245)

(a) name the likely pollination

method of pollination : wind
explanation : feathery stigma, long filament, large anthers, stamen hang outside the flower,
anthers loosely atttached to filament, light pollen, no petals

(b) pollen is transferred from one plant to another. Name for this type of pollination
cross pollination

(c) name structure B shown and state its function

pollen tube
delivers male gamate to ovule

(d) describe what happens at fertilisation in flowering plants.

tip of pollen tube opens. Gametes(ova and pollen) which is haploid fuse to form a zygote which
is diploid.

(e)(i) name the part of the flower that develops into the seed
ovule

(ii) name the part of the flower that develops into the fruit.
ovary

(iii) state an advantage of seed dispersal

colonise new areas, reduce inbreeding

(f) explain the role of enzymes in seed germination

Enzyme such as maltase would bind with substrate such as maltose to form enzyme-substrate
complex to break down the stored food in seed into glucose to use for the respiration to produce
energy.

246)
(ii) explain the disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red carnations
two parents are required, there would be variations in offspring so they might not be all red. It is
also more time consuming to havest seeds and find pollinators.

250)
(a) explain the advantage of using genetically identical radishes in investigation
variation in radishes is not a factor, but any differences would be due to non-genetic factors
such as envirionment, so it is possible to make comparisons.

Mg - chlorophyll
P - DNA
N - DNA, amino acids
251)
(a) state three features of flowers that would attract insects such as bees
1. nector
2. colourfu/largel petals
3. scent
4. pollen as a source of food

(b) sucessful pollination results in fertilisation.

Describe the events that occur after pollen grain leave the anther of a flower until
fertilisation takes place.
Pollen lands on stigma. Pollen tube through style to ovary grows. Male gamete, pollen, then
enters ovule (through micropyle) and pollen and ovule which are haploid fuse to form a zygote
which is diploid.

(c)(i) define the term allele

a version of a gene

(ii) a farmer wanted to identify the genotype of tall pea plants as either homozygous
dominant(TT) or heterozygous(Tt). He used homozygous recessive(tt) dwarf pea plant to
determine the genotype of the tall pea plants.
State the name of this type of genetic cross.
test cross

(iii)
TT tt
TT tt
Tt
(100%) tall

(iv) want to produce pure-breeding dwarf pea plants. state the genotypes of both of the
parent pea plants the farmers should use
tt, so that no dominant allele is present, recessive alleles only expressed if no dominant allele
present.
254)

Structure of flower
anther : meiosis to produce pollen grains
stigma : pollination
ovary : development of seeds, fertilisation
sepal : protection of flower in the bud
style: allows the passage of pollen tube to the ovary

(b) explain how a spiked pollen grain is adapted for insect pollination
The pollen grain is covered in spikes to it sticks to insect's bodies. It is larger in size in
comparison to wind-pollinated pollen grain.

(c) pollen grains grow tubes, which contain haploid male gamete nuclei
(i) state the part of the flower that contains the female gamete
ovule

(i) define the term haploid nucleus

nucleus containing one set of chromosomes

(iii) explain why it is important for gametes to be haploid

so that chromosome number does not double at fertilisation
so that chromosome number remains constant from generation to generation

255)
(b) explain how a mutation in DNA results in an abnormal enzyme which does not
catalyse the reaction.
change in base sequence of DNA that codes for protein. Therefore, different order of base
sequence would be transcribed to form mRNA, thus ribosome assembles a different sequence
of amino acids in proteins. Shape of the active site of the enzyme would be different and not
complemetary to substrate.

(c) explain how is it possible for two tall parents to have 25% of dwarf offspring.
the allele for dwarfism is recessive. Both parents are heterozygous so do not express the allele.

(d) explain the type of reproduction that produces plants by 원래 식물에서 잘라다
옮겨담기
it is asexual reproduction where offsprings are grown by mitosis and all cells in new plants are
genetically identical from their parent.

(ii) explain the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

no genetic variation or new adaptive features, no evolution and selection, little ability to respond
to environmental change, all individuals are susceptible to the same diseases, higher risk of
extinction.

(iii) explain the advantages of asexual reproduction

genetically identical, quick, can reproduce even if variety is sterile, no pollinators required

*type of molecule 이라고 하면 세부적인게 아니라 진짜 그 종류, 큰 분류같은거 답(eg. enzyme,

neurone)

258)
(b) explain why meiosis is necessary in the testes
to produce gametes for sexual reproduction
to halve the number of chromosomes to produce haploid cells, so that when fertilisation occurs
the number of chromosomes return to that of the diploid.
to create genetic variation

259)
(ii)state the role of mitosis in a shoot tip
growth and producing new cells, elongation of shoot
(ii) auxin is made in shoot tip, it moves away from the tip and collects on the lower side of stem
to stimulate cell elongation. Stem bends upwards.

