20EI%203302 2.pdf )
USHA INTERNATIONAL LTD.

Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi
WARRANTY CARD
This appliance is warranted for 1 year against all manufacturing defects

from the date of sale. In the event of any complaint, please contact USHA
Care at Toll Free No. 1800 1033 111.
The warranty is valid only when:

1) The appliance has been used and maintained in accordance with the
instruction manual.
2) The warranty card and cash memo duly signed by the authorised
dealer are presented with the complaint.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
1061 INTERFACE
3) The appliance has not been opened and tampered with, by any
unauthorised person.
The warranty does not apply for:
1) Damage due to chipping, peeling, plating and denting.

2) Breakage or damage to components made out of Bakelite, Urea,
ABS, SAN and such plastic materials, rubber parts and cord.
3) Normal wear and tear of parts.
4) Damage resulting from accidents, mishandling or negligence on part
of the customer.
Liability for consequential loss or damage is neither accepted nor implied.
S.No: .................................................................................................... .
CASH MEMO ......................................................... DATE ................ .
DEALER'S NAME AND ADDRESS ..................................................... .
OWNER'S NAME AND ADDRESS ..................................................... .
(Source: https://www.usha.com/sites/default/files/
Product Manuals/USHA%20EI%203302 2.pdf)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
DOCUMENTING I I 07
Ri Kynjai Eco Resort

Shillong, Meghalaya
About us
The eco resort Ri Kynjai means "land of serene environs" and is located
by the side of Umiam Lake which is about 20 km from Shillong, the
Capital of Meghalaya. Set against the backdrop of the enchanting Khasi
hills, this eco friendly resort in Meghalaya is spread over 45 acres
and weaves three architectural styles into a harmonious whole that
synergises perfectly with the idyllic natural surroundings. Supported
on tall circular stilts, the hybrid cottages are of vernacular Khasi culture
of putting up upturned boat roof in metallic thatch fused to modern
gables. All these rooms have wooden floorings, a fireplace and face
the serene waters of Umiam Lake. The restaurant offers continental,
•
Chinese and other North Eastern specialities. The restaurant, bar and
I conferencing hall - all have a panoramic view of the lake, hills and
forest.
This resort near Shillong reflects ethnicity, the warmth of Khasi
hospitality, their eco-centric culture and captivating architecture
combined with modern convenience and luxury. The surrounding
areas of the resort include groves of majestic pine trees, lush paddy
fields, small organic tea and vegetable gardens. This resort in the
outskirts of Shillong is a trekker's paradise as the legendary peaks
'Lumsohpetbheng' and 'Lumdiengiei' are few kilometres away while
the resort's meandering walks provide for more relaxed exploration.
The resort emporium showcases handicrafts of North Eastern region.
This premium hotel in Shillong has a state of art Spa which offers
traditional Khasi massage and herbal treatments. There are folk dance
and music performances in the evenings which provide a glimpse of
the diversity of the North Eastern tribes and their unique cultures.
The oldest Golf Course in Asia is based in Shillong and the guests of
Ki Rynjai can play and avail the facilities of the Golf Course.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I 08 I COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Facilities
• 18 eco-friendly rooms
• Multi cuisine restaurant
• Room service
• 35 seater conference hall
• Fire place in cottages
1:
• Jacuzzi
• Khasi herbal spa
1.
• Laundry service
• Travel desk
• Car parking
• Satellite TV
Activities
• Trekking to nearby places

• Water sports at Umiam Lake
• Picnic at nearby villages
• Forest walk
• Cultural dance and music programmes
Address
U.C.C. Road, Umniuh Khawm, Ri Bhoi District, Shillong, Meghalaya.
How to get there
By air: Umroi Airport (17 km), Guwahati Airport (105 km)

By rail: Guwahati Railway Station (75 km)
By road: Shillong (22 km)
Tourist places around Shillong
Shillong is abundant with natural beauty. As it receives large quantity

of rains, the greenery is maintained throughout the year. So1ne of the
most famous tourist attractions in and around Shillong include
'

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
DOCUMENTING 1109
Cherapunjee (75km), Elephant Falls (15 mts drive), Mawlynnong, Nartiang

(65 kin), Mawphlang (20 kin), Mawsynram and Shillong Peak (5 km).
(Source: http://legreenhotels.com/Meghalaya.html )
Questions
1. Define the process of documentation. What are its purposes?

2. Discuss the various types of documentation.
3. What are the requirements of good documentation?
□ Activity
You are about to start a garments manufacturing company. Prepare
a profile of your company mentioning the readymade dresses,
' quality issues, price range, introductory offers and schemes (500-
700 words).

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
REPORT WRITING
Tc
•
•
Report is a term derived from the Latin word reportare, meaning to carry •
back. It is an important form of written communication which gives an account •
or statement of an event, situation, experience, incident, or the like. A report
may also be an exan1ination of some issues or problems. It carries essential
information on the topic. It provides the readers sufficient information to
•
arrive at a conclusion on a particular topic.
1
•
T]
• Plannmg OlwerYe the issue and plan c1 basic outline of the report
• Research: Collect reqnued data from primmy or seconchu·y somces
• Draftmg C!rgarnze the collected data 111 a wntten format
• Ed1tmg: Edit and revise the orgamzed data for clear and error free content
• Concluding: Inte1vret the data and mcorporale ieco111111endat10ns to meet

ob_1ect1ves
STEPS OF WRITING A REPORT •

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
REPORT WRITING I 111
Qualities of a Good Report
To be specific, a good report must have the following qualities:

• A good report should contain only important and relevant information.
• A report should be written in third person and indirect speech.
• It should be written in passive voice and not in active voice.
• Simple words and easy language make a report understood by all sections
of the reading public.
• A good report is generally brief, concise and to the point.
• A headline, date, time, place, source of origin, and verification of facts
make a report complete and authentic.
• Ideas should be logically developed in a report.
Types of Report
Reports can be categorised into:
1) Informational Reports: Reports which organise and present data without

analysing or recommending additional data are called informational reports.
They help in monitoring and controlling organizational process. These
documents, created for implementation of policies, are used for future
references.
Examples: Rules and regulations report, Government compliance report.
2) Analytical Reports: Reports prepared to analyse, understand and evaluate

information are called analytical reports. Background details provided by
these reports aid decision making. These are mainly survey reports which
persuade people with information and assessn1ent.
Examples: Research reports, Company growth report, Trouble shooting
report.
Solved Examples
Q. Prepare a report on the election process of your students' union.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I 12 I INTERFACE
Students' union election of XYZ College held
Date: 14th May, 2017
Students' union election of XYZ College for electing the new office
bearers of the union was held on 21 August at the college campus.
In this year's election about 30 students contested for various
posts of the students' body. Pallavi Hazarika of B.A. V Semester
and Rahul Das of B.Sc. III Semester were declared elected for the
two main posts of President and General Secretary respectively.
More than 85 percent students of the college exercised their
franchise.
A computer based voting system was introduced for the first
time to replace the traditional method of casting votes through
ballot papers. Students pressed the buttons of the computer to elect
candidates of their choice. Polling was conducted as per the
recommendations of Lyngdoh Committee. No untoward incident
was reported during and after the polls.
Q. Write a report on the visit of a V.I.P. to your area.
Lok Sabha MP visits Phukan Nagar area of Sivasagar
Date: 7th June
Newly elected Member of Parliament from the prestigious Jorhat

constituency, Tapan Gogoi visited the Phukan Nagar area of
Sivasagar town to take stock of the water-logging problem faced
by the residents of the locality. He was accompanied by the Deputy

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
REPORT WRITING J 113
Commissioner of Sivasagar district and other officials of the Public

Works Department (P.W.D.).
After inspecting the problem, he addressed the local public.
He assured the gathering to fix the problem with the help of storm-
water drains. He instructed the government officials to take
immediate steps for constructing the drains.
The prompt action of the M.P. was appreciated by the local public.
They expressed hope that the long standing issue might finally see
a solution.
Q. Present a report on the recent floods that hit your area.
Floods causes extensive damage at Nematighat
I Date: 16th July
Neamatighat and its neighbouring areas under Jorhat district \Vere

reeling under a fresh wave of floods caused by the overflowing of
the mighty Brahmaputra river.
Continuous rainfall in the last one week had caused the
Brahmaputra to overflow its banks and submerge vast areas of
crop land and human habitat.
Three people had been reported to be washed away by the
flood waters while five thousand villagers were rendered homeless.
Extensive damage was caused to the standing crops and hundreds
of domestic animals perished.
Flood victims were taking shelter in embankments and in
II
schools located near Jorhat town. Relief in the form of food,
clothing, and medicine had been extended to the victims by
government agencies and NGOs.
Loss to property and crops was estimated to be several crores
of rupees.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
114 j INTERFACE
Q. Make a report on the Fresher's Social Celebration, 2018 held in your

college. (Use 'X' for the name of your college.)
'X' College Celebrates Fresher's Social
I Date: 23 rd August
Fresher's Social Celebration, 2018 of 'X' College was celebrated in

a grand manner on 23 August at the college auditorium.
I A function organised to mark the event was chaired by the

College Principal. Noted Assamese actress, Moloya Goswami was 1
I
the chief guest of the function. In her address to the new students,
she asked them to give importance on character building and to
Ir-
develop a sense of humanism. She also asked the students to take
active participation in co-curricular activities.
The Fresher's Social function ended with a colourful cultural
programme presented by the senior students of the institution.
Q. Prepare a report on an International Film Festival.
Overwhelming response to film festival
Jorhat, 21 May
First edition of Jorhat International Film Festival, held on 10-14

May, under the aegis of Jorhat Cine Society received overwhelming
response from the cine lovers of this Upper Assam township.
In the five-day festival held at the local Smriti Gopal Cinema
Hall, altogether fifteen award winning international films were
screened. The films were categorised into three sections -
contemporary world cinema, classical cinema and country focus
cinema. A discussion on Japanese filmmaker, Akiro Kurosuwa's

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
REPORT WRITING I I 15
In your
films was also held on the second day of the festival. Mexican
' filmmaker, Guillermo del Toro' s Oscar winning film The Shape of
Water drew large crowds. It had to be screened twice on public
demand.
Organisers of the festival expressed great satisfaction on the
response shown by the people. "We feel encouraged to hold it
annually," said a delighted member of the Cine Society.
Q. You are an eye witness to a road accident in which a school going boy
was killed and many passengers were injured. As a reporter of an English
newspaper, write a report on the accident.
One killed, five injured in road accident
Date: 22 nd May
A school going boy was killed in a fatal accident at Kenduguri

under Bhogdoi Police Outpost, yesterday morning. Five passengers
of a mini bus were also seriously injured in the same accident.
As per the account of an eye witness, a Sivasagar bound mini bus
hit Pradip Bora who was on his way to school. After hitting the
boy who was a student of Class VIII, the ill-fated bus lost control
and stuck a big tree before coming to a halt. About five passengers
were seriously injured.
The school boy and the injured passengers were rushed to
the Jorhat Medical College Hospital for treatment. Later the school
• boy succumbed to his injuries.
Police arrested the driver of the bus and interrogations were
going on to know the cause of the accident. In the meanwhile, a
pall of gloom descended over the entire Kenduguri area when news
of the boy's demise spread.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I 16 I INTERFACE
It may be mentioned that this was the third accident in the

area within one month. Locals blamed the bad road condition for
the growing rate of accidents.
Questions
1. What is a report? Mention the qualities of a good report.
2. Prepare a report on the Blood Donation Camp organised by your

college.
3. Make a report on the Golden Jubilee celebrations of your college.
4. Write a report for an English newspaper on the Republic Day celebrations
held at your college.
□ Activity
Write a short story or an account of ,vhat the picture suggests to
you. Your composition may be about the subject of the picture or
you may take suggestions from it.
(Source: http://thijskeesenberg.com/plastic.html)

