Philippine Realities

Philippine Realities
Philippine economic, political and social realities in

the context of the global reality and their effects on
social welfare and social work.
Historical perspective:
Philippine history,
global situation,
national and local
situation
Methodological approaches and tools for
analysis
Community analysis
Structural analysis
Gender tracking
Political-economic mapping
Methodological approaches and tools
for analysis
Rapid appraisal for disaster

management
Class analysis
Environmental analysis
Sector analysis
Philippine Realities in the SW
Knowledge Base
 Three (3) Main areas in the knowledge base of Social
Work
1. Human Behavior and Social Environment;
Understanding the person and social
environment.
2. Policy and Services: Societal arrangements for
social welfare.
3. Social Work Practice: Methods and processes
for helping people.
General Perspectives in understanding
Society
1.Functionalism perspective
Attempts to explain social institutions as
collective means to meet individual and
social needs.
It is sometimes called structural-
functionalism because it often focuses on
the ways social structures (social
institutions) meet social needs.
Society
Functionalism draws its inspiration

from the ideas of Emile Durkheim.
Durkheim was concerned with
the question of
how societies maintain internal
stability and survive over time.
Society
He sought to explain social stability

through the concept of solidarity,
and differentiated between
the mechanical solidarity of primitive
societies and the organic solidarity of
complex modern societies.
Society
According to Durkheim, more primitive
or traditional societies were held together
by mechanical solidarity; members of
society lived in relatively small and
undifferentiated groups, where they
shared strong family ties and performed
similar daily tasks.
Society
Durkheim argued that modern

industrial society would destroy the
traditional mechanical solidarity that
held primitive societies together.
Modern societies however, do not
fall apart.
Society
Instead, modern societies rely on

organic solidarity; because of the
extensive division of labor,
members of society are forced to
interact and exchange with one
another to provide the things they
need.
Society
The functionalist perspective

continues to try and explain how
societies maintained the stability
and internal cohesion necessary
to ensure their continued
existence over time.
Society
In the functionalist perspective,

societies are thought to function
like organisms, with various social
institutions working together like
organs to maintain and
reproduce them.
Society
The various parts of society are
assumed to work together naturally
and automatically to maintain overall
social equilibrium. Because social
institutions are functionally integrated
to form a stable system, a change in
one institution will precipitate a
change in other institutions.
Society
Dysfunctional institutions, which

do not contribute to the overall
maintenance of a society, will
cease to exist.
Society
Functionalists analyze social
institutions in terms of the function
they play. In other words, to
understand a component of society,
one must ask, "What is the function of
this institution? How does it contribute
to social stability?
Society
" Thus, one can ask of education,
"What is the function of education for
society? " A complete answer would
be quite complex and require a
detailed analysis of the history of
education, but one obvious answer is
that education
Society
prepares individuals to enter the

workforce and, therefore, maintains a
functioning economy. By delineating
the functions of elements of society, of
the social structure, we can better
understand social life.
Society
2. Social Conflict theory
- is a macro-oriented paradigm in
sociology that views society as an
arena of inequality that generates
conflict and social change.
Society
Key elements in this perspective are

that society is structured in ways to
benefit a few at the expense of the
majority, and factors such as race,
sex, class, and age are linked to
social inequality.
Society
To a social conflict theorist, it is all

about dominant group versus
minority group relations. Karl Marx
is considered the 'father' of social
conflict theory.
Society
3. Interactionist theory
It focuses on the concrete details of

what goes on among individuals in
everyday life.
Society
Interactionist study how we use and

interpret symbols not only to
communicate with each other, but
also to create and maintain
impressions of ourselves, to create a
sense of self
Society
From this perspective, social life

consists largely of a complex
fabric woven of countless
interactions through which life
takes on shape and meaning.
Perspectives in Understanding Social
Change and Development
1. Evolution
all societies go through phases of
development.
Evolution by natural selection is a process
inferred from three facts about
populations:
a) more offspring are produced than

can possibly survive.
b) traits vary among individuals,
leading to different rates of survival
and reproduction, and
c) trait differences are heritable.
2. Modernization theory
 used to explain the process of

modernization within societies.
Modernization refers to a model

of a progressive transition from a
'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a
'modern' society.
The theory looks at the internal

