SEMI-DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN SCIENCE V

PREPARED BY: NIÑA EDRIENNE JUNTILLA

I. OBJECTIVES

A. LEARNING COMPETENCIES A. COGNITIVE/KNOWLEDGE

> Identify the Planets in the Solar System..

II. CONTENT/SUBJECT MATTER Topic: PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Reference: https://www.space.com/16080-solar-system-
planets.html

Materials: Photocards

Strategies: Picture presentation, Video clip, Collaboration

learning

Values Focus: Unity

III. PROCEDURE A. PREPARATION:

Greetings

Prayer

Checking of attendance

Rules inside the classroom.

Review

Motivation

B. DISCUSSION:

The order of the planets in the solar system is Mercury,

Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and
the possible Planet Nine. The solar system extends from
the sun, past the four inner planets, through the asteroid
belt to the four gas giants, and beyond the Kuiper Belt to
the teardrop-shaped heliopause. The International
Astronomical Union decided in 2006 to designate Pluto as
a "dwarf planet," reducing the solar system's true planets to
just eight. Pluto is way out there and on a tilted, elliptical
orbit, two of the reasons it was demoted. Astronomers are
still hunting for another possible planet in our solar system,
a true ninth planet, after mathematical evidence of its
existence was revealed in 2016. It is believed to be 10
times the mass of Earth and 5,000 times the mass of Pluto.

The inner four planets closest to the sun — Mercury,

Venus, Earth and Mars — are often called the "terrestrial
planets" because their surfaces are rocky. Pluto also has a
rocky, albeit frozen, surface but has never been grouped
with the four terrestrials. The four large outer worlds —
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — are sometimes
called the Jovian or "Jupiter-like" planets because of their
enormous size relative to the terrestrial planets. They're
also mostly made of gases like hydrogen, helium and
ammonia rather than of rocky surfaces, although
astronomers believe some or all of them may have solid
cores.

Jupiter and Saturn are sometimes called the gas giants,

whereas the more distant Uranus and Neptune have been
nicknamed the ice giants. This is because Uranus and
Neptune have more atmospheric water and other ice-
forming molecules, such as methane, hydrogen sulfide and
phosphene, that crystallize into clouds in the planets' frigid
conditions, according to the Planetary Society(opens in
new tab). For perspective, methane crystallizes at minus
296 Fahrenheit (minus 183 degrees Celsius), according to
the U.S. National Library of Medicine(opens in new tab).
If you had asked anyone just 30 years ago, the answer
would have been "we don’t know". But since then we have
discovered already more than 5,000 planets orbiting stars
other than our sun (so-called exoplanets). And since often
we find multiple of them orbiting the same star, we can
count about 4,000 other solar systems. For one, all the
exoplanets orbit their stars, just like our planets (such as
Earth and Mars) orbit our sun. In addition, our solar system
as well as all of the others orbit around the black hole in
the centre of the Milky Way! But what is even more, some
of these other solar systems actually have not one, but two
or more stars (like Tatooine!) — and then these stars
perform a rhythmic dance around each other, together with
their exoplanets. We are currently just exploring what
processes drive the formation and evolution of other solar
systems, and what we can learn from this about our own
solar systems (and Earth’s!) history. We think that many
other stars have exoplanets around them but probably not
all of them. In average, studies found there to be about 1 to
2 exoplanet per star — but that is an average! Some stars
may have 8, others may have none.

The IAU defines(opens in new tab) a true planet as a body

that circles the sun without being some other object's
satellite; is large enough to be rounded by its own gravity
(but not so big that it begins to undergo nuclear fusion, like
a star); and has "cleared its neighborhood" of most other
orbiting bodies.
But that restrictive definition helped isolate what should
and should not be considered a planet — a problem that
arose as astronomers discovered more and more planet-like
objects in the solar system. Pluto was among the bodies
that didn't make the cut and was re-classified as a dwarf
planet. The problem with Pluto, aside from its small size
and offbeat orbit, is that it doesn't clear its neighborhood of
debris — it shares its space with lots of other objects in the
Kuiper Belt. Still, the demotion of Pluto remains
controversial.

The IAU planet definition also put other small, round

worlds into the dwarf planet category, including the Kuiper
Belt objects Eris, Haumea and Makemake.
Ceres, a round object in the Asteroid Belt between Mars
and Jupiter, also got the boot. Ceres was considered a
planet when it was discovered in 1801, but it was later
deemed to be an asteroid. That still didn't quite fit because
it was so much larger (and rounder) than the other
asteroids. Astronomers instead deemed it a dwarf planet in
2006, although some astronomers like to consider Ceres as
a 10th planet (not to be confused with Nibiru or Planet X).
Below is a brief overview of the eight true planets in our
solar system, moving from that closest to the sun to the
farthest from the sun: The sun is by far the largest object in
our solar system, containing 99.8% of the solar system's
mass. It sheds most of the heat and light that makes life
possible on Earth and possibly elsewhere. Planets orbit the
sun in oval-shaped paths called ellipses, with the sun
slightly off-center of each ellipse.

