Classify different cell types (of plant/animal

tissues) and specify the functions of each.

Sub Objectives:
• Define specialized cells;
• Explain how cellular differentiation happens;
• Identify and describe the different specialized
cells and/or tissues in both animals and plants
TISSUE
Group of specialized
cells that have specific
function necessary for
the organism to survive.
HOW
TISSUES ARE
FORMED?
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
• A process in which cells
divide and mature into
different type of cell.
• Differentiated cell came
from one common type of
cell that is capable of
dividing into numerous
unique type of cell called
stem cell
CELL DIFFERENTIATION

Stem cell undergo

asymmetric cell
division – each of the
daughter cells produce
has its own unique life
course with the aid of
transcription factor
Transcriptional
regulators can act at
different stages, and in
different combinations,
through the path of cell
development and
differentiation.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
STEM CELLS
Totipotent stem cell
• Zygote or conceptus  blastocyst
• Creates the placenta
(trophoblast) and the embryo
(embryoblast/ inner cell mass)
Pluripotent embryonic stem cell
• Forms the 3 germ line (endoderm,
mesoderm and ectoderm) that will
develop into embryo
Multipotent stem cells
• Adult stem cells
• Develops into an adult cell to where
organ system it is located
 WHAT ARE THE
MAJOR TISSUES
AND THEIR FUNCTION
IN THE
HUMAN
BODY
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
IS MEANT FOR
 rotection  iffusion
 educes friction  bsorption
 xcretion  leaning
 ensation  ecretion
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Structural framework of the body
 Transport
 Protects delicate organs
 Supports, surrounds, and
interconnects other types of tissue
 Stores energy reserve,
 Defense system
MUSCLE TISSUE
 Specialized for contraction
 Produces all body movement
NEURAL TISSUE
• Also called nervous or nerve tissue
• Specialized for conducting electrical
impulses
• Rapidly senses internal or external
environment
• Processes information and controls
responses
 WHAT ARE THE
MAJOR TISSUES
AND THEIR
FUNCTION IN
PLANTS
• Present at the tips of the roots (Root Apical Meristems) and
shoots (Shoot Apical Meristems) and helps in the increase of the
height/ length of the plants by creating new set of plant parts.
• It is located in the leaves and
internodes at the intercalary
position.
• These help to increase the
length of the internode.
• It adds to the height of the plant.
• It is located in the stems and roots on
the lateral side.
• It increases the thickness of the
plant.
• Vascular cambium and cork
cambium are the two lateral
meristems.
Permanent Tissues
DERMAL TISSUE
• covers and protects the plant; controls gas exchange and
water absorption (in roots). It is covered by a waxy cuticle that
prevents evaporative water loss (except on roots).
DERMAL TISSUE
CELLS OF DERMAL TISSUE
• STOMATA (surrounded by guard cells) are specialized pores that allow
gas exchange in leaves
• EPIDERMAL CELLS are specialized in absorption of water. Unlike the
stem and leaves, the root epidermis is not covered by a waxy cuticle
which would prevent absorption of water. Root hairs, which are
extensions of root epidermal cells, increase the surface area of the root,
greatly contributing to the absorption of water and minerals.
• TRICHOMES, or small hair – like or spikey outgrowths of epidermal
tissue, may be present on the stem and leaves,
reduce transpiration (the loss of water by aboveground plant parts),
increase solar reflectance, and store compounds that defend the
leaves against herbivores.
VASCULAR TISSUE
• transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.
• Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients from the roots to
different parts of the plant, and also plays a role in structural
support in the stem.
• Phloem tissue transports organic compounds from the site of
photosynthesis to other parts of the plant. The xylem and phloem
always lie adjacent to each other in a vascular bundle (stem) and
vascular cylinder (roots)
VASCULAR TISSUE
CELLS OF VASCULAR TISSUE
• Xylem is made from VESSEL ELEMENTS and TRACHEIDS, both of
which are tubular, elongated cells that conduct water. Both dead at
functional maturity, meaning that they are actually dead when they
carry out their job of transporting water throughout the plant body.
• Phloem is made from SIEVE TUBE CELLS (conduct sugars and
other organic compounds) and COMPANION CELLS (lie adjacent
to the sieve cells to provide metabolic support and regulation
because sieve tube cells are alive at functional maturity, but lack a
nucleus, ribosomes, or other cellular structures)
VASCULAR BUNDLE (STEM) VASCULAR CYLINDER (ROOTS)

Tracheids
GROUND TISSUE
• It has different functions based on
the cell type and location in the
plant. The cells that made it up
are parenchyma (photosynthesis
in the leaves, and storage in the
roots), collenchyma (shoot
support in areas of active growth),
and sclerenchyma (shoot
support in areas where growth
has ceased)