ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL

RESOURCES
Karen Ann B. Jago-on, PhD, EnP
May 28, 2019

SCURP 2019
A Basic Course in Urban and Regional Planning
Training and Extension Services Division
3/F Cariño Hall, School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City
27-31 May 2019
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies

Section 16 - The State shall protect and advance the right of the people
to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature.
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
 Legal Framework – the Local Government Code

Section 16. General Welfare. - Every local government unit shall exercise the
powers expressly granted, those necessarily implied there from, as well as
powers necessary, appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and effective
governance, and those which are essential to the promotion of the general
welfare. Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, local government
units shall ensure and support, among other things, the preservation and
enrichment of culture, promote health and safety, enhance the right of
the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the
development of appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technological
capabilities, improve public morals, enhance economic prosperity and
social justice, promote full employment among their residents, maintain
peace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of their
inhabitants.
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
 Legal Framework – the Local Government Code

 Municipal and City Mayor: Sec. 444 (b)(3)(vii) and Sec. 455 (b) (3) (vii)-
“Adopt adequate measures to safeguard and conserve land, mineral, marine,
forest, and other resources of the municipality.”

 Sangguniang Bayan and Panglungsod: Sec. 447 (a)(1)(vi)] and Sec. 458 (a)
(1) (vi) - “Protect the environment and impose penalties for acts which
endanger the environment, such as dynamite fishing and other forms of
destructive fishing, illegal logging and smuggling of logs, smuggling of natural
resources products and of endangered species of flora and fauna, slash and
burn farming, and such other activities which result in pollution, acceleration
of eutrophication of rivers and lakes, or of ecological imbalance.”
 REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS
Environment

 Refers to our surroundings.

 Refers to the physical and biological systems which

provide our basic life support, and which contribute to
our psychological well-being.

 Closely related to ecology which involves the study of

reciprocal relationships of all organisms to each other
and to other biological and physical environment.
 REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS
Environmental Management
 Strategy by which human activities that affect the environment are organized
with a view to maximizing social well being and to preventing and mitigating
potential problems by addressing their root causes.

 Addresses environmental issues together with the process of development,

taking into consideration the proper balance between economic development,
population growth, the rational use of natural resources and environmental
protection and conservation.

 Appropriate environmental management is achieved when resources are used

efficiently for the benefit of human development and when they are conserved
because of their important ecological role in sustaining ecosystems.
 REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS
Components of the Environment
 Bio-physical Environment
 Comprise the earth’s life-support system – air, water, minerals, and soil -
and the plant, insect, and animal matter which these sustain.

 Socio-economic Environment
 Compose of social groupings, their cultural activities, and the socio-
economic processes by which they are inter-related.
 Built Environment
 Consist of the buildings in which we live and work, and their attributes
such as safety, stability, light, warmth, sanitation, water supply, waste
disposal and architectural aesthetics.
Local Planning and Development

LONG TERM
FRAMEWORK PLAN

MEDIUM TERM
DEVELOPMENT PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION
INSTRUMENTS

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES
 Environment and Naturals Resources
Management Plan (ENRMP)
 The ENRMP is a component plan of the medium term Municipal
Comprehensive Development Plan

 The ENRMP will contain the proposed environmental measures/

strategies, programs and projects in the medium term.

 The programs and projects identified in the ENRMP will have to be

incorporated in the LDIP of the LGU.

 The proposed policies will have to be part of the Legislative Agenda of

the LGU.
 General Concerns of ENRMP

1. Sustainability - Conservation, preservation, rehabilitation of

natural resources and environment

2. Mitigation and Adaptation to changing physical environment and

climate change such as the global warming phenomenon, rise in
sea levels, increased occurrences of typhoons, drought, etc.