NASA has a fleet of spacecraft observing the sun, such as

the Parker Solar Probe, to learn more about its
composition, and to make better predictions about space
weather and its effect on Earth.
Mercury is the closest planet to the sun and the smallest
planet in the solar system — it is only a little larger than
Earth's moon. Mercury zips around the sun in only 88 days
and because it is so close to our star (about two-fifths the
distance between Earth and the sun).
Mercury experiences dramatic changes in its day and night
temperatures. Mercury temperatures can reach a scorching
840 F (450 C) in the day, which is hot enough to melt lead.
Meanwhile, on the night side, temperatures drop to minus
290 F (minus 180 C).
Mercury's atmosphere is very thin and primarily composed
of oxygen, sodium, hydrogen, helium and potassium.
Because the atmosphere is so thin it cannot
incoming meteors, its surface is therefore pockmarked with
craters, just like our moon. Over its four-year mission,
NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft revealed incredible
discoveries that challenged astronomers' expectations.
Among those findings was the discovery of water ice and
frozen organic compounds at Mercury's north pole and that
volcanism played a major role in shaping the planet's
surface.
Venus is the second planet from the sun and is the hottest
planet in the solar system. Its thick atmosphere is
extremely toxic and composed of sulfuric acid clouds, the
planet is an extreme example of the greenhouse effect.  The
average temperature on Venus' surface is 900 F (465 C). At
92 bar, the pressure at the surface would crush and kill you.
And oddly, Venus spins slowly from east to west, the
opposite direction of most of the other planets.

Venus is sometimes referred to as Earth's twin as they are

similar in size and radar images beneath its atmosphere
reveal numerous mountains and volcanoes. But beyond
that, the planets could not be more different. The Greeks
believed Venus was two different objects — one in the
morning sky and another in the evening. Because it is often
brighter than any other object in the sky, Venus has
generated many UFO reports.

Earth, our home planet, is the third planet from the sun. It
is a water world with two-thirds of the planet covered by
water. Earth's atmosphere is rich in nitrogen and oxygen
and it is the only world known to harbor life.  Earth rotates
on its axis at 1,532 feet per second (467 meters per second)
— slightly more than 1,000 mph (1,600 kph) — at the
equator. The planet zips around the sun at more than 18
miles per second (29 km per second).

