SUBMITED BY:

MARYAM NOOR (22368)

MARIA SHAHID (20995)
KINZA AZHAR (20958)
AMNA KHURSHEED (21308)

SUBMITTED TO:
MA’AM HIRA AWAN

TOPIC:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENT-CHILD CONFLICT AND
STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES ON THE HEALTH OF ADOLESCENTS
WITH ASTHMA;
ABSTRACT:
Gaining a clear picture of everyday family interactions is critical to understanding
how family stress and conflict adversely affect children's health, especially in the context of
chronic illness. Parent-child conflict, also known as parent-child conflict, has a significant
impact on adolescent adjustment. A growing body of literature suggests that marital and
couple conflict processes spill over into other family processes, such as parenting and parent-
child relationships, and subsequently impact child well-being. It suggests that stressors and
the ongoing strain of parent-child conflict are likely to exceed the capacities of the family
system, leading to an imbalance in family adjustment. In addition, physiological theorists of
family stress assume a biological type of spill over. The bio-behavioural model of the family
links psychological and interactional processes with individual biological responses.
CHAPTER#1
INTRODUCTION:
Parent-child conflict can be defined as an aspect of the parent-child relationship that is
characterized by unpleasant or violent interactions during which both parents and the child
display negative behaviours and influences. Parent-child conflict and harsh parenting include
displays of negative parental influence, intrusive behaviour, and even aggression. Parent-
child conflict consists in mutual negative behaviour of both parent and child.
There are five main causes of conflict: information conflicts, value conflicts, interest
conflicts, relational conflicts, and structural conflicts. Information conflicts arise when people
have different or insufficient information or disagree about which data is relevant. Conflict
can occur when family members have different opinions or beliefs that clash. Sometimes
conflict can arise when people do not understand each other and jump to the wrong
conclusion. Conflict issues that are not resolved peacefully can lead to arguments and
resentment.
Asthma is a chronic disease that can limit the quality of life of a child or youth. This
chronic disease is characterized by recurrent and reversible respiratory obstruction and
includes wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and dyspnoea. Asthma in childhood and
adolescence has been shown to affect quality of life due to the occurrence of symptoms as
well as limitations placed on youth's daily activities such as sports, school and work. Families
with repeated displays of anger and aggression coupled with recurrent conflict can be
particularly damaging to a child's physical health, which can prove particularly problematic
for children with pre-existing chronic conditions such as asthma.
Asthma is a serious childhood health problem resulting from a complex interaction of
environmental and genetic factors that may be exacerbated by psychosocial difficulties,
including poor family relationships. Research has shown that children with asthma who do
not have quality family relationships and experience frequent family problems have greater
symptoms that can trigger more frequent asthma attacks.

PARENT CHILD CONFLICT:

Parent–child conflict can be defined as an aspect of the parent–child relationship that
is characterized by discordant or acrimonious interactions during which both the parent and
child display negative behaviours and affect.

ASTHMA:
Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways in the lungs. The airways are tubes that
carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the airways can become inflamed and
narrowed at times. This makes it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe
out.
LITRATURE REVIEW:
Objective to investigate the role of caregiver- and youth-reports of parent-child
conflict on trajectories of asthma-related health outcomes over 2 years. Methods In a sample
of 193 youth with asthma (42.7% female; M age = 12.78) and their primary caregivers, we
used a multi-method and multi-informant approach to assess self-reported parent-child
conflict from youth and caregivers at both the daily and global levels at baseline. Next, we
annually assessed subjective (i.e., youth self-reported asthma symptoms) and clinical (i.e.,
peak flow) asthma health outcomes for 2 years. Results Latent growth curve models revealed
an effect of baseline youth-reported global family conflict on peak flow trajectories such that
youth who reported greater parent-child conflict at baseline experienced less of an increase in
peak flow over time than youth who reported less parent-child conflict at baseline
(standardized β = −0.27, p = .003). Conclusions Youth with asthma who perceive greater
overall conflict with their caregivers experience less improvement in peak flow as they age.
The research and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY:

This research is essential to find out and examine the main purposes and causes of the
parent-child conflicts on such large scales that it leads to physical and biological
complications, specifically asthma. The purpose of this study was to advance the literature on
comprehensive of parent–child conflict and to examine how communication approaches and
topics of conflict in a parent child.
CHAPTER#2
METHOD
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the role of caregiver- and adolescents-reports of parent-child conflict
on trajectories of asthma-related health outcomes over 2 years.

HYPOTHESIS:
There will be a negative impact of parent child conflict and stressful experiences on
health of adolescents with asthma.

