181)

(a) define the term growth

It is an increase in size or permanent increase in dry mass due to the increase in cell number

(b) positive phototropism

(c) Suggest what conclutions may be made about how the tomato seedlings detected the
stimulus of undirected light.
Tip of shoot is area where stimulus is detected and response to light is a growth response.
Response occurs at F where there is tip and light.
No response occurs in G where where there is tip present but no light received by it

(d) explain the advantage of the positive phototropism response to light stimulus.
Seedlings are exposed to larger surface area of the leaves to the sunlight, so it can absorb
more light so more photosynthesis and growth can happen.

(e) explain the role of auxins in coordinating the response.

auxins stimulate cell elongation as cells would experience turgor pressure due to auxins to be
lengthened. There would be more auxins on shaded side, so more lengthening on shaded side
causes bending of the plant towards the light.

define the term sensitivity.

ability to detect stimuli and make appropriate responses

explain the role of plant hormones in gravitropisim.

auxin is made in root/shoots tip. auxin diffuses and accumulates at the lower part of plants.
Auxin stimulates the cell elongation. Thus, shoot grows against gravity and root grows towards
gravity.

explain how gravitropism enables a plant to survive.

roots growing down the plant anchor the plant and reach water/minerals
shoots growing up to reach light and access to pollinators.

define the term sense organ.

group of acceptor cells responding to specific stimuli

182)
(i) name the tissues in the eye where rods and cones are found
retina

(ii) name the parts of this tissue where there are

cones but no rods yellow spot / fovea
no cones or rods blind spot

(c) Discribe how rods and cones function

light absorbed is absorbed by a pigment in retina and rods detect low light intensity and give
'black and white' vision and night vision. Cones detect high light intensity and detect colour.
Three different types of cone cells convert light into impulses, which is then sent to brain via
optic nerve.

183)
(b) describe how the liver is involved in the metabolism of amino acids
It carries out deamination which is a removal of nitrogen-containing part of amino acid to form
urea.
The rest of the molecule, carbohydrate, is respired or stored as glycogen.

(i) insulin released from pancreas

it stimulates the liver cells to absorb more glucose and convert glucose to glycogen for storage
(ii) adrenaline released from adrenal glands
it stimulates liver cells to breakdown glycogen to glucose and release glucose

(iii) excessive long-term consumption of alcohol

fatty liver, hepatitis, liver cancer, liver failure

(d) explain the possible efffect of gall stones on the digestion of fat
Bile contains bile salts which does emulsification of fat where big fat globules are mechanically
broken down(digested) into smaller fat globules to increase its surface area for faster digestion
by lipase. Thus, gall stones may make chemical digestiton of fat to take longer.

184)
(a)
A: pancreas- change in blood glucose concentration is detected by pancreas
B: insulin
C: glucagon

(b)(ii) suggest why glucose is converted to glycogen rather than kept as glucose inside
the cells.
glycogen is less reactive than glucose. It would not be lost from cell by diffusion or used up in
respiration.
As it is insoluble, It would decrease concentration of solutes in the cell to reduce excess uptake
of water by osmosis into the cell. This prevents cells from bursting.
(d)(i) outline how genes, such as the one for BST, are transferred from the cells of cattle
to bacteria.
The BST-synthesizing part of the gene would be cut from its DNA by restricting enzyme and
inserted into plasmid of the bacterium. The pasmid with the gene is then inserted into bacterium.

(ii)Advantages and disadvantages of using hormones such as BST in the producttion of

milk and meat.
higher yield of meat is collected to from one cow, so fewer animals needed te kept, reducing
pollution
it may put health of animals at risk , consumers may not buy 'genetically-motified food', milk
surpluses

(ii)State how the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments act to change the shape of
lens more convex(더 두껍) when the object gets closer
cilary muscles contracts(더 커진다) and suspensory ligaments slacken(더 느슨해진다)

(c) Outline how humans are able to see in colour

Three different types of cone cells respond to different wavelengths of lights, including red,
green and blue. It converts light into electrical impulses, which is then sent to the brain via optic
nerve. Brain interprets impulses in terms of colours.

