2011 CV3201 Columns (EC2) 1

1
Co u
Columns
s
(short braced columns)
J.G. MacGregor
CV3201
CV3201Notes on RC Columns
– Columns Semester
by Susanto Teng (679015289)
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
3
Columns - definition
Columns are vertical members carrying primarily axial loads from roof
and floors to the foundations.
Because of the continuity of beam-to-column connections, most
columns are loaded in combined compression and bending.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
4
Column Sections
Column sections are usually square or
rectangular. They are reinforced with four, six,
or more bars held in a cage by links. Other
shapes such as L and hollow sections are
occasionallyy used.
Spiral columns are good for use in seismic

regions. They are often circular or polygonal in
cross section.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
5
Basic Dimensions
EC2 - Clause 5.3.1(7) specifies a column as a structural member that
satisfies: h l
≤ 4 and
d ≥3
b h
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
6
Millau Bridge – France
Dec 2004
Dec.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
7
Concrete Cover
The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:
cnom = cmin + ∆cdev
Where minimum cover, cmin should be set to satisfy:
• safe
f transmission
t i i off bond
b d forces
f
• protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
• fire resistance
∆cdev is an allowance which should be made in design for
deviations from the minimum cover.
cover It should be taken as 10
mm, unless fabrication is subjected to a quality assurance
system, in which case it is permitted to reduce ∆cdev to 5 mm.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
Concrete Cover
Minimum cover for bond: cmin,b(Table 4.2– EC2)
Minimum cover for durability (Table 4.3N – 4.5N – EC2)

The minimum cover values for reinforcement and prestressing
tendons in normal weight concrete taking account of the
exposure classes and the structural classes is given by cmin,dur.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
9
Concrete Cover
The recommended Structural Class (design working life of 50 years) is S4
f the
for th indicative
i di ti concrete
t strengths
t th given
i iin Annex
A E andd th
the
recommended modifications to the structural class is given in Table 4.3N.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
10
Concrete Cover
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
11
Minimum Dimensions
Table 5.2a - EC2 Part 1.2 provides minimum dimensions and axis
distances for columns in braced structures. Table 5.2a is valid for the
following
g conditions:
•for intermediate floors the actual length of the column (centre to centre)
≤ 6m
•for the upper floor the actual length of the column (centre to centre) ≤
4.5m
•the
th fi firstt order
d eccentricity
t i it under
d fifire conditions
diti ≤ 0.15h
0 15h ((or b)
•the amount of reinforcement < 0.04 Ac.
Notes
•μfi is the ratio of design axial load in the fire situation / the design
resistance of the column at normal temperature conditions. It is unlikely
to exceed 0.7.
•Minimum 8 bars with a bar at the centre of each face.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
12
Minimum Dimensions
Table 5.2a: Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for columns
with rectangular or circular section
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
13
Classifications of Columns
Columns are classified as braced or unbraced, short or slender.
B
Braced
d and
d unbraced
b d columns:
l
A column in a structure may be considered braced in a given plane if

the lateral stability of the structure as a whole is provided by walls or
bracing designed to resist all the lateral forces in that plane (Figure a).
Otherwise,, the column should be considered as unbraced.
In Figure (b), resistance to lateral forces is provided by frame action, that