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is a cold, desert-

like planet covered in iron oxide dust that gives the planet
its signature red hue. Mars shares similarities with Earth: It
is rocky, has mountains, valleys and canyons, and storm
systems ranging from localized tornado-like dust devils to
planet-engulfing dust storms. Substantial scientific
evidence suggests that Mars at one point billions of years
ago was a much warmer, wetter world, rivers and maybe
even oceans existed. Although Mars' atmosphere is too thin
for liquid water to exist on the surface for any length of
time, remnants of that wetter Mars still exist today. Sheets
of water ice the size of California lie beneath Mars' surface,
and at both poles are ice caps made in part of frozen water.
Scientists also think ancient Mars would have had the
conditions to support life like bacteria and other microbes.
Hope that signs of this past life — and the possibility of
even current lifeforms — may exist on the Red Planet has
driven numerous Mars missions and the Red Planet is now
one of the most explored planets in the solar system.
Between Mars and Jupiter lies the asteroid belt. Asteroids
are minor planets, and according to NASA there are
approximately between 1.1 and 1.9 million asteroids(opens
in new tab) in the main asteroid belt larger than 0.6 miles
(1 km) in diameter and millions more smaller asteroids.
The dwarf planet Ceres, about 590 miles (950 km) in
diameter, resides here. A number of asteroids have orbits
that take them closer into the solar system that sometimes
lead them to collide with Earth or the other inner planets.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and the largest planet
in the solar system. The gas giant is more than twice as
massive as all the other planets combined, according to
NASA(opens in new tab). Its swirling clouds are colorful
due to different types of trace gases including ammonia ice,
ammonium hydrosulfide crystals as well as water ice and
vapor.
A famous feature in its swirling clouds is Jupiter's Great
Red Spot, a giant storm more than 10,000 miles wide, first
observed in 1831 by amateur astronomer Samuel Heinrich
Schwabe. It has raged at more than 400 mph for the last
150 years, at least.
Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and with 75 moons,
including the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and is famous for its
large and distinct ring system. Though Saturn is not the
only planet in the solar system with rings.  When
polymath Galileo Galilei first studied Saturn in the early
1600s, he thought it was an object with three parts: a planet
and two large moons on either side. Not knowing he was
seeing a planet with rings, the stumped astronomer entered
a small drawing — a symbol with one large circle and two
smaller ones — in his notebook, as a noun in a sentence
describing his discovery. More than 40 years
later, Christiaan Huygens proposed that they were rings.
The rings are made of ice and rock and scientists are not
yet sure how they formed. The gaseous planet is mostly
hydrogen and helium and has numerous moons.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun and is a bit of an
oddball. It has clouds made of hydrogen sulfide, the same
chemical that makes rotten eggs smell so foul. It rotates
from east to west like Venus. But unlike Venus or any
other planet, its equator is nearly at right angles to its orbit
— it basically orbits on its side.
Astronomers believe an object twice the size of
Earth collided with Uranus roughly 4 billion years ago,
causing Uranus to tilt. That tilt causes extreme seasons that
last 20-plus years, and the sun beats down on one pole or
the other for 84 Earth-years at a time.
The collision is also thought to have knocked rock and ice
into Uranus' orbit. These later became some of the
planet's 27 moons. Methane in Uranus' atmosphere gives
the planet its blue-green tint. It also has 13 sets of faint
rings.
Uranus holds the record for the coldest temperature ever
measured in the solar system — minus 371.56 degrees F
(minus 224.2 degrees C). The average temperature of
Uranus is minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit (-195 degrees
Celsius).
Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun and is on average
the coldest planet in the solar system. The
average temperature of Neptune at the top of the clouds is
minus 346 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 210 degrees Celsius).
Neptune is approximately the same size as Uranus and is
known for its supersonic strong winds. The planet is more
than 30 times as far from the sun as Earth. Neptune was the
first planet predicted to exist by using math, rather than
being visually detected. Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus
led French astronomer Alexis Bouvard to suggest some
other planet might be exerting a gravitational tug. German
astronomer Johann Galle used calculations to help find
Neptune in a telescope. Neptune is about 17 times as
massive as Earth and has a rocky core. Astronomers had
long suspected that a band of icy material known as the
Kuiper Belt existed past the orbit of Neptune extending
from about 30 to 55 times the distance of Earth to the sun,
and from the last decade of the 20th century up to now,
they have found more than a thousand of such objects.
Scientists estimate the Kuiper Belt is likely home to
hundreds of thousands of icy bodies larger than 60 miles
(100 km) wide, as well as an estimated trillion or
more comets.
Pluto, now considered a dwarf planet, dwells in the Kuiper
Belt. It is not alone — recent additions include Makemake,
Haumea and Eris. Another Kuiper Belt object
dubbed Quaoar is probably massive enough to be
considered a dwarf planet, but it has not been classified as
such yet. Sedna, which is about three-fourths the size of
Pluto, is the first dwarf planet discovered in the Oort
Cloud. NASA's New Horizons mission performed history's
first flyby of the Pluto system on July 14, 2015.
Pluto was once the ninth planet from the sun and is unlike
any other planet in the solar system. It is smaller than
Earth's moon; its orbit is highly elliptical, falling inside
Neptune's orbit at some points and far beyond it at others;
and Pluto's orbit doesn't fall on the same plane as all the
other planets —  instead, it orbits 17.1 degrees above or
below. It is smaller than Earth's moon; its orbit is highly
elliptical, falling inside Neptune's orbit at some points and
far beyond it at others; and Pluto's orbit doesn't fall on the
same plane as all the other planets — instead, it orbits 17.1
degrees above or below, taking 288 years to complete a
single orbit according to ESA(opens in new tab).
From 1979 until early 1999, Pluto had been the eighth
planet from the sun. Then, on Feb. 11, 1999, it crossed
Neptune's path and once again became the solar system's
most distant planet — until it was redefined as a dwarf
planet. It's a cold, rocky world with a tenuous atmosphere.
Scientists thought it might be nothing more than a hunk of
rock on the outskirts of the solar system. But when
NASA's New Horizons mission performed history's first
flyby of the Pluto system on July 14, 2015, it transformed
scientists' view of Pluto.

Pluto is a very active ice world that's covered in glaciers,

mountains of ice water, icy dunes and possibly even
cryovolcanoes that erupt icy lava made of water, methane
or ammonia.

In 2016, researchers proposed the possible existence of a

ninth planet, for now, dubbed "Planet Nine" or Planet X.
The planet is estimated to be about 10 times the mass of
Earth and to orbit the sun between 300 and 1,000 times
farther than the orbit of the Earth.

