Power Transmission and Distribution

Principles of system protection technology

Transformer Differential Protection

Basic principles : Kirchhoff’s knot rule

Basis for Differential-Protection:

I1
I2
I4
I3

I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0 Æ ∑ I =
0
Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents which flow out of the knot (protected object)
Currents, object), are counted negative
negative.

Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar

Principles Transf. Diff 2

Basic principles: current comparison

IP1 IP2 IP1 IP2

I1F I2F IF
Protected Protected
object object
IS1 IS2 IS1 IS2
IS1 IS2
∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│ ∆I IDiff =│I1 + I2│

internal fault external fault or load

Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1 Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IP1 = I1F IP1 = IF
IP2 = I2F IP2 = -IF
IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = │I1F + I2F │ IDiff = │IP1 + IP2 │ = IF - IF = 0
Æ Trip Æ no Trip

Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets ) Æ Trip
2) External faults Æ no Trip

Principles Transf. Diff 3

 Basic principles : restrained current comparison (1/2)
Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

Ct 1: Ct 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% ε2 = +5% IP2 = -IP1
Protected IF
object

IS1= IS2=
00.95
95·IIP1 IDiff = 0.1·IP1
1.05·I
0 IP2
∆I

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IDiff = │IS1 + IS2 │= │(1+ε1)· IP1 + (1+ε2)·IP2 │=│0.95· IP1 – 1.05· IP1│= 0.1·IP1

-normal operation: IP1 = IN

IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 0.1·IN

-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10·IN

IDiff = 0.1·IP1 = 1·IN

As the setting IDiff> for usual applications

lays below nominal current, Restrained characteristic necessary!
it would cause a wrong trip in case of
external faults with heavy current!

Principles Transf. Diff 4

Basic principles: restrained current comparison (2/2)

Example: external fault with linear CT- errors

CT 1: CT 2:
IP1 ε1= - 5% IP2 = -IP1
ε2 = + 5% IF
Protected
object

IRest IRest =│IS1│+│IS2│

IRest = 2·IP1

IS2=
IS1= 1.05·IP2
0.95·IP1
IDiff= │IS1+ IS2│
IDiff
IDiff = 0.1·IP1

Setting due to Linear error due to

magnetising
g g or different
charging currents CT transformation
IDiff=
│IS1+IS2│ Resulting Under the following assumption
characteristic
IN
│ε1 │ = │ε2 │ and I1 = I2
the result for a conventional
Trip
Differential Prot. characteristic
should be:
Block IDiff = IDiff> + ε1·I1 + ε2·I2
IDiff>
= IDiff> + 2·ε2 1 ·II1
with IDiff> = setting
2 10 IRest =│IS1│+│IS2│
Principles Transf. Diff 5
Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase system

Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:

Generator / Motor / Reactor

L1

L2

L3

Diff.
Diff

Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection

Principles Transf. Diff 6

Transformer Differential Protection special qualities

Angle shifting N·30° due to vector group (0 ≤ N ≤ 11)

for 3-phase transformers.

Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV)
and on the low voltage side (LV)

Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause

differential current

Transformer-tap changer, magnetising current

Transient currents
Inrush
CT-saturation

Principles Transf. Diff 7

3-phase Transformer: primary values
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A side 1: 110kV, 525A
3000/1A 750/1A
2L1 1L1
I2L1Æ ÅI1L1
I2*L1
2L2 1L2
I2L2Æ ÅI1L2
I2*L2
2L3 1L3
I2L3Æ ÅI1L3
I2*L3

kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV = 55.55

kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/√3

I2*L1 = -I1L1·ku /√3 + I1L2·ku /√3

I2*L3
I1L1ku/√3
I1L1

5·30°
I2*L2

I1L2ku /√3
I1L3 I1L2

-I1L1ku /√3

I2*L1
Principles Transf. Diff 8
3-phase Transformer : secondary values

SN I
I L1sec = ⋅ NCT1sec
3 ⋅ U N I NCTlprim

100MVA 1A
I1L1sec = ⋅ = 0.7A
3 ⋅110kV 750A I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0°