is, by bending in the columns and beams in that plane. The columns are
said to be unbraced and must be designed to carry both vertical and
lateral loads.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
14
Columns in braced and unbraced frames
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
15
Slenderness ratio of a column
The slenderness ratio λ of a column bent about an axis is given by:
l l0 (EC2 E
(EC2-Eqn 5.14)
5 14)
λ= 0 =
i ( I / A)
Where
•l0 is the effective length of the column
•i is the radius of gy
gyration about the axis considered
•I is the second moment of area of the section about the axis
•A is the cross-sectional are of the column
Limit of Slenderness ratio for isolated members, λlim (EC2-Eqn 5.13N)
20 ABC
λ lim( y / z ) =
n
If actual λ < λlim, the column can be treated as short column and second
order effects maybe ignored
ignored. Otherwise
Otherwise, the column must be treated as
slender and second order effect must be accounted.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
16
Limit of Slenderness ratio for isolated members, λlim (EC2-Eqn 5.13N)
20 ABC
λ lim(
li ( y / z ) =
n
1
Where: A= ; B= 1 + 2ω ; C = 1.7 - rm
1 + 0.2
0 2ϕef
ϕef - creep ratio (see 5.8.4); if ϕef is unknown, A=0.7 maybe used;
As f yd
ω =- mechanical reinf. ratio; if ω is unknown, B=1.1 maybe used;
Ac f cd
rm=M
M01/M02 - moment ratio; if rm is unknown, C=0.7
C 0.7 maybe used; M01 and
M02 is first order end moment, |M02|≥|M01|; For unbraced members, rm=1.0;
n=Ned/(Acfcd) - the relative normal force.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
17
Effective length of a column
The effective lengths l0x and l0y about the respective axes are influenced
by the degree of fixity at each end of the column.
For braced columns: (EC2
( C – Eqn 5.15))
k1 y k2 y
y axis: l0 y = 0.5l (1 +
About y-axis: )(1 + )
0.45 + k1 y 0.45 + k2 y
k1z k2 z
z axis: l0 z = 0.5l (1 +
About z-axis: )(1 + )
0.45 + k1z 0.45 + k2 z
where
k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2
respectively: column stiffness ( EI / l )column
k= =
∑ beam stiffness ∑ 2( EI / l )beam
It is assumed that any column above or below the column under
consideration does not contribute to the rotational restraint of the joint
and the stiffness of each connecting beam is 2EI/l to allow for cracking
effect
ff t in
i th
the b
beam.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
18
Failure modes
When a column is overloaded it may fail by
• Crushing (compression failure)
• Buckling, or
• a combination of these two effects
The bars
buckled l0
A short column normally fails by crushing
– a compression failure when concrete between
or steel reach their maximum strength. links
A slender column tends to deflect laterally

laterally.
The lateral displacement causes additional
moment from the axial forces (P-Δ effect).
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
19
Column Failures
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
20
Niigata Earthquake
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
21
Niigata Earthquake
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
22
Niigata Earthquake
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
23
Reinforcement details
Longitudinal reinforcement (EC2 - clause 9.5.2)
1. Minimum steel area, As,min should be provided in lightly
l d d columns
loaded l tto resist
i t unexpectedt db bending
di and d ffor
crack control. 0.1N Ed
As ,min = max( ;0.002bh)
f yd
2. Maximum area, As,max is specified to ensure easy
compaction of concrete and safe lapping of
reinforcement. As,max= 0.08bh at laps
or As,max= 0.04bh in other regions
3 Minimum diameter of longitudinal bars is:
3.
dbar≥φmin=12mm (NA to SS EN 1992-1-1:2008).
4. A minimum of 4 bars is required in a rectangular column (one bar in

each corner) and 6 bars in a spiral column.; The clearance distance
between two bars is not less than the maximum of ((dbar, size of
aggregate + 5mm; 20mm).
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
24
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
25
Transverse reinforcement (EC2 - clause 9.5.3)
Links and spirals are required to provide lateral restraint to the concrete
and to prevent buckling of the longitudinal bars.
max
dbar
1.Minimum diameter of transverse reinf. is dtrans ≥ max( , 6 mm)
4
2.The spacing of transverse reinf. should not exceed smax
s ≤ smax = min(20 min
( dbar , b,, 400 mm))
This maximum spacing should be reduced by a factor of 0.6
when:
(a) In the sections within a distance equal to h above and below a beam
or slab;
(b) Near lapped joints,
joints if the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars >
14 mm. A minimum of 3 bars evenly placed in the lap length is required.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
26
Transverse reinforcement (continued)
3. Every longitudinal bar placed in a corner should be held by transverse
reinforcement. No compression bar should be further than 150 mm from a
restrained bar;
4 The minimum
4. minim m anchorage length of trans
transverse
erse reinforcement
reinforcement:
•lanch ≥ max(10dtrans, 70 mm) for 90o hook;
•lanch ≥ max(5dtrans, 50 mm) for 135o hook.
5. Where the direction of the longitudinal bars changes, (e.g. at changes
in column size),
size) the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be
calculated, taking account of the lateral forces involved. These effects
may be ignored if the change of direction is less than or equal to 1 in 12.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
27
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
28
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
29
Design
g of short columns
Short columns may be designed by one of the two methods:
1. Design formulas
• for columns not subjected to significant moment and
• for
f columns
l supporting
ti symmetrict i arrangementt off beams
b
g charts for symmetrically-reinforced