3. Mitigating risks from natural hazards like landslides, floods,

volcanic hazards, earthquakes, tsunami, etc. instead of
concentrating on relief and rescue operations
 ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL ECOSYSTEM

PROFILE PROFILE DELINEATION

ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES AND CONCERN NATIONAL,
ADDITIONAL SURVEYS
REGIONAL, PROVINCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AREA PLANS
SCENARIO
CLUP REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS
GOALS, MISSION LGU MANDATES
and OBJECTIVES and thrusts

ENVIRONMENTAL
PA 21, OTHER NATIONAL STRATEGIES
LAWS
POLICIES, PROGRAM,
PROJECTS

ENRMP
INPUT LINE LGU MANDATES
ACTIVITY and thrusts
SEQUENCE LDIP
 Profiling and Understanding the
Environment and Natural Resources
(ENR) Sector
 PROFILING THE ENR SECTOR
 Approaches
 Sectoral – based on the sectoral
delineation of the DENR
• Land management
• Forest Management
• Mines and Geo-sciences
• Protected Areas and Wildlife
Environmental laws:
• RA 7586 – National Integrated Protected Areas
System Act of 1992
• RA 11038- Expanded NIPAS Act of 2018
• PD 705 – Revised Forestry Code (1975)
• RA 7076 – People’s Small Scale Mining Act
of 1991
• RA 7942 – Philippine Mining Act of 1995
• RA 9147 – Conservation and Protection of
Wildlife Resources
 FOREST

• Land with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and tree crown cover (or
equivalent stocking level) of more than 10%.
• The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters at
maturity in situ.
• Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry
purposes, which have yet to reach a crown density of more than 10%
or tree height of 5 meters are included under forest.
MINERALS (RA 7942)
• Refers to all naturally occurring inorganic substance in solid, gas, liquid, or any
intermediate state excluding energy materials such as coal, petroleum, natural
gas, radioactive materials, and geothermal energy.

PROTECTED AREAS ( RA 11038)

• Refers to identified portions of land and/or water set aside by reason of their unique
physical and biological significance, managed to enhance biological diversity and
protected against destructive human exploitation.

WILDLIFE (RA 9147; RA 11038)

• Refers to the wild forms and varieties of flora and fauna, in all developmental
stages, including those which are in captivity or are being bred, fed, or propagated.
 PROFILING THE ENR SECTOR
 Parametric – based on ENR parameters

Physical/Abiotic Environment Hydrology

• Physical Geography • PD 1067 – Water Code of
• Topography, slope and elevation the Philippines (1976)
• Climate
• On-shore geology • RA 9275 – Philippine Clean
• Marine geology
Water Act (2004)
• Physical oceanography
• Soils
• Drainage and hydrology
• Land classification and regulatory status
 PROFILING THE ENR SECTOR

Biological/Biotic Environment

• Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

• Freshwater Flora and Fauna

• Coastal and Marine Flora and Fauna

• Wetlands
 WETLANDS (RA 11038)

• Refers to a wide variety of inland habitats such as marshes,

peatlands, floodplains, rivers and lakes, and coastal areas such as
saltmarshes, mangroves, intertidal mudflats and seagrass beds, and
also coral reefs and other marine areas no deeper than six (6) meters
at low tide, as well as human-made wetlands such as dams,
reservoirs, rice paddies and wastewater treatment ponds and
lagoons.
 PROFILING THE ENR SECTOR
Environmental Quality
and Services
• Air Quality and Air Pollution
Control
• Water Quality and Wastewater
Management
• Solid Waste Management
• Natural and Environmental Hazards
and Disaster Risk Areas
• Climate Changes
Environmental laws:
• RA 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
• RA 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
• RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act of 2000
• RA 9729 – Climate Change Act of 2009
• RA 10121 – Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
And Management Act of 2010
• PD 856 – Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
(1975)
 PROFILING THE ENR SECTOR
 Ecosystem-based – adopts the ecosystem categories under
Philippine Agenda 21

 Forest/upland/mountain
 Lowland/agricultural
 Freshwater
 Urban/built-up
 Coastal and marine
 Mines/minerals
 Biodiversity
The last two are not ecosystems but are treated as special concerns under
the ecosystem-based approach
 ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION

Lowland/Agricultural Ecosystem

1) Croplands
cereals (food and feed crops)
3) Fisheries
other food crops
fishponds
industrial or cash crops
fishpens
catch fisheries
2) Livestock
beef, cattle and dairy
poultry and piggery
ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION

Freshwater Ecosystem

1) Surface waters
rivers
lakes
reservoirs
other impoundments
2) Groundwater
well water
spring water
Water Cycle
Condensation

Precipitation
Evaporation
Soil moisture Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Soil moisture
Discharged
treated water
Infiltration Water supply
Recharge
Extraction
Runoff Lake
Aquifer

23
 ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION

Coastal/Marine Ecosystem

1) Mangroves
2) Marshes, swamps and wetlands
3) Sand dunes
4) Seagrass beds
5) Small islands, coral atolls
6) Coral reefs
 ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION
Biodiversity
1) Wild flora

2) Wild fauna Republic Act No. 9147 (2001)

3) Endemicity An Act Providing for the Conservation

and Protection of Wildlife Resources and
4) Rarity their Habitats, Appropriating Funds
Therefor and for Other Purposes
5) Threatened

6) Endangered
Endemic species mean species or subspecies which is naturally occurring and found
only within specific areas of the country.
Rare species is uncommon, few in number, or not abundant. A species can be rare and
not necessarily be endangered or threatened, for example, an organism found only on
an island or one that is naturally low in numbers because of a restricted range. Such
species are, however, usually vulnerable to any exploitation, interference, or
disturbance of their habitats.
Threatened species – a general term to denote species or subspecies considered as
critically endangered, vulnerable or other accepted categories of wildlife whose
population is at risk of extinction.
Endangered species – refers to species or subspecies that is not critically endangered
but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.
Critically endangered species – refers to species or subspecies that is facing extremely
high risk of extinction in the wild and in the immediate future.
 ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION

Urban Ecosystem
3) Air pollution
1) Built up areas
mobile sources
residential
stationary sources
commercial
area sources
industrial
institutional
utilities and infrastructures

2) Urban wastes
solid wastes
liquid wastes
hazardous wastes
ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION

Minerals/Mining
1) Metallic minerals
base metals
precious metals

2) Non-metallic minerals
sand and gravel
rock quarry
marble quarry
guano
ECOSYSTEM DELINEATION
Institutional and Administrative Jurisdiction
Environmental Issues and Problems
 Framework for
Environmental Analysis
 Pressure-State Response (PSR) Approach
• Pressure – State – Response (PSR) Approach (OECD, 1999)

Pressure: various demands exerted by

human society on a given ecosystem
for their survival and well-being.

State: existing condition of the

ecosystem as a result of the application
of human pressure

Response: mitigation, rehabilitation,

protection and conservation measures
Driving force - Pressure- State- Impact - Response

Driving force - Pressure- State- Impact - Response

(DPSIR) Approach (EEA, 1999)

Driving forces (social and economic development) exert

Pressure on the environment , and as a result, the State of
the environment changes (depletion of resources).

These changes have Impacts to ecosystems and human.

Society then Responds to the driving forces, or directly to
pressure, state or impacts through preventive, adaptive or
curative solutions.
DPSIR Framework
Driving force - Pressure- State- Impact - Response
(DPSIR) Approach (EEA, 2001)

Driving
force Response

Pressure
Impact

State
 Application of DPSIR framework to subsurface
environmental problems
Population growth
Industrialization

Water demand Wastewater discharge

Groundwater use Oil leakage
Land use change Driving Forces Leachate from landfills

Pressure Change in consumption & production Pressure

Alternative source of water Improve sanitation & waste

disposal

Groundwater Quantity Groundwater Quality

State Response State

Control pumping areas Improve water quality

Decrease GW levels
Decrease GW Chemical contamination
Flood control
recharge Microbial contamination
Salinity
Impact Impact