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
NOTE MAKING
The heart and soul of good writing is research; you should write
not wliat you know but what you can find out about.
- Robert J. Sawyer
Note making is an important writing skill made for the purpose of

remembering large chunks of information in a text. It is a process of listing
out, in brief, the most important facts and ideas and arguments contained in
a written text. In other words, it means recording the information scanned
from the written or printed material that we are reading for future use.
Difference between Note Making and Note Taking

' i
Note making and note taking may look identical if they are approached
casually. But as a matter of fact they are quite different from each other. The
fallowing are the differences between note making and note taking:
• Note making is made from a text or a passage, while note taking involves
taking dictation from the speaker.
• Note making involves only writing skills, whereas note taking uses both
listening and writing skills.
• A text prepared through the process of note making is understood only

by the person preparing it. On the other hand, the text made by applying
the process of note taking can be understood by everyone.
• Omission of verbs, use of symbols and abbreviations, and such other

methods are freely used in note making. But in note taking such methods
are not used. It is just the reproduction of what the speaker says.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I IS I INTERFACE
• Note making is an active process. Here, the author of the note scans the
main information from the text and jots them down in a manner suitable
to his/her understanding. Note taking is a passive activity. One simply
has to write down what is being spoken.
Purpose of Note Making
Notes are made for the following purposes:
• To record key information from a text for its future use and reference.
• To analyse and interpret a text.
• To help remember relevant information.
• Habit of making notes leads to development of critical thinking.
• By looking .at the points made in a note, a speaker remembers the whole
content that he/ she has prepared for a speech or a lecture.
Characteristics of a Good Note
• Notes should be short and to the point.

-
I
• They should be relevant and carry all the information.
• Information should be presented in a logical order.
• In note making full and complete sentences should be replaced by phrases.
• Information should· be logically divided and sub-divided by the use of

figures and letters.
I
• All irrelevant information should be left out from a note.
•
Abbreviations and symbols need to be used liberally.
Articles, prepositions and conjunctions should be avoided as far as

practicable.
I
• As notes are made for the author's own understanding, spelling and
grammatical errors are acceptable.
• Notes must make sense when read again.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
NOTE MAKING I 119
Procedure
•Topi.._· or 1..ey senlt•n.1..·t's. should h'l-' loc,1ted. It helps in fonnll.1-g the title.
• PiLss,tge should ht-' dh·ided into ~fictions ,u1d suh-sttdions. Tlu_• f,1d~ should he n1uube1·ed.
•~.-\_rough dr,t.ft ('Onsistin,g of lht> n1.•1ll.1 poittl~ should ht:'" a.1-r.n1.gtc"d ind logkal n1.,nu1.er.
l
•Whilt:> .UT,mgiug tl11c~ JJl4tiu poiuts .uul suh-poi.nts, abbn,.,·i,1.ti.011.s ,u1.d s:y1ubob should he frf"iely
uset.L
Sample Format of a Note
(a) HEADING
1. Sub Heading
(i) sub point
(ii) sub point
(iii) sub point
2. Sub Heading
(i) sub point

(ii) sub point
(iii) sub point

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
120 I INTERFACE
3. Sub Heading
(i) sub point

(ii) sub point
(iii) sub point
(b) KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
TIPS FOR USING ABBREVIATIONS

I
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
M.P. Member of Parliament

U.S.A. United States of America
U.N.O. United Nations Organisation
H.R.D. Human Resource Development
D.P. Display Picture
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
(a) Dept. Department

I
Com. Commerce
Sc. Science
Dr. Doctor
Mr. Mister
Mrs. Missus
(b) Writing the first few and last few letters of a word with an
apostrophe in between
Can't Cannot
Haven't Have not
Shan't Shall not
Won't Will not
Weren't Were not

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
NOTE MAKING I 121
FIRST LETTERS OF THE WORDS
Pc. Percent
Mg. Milligram
Ml. Millilitre
C.V. Curriculum Vitae
P.M.T. Per Metric Tonne
LIST OF SOME COMMON SYMBOLS
% Percentage
= Equal
+ Plus/Positive
Minus/ Negative
& And
@ At
# Number/Sharp
$ Dollar
100 Hundred
(c) SUMMARY
□ Example
Education as a Training Process
All of us know, of course, it is a mere common place, though

sometimes forgotten that education deals not merely with the
imparting of knowledge on the one side and the acquisition of
knowledge on the other hand, but also with the training of the
whole man. We are allowed to forget this with comparative impunity
in Western Universities because the general training of the young
is only in part carried out by the official teacher. All of us who
have been either at school or the university know well enough that
whatever might have been done for us in these two forms of
education, the more important of our training was due to the

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
122 I INTERFACE
collision of minds between the boys at school or between the

undergraduates at the university.
We do not have it brought home to us with the same insistence
as it is brought home to teachers in Oriental Universities, that there
is and must be a collision, not as irreconcilable collision for the
growth of scientific knowledge in its branches and the traditions,
beliefs and customs, which after all are the great moulding forces
of social man. In the West, the changes of knowledge and the
changes of traditions have gone on by relatively small degrees.
There has been in every case mutual adjustment and although
nobody can be unconscious of the difficulties of Western teaching,
due to its necessity of keeping up that adjustment nobody is likely
to underrate those difficulties in the East. Our difficulties are
comparatively smaller, hardly to be mentioned with those which
necessarily come upon us when you bring in upon a society
unprepared by the long training we have gone through generation
after generation the full stress and weight of modern scientific,
critical and industrial knowledge. We do not think anybody,
whatever his views on education at large or the effect which this
sudden contrast must produce upon an ancient and civilised
community. This modern knowledge is not a thing that can be
ignored or neglected by the East if it comes to them with all the
enormous practice which naturally results from great material
success. Scientific knowledge and growing conception of the nature
and character of the world in which we live is no more speculation.
It does not come armed with that perhaps more vulgar, more
impressive prestige due to the fact from it have been born so many
of the arts of life, so many of the things that have made races
powerful, wealthy and prosperous.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
NOTE MAKING I 123

