Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection Tripping

No. 1 with
Energy Automation Station A Station B

IA IB
SD
SD
Protection Data
Protection Data Interface
Interface (PDI)
(PDI)

The 7SD5 / 7SD610 has an

IDiff other tripping characteristic:
trip if IDiff > IRest then TRIP
forbidden area

area !!!
Where IRest = P-IDiff>+ I

restraint P-IDiff>=NParameter 1210

area I Ii
i 0

P-IDiff> IRest Ii = ICT-Err.+ ISignal-Err+ISync-Err

Remark:
Energy Automation Page 5
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection I-Phasor

No. 1 with
Energy Automation

The I-Phasor can be drawn as a normal phasor in a

complex area with a circle at the end. The circle with the
radius I is representing all errors of the phasor.

Im { I }
I
The I is the summation of:
Ii = ICT-Err.+ ISignal-Err.+ ISync-Err.

I =A e-j( t+ )
Where
ICT-Err. = CT - Errors
ISignal-Err = Error due to signal distortion
ISync-Err = Synchronization Errors

Re { I }

Energy Automation Page 6

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection I-Phasor

No. 1 with
Energy Automation Station A Station B

IA IB
SD
SD
Protection Data
Protection Data Interface
Interface (PDI)
(PDI)

Im { I }
Both relays exchange the IA
I-Phasor via the Protection
Data Interface (PDI). Each relay I IA IB
‘combines’ the phasors
(local and remote). IA
IDiff = IA + IB (summation of 2 complex values) IA =A e-j( t+ )
I = IA + IB (simple summation of two values) IB
The summation is done for all
3 phases separately.
The differential protection in the
7SD is phase segregative! IDiff = IA+ IB Re { I }

IB
IB =B e-j( t+ )

Energy Automation Page 7

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection Parameter P-IDIFF>

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How to see the different components which lead to the IRest
IRest = P-IDiff>+ I
P-IDiff>= Parameter 1210

The Parameter P-IDiff> (1210) can directly be seen in the

fault record.

IA = 0 at both ends

( IRest) iS1 IDiff>

Energy Automation Page 8

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection Parameter P-IDIFF>

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How to see the different components which lead to the IRest
IRest = P-IDiff>+ I
P-IDiff>Switch On= Parameter 1213
If a Switch On is recognized by the relay the Parameter
P-IDiff>-Switch-On (1213) becomes active for the given time
parameterized in parameter 1132A.

P1210 P1213

P1132A

Energy Automation Page 9

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection CT-Errors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How to see the different components which lead to the IRest
IRest = P-IDiff>+ I ; I = ICT-Errors + ISignal-Errors + ISync-Errors

CT – Errors:
The figure below shows a real CT error curve (blue) and
one possibility of the approximation of this curve (red)

ICT[A]
approximation of
the CT error curve real CT error
curve at rated
burden

kscc IN-Sec
IN-Sec ICT[A]
Energy Automation Page 10
 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection CT-Errors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How to see the different components which leads to the IRest
IRest = P-IDiff>+ I ; I = ICT-Errors + ISignal-Errors + ISync-Errors

CT – Errors:
The CT-Errors are represented by 3 parameters
CT[%] [A]
CT

P254 Slope P254

P253 Slope P253

P251 ICT/IN-Relay-sec IN-Relay-sec*P251 IRelay-sec[A]

The parameters 253 and 254 are defining two slopes. The
parameter 251 defines the ‘switching over’ between the two
slopes.

Energy Automation Page 11

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection CT-Errors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The CT – Errors can also be seen in the fault record at the
restraint current (IS).
Example:
Parameter 251 : K_ALF/K_ALF_N =1
Parameter 253 : E% ALF/ALF_N = 5%
Parameter 254 : E% K_ALF_N = 10%
Current thru the relay 0.5A and 1.5A secondary (P-IDiff>= 0.3 A)

312 mA+5% 0,5A=336 mA

312 mA+10% 1,5A=462 mA

Energy Automation Page 12

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection Signal-Errors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How to see the different components which lead to the IRest
IRest = P-IDiff>+ I ; I = ICT-Errors + ISignal-Errors + ISync-Errors
Principle:
The 7SD measures a current signal i(t) (red curve). Out of this signal the
7SD calculates the phasor from the fundamental frequency component
I = A e-j( t+ ) (blue curve) and compares both signals. The deviation
between both curves (green area) is a criteria for the signal distortion
(Signal Error).
Important: The restraining against the signal disturbance has NO
parameters. It is an adaptive measurement.

__ measured signal
__ phasor calc. out of the measured signal
deviation between the measured signal and the calculated phasor

Energy Automation Page 13

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection Signal-Errors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
The additional restraint due to the signal disturbance can
also be seen in the fault record at the restraint current
( IRest ).
Example:
1st violet graph : sine ordinary undisturbed current.
1st green graph : disturbed current (e.g. due to CT Saturation).
2nd violet graph : only restraining due to CT-Errors.
2nd green graph : restraining due to CT Errors plus restraining due to
signal distortion.

Additional restraining due to

signal disturbance

Energy Automation Page 14

 Power Transmission and Distribution

Principle of the Differential Protection Sync-Errors

No. 1 with
Energy Automation
How to see the different components which lead to the IRest
IRest = P-IDiff>+ I ; I = ICT-Errors + ISignal-Errors + ISync-Errors

To get a better understanding why the synchronization

error is important it is useful to understand:

what is the root cause of this error,

how the synchronization works,
why the synchronization is needed and
what are the side effects if the
synchronization fails
the use of the GPS
Energy Automation Page 15