(d) explain why it is important that only some of the genes in cell A are expressed in
these cells
plants have different structures with different functions.
Specific proteins are required in each parts and specific genes code for those proteins.
Therefore, only some genes are required in certain structures in plants. Waste of resources if all
genes expressed.

260)
(a) define the term species
group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

261)
(a)(i) describe and explain how the features of flower shown are adaptations for
wind-pollination
anthers hang outside the flower, large anthers, feathery stigma(large surface area) to catch
pollen

(b) explain the consequences of self-pollination for a population of plants

pollination would always going to happen, no agents of pollination needed, little wastage of
pollen, reduced variation, liffle ability to evolve and adapt to changing conditions
risk of extinction, all individuals are susceptible to the same diseases

(d)(i)suggest how plant breeders make sure that the plants that they use for step 3 are
rust-resistant.
expose the plants to rust. Find out if plants have DNA for rust resistance. Only use those plants
with rust resistant for reproduction.

(ii) why repetition for selective-breeding

to maximise the yield of wheat from individual plants, make sure the plants are
pure-breeding/homozygous

e) difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination

self-pollination occurs between flowers of same plant, cross-pollination occurs between flowers
on different plant.

263)
e) suggest one reason why seed shape is an example of discontiunous variation
controlled by gene alone, limited number of phenotypes, no intermediates

f) advantages of having seeds that are dispersed over a wide area

colonisation, spread to new area where might be able to grow better with better conditions such
as fertile foil
less competition

236)
(i) explain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.
chromosome number is halved to give rise to genetic variation with the random, new
combinations of alleles.

(ii) explain what is meant by cross-pollination (<->self pollination)

pollen from anther to stigma between different plants of smae species

(ii) explain why flowering time is an example of continuous variation

influenced by genes and environment with a range of phenotypes, which is measurable.
intermediate points

(d) scientists think that this plants growing at high altitudes may evolve into a new
species. Explain how natural selection could lead to the evolution of a new species of lily.
Variation of organisms occurs at meiosis or due to mutation. Best adapted organisms are most
likely to survive and be selected and different environments would have different selection.
Those survived pass on their alleles and result in natural selection.
A new specie may evolve due to the reproductive isolation by different flowering times as a
result of different environment. These changes would enhanced over generation. Moreover, no
cross-pollination might happen between low and high altitude plants.

(i) define haploid nucleus

nucleus containing one set of chromosomes

Ovary라는 장소 안에서 follicle이 develop. Follicle 안에 egg cell이 들어있음.

seed structure
■ Testa – an outer seed coat that protects the embryonic plant
■ Micropyle – a small pore in the outer covering of the seed, that allows for the
passage of water
■ Cotyledon – contains the food stores for the seed and forms the embryonic
leaves
■ Plumule – the embryonic shoot (also called the epicotyl)
■ Radicle – the embryonic root
During germination:
water is required to swell the seed and burst the seed coat, hydrolysis of storage compounds,
activation of hormone and enzymes, transport of substances

oxygen is required for respiration for energy

wind pollinated
small petals, green/inconspicuous leaves, no nectaries, many anthers, anthers hanging outside
the flower, pollen grains have smooth walls, sitgma large and feathery hanging outside the
flower to trap pollen, produce large amount of pollens, lightweight pollen

insect pollinated
large petals for insects to land on, brightly coloured petals, scented, nectaries, small anthers
inside the flower, spiky pollen grains, stigmas inside the flower, produce smaller amounts of
pollen, heavier pollen

flowers prevent self-pollination:

one plant produce flowers of single sex
different sex of gametes mature at different times

228)
(c) describe the events that occur in flowering plants after fertilisation to form a seed.
zygote formed divides by mitosis to form an embryo. Radicle and plumule, cotyledons, testa
are formed. Seed is formed from ovule.

229)
(a) Describe what happens after pollination that results in fertilisation in flowering plants.
Pollen grows pollen tube. Pollen tube grows down the style and reaches the ovule. Tip of pollen
tube breaks open. Male gametes(nuclei) travels down the pollen tube and enters ovule. Male
gametes fuses with female gametes to form zygote.