PANG GASLIGHT

It's worth noting that scientific research often yields a range of results, and negative findings are just as important as
positive ones. Further research may be necessary to explore the antimicrobial potential of Noni fruit extract against
Klebsiella pneumoniae or to investigate other aspects of its potential health benefits. It's important to consider that
scientific research often involves multiple variables, and the absence of antimicrobial activity in one study does not
necessarily imply a lack of effectiveness overall. Further investigations using different extraction methods, concentrations,
and strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae may provide additional insights into the antimicrobial potential of Noni fruit extract.

DISCUSSION
Now let's move to the discussion part of our presentation. Our results stated that our study doesn't have any significant
difference in relation to our SOP saying, "Is the antibacterial property of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract effective
against Klebsiella pneumoniae?” and “Is there a significant difference among the results of the solvent ethanol with
various concentrations, namely 50%, 70%, and 95%?

The researcher listed 5 factors to support our results.

1st, Inadequate concentration. Noni fruit extract may not have enough antibacterial components to stop Klebsiella
pneumoniae from growing, so the solvent/sample ratio of different raw materials affects the antibacterial property of the
plant. The higher the ratio, the higher the total amount of extract obtained, despite the solvent used.

2nd, Exposure period of Noni fruit ethanolic extract. Antimicrobial drugs can be more or less effective depending on
concentration and length of exposure. Noni fruit has high antibacterial effects due to its complex bioactive substances,
including flavonoids, iridoids, and anthraquinone. Variables such as fruit age, extraction technique, and plant genetics can
affect the content and quantity of these chemicals.

3rd, Time and storage temperature. The extraction of active chemicals with antibacterial activity may be impacted if
the extraction procedure does not optimize these parameters. On March 29, 2023, the researchers submitted samples to the
institution and testing was conducted on April 18, 2023. The two-week gap between submission and testing could
significantly affect the extract's properties. Low-temperature storage is a crucial method for extending the shelf life of
fresh produce, which also slows down thermal degradation and respiration activities.

4th, The use of whole fruit. Noni fruits should be used to make fermented or unfermented powder and remember that any
remaining seed material must be removed during experimentation. Anthraquinones may be present in products that
contain fruit skin or leaf material, and there is a chance that some of the complex chemicals included in noni fruit extract
may hinder the antibacterial action against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

5th, Overripe fruit. Fresh Noni fruit contains 90% water and 10% dry content, with phytochemicals, carbohydrates,
organic acids, alkaloids, vitamins, proteins, anthraquinones, and glycosides. These substances have biological properties
such as antioxidants, antibacterial activity, and anti-inflammatory activity and the use of overripe noni fruit could affect
the phytochemical content of the extract.

It is possible that the ethanolic extract employed in the study lacked the specific elements necessary for antimicrobial
activity. The method of extraction and the particular chemicals found in the extract can have an impact on the
effectiveness of our extract.