factors of a country while assuming
that, with assistance, "traditional"
countries can be brought to
development in the same manner
more developed countries have.
Modernization theory attempts to

identify the social variables that
contribute to social progress and
development of societies, and seeks
to explain the process of social
evolution.
Modernization theory is subject to
criticism originating among socialist
and free-market ideologies, world-
systems
theorists, globalization theorists
and dependency theorists among
others.
Modernization theory not only
stresses the process of change, but
also the responses to that change. It
also looks at internal dynamics while
referring to social and cultural
structures and the adaptation of new
technologies.
3. Dependency theory
is a theory of how developing and
developed nations interact.
It can be seen as an
opposition theory to the popular free
market theory of interaction.
Exploitative relationships between
countries created
underdevelopment.
is a theory of how developing and
developed nations interact. It can be
seen as an opposition theory to the
popular free market theory of
interaction
 Dependency theory was first

formulated in the 1950s, drawing on a
Marxian analysis of the global
economy, and as a direct challenge
to the free market economic policies
of the post-War era.
The free market ideology holds, at its

most basic, that open markets
and free trade benefit developing
nations, helping them eventually to
join the global economy as equal
players.
The belief is that although some of
the methods of market liberalization
and opening may be painful for a
time, in the long run they help to
firmly establish the economy and
make the nation competitive at the
global level.
Dependency theory, in contrast,

holds that there are a small number
of established nations that are
continually fed by developing
nations, at the expense of the
developing nations’ own health.
These developing nations are

essentially acting as colonial
dependencies, sending their wealth
to the developed nations with
minimal compensation.
In dependency theory, the
developed nations actively keep
developing nations in a subservient
position, often through economic
force by instituting sanctions, or by
proscribing free trade policies
attached to loans granted by
the World Bank or International
Monetary Fund.
4. Urbanization
 is a population shift
from rural to urban areas, "the
gradual increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas", and the
ways in which each society adapts to
the change.
It predominantly results in the

physical growth of urban areas, be it
horizontal or vertical. The United
Nations projected that half of
the world's population would live in
urban areas at the end of 2008.
It is predicted that by 2050 about 64%
of the developing world and 86% of
the developed world will be
urbanized. That is equivalent to
approximately 3 billion urbanites by
2050, much of which will occur in
Africa and Asia.
 Notably, the United Nations has also

recently projected that nearly all
global population growth from 2015
to 2030 will be absorbed by cities,
about 1.1 new urbanites over the
next 15 years.
closely linked
to modernization, industrialization, and the
sociological process of rationalization.
a rapid and historic transformation of
human social roots on a global scale,
whereby predominantly rural culture is
being rapidly replaced by predominantly
urban culture.
 Urbanization creates enormous

social, economic and environmental
changes, which provide an
opportunity for sustainability with the
“potential to use resources more
efficiently, to create more sustainable
land use and to protect the
biodiversity of natural ecosystems.”
5. World Systems Theory

like dependency theory, suggests
that wealthy countries benefit from
other countries and exploit those
countries' citizens.
refers to the inter-regional and

transnational division of labor, which
divides the world into core countries,
semi-periphery countries, and the
periphery countries.
the realities in a particular

country can only be fully
understood by seeing them in the
bigger global context.
In contrast to dependency theory,

however, this model recognizes the
minimal benefits that are enjoyed by
low status countries in the world
system.
The theory originated
with sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein,
who suggests that the way a country
is integrated into the capitalist world
system determines how economic
development takes place in that
country.
According to Wallerstein, the world

economic system is divided into
a hierarchy of three types of
countries: core, semi-peripheral,
and peripheral. Core countries (e.g.,
U.S., Japan, Germany) are dominant,
and coercion. Peripheral countries