Questions
(a) After reading the above passage, make notes on the contents of the passage
in points, using abbreviations wherever necessary. Give a suitable title to
the passage.
(b) Make a summary of the passage in about 80 words.
Answers
a) NOTES
1. Education - A Training Process for Man

(i) imprtng of knoldg.
(ii) acqitn. of knoldg.
(iii) train the whl. man
(iv) collsn. of minds @ schl. & univ.
l 2. Growth of scientific knowledge and traditions

(i) moulding. forces
(ii) mut. adjst. and diffi.
(iii) strssng. the scie. & indus. knoldg.
3. Contrast of ancient and civilised community
(i) est nt. to ignr. mod.life.

(ii) grow. concptn. of nature.
TITLE: EDUCATION OF MAN
b) KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
-. Imprtng
Knoldg
Imparting
Knowledge
Acqitn Acquisition
Whl Whole
Collsn Collision
@
At

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
124 j INTERFACE
Sehl School
Univ University
Mut Mutual
Adjst Adjustment
Diffi Difficulties
Strssng Stressing
Scie Scientific
Indus Industrial
(c) Summary
Education deals not only with imparting of knowledge but also with the
training of the whole man. It is a collision of minds at school and university.
We also find collision between scientific knowledge and traditions which
after all are the great moulding forces. There has been a mutual adjustment
but none is aware about the difficulties. We cannot ignore the modern
knowledge as it is a breeder of arts of life. Side by side growing conception
of the nature and of the character of the world should be taken into view.
I
□ Activity
Travel writing is widely considered a hybrid genre, fusing factual
reportage with fictional technique, onthespot observation with
recollections in tranquillity, scientific detail with poetic allusion,
verbal description with visual illustration. Ethnography, geography,
history, economics, aesthetics, and other disciplines inform travel
writing and at times provide its keynote. During the years between
1780 and 1840 periodical reviews and circulating libraries customarily
listed 'travels' and 'tours' among 'Voyages and Travels', but even
a glance at other headings, such as 'Fine Arts', 'History', or
I
'Topography', indicates the pervasiveness of related material across
geme categories. In addition, as Shef Rogers has observed, 'travel
writing was probably the most selfconsciously printinformed genre
of the period' (2009: 784), with the writers and readers of

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
NOTE MAKING I 125
travelogues seeing and reading not with naive but with actively
comparative 1ninds. This breadth and depth is symptomatic of a
general culture of travel in the Romantic period, the permeation of
representations of travel across the arts, literature, sciences, not to
mention its importance to leisure pursuits: panoramas, museums,
exhibitions, and tourism itself. As eighteenth century grand tourism,
the preserve of the aristocratic few, gave way to mass tourism by
the mid nineteenth century, travel writings both reflected and
reinforced a cultural consciousness in which mobility, observation,
curiosity, accuracy, and imagination (the chief province of the stay
at home traveller whose 'world' is the world of travel books and
illustrations) became qualities fundamental to a liberal
understanding of the world.
Read the passage above and make notes on the contents of the
passage. Use points and abbreviations wherever necessary.
(Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/
9781118300916. wberl t014)
Questions
1. What is note making? Distinguish between note making and note taking.
2. What are the purposes of note making?
3. Enumerate the characteristics of an effective note.
4. Mention the steps in making a good note.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
LETTER WRITING 5.
6.
The proper definition of a man is an animal that writes letters.

7.
Lewis Carroll
Letter writing is the exchange of written or printed messages. Letter writing I

is one of the most indispensible activities of modern society. Commerce,
business, official correspondence, personal correspondence, public
representations, complaints, enquiries and other dealings are carried on
through letters. Therefore, students should cultivate and learn the art and
skill of letter writing.
Every individual in his/her life is required to write official letters or I
business letters of some sort and may feel the need of writing a personal
letter of vital interest in life. Since writing a good letter is not an easy job and
needs careful practice, every educated person should acquire and develop I
the skill of writing a clear, understandable and readable letter.
Writing Effective Letters
In order to write effective and excellent letters, the following points are to be
kept in mind :
1. Natural: An effective letter should be natural 1n tone like oral
communication and convey the complete message.
2. Proper language: A good letter is written in simple and direct language.
Active verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs are used to create vivid image
and retain the attention of the reader. Vague words and technical words
are avoided.
3. Clarity: A good letter has a clear, unambiguous and self-explanatory
message.
4. Brevity: An effective letter is written in as few words as possible in order
to make it effective.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
LETTER WRITING I 127
5. Accuracy: A good letter contains accurate facts and figures. All names,
specifications and dates are correctly spelt and the ideas are clearly
presented.
6. Correct tone: The tone or emotion of letter is adopted after considering

the objective of the letter which may be formal, informal, persuasive,
positive or negative, in order to make it effective.
l>ll 7. Grammatical accuracy: A good and effective letter is free from
grammatical and structural errors.
Types of Letters
Letters can be broadly classified into the following types:
I. PERSONAL LETTERS
Personal letters are written to family members, relatives and friends to

communicate private issues and for maintaining personal relations. These
letters have a very personal tone.
Examples of Personal Letters
1. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in the