Scientists have not seen Planet Nine. They inferred its

existence by its gravitational effects on other objects in
the Kuiper Belt, a region at the fringe of the solar system
that is home to icy rocks left over from the birth of the
solar system. Also called trans-Neptunian objects, these
Kuiper Belt objects have highly elliptical or oval orbits that
align in the same direction.
Scientists Mike Brown and Konstantin Batygin at the
California Institute of Technology in Pasadena described
the evidence for Planet Nine in a study published in
the Astronomical Journal(opens in new tab). The research
is based on mathematical models and computer simulations
using observations of six other smaller Kuiper Belt Objects
with orbits that aligned in a similar matter.
A hypothesis proposed in September 2019 on the pre-print
server arXiv suggests Planet Nine might not be a planet at
all. Instead, Jaku Scholtz of Durham University and James
Unwin of the University of Illinois at Chicago speculate it
could be a primordial black hole that formed soon after
the Big Bang and that our solar system later captured,
according to Newsweek. Unlike black holes that form from
the collapse of giant stars, primordial black holes are
thought to have formed from gravitational perturbations
less than a second after the Big Bang, and this one would
be so small (5 centimeters in diameter) that it would be
challenging to detect.
Astronomers continue to come up empty in their search for
Planet 9. A recent 2022 sky survey using the 6-meter
Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) in Chile found
thousands of tentative candidate sources but none could be
confirmed.

The Edge of Solar System

Past the Kuiper Belt is the very edge of the solar system,
the heliosphere, a vast, teardrop-shaped region of space
containing electrically charged particles given off by the
sun. Many astronomers think that the limit of the
heliosphere, known as the heliopause, is about 9 billion
miles (15 billion km) from the sun.
The Oort Cloud lies well past the Kuiper Belt, considered
to be located between 2,000 and 5,000 astronomical units
(AU) from the sun. The outer edge of the Oort Cloud may
reach as far as 10,000 up to 100,000 AU from the sun. One
AU is equal to approximately 93,000,000 miles (150
million kilometers). The Oort Cloud is home to billions, or
even trillions of objects, according to NASA Science(opens
in new tab).
SOLAR SYSTEM FORMATION AND STRATEGY
Approximately 4.5 billion years ago a dark cloud of gas
and dust began to collapse. As it shrank, the cloud flattened
into a swirling disk known as a solar nebula, according
to NASA Science(opens in new tab).  The heat and
pressure eventually became so high that hydrogen atoms
began to combine to form helium. The nuclear reactions
released vast amounts of energy and our sun was
formed. The sun accumulated about 99% of the available
matter and the remaining material further from the sun
formed smaller clumps inside the spinning disk. Some of
these clumps gained enough mass that their gravity shaped
them into spheres, becoming planets, dwarf planets and
moons. Other leftover pieces became asteroids, comets and
smaller moons that make up our solar system. For
millennia, astronomers have followed points of light that
seemed to move among the stars. The ancient Greeks
named them planets, meaning "wanderers." Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were known in antiquity,
and the invention of the telescope added the Asteroid Belt,
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and many of these worlds' moons.
The dawn of the space age saw dozens of probes launched
to explore our system, an adventure that continues today. 
There have been five human-made objects so far, Voyager
1, Voyager 2, New Horizons, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11,
that have crossed the threshold into interstellar space.

C.APPLICATION

The pupil will get a picture of a planet and identify what

planet is that.

(The pupil pick out this picture, the pupil will identify this
picture.)
 D.GENERALIZATION:

(The teacher will ask the students to sum up their lesson)

IV. EVALUATION 1.) It was once the ninth planet from the sun and is
unlike any other planet in the solar system.

2.) It is the fifth planet from the sun and the largest
planet in the solar system.

3.) It is the eighth planet from the sun and is on average

the coldest planet in the solar system.

4.) It is our home planet, is the third planet from the

sun. It is a water world with two-thirds of the planet
 covered by water.

5.) It is by far the largest object in our solar system,

containing 99.8% of the solar system's mass.

6.) These are minor planets, and according to NASA

there are approximately between 1.1 and 1.9 million
asteroids(opens in new tab) in the main asteroid belt larger
than 0.6 miles (1 km) in diameter and millions more
smaller asteroids.

7.) It is the very edge of the solar system, the

heliosphere, a vast, teardrop-shaped region of space
containing electrically charged particles given off by the
sun.

8.) It is the second planet from the sun and is the hottest
planet in the solar system.

9.)  It is the closest planet to the sun and the smallest
planet in the solar system — it is only a little larger than
Earth's moon.

10.) It is the sixth planet from the sun and is famous for
its large and distinct ring system.

V. ASSIGNMENT Research an additional information all about solar

system using the internet and share to the class.