(e.g., most African countries and
low income countries in South
America) are dependent on core
countries for capital and are less
industrialized and urbanized.
Peripheral countries are usually agrarian, have
low literacy rates and lack consistent Internet
access. Semi-peripheral countries (e.g., South
Korea, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, India, Nigeria,
South Africa) are less developed than core
nations but more developed than peripheral
nations. They are the weaker members of
"advanced" regions or the leading members of
former colonial ones.
Core countries own most of the

world's capital and technology and
have great control over world trade
and economic agreements. They are
also the cultural centers which attract
artists and intellectuals.
Peripheral countries generally

provide labor and materials to core
countries. Semi-peripheral countries
exploit peripheral countries, just as
core countries exploit both semi-
peripheral and peripheral countries.
Core countries extract raw materials with little
cost. They can also set the prices for the
agricultural products that peripheral
countries export regardless of market prices,
forcing small farmers to abandon their fields
because they can't afford to pay for labor
and fertilizer. The wealthy in peripheral
countries benefit from the labor of poor
workers and from their own economic
relations with core country capitalists.
The dependency and world-system

perspectives also form part of the
critical foundation of social work.
They are useful in understanding the
state of development of Philippine
Society.
Philippine Society
Philippine Society
Discussions of the national situations

can be done by focusing on various
aspects: geographic and
environmental, demographic, cultural,
political, economic, and social
relations.
Geography and Environment
 Philippines is composed of over 7,000

islands with vast agricultural lands
and natural resources.
Update – many agricultural lands
have been converted to
residential/industrial areas, etc.
On the international level, Philippines’

200-nautical miles exclusive economic
zone (EEZ) was delineated otherwise
Philippines would be open to foreign
fishers.
Update – acted upon as evidenced of
Chinese who were caught along
Palawan.
Update - Laws have been acted

upon to protect the environment
such as Executive Order No. 79
(Institutionalizing and Implementing
Reforms in the Philippine Mining
Sector)
RA No. 9003 (Ecological solid

Waste Management Act of 2000),
RA No. 8749 (Philippine Clean air
Act of 1999), RA 7942 (Philippine
Mining Act) among others.
The Mining Act of 1995 is seen by

some as intruding on the rights of
indigenous peoples and opening
national patrimony to the
exploitation of international
capital.
Demography and Health
total area of 115,831 square miles

estimated population as of July 10, 2015 -
102,014,790
Estimated population as of July 1, 2015 –
101,802,705
Ranks No. 12 in the list of 256 countries by
population
Life expectancy is 72.48 years, 69.52

years for males and 75 years for females
(Source-CIA World Factbook 2014)
Median age is 23.5 years (male-23 yo,
female-24 yo)
50% of the population is urban.
Population growth rate is 1.81%
Birthrate/day is 34,092
death rate/day is 8,883
, sex ratio is of 1:1
As stated by the National Statistics

Office of the Republic of the
Philippines, the population of the
country is projected to reach over
140 million people by the year 2040.
 82.5% of households have access to

drinking water and 91.9% have
improved to sanitary toilet facilities.
 WHO data showed the Philippines
has 12 doctors per 10,000 persons, 6
dentists, and 61 nurses and midwives
(2010).
Politics
National and local government is

dominated by political dynasties.
The devolution started in the 1990s has
given power to local officials and has
resulted in the localization of certain
concerns like health, social welfare and
agriculture. (RA 7160)
Economy & Employment
Food and Poverty Thresholds

Food threshold is the minimum income
required to meet basic food needs and
satisfy the nutritional requirements set by
the Food and Nutrition Research Institute
(FNRI) to ensure that one remains
economically and socially productive.
Population below poverty line is 24.9% (June

2015)s of June 2015
Inflation rate is 1.2%
Poverty threshold refers to the cost of the
basic food and non-food requirements (the
minimum income required to meet the food
requirements and other non-food basic
needs.
During the first semester of 2014, a

family of five needed at least
PhP6,125 on the average every
month to meet the family’s basic
food needs and at least PhP8,778 on
the average every month to meet
both basic food and non-food needs.
Poverty among Filipino families
statistics on poverty among families –

a crucial social indicator that guides
policy makers in their efforts to
alleviate poverty.
As of 1st semester 2014
Total labor force 15 y/o & over
64,802 (excluded Leyte)
According to Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE), primary
factor for unemployment is due to
“job mismatch”.
Another reason for augmenting the
unemployment rate is the
succeeding calamities such as
earthquakes and strong typhoons like
“Yolanda”. In addition to these is the
“Global Crisis” that also has immense
effects in other countries.
Other reasons for unemployment
rate include continuous
population growth, the lack of
high quality graduates, and
Filipinos being too selective with
their job preferences.
Definitions and its
relationship to Social
Work & Social Welfare
Globalization
The process of “worldwide

unification” of economic, social,
political and cultural orientation
through a borderless society thereby
losing the country’s indigenous
cultural orientation (Philippines)
Trafficking
in Persons as the recruitment,