H.S. Final Examination.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
128 ! INTERFACE
Milanpur, Of
Sivasagar, S3J
Assam. ad
Ht
th
25 May, 2019. en
an
Dear Hemanta,
th
I have just heard of your result of the Higher Secondary Final Examination. I vi
convey my heartiest congratulations on your brilliant success. To secure y<

distinction marks and letters in all the subjects is no easy achievement. All
your friends and relatives must be proud that you have won such a distinction.
I really feel very glad that you performed so well even though you had fallen
Y.
ill just before the examination.
B
I am sure this result will encourage you to do better in your higher studies.
With such a good result I am sure you will easily secure admission in a college
3
of your choice.
I
I think you must be flooded with letters from your friends and relatives. I
wish you a very successful career ahead.
Yours sincerely,
Tridip.
2. Write a letter to your younger brother advising him not to neglect his
studies by watching TV.
K.K. Path,
Golaghat, Assam.
24 th Mav, 2019 .
.;
Dear Rohan,
It has been quite a long time since we have written to each other. I hope
everything is going fine at your side.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I Of late, Ma seems to be worried about you. The other day I overheard Ma

saying that you spend a lot of time watching TV. If this is true, I should
advise you that it is high time you need to concentrate more on your studies.
Here you may think differently that TV is not entirely for mindless
entertainment. I do agree with you that it is also a medium that gives us
ample opportunity to learn. It is true that there are many programmes like
those shown on Discovery Channel which are very informative. But, at this
I vital moment you should be able to distribute your time properly between
your studies and other activities.
Before I end this letter, I must tell you that I am quite confident that you will
be sincere to your studies and make all of us proud.
Your loving brother,

Bhaskar.
3. Write a letter to your friend describing your visit to a place of historical

importance.
Krisnanagar, Titabar,
Jorhat, Assam.
27th May, 2019.
Dear Rit,
Hope you are fine in health and spirit. I am fine here by the grace of God. I
· hope your studies are going on properly. I am trying to be regular in my
studies this time. Today I am going to write about my recent visit to a place
of historical importance.
My recent visit to the historical Sivasagar was entertaining and informative.

I got this opportunity of visiting it as one of the members of the educational
tour arranged by our college. We started from Titabor early in the morning.
We reached there at about 10:30 am. We started with Rongghar, the first
pavilion of Asia. Then we visited the Talatal Char, followed by Joy Dol and

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
130 I INTERFACE
Joysagar tank. Then we went to the historic Shiv Doland Sivasagar tank. The
monuments built during the Ahom rule were wonderful and very artistic. a
We also went to see the Tai Museum located on the bank of Sivasagar tank. s
We we had the privilage of seeing many antique pieces of sculpture of Ahom
l
rule there.
I would like to end my letter here. Convey my regards to Uncle and Aunty. I
Your loving friend,

•
C
Aparna C
2. BUSINESS LETTERS
...
Business letters are written to or by a business house or enterprise for
commercial purpose. These letters demand a formal treatment. They require
simple and systematic treatment of the subject.
Examples of Business Letters
I 1. Write a letter on behalf of a dealer to the main distributor requesting

him to increase the commission on sale.
I.
Novelty Readymade Clothes
Central Market Complex
Sivasagar, Assam
18 th May, 2019.
The Manager,
Stylish Garment Manufacturer,
45, Purana Chowk,
Surat, Gujarat.
Dear Sir,
Sub : Request to Increase Sales Commission

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
LETTER WRITING I 13 I
The I We have been distributing your garments in Sivasagar and the neighboring
areas for last six years. Despite stiff competition in the garment industry, our
sales have steadily improved in this region.
The increase in the sale is mainly on account of the intensive coverage of the
market through our travelling sales team and extensive advertisement and
publicity in this area. We assure you that we shall continue our efforts and
maintain the increasing trend in the sale. But we sincerely feel that some part
of the sales promotion expenditure should be borne by you. We have carefully
calculated and conclude that if you increase our sale commission by another
5% we shall be duly compensated.
We hope you will appreciate our point of view and agree to our request. We
look forward to receiving a positive response from you at an earliest date.
Yours sincerely,
Ranjan Das,
Proprietor.
2. Write a letter to a sports good manufacturing unit offering your services

as an agent.
Abhiruchi Sports Goods
B.G. Road, Jorhat, Assam
11 th May, 2019.
The Manager,
Star Sports,
New Street, Sector - II,
Chandigarh.
Dear Sir,
Sub : Sole Agency for Assam
I
lOMoARcPSD|12475037
132 I INTERFACE
We came to know from your advertisements in the national dailies that you 1
are looking for a reliable and reputed firm with good business connections in
sports to represent you in Assam. We would be pleased to represent as your I (
C
sole agent in Assam for the sale of your products - Footballs and Volleyballs.
I
Having a rich experience in the field of sports goods and our business contacts
throughout the state, your footballs and volleyballs will be sold successfully.
We have well equipped showrooms, located in four districts of the state -
Sivasagar, Dibrugarh, Tezpur and Guwahati. In addition, we have an
experienced and highly motivated sales staff. We therefore assure you of
large sales of your footballs and volleyballs throughout the year.
If you accept us as your sole agent, we propose to receive commission of 10%

IiI
on 3 months' credit of the invoice price of goods sent. All packing and
I
forwarding expenses at our godown will be borne by you. 1l
Please let us know at your earliest, whether our offer suits you or not. If it
does, then we would like to visit you soon to discuss the future plans and
further details.
Yours faithfully,
Gautam Sarmah,
General Manager.
3. Write a complaint letter to an organization stating about missing pieces

in the consignment ordered.
Poshak Textiles
A.T. Road
Tinsukia, Assam
26 th May, 2019.
The Manager,

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
\you Indian Readymades,

IS in C. S. Road,
Surat, Gujarat.
Dear Sir,
Sub: Missing pieces in your consignment dated pt May, 2019
We regret to inform you that your parcel dated pt May, 2019 (Invoice no.
1065) contains only 92 cotton shorts instead of 100 as mentioned in the invoice.
of
We hope that you will kindly verify this with your dispatch section and make
good the shortfall at an earliest.
Hoping for an early settlen1ent of the issue.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Saurav Dutta,
Proprietor.
J. OFFICIAL LETTERS
Official letters are written to various public or civil servants who generally
head their respective departments, sections and branches. These letters are
written to officials regarding civic amenities like sanitation, roads, electricity,
pollution, etc.; police/ law and order; departmental activities like posting,
transfers, leave, etc.
Official Letter Examples
1. Write a letter to the Director, Public Health Department complaining

about the scarcity of drinking water in your area.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
1341 INTERFACE
24 th May, 2019.
Nen1ati,
Jorhat, Assam
The Deputy Director,

Public Health Department,
Jorhat, Assam.
Sub : Scarcity of Drinking Water
Sir,
We, the villagers of Nemati, wish to state that we live in a flood affected area
and we are facing great hardship for want of pure drinking water after the
recent flood.
More than three thousand people live in our locality. All the tube wells are
submerged in flood-water and, as a result, the drinking water has become
unhygienic. But no step has been taken by the administration for boring new
tube wells. No steps have been taken by your department to make the water
sources pollution free.
We hope that you would take necessary steps to solve this problem as early
as possible.
Yours faithfully,
Simanta Dutta.
2. Write a letter to the Police Commissioner (Traffic) about the inadequate

parking facility in Amolapatty, Sivasagar.
A1nolapatty,
Sivasagar, Assam.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
24 th May, 2019.
The Police Commissioner (Traffic),

B.G. Road,
Sivasagar, Assam.
Sub: Inadequate Parking Facilities
I Sir,
I The growing number of vehicles has caused a great inconvenience to the

people of Sivasagar who live in Amolapatty as well as the other people of
Sivasagar because it is the business hub of the city. The number of vehicles
increases to an unmanageable limit during the peak hours. Parking facilities
are totally inadequate. This results in frequent traffic jams.
Top priority should be given for providing adequate parking facilities. There
should be traffic control room to regulate the traffic. Heavy-duty vehicles
J
should be prohibited from entering Amolapatty area during the peak hours.
I hope all these suggestions would be given due consideration. Prompt steps
should be taken to improve the situation at the earliest.
Yours faithfully,
Dhrubajit Changmai.
3. Write a letter to the Assistant Engineer of the Assam Power Distribution

company limited of your area explaining the difficulties you face during
power cuts and voltage fluctuation.
Mission patty,
Golaghat, Assam.
24 th May, 2019.
The Assistant Engineer,

Assam Power Distribution Company Limited,

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
136 I INTERFACE
Golaghat, Assam.
Sub: Frequent power-cut and voltage fluctuations
Sir,
The residents of Missionpatty, Golaghat have not come out of the dark ages.
They are facing a lot of inconvenience and trouble due to the erratic power
supply. During the peak summer months, the residents have to spend sleepless
and uneasy nights. Students are the worst sufferers.
They can't study at night even during their examinations. The low voltage
has been a perpetual problem in this area. The uneven voltage fluctuations
damage electric appliances very often.
I request you once again on behalf of the residents of Missionpatty, Golaghat

to regulate the supply of power in the area.
Yours faithfully,
Farida Begum
4. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Letters to the Editor are written to express opinions on agreement,

disagreement, etc. regarding social, political and economic issues. They
highlight many local, national and international issues.
Examples of Letters to the Editor
1. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the bad condition of the
hospital in your locality.
10 th May, 2019.
Rangajan,
Jorhat, Assam.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
The Editor,
The Assam Tribune,
Guwahati,
I Assam.
Sub: Bad condition of Rangajan Dispensary
Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I would like to raise my concern
regarding the bad condition of the dispensary in Rangajan.
The standard of service of the dispensary has gone down and most people
think it to be the gateway to death. The outstation patients have to wait for
a long time. Very few doctors and trained nurses are available to attend to
the patients. Food served to the patients is of poor quality. Beds are always
dirty. Despite all inconveniences, the authorities are trying to impose fees on
outstation patients.
Under the circumstances, the Government should immediately take necessary

steps to improve the over-all situation. Public opinion should also be raised
through editorial column.
Yours faithfully,
Akash Borbaruah.
2. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your concern over

the increase in the rate of careless driving and suggesting ways to curb the
accidents.
10th May, 2019
Rajabari,
Jorhat, Assam.
The Editor,
The Assam Tribune,

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
138 I INTERFACE
Guwahati,
Assa1n.
Sub: Increase of road accidents and careless driving
Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I want to raise my concern at

the increase in the road accidents in the city.
When we open our newspaper in the morning, we read of road accidents and
deaths on the roads of Jorhat. This shows the careless attitude of the neo-rich
driving in fast moving cars. They drive without caring for pedistrians. Most
of the drivers do not pay attention to the road warnings and traffic signals. It
seems people have little regard for the culture of the road.
We 1nust realize the value of human lives. The Traffic police must realize
their duty. Regular patrolling must be taken. The erring drivers should be
in1n1ediately fined. Speed limits should be strictly enforced. These measures
would certainly decrease the rate of road accidents.
Yours sincerely,
Shannistha.
3. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper expressing your concern about

the undesirability of school children carrying heavy loads.
Royal Road,
Jorhat, Assam.
26 th May, 2019.
I
The Editor,
The Sentinel,
Guwahati,
Assan1.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037

Sub: Heavy school bags of children.
Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I want to highlight the

undesirability of school children carrying heavy school bags. I also want to
draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the misery of school
children.
Every morning presents a pathetic sight. Young children are seen carrying
heavy school bags on their shoulders. The size and weight of their bags out
match their tender age and bodies. School children deserve sympathetic
It treatment and careful handling. They should not be crushed under the weight
of books. The quantity and quality of books must match their tender age.
The concerned authorities must give immediate attention to this problem.

They must take immediate steps to lighten the burden on the shoulder of
school children.
Yours sincerely,
Pradeep Bora.
5. Jos APPLICATION LETTERS
A job application letter is written to potential employers seeking a suitable

employment. It is a form of advertising written in a persuasive style to
stimulate reader's interest and to show how one can cater to the specific
needs of the organization and prove useful to them.
Examples of Job Application Letters
1. Write a job application letter for the post of administrative assistant in

reply to an advertisement published in The Assam Tribune given by a private
company.
Ganakpatty,
Sivasagar, Assam.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
140 I INTERFACE
21 st May, 2019.
The Personnel Manager,

Fusion Multinational (Pvt.) Ltd.,
16/ A, Park Street,
Kolkata, West Bengal.
Dear Sir,
Your advertisement in The Assam Tribune, dated May, 11 th 2019, attracted

my attention. I believe that I have proven skills you are looking for in an
administrative assistant. In addition to having previous experience in a variety
of office settings, I am familiar with the computer skills you are looking for.
I have completed one year intensive training in computer application for

business at CEC, Sivasagar where I have learnt Tally Accounting. This
specialized skill has proven valuable in my work for past one year as an
office assistant in Techno. India (Pvt.) Ltd., Guwahati. As my resume indicates,
my duties included handling routine correspondence, finalization of accounts
and handling banking transactions.
After you review and consider my resume, I hope to get a positive response
from your side, providing me an opportunity to put my administrative skills
to work for your company.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely,
Rajeev Bora.
Enclosure : Resume

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
Resume
Ganakpatty,
Sibsagar,
Assam.
Personal Details
Name: Rajeev Bora
Age: 25 years ( D.O.E. March 23, 1994)
Nationality: Indian
Educational Qualifications
Year Examination Division/ Institute

Class
2008 Higher Secondary 1st Sibsagar
Examination College, Joysagar
2011 B. A. Examination 1st Sibsagar College
2013 M.A. Examination 1st Dibrugarh University
(History)
Diploma
1. Post graduate Diploma in Computer Application from Dibrugarh
University
2. Diploma in Tally Accounting from CEC, Sivasagar
Experience
Since April, 2018 I have been working as an office assistant in Techno.
India Pvt. Ltd., Guwahati
May, 21 st 2019 RajeevBora
2. Write a job application letter for the post of Customer Care Officer in
response to an advertisement published in The Telegraph given by a private
company.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
142 I INTERFACE
D.K. Road,
Station Chariali,
Sivasagar, Assam
22 nd May, 2019.
The General Manager,

Hi-Tech Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd.,
34/B, Cenral Point,
I-Iyderabad, Telangana.
Respected Sir,
I refer to your advertisement in today's The Telegraph and wish to

apply for the post of Customer Care Officer. In my CV attached
herewith, you will certainly notice that I am well qualified for the
post, with a first class MBA and two years practical experience of
working as a sales executive.
I hope you will provide me with an opportunity of an interview

where you may know me better. I believe I can do proper justice to
the job if I am selected.
Yours faithfully,
Ritus1nan Chakraborty.
Enclosure: CV

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
LETTER WRITING 1143
---,
Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Ritusman Chakraborty
C- 42, ONGC Colony
Sivasagar
Mobile: 98540 XXXXX
Email : ritusman78@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE
Apply my proven skills as a Customer Care Officer to be an asset
to a progressive company's n1arketing department.
EDUCATION
1. MBA in Marketing from BVM Institute of Management Sciences,
Mumbai, 2017
2. BA from St. Antony's College, Shillong, 2015
3. HS from AHSEC, Guwahati, 2011 with 73.6%
ADDITIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
1. Certificate in Public Speaking from British Academy, Kolkata
2. Diploma in Computer Programming from NIIT, Shillong
SCHOLARSHIPS/ AWARDS
1. Was given the best student award at KV, ONGC, Sivasagar
successively for two years
2. Sports Inspirational Scholarship at school for outstanding
performance as a Badminton Player
INTERESTS
Organising events and charity drives, current affairs, sports, music
-- STRENGTHS
Balanced group behavior with leadership qualities, a sound health,
a sense of humour.
REFERENCES
Will be gladly furnished upon request.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
1441 INTERFACE
3. Write a job application letter for the post of Marketing Manager in

response to an advertisement published in The Times of India.
M.G. Road,
Dibrugarh, Assam.
26 1h May, 2019.
The Managing Director,

Xtech (Pvt.) Ltd.,
68/C, Central Market,
Bangalore, Karnataka.
Sir/Madam,
Your advertisement in The Times of India dated May, 10, 2019 for
the post of Marketing Manager, caught my attention. As your
I
requirements parallel to my working experience and expertise, I
would like to apply for the same. I would like to be considered for
this challenging post.
My enclosed resume indicates that after completing my Masters in

Marketing, I have been engaged in marketing Sports Accessories
for Accessories Sports Ltd. for the last five years. I shall be glad to
discuss in more details with you if you could provide for me an
opportunity.
You can contact me at my cell 91 98XXXXXXXX or e-mail me at

manoj89@gmail.com. I would be available for interview on any
afternoon next week.
Yours sincerely,
Manoj Borah.
Encl. Resume.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I
MANOJ BORAH
Club Road
Jorhat
Assam
E-mail : manoj89@gmail.com
Mobile 98XXXXXXXX
Career Objective: To serve as Marketing Manager in with the

ultimate goal of attaining excellence in the field.
EDUCATION
Passed out M.Com.(Marketing) from Dibrugarh University in
August 2013 with l5t Class
RELATED COURSE WORK

1. Completed PGDHRM from Dibrugarh University
2. Completed Diploma in Computer Applications (DCA) from
IGNOU
WORK EXPERIENCE
1. Presently working as Assistant Teacher in St. Mary's School,
Jorhat
LINGUISTIC PROFICIENCY
English, Assamese, Hindi and Bengali
ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS

1. Won several prizes in Quiz, Debates and Elocution competition
at school and college level
2. Won several Badminton Tournaments at State and National level
3. Adjudged Best Actor at college level.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
I461 INTERFACE
Questions
1. Briefly discuss the functions of different types of letters.