(f) suggest reasons for the ban on the use of growtth hormones in the EU
Hormones may have adverse effect in humans such as faster growth rate and early puberty

187)
(i)
stimulus: higher light intensitty
receptor cells: cone cells
effector: (circular) muscle of iris
response that the eye makes: pupil gets smaller(constricts)

(ii) describe how the nervous system cooridantes the response of the pupil size to the
change in light intensity
Electrical impulses formed due to the stimulus is sent to the brain by receptor cells in retina via
optic nerve. From the brain, impulse is sent via motor neurone to effector, muscles of iris.

(b)Explain how adrenaline prepares the body for an extreme sport

It would increase heart rate, breathing rate to take in and absorb more oxygen for increased rate
of aerobic respiration to release more energy. It would cause vasodilation in muscles(arteries
widen) to deliver more blood and oxygen to muscles and vasoconstriction near the skin.
It would stimulate breakdown of glycogen in liver to increase glucose concentration in the blood
to increase aerobic respiration.

(c) how involuntary actions differ from voluntary actions

Involuntary action is automatic, does not involve brain and thus faster. It involves fewer number
of muscles.

188)
(a)
eye light intensity
ear sound
skin temperature

(b)(i) explain what is meant by involuntary action

it is a response to stimulus that occurs without having to think or use the brain

(i) explain how the parts of the reflex arc 반응 to 뜨거운열

receptors detects heat whcih is stimulus. Electrical impulses are generated by skin receptor and
travels to spinal cord along sensory neurones and then through synapse and relay neurone
within spinal nerve. Motor neuron than delivers electrical impulse to effector to contract biceps.

(ii) describe advantages of simple reflexes

fast, automatic, protective, removes part of body from the source of danger

(c)Outline other way in which organs are coordinatied other than nervous system.
hormones secreted into the blood which travels in blood to stimulate target organs.

*hormone: chemical substance secreted by gland into the blood and travels in the blood to alter
the activity of one or more specific target organs

organ detects change(stimuli) → secretes/transport in the blood to target organ → target

organ에서의 변화(eg. liver cells convert glucose to glycogen)
+) negative feedback

*nervous system
receptors detect stimulus and generate impulses → impulses travels to brain/spinal cord via
sensory neurons → (만약 spinal cord면 relay neuron) → impulses travels to the effector(주로
muscles) via motor neuron

190)
(a) define the term sensitivity
the ability to detect stimuli and to respond to those changes

(b) voluntary actions involuntary actions

involuntary is automatic, does not involve brain in decision making, faster, protective, does not
necessarily give different responses to same stimulus

*자료 분석
최고점/최저점/ plateau point
anomaly
similar values
compare with control sample

*adrenaline
heart rate, breathing rate , vasodilation in muscle, vasoconstriction near the skin and in
digestive system, glycogen to glucose, more aerobic respiration,
dilated pupils, circular muscle relaxes, radial muscles in iris contract
constricted pupils, circular muscle contract, radial muscles in iris relax

object closer, thicker lens, ciliary muscle contract, suspensory ligaments slacken
object further, thinner lens, ciliary muscle relax, suspensory ligaments tighten

191)
(b) two structural features of vein
(semi lunar) valve, prevent backflow
large lumen, decrease pressure of the blood flow
thin, less elastic muscular walls than arteries, allows vein to be squeezed by surrounding
skeletal muscles

(e) how amino acids are processed by the liver

deamination which is the removal of nitrogen-containg part from the amino acids to form
ammonia, which is than converted into urea. Ammonia is harmful. Rest of amino acid molecule
is converted into glucose to be respired or stored as glycogen.

R, hair
S, arteriole
U, sweat gland

(c) Describe how the nervous system coordianates the response of the skin to cold
weather.
Cold temperature which is stimulus is detected by the temperature receptors in skin. Receptors
generates impulses and send to the brain through sensory neurone. Passing through relay
neurone, brain sends impulses to effector such as erector muscle and arterioles via motor
neurone.

(d) Explain how negative feedback is involved in the control of body temperature
Change in temperature, stimulus, is detected. In order to keep body temperature constant,
corrective action is taken by the body that would return to normal temperature.

193)
(a)
nervous system
● central nervous system
-brain, spinal cord
● peripheral nervous system
-cranial nerves, spinal nerves

(b)(ii) type of involuntary action that reacts to painful stimulus(spinal cord만 가는거)
simple reflex

(c) state the conditions in which pots P and Q were kept

P: plants bent in all, random direction → uniform light
Q : only upwards → dark

(iv) explain how auxins control the growth response (positive phototropism)
Auxins are produced in shoot tip and are than diffuse down the stem. Auxins stimulate cell
elongation as cells with auxin experience greater turgor pressure due to osmosis into the cell.
Auxins collect on shaded side. More lengthening on shaded side causes the plant to bend
towards the light.