2. Design y y columns
• bent about a single axis
• subjected to bi-axial bending
Only Short Braced Columns will be discussed.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
30
Axially loaded columns
Under ideal condition, the ultimate compression that can
be supported by a short column is:
z
f ck f yk
N = α cc Ac + Asc
γc γs y
where Ac is the net cross-sectional area of concrete and

Asc is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement.
(In practice, Ac is usually taken for simplicity as the nominal area
without deduction for the area of the reinforcement)
Since perfect conditions hardly exist, the EC2 specifies that:

For cross -sections with symmetrical reinforcement loaded by the
compression force,
force it is necessary to assume the minimum eccentricity,
eccentricity
e0 = h/30 but not less than 20 mm where h is the depth of the section.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
31
Example 1
A short, braced axially loaded column 300 mm square in section is
reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars. Calculate the ultimate axial
load that the column can carry and specify the requirements for links
links.
Use fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2.
4H25 (1963 mm2)
Solution:
N = 0.567fck‫ڄ‬AC + 0.87fyk‫ڄ‬Asc
t area AC = 3002 – 1963

N t concrete
Net
= 88,037 mm2
N = (0.567×25×88037
(0 567 25 88037 + 0 87 500 1963)/103
0.87×500×1963)/10
= 2102 kN
Links: diameter ≥ max (¼×25; 6mm) = 6 mm
Provide H8-300
spacing ≤ min (20×25;b,400) = b = 300 mm
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
32
Example 2
Design an axially loaded column
A short, braced column has to carry an ultimate axial load of 1366 kN.
The column size is 250 mm square. Calculate the size of the
longitudinal bars required.
Use fck = 25 N/mm2, fyk = 500 N/mm2.
Solution:
t area AC = 2502 – Asc
N t concrete
Net
N = 0.567fck‫ڄ‬AC + 0.87fyk‫ڄ‬Asc
1366×103 = 0 567×25 (2502 - Asc) + 0.87×500×
0.567×25 0 87×500× Asc
Asc= 1141 mm2
Provide four (4) H20 bars to give a steel area of 1257 mm2
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
33
Example 3
Sizing a column
An internal column carrying symmetric arrangement of beams is
subjected to an ultimate load of 1900 kN
kN. Determine the side
dimension c for the column assuming that the steel area is about
2% of the concrete area. Use fck = 25 N/mm2, fyk = 500 N/mm2.
Solution:
N = 0.567fck‫ڄ‬AC+ 0.87 fyk‫ڄ‬Asc
1900 ×103 = 0.567×25×AC + 0.87×500×0.02AC
ÆAC = 83,060 mm2 → dimension c = √AC = 288 mm
Try a 300 mm square section
1900 ×103 = 0.567×25×(3002 – Asc) + 0.87×500×Asc
1483 4 mm2 → Use 4
Asc = 1483.4 H22 (1520 mm2).
4-H22 )
If the column carries bending and compression, use higher % of Asc in

the section
section.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
34
Short columns subjected to
compression and bending
J.G. MacGregor
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
35
Column loads
Because of the continuity of beam-column connection, some moment is
applied to a column at each floor level.
The axial force and moment (Nu, Mu) can be calculated using a proper
structural analysis OR by some acceptable simplified procedures. The
Nu and Mu are to be calculated at the ultimate limit state by considering
various critical loading arrangements.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
36
Column loads
Axial force Ned - Simplified Method
The largest axial force can be determined by the tributary area method
method,
assuming that:
• all the floors are fully loaded,
• the beams and slabs are simply supported
Self weight of the columns are to be included.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
37
Column loads
End moments MEd – Simplified Method
The largest moment is calculated at the upper end of a column using a

single-joint sub-frame.
It consists of the column to be designed, an upper column and the
beams on either side of the joint, if any.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
38
Column loads
The rules for calculating moments – (simplified method):
1. The far ends of the columns and beams are fixed.
2. The beams have one-half their actual stiffnesses (0.5kb1, 0.5kb2);
the columns have full stiffnesses (kU, kL).
3 The design load is arranged to cause a maximum out
3. out-of-balance
of balance
moment in the joint.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
39
Example 4
Calculate the ultimate axial force and moment in the central column BD.
All the beams carry uniformly distributed loads Gk= 16 kN/m and
Qk= 17.6 kN/m. The member stiffnesses (I/L) are:
Beam: span AB Æ kAB = 0.4 ×10-3 m3