RESEARCH DESIGN:
Causal Research Design is used in this research. Causal research, also known as
explanatory research or causal-comparative research, identifies the extent and nature of
cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables. It's often used by companies to
determine. It's often used by companies to determine the impact of changes in products,
features, or services process on critical company metrics.

SAMPLE:
In a sample of 53 adolescent with asthma and their primary caregivers, we used a
multi-method and multi-informant approach to assess self-reported parent-child conflict from
youth and caregivers at both the daily and global levels at baseline. Next, we annually
assessed subjective (i.e., youth self-reported asthma symptoms) and clinical (i.e., peak flow)
asthma health outcomes for 2 years.

INCLUSION CRITERIA:
Inclusion criteria includes: adolescents age between 10 to 18 years,Asthma ca
use health issue in adolescence, gender both males or females selected.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
Exclusion criteria includes:
Males or females below 10 age unprofessional individuals are not selected in the study,
adolescence another issues not related to asthma etc
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF VARIABLES:
For measuring parent-child conflict (CTSPC) Conflict tactics scale
parent child scale will be used.
Asthma will be measured by a survey made RAND health care.

INSTRUMENTS:
Instruments include questionnaire , human mind or language etc 
The questionnaire is  used instrument for collecting research data from the participants
of a study. 

PROCEDURE:
They were properly informed that the purpose of the study was only to better understand how
family processes affect asthma. Eligibility was also determined over the phone. The families
were eligible for the study if their childern was between 17 (the ages of 10 and 17 with a
diagnosis of mild intermittent to severe asthma.)
Written consent were obtained from the participating youth and their parent’s,
respectively. The participating youth and their primary caregiver visited the laboratory at
Allied Public School. They completed the questionnaire with full devotion.
Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4
Presents inter-rater reliability means, coefficients and standard deviations of the variables
used in this study.Codes to assess conflict between parent-child relationship include yelling
by the mother or father also yelling by the participating child, and conflict between the parent
and child. Conflict in this coding scheme defined as an interpersonal conflict or fight between
the target child and guardian.
 APPENDIX A

Childrens to Parent Conflict Subscale.

Please answer the following questions according to your opinion.It will be recorded
anonimously.Your names will not be noted.You are free to answer.

(Towards Family)

Always Sometimes Hardly Ever

1) I like the way my

family shares
problems with me.

2) I like the way my

family talks over
things.

3) I can ask my family

for help when
something is
bothering me.

4) I like what my
family does when I
feel mad,loving or
happy.

5) I like how my
family and I share
time together.

6) I like when my
family let me try new
things I really want
to do.

APPENDIX B

Parental Environment Questionnaire, Conflict Subscale.

(Parent To Child)

Please answer the following questions about your relationship with the target child.

Definitely True Sometimes Definately False

1) I often have
misunderstandings
with my child

2) I and my child
often argue.

3) I often lose my
temper with my
child.

4) I often hurt my
child’s feelings

5) I often criticize
my child.

6) My child often
annoys me.

7) I sometimes hit
my child in anger.

8) My child respects
others more than
me.

9) I often do not
trust my child’s
decisions.

10)I often irritate my

child.
 APPENDIX C

Parental Environment Questionnaire, Conflict Subscale.

(Child To Parent)

Please answer the following questions about your relationship with the target child.

Definitely True Definitely True Sometimes Definately False

1) There are often

misunderstandings
between me and my
mother.

2) My mother and I
often get into
arguments.

3) My mother often
loses temper with
me.

4) My mother often
hurts my feelings.

5) My mother often
critices me.

6) I often seem to
annoys my mom.

7) My mother
sometimes hit me in
anger.

8) I treat others
with respect more
than I treat my
mother.

9) My mother
doesnot trust me to
make my own
decisions.

10)My mother often

irritates me.
 APPENDIX D

Ashthma Symptoms and Severity Questionnaire

Mild Modest Moderate Severe None

Asthma
Severity

1)How would
you rate
shortness of
breath?

2)How would
you rate
your
wheezing?

3)How would
you rate
your chest
tightness?

4)How would
you rate
your
coughing?

Asthma
Symptom
Occurrences

1) In last 2
weeks how
many days
you
experience
coughing?

2) In last 2
weeks how
many days
you
experience
wheezing?

3) In last 2
weeks how
many days
you
experience
shortness of
breath?

4) In the last
2 weeks how
many nights
have you
woke up
because of
coughing,
wheezing,
shortness of
breath or
chest
tightness, or
any other
asthma
symptoms?

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The Influence Of Parent-Child Conflict And Stressful Experiences On The Health Of

Youth With Asthma (wayne.edu)