100MVA 1A
I2L1sec = ⋅ = 0.96A
3 ⋅ 20kV
k 3000A

IDiff L1 = │I1L1sec+ I2L1sec│

= 0.5A

I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150°

Principles Transf. Diff 9

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5

side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A ILoad=
525A
L1
2887A
L2

L3

0.96A 0.7A

29 Wdg. 23
Diff.
IR Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq.
q current handling
g

nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A ·23Wdg = 0.555A ·29Wdg, IR = 0.555·√3 = 0.96A

Principles Transf. Diff 10

 Transformers in star-delta connection: I0-current
Vector group: YNd5 , Ratio: 1/√3
side 2: side 1:
~ L1

~ L2

~ L3

3I0
IL1(S2) = -IL1(S1) , IL3(S2) = IL1(S1)
I L1(S2) IL3(S2) IL1(S1)
1 2 3

positive No Problem for

I1
sequence Differential Protection
- 5·30°
IL1(S2) = I1 + I2 IL1(S1)= I1 + I2 + I0 = 3I0
IL2(S2) = a2·I1 + a·I2 = 0 IL2(S1)= a2·I1 + a·I2 + I0 = 0
+ +
IL3(S2) = a·I1 + a2·I2 IL3(S1)= a·I1 + a2·I2 + I0 = 0
+ 5·30°
negative
ti No Problem for
I2
sequence Differential Protection

+
Differential Protection
zero sequence I0
I0 elimination nessesary
Principles Transf. Diff 11
Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
conventional Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
side 2: 20kV side1: 110kV
3000/1A 750/1A
~ L1
13655A
~ L2

~ L3

3I0
IP=
4.55A 5.73A 4300A

29 Wdg. 23
Diff.
IR Wdg.

Rest. current
Conventional Matching transformer
Differential Prot. -Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

single pole fault HV -side: 5.73A ·23Wdg = 4.550A ·29Wdg , IR = 4.55A

Principles Transf. Diff 12

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (1/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5
CT 2 side 2: 20kV side 1: 110kV CT 1
3000/1A 750/1A
I2L1P Æ ÅI1L1P
2L1 1L1
I2L2P Æ ÅI1L2P
2L2 1L2
I2L3P Æ ÅI1L3P
2L3 1L3

I2L1S I2A I1A I1L1S

Current Io – Vector Io – Current
value handling group comparison handling value
adaptation I2B I1B
I2L2S I1L2S
adaptation adaptation
CT 2
∆
∆I CT 1
I2L3S I2C I1C I1L3S

Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

Principles Transf. Diff 13

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of (2/2)
numerical Transformer Differential Protection
Parameterisation of transformer and CT- data
in a 7UT6 Differential Protection Device

Principles Transf. Diff 14

Tripping characteristic of Transformer Differential Protection

CT-errors , Tap changer , Magnetising current

I Diff
InO
3.0

2.5
Trip
p
slope 2
Total error
2.0
45° Block

1.5
CT error
CT-

1.0
slope 1 Tap changer error
0.5

IDiff>
Transf. magnetising current
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 I Rest InO

Characteristic: IDiff = f (IRest) InO = nominal current of the protected object

IRest = |I1| + |I2|

Principles Transf. Diff 15

Transient currents (with Harmonics)
- Inrush of Transformers
(1 of 2)
( )
i1 iDiff = i1
even
Inrush
2. Harm.
Y Y
t=0
i1 i2 = 0

Inrush even i1 iDiff = i1

2. Harm.
∆ Y
t=0
i1 I2 = 0

Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1

(Sympathetic Inrush –T1) i1 -T1: iDiff = i1
-T1

i1 I2 = 0
-T2

t=0
Inrush -T2 t = 0 t

Principles Transf. Diff 16

Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz] (2 of 2)
filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)
= iDiff Inrush current
in one phase L1-block IDiff, L1 > trip blocking

L2-block IDiff, L2 > trip blocking

L3-block IDiff, L3 > trip blocking

1P 2P 3P t

I2har
IDiff block Cross-block = Yes ((blocking
g of all p
phases))