Land subsidence Human health risks

Flooding Impacts on organisms
Damage to infrastructures 36
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Impacts
• Probable effects or consequences of proposed projects or
undertakings on the physical, biological and socio-economic
environment that can be direct or indirect, cumulative, and positive
or negative.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Process of predicting the likely environmental consequences of
implementing projects or undertakings and designing appropriate
preventive, mitigating and enhancement measures.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

• Document, prepared and submitted by the project proponent

and/or EIA Consultant that serves as an application for an
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). It is a
comprehensive study of the significant impacts of a projects
on the environment. It includes an Environmental
Management Plan/ Program that the proponent will fund and
implement to protect the environment.
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
• Document issued by the DENR/EMB after a positive review of an ECC
application, certifying that based on the representations of the
proponent, the proposed project or undertaking will not cause
significant environmental impact.
• The ECC also certifies that the proponent has complied with all the
requirements of the EIS System and has committed to implement its
approved Environmental Management Plan. The ECC contains specific
measures and conditions that the project proponent has to undertake
before and during the operation of a project, and in some cases, during
the project’s abandonment phase to mitigate identified environmental
impacts.
Specific criteria for identifying projects or undertakings to be
covered by the EIS System
a. Characteristics of the project or undertaking
• Size of the project
• Cumulative nature of impacts vis-à-vis other projects
• Use of natural resources
• Generation of waste and environment-related nuisance
• Environment-related hazards and risk of accidents
Specific criteria for identifying projects or undertakings to be
covered by the EIS System
b. Location of the Project

• Vulnerability of the project area to disturbances due to its ecological

importance, endangered or protected status

• Conformity of the proposed project to existing land use, based on

approved zoning or on national laws and regulations

• Relative abundance, quality and regenerative capacity of natural

resources in the area, including the impact absorptive capacity of
the environment
Specific criteria for identifying projects or undertakings to be
covered by the EIS System

c. Nature of the potential impact

• Geographic extent of the impact and size of affected population
• Magnitude and complexity of the impact
• Likelihood, duration, frequency, and reversibility of the impact
Categories of Projects/ Undertakings under the EIS System

Category A. Environmentally Critical Project (ECP)

• Project that has a high potential for significant negative environmental
impact and is listed as such under Pres. Proclamation No. 2146, Series
of 1981 and Pres. Proc. No. 803, Series of 1996, as well as other
projects which the President may proclaim as environmentally critical
in accordance with Section 4 of P.D.1586.
Category B. Projects in Environmentally Critical Area (ECA)
• Area delineated as environmentally sensitive such that significant
environmental impacts are expected if certain types of proposed
projects or programs are located, developed or implemented in it.
 Categories of Projects/ Undertakings under the EIS System
DAO 2003-30
Category C.
• Projects intended to directly enhance environmental quality or address
existing environmental problems not falling under Category A or B.
• Required to submit Project Description.
Category D.
• Projects unlikely to cause adverse environmental impacts.
• Projects under this category may secure a Certificate of Non-Coverage
(CNC). The EMB-DENR, however, may require such projects/
undertakings to provide additional environmental safeguards as it may
deem necessary.
Scope of the EIS System (DAO 1996-37)

1. Coverage
The following projects and undertakings are covered by
the EIS System:
a. Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs)
i. Heavy Industries
1. Non-ferrous industries
2. Iron and steel mills
3. Petroleum and petro-chemical industries,
including oil and gas
4. Smelting plants
 Scope of the EIS System
ii. Resource Extractive Industries
1. Major mining and quarrying projects
2. Forestry projects
a. Logging
b. Major wood processing projects
c. Introduction of fauna (exotic animals) in public/
private forests
d. Forest occupancy
e. Extraction of mangrove products
f. Grazing
 Scope of the EIS System
3. Fishery projects
a. Dikes for/ and fishpond development projects
iii. Infrastructure projects
1. Major dams
2. Major power plants (fossil-fueled, nuclear fueled,
hydro-electric, or geothermal)
3. Major reclamation projects
4. Major roads and bridges

iv. Golf course projects

 Scope of the EIS System
b. Projects located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)
i. All areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves,
wildlife preserves, and sanctuaries
.