194)
(iv) decribe the role of rod cells
It detect light in low intensity that generates and pass impulses to brain through optic nerve
(b)(i) name the growth response shown by the plant
negative gravitropism

(ii)
upwards : grows towards light so more light energy can be absorbed to carry out more
photosynthesis and more growth.
downwards: better anchorage, absorb more water and mineral ions

(d) describe the negative consequences of letting untreated sewage flow into lake
ecosystem
eutrophication, aquatic plants would die due to blocked light by algae
oxygen concentration decreases due to respiration of bacteria so fishes would die due to lack off
oxygen.
respiration by bacteria would decrease pH of the water due to low oxygen

198)
(a)(ii) antibodies are part of the immune system. Describe how antibodies function.
Antibodies recognizes a specific to antigens. Antibodies lock on to antigens on the surface of
pathogens. Antibodies destroy pathogens. They also mark pathogens for destruction by
phagocytosis.

(b)(i) describe a cause of vitamin D deficiency in humans

lack of sunlight, fish oil,, egg yolk, unbalanced diet

(ii) effects of vitamin D deficiency

rickets, soft bones, muscle cramps, stunted growth, prone to infections, reduced ability to
absorb calcium ions

(c) describe the effect of vitamin D on the development of type 1 diabetes in mice
lack of vitamin D leads to more cases of type 1 diabetes in mice. There is no difference in cases
until after 50 days. 19% more cases at day 250 in vitamin D-deficientt mice.

(d) symtoms of type 1 diabetes

increased fatigue and thirstiness, frequent urination, high blood glucose

(e) treatments of type 1 diabetes

insulin by injection, refular blood sugar tests and meals, restrict carbohydrate content of diet.

200)
(a) define the term drug
chemical substance taken into the body that changes chemical reaction

(b) describe how impulses are transmitted across the synapse(between sensory neurone
and relay neurone)
Vesicles containing neurotransmitter move to the cell membrane. Vesicles fuse with cell
membrane and neurotransmitter is released and diffuse across synapse. Neurotransmitter
which is complementary to receptor binds to receptor on cell surface, resulting in an impulse in
relay neurone.

(c) suggest how the structure of a synapse ensures that impulses travel in one direction.
neurotransmitter release vesicles on one side of synapse and receptors are only found on the
opposite side of synapse

(d) explain how heroin affects the function of the synapse

Heroin diffuses into synapse and binds to receptors instead of neurotransmitter as it is
complementary to receptor. Thus, it blocks neurotransmitter enttering receptor site, therefore
reducing pain perception

(e) nerve vs hormones

nerves impulses are faster and are a short lived response

(c) explain how blood flow in the skin helps to maintain a constant body temperature in
very hot conditions
Negative feedback happens. Shunt vessels constrict so that less blood flow through them.
Vasodilation in which arterioles near the skin widening occurs to allow more blood to flow near
the surface of the skin so that more heat is lost from blood by radiation.

*더울때
body temperature rises → temperature receptors detect a stimulus and send it to brain via
sensory neurones → the central nervous system receives impulse and send the impulse via
motor neurones → sweat glands excretes sweat more, vasodilation of arterioles near the skin,
hair erector muscles relax, shunt vessels constrict, more blood flows to the skin so vasodilation
of arterioles near the skin occurs so that heat is lost from the blood by radiation.

heart → artery → arteriole → capillary → venule → vein → heart

shunt vessels is vessel that directly connects the vein(venule) and artery(arterioles) without
capilliaries and controls blood flow by constriction and dilation.
(i) state the tissue in the eye that converts light energy into nerve impulses
retina

(iii) state the type of neurone that conducts impulses from the eye to the brain
sensory neurone

(iv) state the nerve that contains these neurones that conduct impulses from the eye to
the brain
optic nerve

* accomodation : where structures in the eye change the shape of the lens so that the eye can
focus on near and distant objects
antagonistic muscles : 반대되는 행동을 하는 근육들의 짝(eg. ciliary muscle&suspensory
ligaments, radial&circular muscles
peripheral nervous system contains only sensory and motor neurones(eg. muslces in the eye
are controlled by this system)