CELLULAR

MODIFICATION
We already know
that cell is the
basic unit of
life. But CELLS
don’t look the
same. They
structures vary
depending on
their
FUNCTIONS
 Spores
• Spore formation is a special
modification in bacteria.
• It is their defense mechanism to
HEAT, HIGH PRESSURE, and STRESS.
• It will transform into a new organism
(bacterium) once exposed in good
environment.
• It usually contain 30% water.
• Spore formation(sporulation)
occurs when nutrients, such as
sources of carbon and nitrogen
depleted. Bacterial spores are
highly resistant to: HEAT,
DEHYDRATION, RADIATION
and CHEMICALS
Bacterial Spores
 Flagella & Cilia
• Are flexible membrane extensions
• Both used by microorganisms to move
from an area or target cells
 Did you know?
Bacteria (Bacterium in
singular) CAN’T live in
hot areas because it
prefer MOIST
environment.
 Sperm Cell
• Haploid(having a single set of
unpaired chromosomes)
• Contain a flagellum(singular) to
swim through the vagina to reach
the egg cell
 Pili
• Modifications that
enable bacteria to
adhere tissue surfaces
• Often seen in
pathogenic bacteria
PLANT
CELLS
 Epidermal Cells
• Form boundary from outside and help
keep plants from losing water
• Upper and lower epidermis-can be one
cell thick or several depends in the
environment where the plant lives
• May epidermal cells don’t even contain
chloroplasts because for many plants
that’s not a main function for epidermal
cells
 Guard Cells
• Specialized epidermal cells
that have an important job
of controlling the opening
and closing of stomata(stoma
in singular) which are pores
in the leaf
• They tend to be on the bottom
of leaves but as always, there
are exceptions. For example,
you want stomata to be open to
let the exchange of gases
through but you don’t want
them to be open if you don’t
have enough water in plant
because water can get out
 Trichomes
• Plant hair cells
• Have different functions:
1. Protective and can secrete
toxic substances to protect
against insects
2. Act like light reflectors to
help protect plants that live in
really hot environment
 Sundew
• An example of trichomes
• A carnivorous plant that
feeds on insects such as flies
• Has trichome cells to
produce enzymes that digest
insects
 Mesophyll
• PALISADE MESOPHYLL
(Palisade parenchyma
cells) are really important
for capturing light so they
have lots of chloroplasts
making glucose from the
sun
• SPONGY MESOPHYLL (Spongy
parenchyma cells) have irregular
shape and doesn’t have may
chloroplasts as palisade have
• Its irregular shape combined
with loose organization gives
space for gas exchange which is
needed for photosynthesis
 Xylem
• It helps to transport water

Phloem
• It helps to transport products
from photosynthesis
ANIMAL
CELLS
 Red Blood Cells
• Also known as RBC or ERYTHROCYTE
• Contains hemoglobin in their cytoplasm
which is a protein that helps them carry
oxygen
• Have disc shape that maximizes surface
area for carrying oxygen
• Their flexibility helps them to get
through small capillaries
 Fun Fact
• When they are mature, they
actually DON’T HAVE a
nucleus or a lot of other
organelles
 White Blood Cells
• Different from RBC when it comes
on STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
• GRANULOCYTES are an example of
white blood cells. They are called
granulocyte because a special part
of their structure is that they can
have granules in their cytoplasm
which, when released, can aid them
in destroying pathogens.
• Some white blood cells
have irregular shape that
allows them to engulf
foreign particles
 Muscle Cells
• Many muscle cells can have more
mitochondria than many other body
cells types because of their need
for ATP energy
• Depending on hoe their overlapping
filaments are arranged, they can be
considered striated—which
basically means a striped
appearance– or not striated
• SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
has a shape that tapers at
each end and after describe
as spindle
• SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
are long, cylinder in shapes
and often in bundles and can
have lots of nuclei
Did you know?
It have lots of nuclei
because it has to do
with the fact that
these cells developed
from myoblasts that
have fused together
• CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS have
many similarities to skeletal muscle
cells but because they have such an
important function with the beating
of the heart—they have to be in
sync. They have intercalated discs
that joins them and helps carry the
signal to maintain the heartbeat.
Often branched and they too can
have more than one nucleus
 Neurons
• Cells that can sense a
stimulus and transmit signals
• Can be found in brain and
spinal cord
• Can be over a meter long in
humans
Dendrites & Axons
• DENDRITES receive
impulses
• AXONS transmit the
impulse
• ACTION POTENTIAL
is the transmitting of
the signal
 Group 1
Joan Hart Molina
Guia Irish Gida
Jhon Lester Acosta
Tobby Ebrio
Donna Sepillo
Romel Magno

Made by Nyanmaru