English 4

Sixth Lecture
1. Cause and effect collocations
2. Agent with the passive voice
3. Past unreal conditional
4. Links between consonant
sounds
5. Comparison and contrast
paragraphs
 Cause and
Effect
Collocations
 • Choose the correct answer:
• The ball rolled ……………..a boy kicked it.
• a)because b) so c) as a result d)
therefore
• 2. The meeting was cancelled …………..we do not
Exercises have to go.
• a)so b) because c) as d)due to
• 3. It was raining heavily ……………….we could not visit
our uncle.
• a) consequently b)due to c)owing to d) since
 Agent with the passive voice
The agent is the person or thing that performs the action and is the
subject of the active sentence. In most passive sentences, the agent is
not mentioned. If it is mentioned, however, it is usually preceded by the
preposition (by)
Examples:
1. He was hit by a falling branch while walking in the woods. (passive)
(A falling branch hit him while he was walking in the woods.) (Active)
2. The teacher explained the lesson. ( Active )
The lesson was explained by the teacher. ( Passive )
 Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
1. ......................is the person or thing that performs an action.
a) Object b) Agent c) Verb d) Patient
2. The agent is the ……………of the active sentence.
a) subject b)object c)verb d)patient
3. The agent is often presented as an object of …………….in the passive voice.
a)noun b)verb c)preposition d)subject
 The past unreal conditional (also
called conditional 3) is used to talk
about imaginary situations in the
Past Unreal past. You can describe what you
would have done differently or how
Conditional something could have happened
differently if circumstances had been
different.
 Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
1. We……………….got lost if we had had a map.
a)would have b)wouldn’t have c)had d)hadn’t
2. We would have sung a song if somebody …………..played the guitar.
a)had b)hadn’t c)would have d)wouldn’t have
3. If you hadn’t been late, we …………………… missed the bus.
a)would have b)wouldn’t have c)had d)hadn’t
 Links between consonant sounds
Consonant To Consonant Linking :
When a word ends in a consonant sound and then the following
word begins with the same consonant sound, the sounds are
linked. So, rather than saying the consonant sound twice, it is only
pronounced once.
Here are some consonant to consonant linking sound examples:
red dress [redress]
big gorilla [bigorilla]
hot tomato [hotomato]
feel lucky [feelucky]
quiet town [quietown]*
pink car [pinkar]*
nice scarf [niscarf]
 Similar Consonant Sound Linking
Linking also occurs if the first word ends with a consonant sound and the
following word starts with a similar consonant sound. When words like this
are linked together, only one sound is pronounced.
Here are some linking sound examples with similar consonant sounds:
need to [neeto]
sleep better [sleebetter]
dark gray = [dargray]
cheese sandwich = [cheesandwich]
breath through = [breathrough]
As you can see, each of these linking sound examples do not have exactly
the same consonant sound, but they have a similar consonant sound.
Comparison and contrast
paragraphs
Assignment
Compare and contrast the two types of teaching (online& on
campus)
The End