ii. Areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourists spots

iii. Areas which constitute the habitat for any endangered or
threatened species of indigenous Philippine wildlife (flora and fauna)
iv. Areas of unique historic archaeological or scientific interest
Scope of the EIS System
b. Projects located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)
v. Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural communities of
tribes (indigenous cultural communities)
vi. Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities
(geologic hazards, floods, typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.)
vii. Areas with critical slopes
viii. Areas classified as prime agricultural lands
Scope of the EIS System
b. Projects located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)
ix. Recharged areas of aquifers
x. Water bodies characterized by one or any combination of
the following conditions:
1. tapped for domestic purposes
2. within the controlled and/or protected areas
declared by appropriate authorities
3. which support wildlife and fishery activities
 Scope of the EIS System
b. Projects located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)
xi. Mangrove areas characterized by one or any combination of the
following conditions:

1. with primary pristine and dense young growth

2. adjoining mouth of major river systems
3. near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or fishing
grounds
4. which act as natural buffers against shore erosion, strong
winds and storm floods
5. on which people are dependent for their livelihood
Scope of the EIS System
b. Projects located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)

xii. Coral reefs characterized by one or any combination of the

following conditions:
1. with fifty percent (50%) and above live coralline cover
2. spawning and nursery grounds for fish
3. which act as natural breakwater of coastlines

No person shall undertake or operate any such declared ECP or project

within an ECA without first securing and ECC.
 Scope of the EIS System
2. Non-Coverage
The following projects and undertakings are not covered by the EIS System:

a. Projects which are not considered as environmentally critical or located

within an ECA;
b. ECPs or projects within ECAs which were operational prior to 1982 except
in cases where their operations are expanded in terms of daily production
capacity or area, or the process is modified;
c. Countryside business and barangay entities (CBBEs) covered by Republic
Act No.6810, otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Countryside and
Barangay Business Enterprises (Kalakalan 20), and registered with the DTI
between 1991 to 1994, inclusive. Provided that, unless otherwise amended
by law, non-coverage of such CBBEs shall subsist for a five (5)- year period
beginning from its date of registration.
Laws relevant to the Environment
and Natural Resources Sector
 Philippine Agenda (PA) 21
Policy framework of the country’s strategy for
sustainable development.

5 Goal Elements of PA 21
A. POVERTY REDUCTION
B. SOCIAL EQUITY
C. EMPOWERMENT AND GOOD GOVERNANCE
D. PEACE AND SOLIDARITY
E. ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY
 Revised Forestry Code of 1977 (PD 705)

 Regulates access to and use of forest lands

 Emphasis on protection, development and
rehabilitation of forest lands
 Land classification and survey to delineate forest
lands
 Multiple use of forest lands for national development
and public welfare
Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067) 1976

IRR Amended in 2005

Establish the basic principles and
framework relating to the appropriation,
control and conservation of water resources
to achieve the optimum development and
rational utilization of these resources. (Article
2, Section a)
 Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067)

Article 10. Water may be appropriated for the following

purposes:

a. Domestic e. Fisheries
b. Municipal f. Livestock raising
c. Irrigation g. Industrial
d. Power generation h. Recreational
i. Other purposes
Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067)

Article 13. Except as otherwise herein provided, no person, including

government instrumentalities or government-owned or controlled
corporations, shall appropriate water without a water right, which
shall be evidenced by a document known as a water permit.

Water right is the privilege granted by the government to appropriate

and use water.
National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS)
Act of 1992 (RA 7586)

• Provides the legal and developmental framework for the

establishment and management of protected areas in the Philippines
• Classification and management of all designated PAs
• Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support
systems
• Preservation of genetic diversity,
• Sustainable use of resources and
• Maintenance of natural conditions
 Expanded National Integrated Protected Area System
(ENIPAS) Act of 2018 (RA 11038)

• An Act declaring protected areas and providing for their management,

amending for this purpose RA No. 7586, otherwise known as the
“National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992.