span BC Æ kBC = 0.267 ×10-3 m3
Column: kU = kL = 0.193×10-3 m3
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
40
Example 4
Solution:
1. Maximum axial force: 1.35gk+1.5qk = 48 kN/m
Use tributary area method
(full loading and the beams are
1.35 gk+1.5qk
considered simply-supported)
p y pp )
Loadings on the floors or beams
1.35gk 1.35gk+1.5qk
= 48×(4
( + 6)/2×2
) +
+1.35×16×4/2 + 48×6/2 = 667.2 kN
Column self weight
= 1.35 (0 3 ×0.3
1 35 (0.3 ×0 3 ×3.5
×3 5 ×25)×2
= 21.3 kN
Total axial force in column BD
Nu = 667.2 + 21.3 = 688.5 kN
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
41
Example 4
2 Maximum moment in column BD
2.
Load arrangement:
won_AB = 1.35×16 = 21.6 kN/m
won_BC = 1.35×16 +1.5 ×17.6 = 48 kN/m
Member stiffnesses (I/L)
Columns: kU= kL= 0.193× 10-3
Beams: kAB= 0.4×10-3, kBC= 0.267×10-3
Total Σk = kU+ kL+ ½ kAB+ ½ kBC
= (2 × 0.193 + 0.2 + 0.133) ×10-3 = 0.719 ×10-3
Fixed-end
Fixed end moments:
FEMBA = (1/12) x 21.6 x 42 = 28.8 kN.m (action is CCW)
FEMBC = (1/12) x 48 x 62 = 144 kN.m (action is CW)
Moment in column BD (applied moment)

MBD = (144 – 28.8)× kL/ Σk = 115.2 × 0.193/0.719 = 31 kN‫ڄ‬m (CW)
MBD, min = N‫ڄ‬emin= 688.5×max(h/30; 20) = 13.8 kN‫ڄ‬m (for h = 300 mm) < 31
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
42
Column design chart
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
43
Use of design chart
The design of columns subjected to axial load and moment can be
simplified by using the design charts.
• Design charts are used for various combination of fck, fyk, and d/h.
• Restricted to columns having rectangular or

circular section with longitudinal bars equally
divided at the faces parallel to the axis
of bending.
• For practical purpose, the moment in a column must be at least

N‫ڄ‬emin where emin is max of (h/30 and 20 mm)
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
44
Example 5
A short braced column 300×300 mm is subjected to an ultimate axial
load N of 1480 kN and moment M of 54 kN‫ڄ‬m.
Design the reinforcement assuming a cover of 45 mm to the centre of
main bars. Draw a part elevation and section showing the
reinforcement details. Use fck = 25 N/mm2, fyk = 500 N/mm2.
Solution:
emin = max (300/30; 20 mm) = 20 mm
z
Minimum moment = N.emin = 1480 × 0.02 = 29.6 kNm
Æ Use M = 54 kN.m for design.
g
y
Assume H24 longitudinal bars

d = 300 – 45 = 255 mm
d/h = 255/ 300 = 0.85
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
45
Example 5
• Longitudinal reinforcement:
N/bhfck = 1480 103/(3002×25)
1480×10 25) = 0.66
M/bh2fck = 54×106/(3003×25) = 0.08
From Design Chart, Asfyyk/bhfck = 0.35
4H24
Æ As= 0.35 × 3002×25 /500 = 1575 mm2
Provide 4H24 (= 1809 mm2) H8@300mm
• Links: (tied links)

diameter ≥ max (¼
(¼×24;
24; 6mm) = 6 mm
spacing ≤ min (20×24;b,400) = b = 300 mm
Æ Provide H8 - 300mm centres
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
46
Use of design chart
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
47
Design of
Biaxially Loaded Columns
Setareh - Darwas
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
48
Setareh - Darwas
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
49
Setareh - Darwas
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
50
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
51
Biaxially bending of short columns
Columns are often subjected to biaxial bending, especially those at the
corners of a building and bridge piers.
For members with a rectangular cross- section, separate checks in the two
principal plane are permissible if:
e ey e y ez
either z / ≤ 0.2 or / ≤ 0.2
h b b h
Where these conditions are not fullfilled biaxial moments must be accounted.
Z Z
Y Y
Z ey
ez
Y Y
My = N.eZ
Mz = N.ey
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
52
Biaxially bending of short columns
It is acceptable that the column be designed using the approximate method
previously presented in BS 8110.
Very often such columns are symmetrically reinforced.
The approach:
1. Convert the biaxial bending moments into a uniaxial moment.
2. Design the column to carry the axial force and uniaxial moment.
Z Z
Y Y b
Z b'
h'
h
Y
Y
My
Mz
Z
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
53
Biaxially
y bending
g of short columns
Suppose the column is subjected to (NEd, MEdy, MEdz). Then it can be
designed either for (NEd, M’Edy) or for (NEd, M’Edz) depending on which
off th
the ffollowing
ll i ttwo conditions
diti iis valid:
lid
(a) For MEdyy/h’ ≥ MEdz/b’ Æ use M’Edyy = MEdyy + β (h’/b’) MEdz

(40)
((a)) For MEdy/h’ ≤ MEdz/b’ Æ use M’Edz = MEdz + β ((b’/h’)) MEdy

Z
(41)
b
b'
M’Edy, M’Edz = effective
ff ti uniaxial
i i l ultimate
lti t moments
t
about the y, z axes, respectively
h'
h
Y
h’, b
h b’ = effective depths perpendicular Y
My
to the y, z axes, respectively
M
Mz
Z
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
54
Biaxially
y bending
g of short columns
β = a coefficient for biaxial bending, the values are derived from
N Ed
β = 1−
bhf ck
Note: NEd is the design ultimate axial load in (N).
Having established the increased moment about one of the column

axes, the section can then be designed for the combination of axial
load and the uniaxial bending
bending.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
55
Example 6 (biaxial bending)
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 500 × 300 mm column section,
if NEd = 2300 kN, My = 300 kN‫ڄ‬m and Mz = 120 kN‫ڄ‬m.
Given fck = 30 N/mm2, fyk = 500 N/mm2, and assume a 50 mm
cover to centres of bars.
Z
Solution: Mz 120 × 106
ey = = = 52.2
52 2 mm ;
N Ed 2300 × 103 ey
ez
My 300 × 106 Y Y
ez = = = 130 mm
N Ed 2300 × 103 My = N.eZ
Thus ez ey 130 52.2

/ = / = 1.5
1 5 > 0.2
02 Mz = N.ey
h b 500 300
Z
ey ez 52.2 130
/ = / = 0.67 > 0.2
b h 300 500
→ The column must be designed for biaxial bending
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
56
Step 1: Calculate the uniaxial moment (M’y or M’z)
h = 500 – 50 = 450 mm
h’ Z
b’ = 300 – 50 = 250 mm b
b'
My 300 × 106
= = 667 × 103
h' 450
h'
h
Y
M z 120 × 106 Y
= = 480 × 103 My
b' 250
Since My /h’ > Mz /b’, use M’y (eqn 40) Mz
N Ed 2300 × 103 Z
For = = 0.51 → β = 0.53
bhf ck 30 × 300 × 500
M’y = My + β (h’/b’) Mz = 300 + 0.53(450/250)120 = 414.5 kNm
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
57
Step 2: Design the reinforcement for (NEd, M’y)
• NEd/bhfck = 2300×103/(300×500×30) = 0
0.51
51
• M’y/bh2fck = 414.5×106/(300×5002×30) = 0.184
Z
• d/ h = 450/ 500 = 0.9
From Design Chart, Asfyk/bhfck = 0.52 3-H34
Æ As= 0.52×300×500×30 /500 = 4680 mm2

Y Y
Provide 6-H34 (= 5445 mm2)
3-H34
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
58
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
59
Column (N-M) Interaction Diagram
The strength of a column depends on the combinations of N and M
acting on itit. In general
general, the moment tends to reduce the load capacity
of a column. A column with very small moment acting on it can carry a
large axial force, and a column with a large moment carries smaller
axial
i l lloads.
d
An easy way to appreciate how N and M affect the strength of a column

is by using the (N-M) interaction diagram. Each point on the
interaction curve represents incipient failure of the column.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
60
Column Interaction Diagram
0.00175
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
61
Column Interaction Diagram
Control points on the curve
• Point A: Pure axial load 0.00175
• Point B: Zero tension

• Point C: Balanced state,
yielding of steel bars and crushing
of concrete occurs simultaneously
• Point D: Tension failure
• Point E: Pure bending
Modes of failure:
• Region
g A – C: Compression
p controlled failures
• Region C – E: Tension controlled failures.
Safe and Unsafe regions
Points inside the curve (N1, M1) represent safe combinations of load while
those outside the curve (N2, M2) cannot be supported by the column.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
62
Design Chart & Interaction Diagram
A column design chart is actually an interaction diagram that is used
for design purposes.
A to C: compression failure
C to E: tension failure
A: pure compression
failure
C: balanced failure
E: pu
puree be
bending
d g
failure C
E
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
63
Analysis of column section
Except for the presence of axial force, all stress and strain assumptions
are the same as those in beams.
Strain Compatibility Method
Consider a symmetrically reinforced column
subjected to (N
(N, M) at the ultimate limit state
state.
b = dimension parallel to the axis of bending
h p of column
= depth
x = depth of neutral axis
Asc = total area of reinforcement, to be equally
divided on two faces
The centroidal axis of the rectangular column
passes through the centre of the section.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
64
b 0 0035
0.0035 0.567fck
d'
A's εsc Fsc s/2

s=0.8x
x
Fcc
d
h
neutral
axis
Fs
As
εs
(a) s= 0.8x < h 0.567fck
b εsc
d'
A's
A s 3h/7 Fsc
0.002
Fcc
d
s
h
neutral
axis
x
As εs
Fs
(b) s = 0.8x > h

For case where there is tension in the section, the limiting concrete strain is
taken as 0.0035.
For case where there is no tension in the section, the limiting strain is taken
as a value of 0.002 at the level of 3/7 of the depth of the section. (3/7 h)
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
65
Basic equations:
– Force Equilibrium,
q ΣF = 0
N = Fcc + Fsc + Fs
= 0.567fckbs + fscA’s+ fsAs
(Fs will be negative whether As in tension)
– Moment Equilibrium, ΣM = 0 (say, about the centre line of column)

M = Fcc(h/2 – s/2) + Fsc(h/2 – d’) + Fs(h/2 - d)
= 0.567fckbs(h/2 – s/2) + fscA’s(h/2 - d’) - fsAs(d - h/2)
Depending of the value of x, Fsc and Fs may not reach

yield at the same time. By assuming a series of x
values,
l eachh corresponding
di tot a particular
ti l combination
bi ti
of N and M that will cause the failure of the column, the
column N-M interaction diagram can be drawn.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
66
Construction of interaction diagram
1. Determine No - pure axial compression case (Point A)
No = 0.567 fck‫ڄ‬Acol + 0.87fyk‫ڄ‬Asc
d
2. Set x = xbal = to determine the balanced failure point (Nbal,Mbal);
εy
1+
0 0035
0.0035
3. Select a smaller value of x < xbal to
determine a tension failure point;
4. Select x = h to determine the zero

tension point.
5. Determine Mo for pure bending case.
6. Plot the points and connect them
by straight lines.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
67
Example 7
Construct an interaction diagram for a 300×400 mm column section
with bending about the major axis. Assume that the column contains
2% llongitudinal
it di l reinforcement
i f t and
d d/h = 0
0.85.
85 Th
The materials
t i l are Cl
Class
C25/30 concrete, grade 500 reinforcement.
Solution:
Asc = 2% Acol = 0.02 × 300 × 400 = 2400 mm2
d = 0.85h = 0.85× 400 = 340 mm
Assume: As =A’s
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
68
Example 7
Consider three modes of failure:
1. Pure axial compression (M = 0):
0 6 fck‫ڄ‬A
N0 = 0.567 0 8 fyk‫ڄ‬A
Acol + 0.87f Asc
= 0.567×25×(300×400) + 0.87× 500× 2400
= 2745 kN Æ point 1 (0, (0 2745)
0.00217
7
2. Balanced condition of failure:

By definition, εcu = 0.0035,
εy = 0.87×500/200000 = 0.00217
d 0.0035
xbal = = 340 × = 210 mm
εy 0.00567 0.8x
1+
0.0035
Check if the compression steel has yielded
⎛ x−d '⎞ 210 − 60

ε sc = 0.0035
0 0035 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0035
0 0035 × = 0.0025
0 0025 > ε y → yield
⎝ x ⎠ 210
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
69
Example 7
Calculate the internal forces corresponding to xbal= 210 mm
Fs1 = Fs2 = 0.87fyk×1200
1200 = 522,000 (N) 0 8xb
0.8x
Fc = 0.567fck×300×0.8xb = 714,420 (N)
Æ N = Nbal = Fc + Fs1 – Fs2 = 714 kN

0.567fck
Taking moments about the centroidal axis:

Mbal = Fc(200 – 0.4xb) + (Fs1+ Fs2)×(d – 200)
N 200
= 229 kNm
M 0.4x 60
S ((Mbal,Nbal) Æ point 2 (229,714)

So, ( )
Fs2 Fc F
s1
d = 340
h = 400
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
70
Example 7
3. Tension failure: Assume x = 150 mm
Fs1 = Fs2 = 0.87fyk × 1200/1000 = 522 kN

Fc = 0.567×25×300 (0.8×150)/1000 = 510 kN 0.8x
Calculate
C l l t (N(N, M)
N = Fc + Fs1 – Fs2 = 510 kN
Taking moment about the centroidal axis
M = Fc (200 – 0.4×150) + (Fs1+Fs2)×(340 – 200)
= 218 kN‫ڄ‬m
Point 3 (218, 510)
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
71
Example 7
4. Pure bending (N = 0)
0.567fck
0.8x
Equilibrium Equations (at the ultimate limit state)

ΣF = 0 Fc + Fs1 = Fs2 → the depth of neutral axis x
Taking moments about the centre line of tension steel:
M = Fc‫(ڄ‬d – 0.4x) + Fs1(d – d’)
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
72
Example 7
Assume the compression steel has NOT yielded (most likely case)
08
0.8x
ΣF = 0; Æ Fc + Fs1 = Fs2
0.567fck×300×(0.8x) + fs1×1200 = 0.87fyk ×1200
Æ x = 83
83.6
6 mm
Æ fs1 = 197.6 N/mm2
Taking moment about the tension steel

M = Fc (d – 0.4x) + Fs1(d – 60) = 154 kN‫ڄ‬m
d = 340 mm; d’ = 60 mm
Point 4 (154, 0)
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
73
Example 7
Summary of (N, M) values for the four control points
Point X Fc Fs1 Fs2 N M N/bhfck M/bh2fck

mm kN kN kN kN kN.m N/mm2 N/mm2
1 inf 1701 522 522 2745 0 0.92 0.00

2 210 714 522 522 714 229 0.24 0.19
3 150.0 510 522 522 510 218 0.17 0.18
4 83.6 284 237 522 0 154 0.00 0.13
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
74
Example 7
Interaction Diagrams for rectangular columns
Asc = 2%; fck = 25; d/h = 0.85
N (kN)
Point 1 (0, 2745)
Point 2 (229,714)
(229 714)
Point 3 (218,510)
Point 4 (154,
(154 0) M (kNm)
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
75
Unsymmetrical Columns
The same principles (strain compatibility method) can be applied
to unsymmetrical columns. Determine the geometric centroid first.
z
3H25
y
3H25 4H25
3H25
z
3H25 2H22
y
3H25 5H22
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
76
Construct the interaction diagram for the unsymmetrically
reinforced column section shown. C32/40 Concrete, grade 500
reinforcement.
reinforcement
2H22 zc
5H25 2H25
y
5H22
Procedure
1. Show that zc ≈ 209 mm from the compression face
2. Determine three control points on the N-M curve.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
77
Solution:
1. Position of centroidal axis
Acol = 3602 - 120×240 = 100,800 mm2
2H22 zc
Taking moment about compression face
y
zc =
∑Az i i
=
360 × 180 − (120 × 240) × 80
2 5H22
Ac 100800
z c = 208.6 mm ≈ 209 mm
2. Determine three control p
points on the curve
Pure axial compression (M = 0)
Gross Area 7H22
N0 = 0.567 (32) Acol + 0.87 fyk (2661) = 2986 kN
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
78
Balanced failure
εy = 0.87×500/200000 = 0.00217
d 0 0035
0.0035 2H22 zc
xbal = = d = 0.617 d = 185 mm
εy 0.00567 y
1+ 5H22
0.0035
0.8xbal = 148 mm 148
Fc1 = 0.567 (32) (74 ×148) = 199 kN
Fc22 = 0.567
0 567 (32) (120×148) = 322 kN
74
x−d' 185 − 60
ε s1 = 0.0035 = 0.0035 = 0.0024 > ε y
x 185
Fs1 = 0.87fyk × 760 = 331 kN
Fs2 = 0.87fyk × 1901 = 827 kN
Nbal = Fc1 + Fc2 + Fs1 - Fs2 = 25 kN
Taking moment about the centroid axis 0.567fck
Mbal = Fc1(209-98.7) + Fc2(209-74) +
Fs1(209-60)
(209 60) + Fs2(300-209)
(300 209)
= 190 kN‫ڄ‬m Location of zc
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee
79
Pure bending (N = 0)
Let 0.8 x = s ½ Fc1
Fc11 = 0.567 (0 5×s2))= 9s2 (N)
0 567 fckk (0.5×s
Fc2 = 0.567 (32) (120×s) = 2177s (N) Fc2
Assume As1 has yyielded.
Fs1 = 0.87fyk×760 = 331 (kN) ½ Fc1
Fs2 = 0.87fyk×1901 = 827 (kN)
ΣF = 0; Æ Fc1 + Fc2 + Fs1 - Fs2 = 0 N=0 209
9s2 + 2177s + (331 – 827)×103 = 0 M 0.5s 60

s = 143 mm; x = 179 mm
Fs1
Check that As1 has yielded as assumed Fs2 Fc1
(εs1 = 0.00232 > εy → OK) d = 300 Fc2
Taking moments about 5H22 → M = 188 kNm h = 360
g
Interaction diagram can now
be plotted using those 3 points.
CV3201
(Aug-Dec)
& S.C.2008
Lee

2011 CV3201 Columns (EC2) 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2011 CV3201 Columns (EC2) 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Spiral columns are good for use in seismic

Minimum cover for durability (Table 4.3N – 4.5N – EC2)

A column in a structure may be considered braced in a given plane if

In Figure (b), resistance to lateral forces is provided by frame action, that

A slender column tends to deflect laterally

4. A minimum of 4 bars is required in a rectangular column (one bar in

g charts for symmetrically-reinforced

Only Short Braced Columns will be discussed.

where Ac is the net cross-sectional area of concrete and

Since perfect conditions hardly exist, the EC2 specifies that:

t area AC = 3002 – 1963

If the column carries bending and compression, use higher % of Asc in

The largest moment is calculated at the upper end of a column using a

Beam: span AB Æ kAB = 0.4 ×10-3 m3

Moment in column BD (applied moment)

• Restricted to columns having rectangular or

• For practical purpose, the moment in a column must be at least

Assume H24 longitudinal bars

• Links: (tied links)

(a) For MEdyy/h’ ≥ MEdz/b’ Æ use M’Edyy = MEdyy + β (h’/b’) MEdz

((a)) For MEdy/h’ ≤ MEdz/b’ Æ use M’Edz = MEdz + β ((b’/h’)) MEdy

Note: NEd is the design ultimate axial load in (N).

Having established the increased moment about one of the column

Thus ez ey 130 52.2

M’y = My + β (h’/b’) Mz = 300 + 0.53(450/250)120 = 414.5 kNm

Æ As= 0.52×300×500×30 /500 = 4680 mm2

An easy way to appreciate how N and M affect the strength of a column

• Point B: Zero tension

A's εsc Fsc s/2

(b) s = 0.8x > h

– Moment Equilibrium, ΣM = 0 (say, about the centre line of column)

Depending of the value of x, Fsc and Fs may not reach

4. Select x = h to determine the zero

2. Balanced condition of failure:

⎛ x−d '⎞ 210 − 60

Æ N = Nbal = Fc + Fs1 – Fs2 = 714 kN

Taking moments about the centroidal axis:

S ((Mbal,Nbal) Æ point 2 (229,714)

Fs1 = Fs2 = 0.87fyk × 1200/1000 = 522 kN

Equilibrium Equations (at the ultimate limit state)

Æ fs1 = 197.6 N/mm2

Taking moment about the tension steel

Point X Fc Fs1 Fs2 N M N/bhfck M/bh2fck

1 inf 1701 522 522 2745 0 0.92 0.00

N0 = 0.567 (32) Acol + 0.87 fyk (2661) = 2986 kN

9s2 + 2177s + (331 – 827)×103 = 0 M 0.5s 60

You might also like