L1-block
Setting
15 %
value L2-block OR IDiff > trip blocking
≥1 for an adjustable time
L3-block
no block
0
0 t

recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
T i off a short
Trip h t circuit
i it after
ft the
th sett time
ti d l
delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
Principles Transf. Diff 17
 Demonstration of Inrush with evolving fault

Internal
fault

IDiff>>

Inrush

IDiff>
3 cycles
Cross Blocking

Principles Transf. Diff 18

Transient currents (with harmonics) (1/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
iDiff = i1 + i2
Over excitation (U/f)
UTr > UN uneven
5 Harm
5. Harm.

i1 i2

External fault with

iDiff = i1 + i2
CT-saturation at the even
Low voltage side and
uneven
HV LV

i1 i2

Internal fault with

iDiff = i1
CT-saturation at the
Hi h voltage
High lt side
id even
and
uneven
HV LV

i1 I2 ≈ 0

Principles Transf. Diff 19

Transient currents (with harmonics) (2/2)
- Over excitation and CT- saturation
Principle of Add-on stabilisation for external faults

I Diff Tripping characteristic 7UT6

InO
IDiff>>
7

6
Trip
45° Block
5
D
C
4

3
Add-on
Stabilisation
2

B Begin of saturation
IDiff>
0 14 I Rest
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16
A
InO

Principles Transf. Diff 20

 Demonstration of add-on stabilisation

Block

45°
Trip

Add-Stabilisation

Principles Transf. Diff 21

 Differential elements IDiff> and IDiff>>
measured value Instantaneous Tripping characteristic,
pre-processing values saturation detection
( vector gr. ,Ct’s ) rectified mean value: IDiff
i1L iRest = │i1│ + │i2│
side 1 IRest = iRest
i2L fundamental wave: Trip
side 2 iDiff = i1 + i2
IDiff = rms(iDiff)50Hz
IDiff>
IRest & IDiff>
Motor start
DC off set
analysing of harmonics:
-block by 2. & 3. or 5.har
-cross block

iDiff iRest IRest IDiff

IDiff
IDiff>>
Trip
I / InO

≥1

I / InO
iDiff IDiff>>
k·IDiff>>

ms ms

IDiff> restrained (biased) differential function, ÆIDiff> = f(IRest)

- Ct-saturation detector (add on stabilization) for external faults.
IDiff>>fast unrestrained high current differential function, it’s setting therefore should be higher then
the maximum possible through flowing current! Example Transformer: IDiff>> > (1/uk)·InO
This function will be not blocked by harmonics due to an inrush or Ct-saturation!
The IDiff>> stage evaluates the fundamental wave of the currents as well as the instantaneous values.
- Fundamental wave processing: fast tripping at the set threshold.
- Instantaneous value processing: ensures fast tripping even in case the fundamental wave
of the current is strongly reduced by Ct-saturation. Because of the possible DC offset after fault
inception, the instantaneous value stage operates only above twice the set threshold.
Principles Transf. Diff 22
Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (1/2)

SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV UN1 = 110 kV
3000/1A 750/1A
IP2 = 2750A IP1 = 500A
(load current) Side 2 Side 1 (load current)
InO2 = 2887A InO1
O1 = 525A

measured
IS2 = -0.916A
0 916A 7UT6 IS1 = 0.66A
0 66A secondary currents
7UM62

IDiff = ?
IRest = ?

Principles Transf. Diff 23

 Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching (2/2)

SN
1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current I nO =
3 ⋅ UN
I NCT
2 Correction factor
2. kW =
I nO

3. Correction nominal current I* = kW·IS

4. Calculation of the differential and IDiff = |I1* + I2*| IRest = |I1*| + |I2*|
restraint current

Calculation example:

SN = 100MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 20kV

IN1CT = 750A IN2CT = 3000A
Correction factors: kW1 = 1.428 kW2 = 1.039 IDiff = 0A
Load conditions: Ip1 = 500A Ip2 = 2750A IRest = 1.9A
Secondary currents: Is1 = 0.666A Is2 = -0.916A IDiff = 0·InO
Matched currents: I1* = 0.95A I2* = -0.95A IRest = 1.9·InO

Principles Transf. Diff 24