• Strengthens protection and adds more than 100 legislated protected

areas in the Philippines, including the Philippine Rise Marine Resource
Reserve (Oceana Press Release 2018).
 Expanded National Integrated Protected Area System
(ENIPAS) Act of 2018 (RA 11038)

Important provisions of the Act include:

• provision for scientific and technical support for biodiversity conservation

• delienation and demarcation of boundaries
• deputation of support especially on enforcement to the Protected Area
Superintendent (PASu)
• Regular reporting on the status of the Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF)
and allocating 75% of all revenues raised to the Protected Area Management
Board (PAMB)
• prohibits the use and possession of destructive fishing gears within the
protected seascape
Categories of Protected Areas
• Strict nature reserve
• Natural Park
• Natural monument
• Protected landscapes/ seascapes
• Resource reserve
• Natural biotic area
• Other categories established by law, conventions, or
international agreements which the Philippine
government agency is a signatory
Categories of Protected Areas

Strict Nature Reserve

Natural Features  Area with biodiversity rich natural ecosystems in an
undisturbed state.

Management  Research and scientific studies

Objectives  Environmental monitoring
 Conservation education
 Maintenance of genetic resources and natural
ecological processes

Allowable  Limited scientific research i.e. counts, observations and

Human Activities measurements at the site and non-extractive research
and educational activities
 Categories of Protected Areas
Natural Park (NP)
Natural Features Relatively large biodiversity rich ecosystems, capable of
sustaining/ maintaining ecological processes and functions

Management  Biodiversity conservation and maintenance of natural

Objectives ecological processes
 Nature recreation
 Research and scientific studies
 Environmental monitoring

Allowable Human  Nature recreation

Activities  Regulated resource use, consistent with management plan
EXCEPT cutting of naturally growing trees subject to PAMB
clearance
 Categories of Protected Areas

Natural Monument (NM)

Natural Nationally significant natural features of cultural
Features or geologic value

Management  Conservation and protection of specific natural

Objectives features

Allowable  Ecotourism
Human
Activities  Scientific research with regulated collection of
specimens
Categories of Protected Areas
Wildlife Sanctuary (WS)
Natural Features  Habitat of a species or a group of species of priority
management concerns
 Habitat of important wildlife species (endemic and
threatened) as indicated by species assemblage (e.g.
Endemic Bird Area, Important Bird Area, Important Plant
Area)
Management
Objectives  Protection and conservation of wildlife and their habitat
 Scientific research with regulated collection of specimens
Allowable Human  Nature recreation
Activities  Regulated resource use EXCEPT those that are essential
to conservation of the species being managed and
cutting of naturally growing trees
 Categories of Protected Areas
Protected Landscapes and Seascapes (PL/S)
Natural Features  Areas of national significance which are characterized by the
harmonious interaction of human and nature.

Management  Protection of natural features providing opportunities for

Objectives sustainable resource use.

 Sustainable socio-economic activities and traditional practices

Allowable Human
Activities  Regulated resource use EXCEPT cutting of naturally growing
trees. However, cutting of naturally growing trees for personal
and non-commercial use of tenured migrants maybe allowed,
subject to allocation criteria prescribed by PAMB
 Categories of Protected Areas

Resource Reserve (RR)

Natural Features  Extensive and relatively uninhabited isolated
and inaccessible resource base

Management  Conservation and protection of natural

Objectives resources for future use

 Research and scientific studies

Allowable Human
Activities  Biodiversity monitoring
Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (RA 7942)

• Exploration, development, utilization and

conservation of all mineral resources in the public and
private lands through the combined efforts of
government and the private sector in order to enhance
national growth in a way that effectively safeguards the
environment and protect the rights of affected
communities.
Small-scale Mining Act 1991 (RA 7076)

 Rationalizes viable small scale mining activities to generate

more employment opportunities and declares areas
exclusively for small scale mining operations.

 Mandates the creation of provincial or city mining

regulatory board as the permitting and regulatory arm of
the government for small scale mining.
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)

 Holistic national program on air pollution

management
 Primary focus on pollution prevention rather than
on control
 Aims to achieve and maintain a healthy air
environment for the Filipinos
 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275)

• Provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to

prevent and minimize pollution in water bodies through
a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all
stakeholders.

• Primarily applies to abatement and control of pollution

from land-based sources
 Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
(RA 9003)

• Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and

volume reduction through source reduction and waste
minimization measures, including composting, recycling,
reuse, recovery, and others, before collection, treatment
and disposal in appropriate and environmentally-sound
solid waste management facilities in accordance with
ecologically sustainable development principles.
 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste
Control Act of 1990 (RA 6969)
 Regulates, restricts, prohibits the importation, manufacture,
processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances
and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/ or injury to public
health or the environment.
 Prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear waste
and their disposal into Philippine territorial limits.
 Makes the waste generators responsible for management and
disposal of hazardous wastes and financially responsible for the cost
of proper storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste they
generate.
Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9593)

 Promotes the development, utilization and

commercialization of renewable energy sources and for
other purposes
 Accelerate the exploration of and development of
renewable energy sources
 biomass, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and ocean energy
sources
 Promote energy self-reliance; reduce dependency on fossil
fuels
Philippine EIA System (PD 1586)

Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System

under PD 1586 (1978).

Proponents of environmentally critical projects (ECPs) and

those located in environmentally critical areas (ECAs) are
required to examine the projects’ impacts on the
environment.

Secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

from the President or his duly authorized representative.
Historical background of EIA

 1977 PD 1151 Phil. Environmental Policy

Required proponents of all government and private projects

affecting the quality of the environment to prepare an
assessment of the project’s environmental impacts.

 1977 PD 1152 Phil. Environment Code

Required all land use management regulating or enforcing

agencies to consider significant environmental impacts, as
well as other aspects in locating industries.
 Philippine EIA System

Presidential Proclamation 2146 (1981)

 Proclaimed certain areas and types of projects as environmentally
critical (ECAs & ECPs) and within the scope of the EIS system

DAO 37 Series of 1996

 Revising DENR AO 21, Series of 1992, to further strengthen the
implementation of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
System
 Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729)

 An Act mainstreaming climate change into government

policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy
and program on climate change.

 Creation of the Climate Change Commission

- independent and autonomous body with the same status as
NGA attached to the Office of the President.
- policy-making body of the government which shall be tasked
to coordinate, monitor and evaluate the programs and action plans
of the government related to climate change pursuant to the
provisions of RA 9729.
Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729)

Section 13. National Climate Change Action Plan

a. Assessment of the national impact of climate change;
b. Identification of the most vulnerable communities/ areas, including
ecosystems to the impacts of climate change, variability and
extremes;
c. Identification of differential impacts of climate change on men,
women and children;
d. Assessment and management of risk and vulnerability;
e. Identification of GHG mitigation potentials;
f. Identification of options, prioritization of appropriate adaptation
measures for joint projects of national and local governments.
 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121)
 An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System, Providing for the National Disaster Risk
and Reduction and Management Framework and
Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for other
Purposes.
 Address the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters,
strengthening the country’s institutional capacity for disaster risk
reduction and management, and building resilience of local
communities to disasters including climate change.
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121)
 Develop, promote and implement a comprehensive National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP)
- to strengthen the capacity of NG and LGUs, together with
partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of
communities
- to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing
disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and
enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities
at all levels.
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121)

Mainstream DRR and CCA and mitigation in development

processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic
development planning, budgeting, and governance,
particularly in the areas environment, agriculture, water,
energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land use and
urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing,
among others.
 Thank you for
your attention!
KAREN ANN B. JAGO-ON
Email: karenabj@gmail.com