transportation, transfer, harboring or
receipt of persons, by means of the
threat or use of force or other forms
of coercion, of abduction, of fraud,
of deception, of the abuse of power
Trafficking
or of a position of vulnerability or of
the giving or receiving of payments
or benefits to achieve the consent
of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of
exploitation.
Exploitation
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum,

the exploitation of the prostitution of
others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services,
slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or the removal of organs.
Human Rights
Human rights are based on the

principle of respect for the individual.
Their fundamental assumption is that
each person is a moral and rational
being who deserves to be treated
with dignity.
Human Rights
They are called human rights because

they are universal.
 Whereas nations or specialized groups
enjoy specific rights that apply only to
them, human rights are the rights to
which everyone is entitled—no matter
who they are or where they live—simply
because they are alive.
Privatization
refers to transfer of ownership

and control of government or
state assets, firms and operations
to private investors.
Terrorism
 - “the unlawful use civilian

population, or any thereof, in
furtherance of political or
 social objectives” of force and
violence against persons or property
to intimidate
Ecological Issues
Known process (such as resource

consumption) that has negative
effects on the sustainability of the
environmental quality necessary for
the well being of the organisms living
in it.
Migration
is the movement of people

across a specified boundary for
the purpose of establishing a new
or semi-permanent residence.
External migration
is where residence changes

between a residential unit and
one outside it.
Cairo Definition of Reproductive Health
 The 1994 International Conference

on Population and Development in
Cairo and the 1995 Fourth World
Conference on Women held in
Beijing expanded the right to family
planning to include the right to better
sexual and reproductive health.
Building on the World Health
Organization's definition of health,
the Cairo Programme defines
reproductive health as:
“Reproductive health is a state of
complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity, in all
matters relating to the reproductive
system, and to its functions and
processes.
Analytical Tools and Processes
Tools of analysis help us:

 interpret the facts
 give meaning to reality
 understand their relationships
Social Process
This is a principle in environment that

encompasses the entire social reality
The interrelatedness of social events,
elements, structures and factors that
create a social dynamics.
Social Process
Examples – relationship of politics or

government with culture or education,
etc.
Each element is influenced by other

aspects within the social reality.
Social Process
Why social analysis?
What does social analysis contribute to

action?
How does it facilitate the understanding
of the intricate realities which are per se
interwoven?
Principles in Social Analysis
1. Social reality is integral.

No single element in society can be
explained by itself.
2. Social reality is both visible and invisible.
The invisible can only be known through

reasoning and analysis.
Class, structures, and systems are

examples.
3. Social facts are taken collectively, not

independently, express a meaning.
Social facts do not speak for themselves.
The collection of facts do not furnish an
explanation of social reality.
It is necessary to analyze and establish the
logical sequence.
Steps in Analysis
1.Classify the facts in order to make them

good indicators of social reality.
2.Establish the interrelationship between the
facts in order to discover the social
dynamics.
3.Interpret their meaning.
The
Tools of
Analysis
Tools for Analysis
1. Community Analysis
2. Cultural analysis
3. Structural Analysis
4. Gender analysis
5. Political Analysis
6. Disaster Management
7. Environmental Analysis
8. Class Analysis
Community Analysis
Community refers to a usually

small, social unit of any size that
shares common values. The term can
also refer to the national
community or international
community.
Community Analysis
community analysis is a set of techniques to

search for patterns in ecological and ethno-
biological data
community analysis identify needs in
communities and begins to take action to
rectify the problems by mobilizing public,
business and non-profits by presenting the
findings through research activities/projects.
Community Analysis
Community analysis uses specific methods

to assess the community's social
configuration, organizational resources,
and leadership patterns are described.
Local leader identification process and
participation in community advisory
boards is presented.
Community Economic Analysis
is examining how a community is

put together economically and
how the community responds to
external and internal stimuli.
Community Economic Analysis
Community economic analysis is a

comprehensive rationale where
people in a community challenge
common methodologies within the
system in an effort to increase net
efficiency.
Cultural Analysis
Explains the dynamics and

operations of culture as a meaning-
giving aspect of society.
It identifies which are the dominant
mediating institutions that remould,
influence, control or empower a
people.
Cultural Analysis
The PERSON is the individual who