2. What are the features of an effective letter?
3. You borrowed an important textbook from a classmate last term. You
now realize your classmate has returned home overseas and you still
have the book. Write a letter to him/her apologizing for the mistake.
4. Write a rejection letter to a candidate who appeared for an interview for
the Customer Service Head position in your company.
5. Write a letter to your internet service provider explaining the need to get
your connection activated at your new address.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arredondo, Lani. Communicating Effectively. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.

Bandyopadhyay, Debashis and Malathy Krishnan. Connect: A Course in Communicative
English. Greater Noida: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Bovee, Courtland L., John V. Thill and Roshan Lal Raina. Business Communication
Today. Noida: Pearson, 2018.
Chawla, Shailesh. Essential Business Communication. Noida: Mayur Paperbacks, 2004.

Choudhury, Soumitra Kumar, et al. Business English. Noida: Pearson India Education
Services, 2019.
Hartley, Peter and Clive G. Bruckmann. Business Communication. London: Routledge,

2002.
Kapse, Dhananjay, ed. Modern Indian Writing in English Translation. New Delhi:
Worldview Publications, 2016.
Kempton, Gloria. Dialogue. Cincinnati: F.W. Publications, 2004.
Malhotra, Prerna and Deb Dulal Halder. Communication Skills: Theory and Practice.
Delhi: Book Age Publications, 2018.
Mike, Markel. Technical Communication. Boston, 2004.
Murphy, Herta A, Herbert W. Hildebrandt and Jane P. Thomas. Effective Business
Communication. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008.
Patton, Nzanmongi Jasmine, et al. A Handbook of Academic Writing and Composition.
New Delhi: Pinnacle Learning, 2014.
Ramesh, M. S., C. C. Pattanshetti and Madhumati M. Kulkarni. Business Communication.

New Delhi: R. Chand and Co., 2004.
Sanyal, Mukti, et al. Literature, Language and Creativity Engiish. New Delhi: Orient
BlackSwann, 2013.
Seeley, John. Speaking and Writing/or Effective Business Communication. Delhi: Macmillan
India, 2007.
Sutherland, John, ed. Nobel Lectures. J.H. Haynes & Co. Ltd., 2007.
Young, Dona. Foundations a/Business English. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 2006.

lOMoARcPSD|12475037
'::::!:
,,_ !,gi
Interface: A Textbook for AECC English Communication aims to bring together the
theory and practice of everyday communication for undergraduate students across
disciplines. Divided into four units, the book introduces the basics of communication and
lays out several strategies that are essential for developing communication skills in a
personal, academic or professional capacity. Through the use of activities, illustrations
and exercises, the book hopes to engage students and facilitate a holistic understanding
of the various components of effective communication. The discussion of topics such as
report writing, public speech and translation is supplemented by contemporary
examples that will be relevant to Indian students and help them draw connections with
an increasingly globalized world outside the classroom. The book will serve as an
accessible guide for learners to enhance their English speaking, listening, writing and
BREEZ MOHAN HAZARIKA is Associate Professor and former Head of Department of

English, DCB Girls' College, Jorhat. flt, I
DR. KIRONMOY CHETIA is Assistant Professor, Department of English, CKB College,
Jorhat. :I~ I
PRANAMI BAN IA is Assistant Professor in Department of English, J.B. College, Jorhat.l
-,;-- - - f[?iill rStt. ;i\)Jffi; ,,:
K..ffKOTHIYAL7~rrently teaches English at Delhi University/t]!
•. : . ~,s,\~~
~I
~
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~15f
-~;It=aJ:·'-',
=:r::t1n~;

Aecc English

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lOMoARcPSD|12475037

AECC ENGLISH SEMESTER 1

English Communication (University of Delhi)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Breez Mohan Hazarika

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DR. KIRONMOY CHETIA

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

Text© Authors, 2019

Composed by Illuminati for Worldview Publications, Delhi-110007

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Theory of Communication: Types and Modes of Communication

READING AND UNDERSTANDING

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Analysis and Interpretation

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Elements of Communication Process 3

MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE 29

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CLOSE READING AND COMPREHENSION

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Breez Mohan Hazarika

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The publisher wishes to thank following for the use of images:

1. Cartoon strip on Intrapersonal communcation on page 9 by Brian Crane.

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Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from

Con1munication is the process of exchange of inforn1ation, ideas and emotions

Elements of the Communication Process

Communication is a continuous process which has the following elements:

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The Communication Cycle

The communication cycle consists of interconnected stages which are as

1. Generation of an idea: The communication cycle begins when an idea.

THE COMMUNICATION CYCLE

Communication is an essential process that underlies all our everyday

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COMMUNICATION:THEORY AND TYPES I 5

~a,·ior is modified, change is effected, information is made more productive

Theories and Models of Communication

Communication has been studied by many linguists, sociologists, psychologists

Speaker ➔ Speech -➔ Audience Effect

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

1. Aristotle's One-Way Model of Communication

.-\ristotle proposed the first model of communication as a one-way process,

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Signal Signal Message

2. Shannon: Weaver Theory

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver gave a theory of communication when-

In his theory of communication, Schramm includes the elen1ents of sender,

According to this theory, con1munication takes place because of the reactions

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COMMUNICATION: THEORY AND TYPES 17

5... \\.atlawick - Beavin - Jackson Theory

Th:.s theory states that con1munication takes place as a result of behavior of

6.. David Berlo's SMCR Model of Communication

Knowledge Treatment [ Touching ) [ Knowledge )

Structure [ Smelling ) Social Systemj

Culture ) Code [ Tasting ) [ Culture )