feels, dialogues, thinks, decides a
stance, and acts based on this
conviction. These faculties
express and articulate meaning
and interpret reality.
Cultural Analysis
Most dominant in the mediating

institutions are the family, school, church,
organizations, associations and the
media.
Culture as a meaning-giving dynamics of
society can either empower or
oppress/suppress a people.
Structural analysis
This is a tool where data acquired from reality is
organized.
It is a study of interrelationships and of the
functions of a system.
Structure is the coherent totality composed of a
set of stable but invisible relationships that
determine the function of each element of the
totality.
System is the coherent totality but composed of
visible elements which follow a definite internal
order or hierarchy.
Structural analysis
It is the entire organized and orderly

process of doing something which
structure refers to the invisible set of
relationships that determine the
functions of the elements in a system.
Gender analysis
The tool for analysis that identifies

women/men’s performance of roles
in society particularly:
Reproduction – child rearing,
housework, etc.
Gender analysis
 Production – economic enterprise, livelihood, income

 Community management – development projects,
programs, organizations, policies, participation
 is the following and recording the social and culture
difference of males and females over time for a project.
The results in turn help predict gender behavior.
 is a framework for capturing the magnitude and scope

of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress.
Political analysis
the political regions in Philippines are as

follows:
(1) Country
(2) Provinces and independent cities
(3) Municipalities and component cities
(4) Barangays
Disaster management (or emergency
management)
Disaster is a natural or man-made (or

technological) hazard resulting in an
event of substantial extent causing
significant physical damage or
destruction, loss of life, or drastic
change to the environment.
Disaster management (or emergency
management)
is the discipline of dealing with

and avoiding both natural and
manmade disasters.
It involves preparedness,
response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disasters.
Environmental Analysis
is an interdisciplinary major

focusing on the interaction
between human and non-human
components of the biosphere.
Class analysis
is research in sociology, politics and

economics from the point of view of
the stratification of the society into
dynamic classes.
Most known examples are the theory
of Karl Marx and Max Weber’s three-
component theory of stratification
Class analysis
In a non-Marxist sense, class analysis

is a theory of political development,
in which political regimes and systems
are said to be shaped by the social
class structure of the country.
(political scientist Barrington Moore,
Jr.)
Class analysis
is due to the rapid displacement of

peasantry during the enclosure
movement which fully transformed
Britain into an advanced, industrial
society with a strong bourgeois class,
which Moore sees as indispensable
for a lasting liberal democracy.
…to be continued…

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Philippine Realities

Philippine economic, political and social realities in

Rapid appraisal for disaster

Functionalism draws its inspiration

He sought to explain social stability

Durkheim argued that modern

Instead, modern societies rely on

The functionalist perspective

In the functionalist perspective,

Dysfunctional institutions, which

prepares individuals to enter the

Key elements in this perspective are

To a social conflict theorist, it is all

It focuses on the concrete details of

Interactionist study how we use and

From this perspective, social life

a) more offspring are produced than

 used to explain the process of

Modernization refers to a model

The theory looks at the internal

Modernization theory attempts to

 Dependency theory was first

The free market ideology holds, at its

Dependency theory, in contrast,

These developing nations are

It predominantly results in the

 Notably, the United Nations has also

 Urbanization creates enormous

5. World Systems Theory

refers to the inter-regional and

the realities in a particular

In contrast to dependency theory,

According to Wallerstein, the world

and coercion. Peripheral countries

Core countries own most of the

Peripheral countries generally

The dependency and world-system

Discussions of the national situations

 Philippines is composed of over 7,000

On the international level, Philippines’

Update - Laws have been acted

RA No. 9003 (Ecological solid

The Mining Act of 1995 is seen by

total area of 115,831 square miles

Life expectancy is 72.48 years, 69.52

As stated by the National Statistics

 82.5% of households have access to

National and local government is

Food and Poverty Thresholds

Population below poverty line is 24.9% (June

During the first semester of 2014, a

statistics on poverty among families –

The process of “worldwide

in Persons as the recruitment,

Exploitation shall include, at a minimum,

Human rights are based on the

They are called human rights because

refers to transfer of ownership

 - “the unlawful use civilian

Known process (such as resource

is the movement of people

is where residence changes

 The 1994 International Conference

Tools of analysis help us: