Mini Project Report

On
Aviation
And
Aerospace industry

Submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Two-Year Full-Time
Master of Business Administration
(Affiliated To A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow)

(SESSION -2021- 2023)

Submitted By : Under the Guidance of

AMIT KUMAR Prof. NITIN SAXENA

MBA 2nd Semester MBA (2021-23)

I.T.S Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad

Institute of Technology and Science

Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad
SESSION 2021-23

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 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,
GHAZIABAD

Session: 2021-23

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare that this Mini Project-2 Report is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or
written that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except
where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Amit kumar
Enrollment No.2100380700027

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 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,
GHAZIABAD

Session: 2021-23

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Amit Kumar of MBA (2021-23 Batch) a student of
Institute of Technology and Science has undertaken the Mini Project-2 on
“ Aviation and Aerospace industry”.

The project has been carried out by the student in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of MBA, under my guidance and supervision.

I am satisfied with the work of Mr. AMIT KUMAR

Academic Mentor’s Name: Prof .NITIN SAXENA

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 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my mentor “Dr. Nitin Saxena” for
their able guidance and support for the completion of my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to the M.B.A faculty and I.T.S for providing me
with the facility and the knowledge required for the completion of my project.
I hereby assure that all the content of this project is genuine.

Amit kumar
M.B.A

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Executive summary

The aviation industry encompasses almost all aspects of air travel and the activities that help
to facilitate it. This means it includes the entire airline industry, aircraft manufacturing,
research companies, military aviation, and much more The aerospace industry is engaged in
the research, development, and manufacture of flight vehicles, including
unpowered gliders and sailplanes (see gliding), un crewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), lighter-
than-air craft (see balloon; airship), heavier-than-air craft (both fixed-wing and rotary-
wing; see airplane; military aircraft), missiles (see rocket and missile system), space launch
vehicles, and spacecraft (crewed and un crewed).

In this project we have talked all about the aerospace industry, we have discussed about the
issues and the challenges faced by the aerospace industry and discussed about the new
emerging technologies in this industry that will take this industry in capturing new heights.

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 LIST OF CONTENT

Sr. No. TITLE Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 7

2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 14

3. EVOULTION OF USE OF TECHNOLOGY 19

IN THE INDUSTRY

4. UPCOMING TECHNOLOGICAL 22
ADVANCEMENTS IN THE INDUSTRY
5. CHALLENGES 27

6. CONCLUSIONS 28

7. REFERENCES 30

Industry Profile - Indian aerospace industry

Opportunities
Govt. initiatives

Evolution of use of technology –Various emerging technologies in the

aerospace industry.

Upcoming technological advancement - various technological methods and

upgradation in aerospace industry
.
Issues of the industry- Various challenges and issues faced by the industry.

Conclusion- How the industry faces challenges and how they will overcome it
by technological advancements.

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 Introduction

About the project

So, this project is about aerospace industry; their issues and challenges and all about the new
emerging technologies in the aerospace industry. we have talked about is basically the
industry and what are it’s work, how the industry is growing, various challenges faced by
industry and how the industry is introducing new technologies to improve.

Aerospace industry, assemblage of manufacturing concerns that deal with

vehicular flight within and beyond Earth’s atmosphere. (The term aerospace is derived
from the words aeronautics and spaceflight.)

The aerospace industry is engaged in the research, development, and manufacture of flight

vehicles, including unpowered gliders and sailplanes (see gliding), un crewed aerial vehicles
(UAVs), lighter-than-air craft (see balloon; airship), heavier-than-air craft (both fixed-wing
and rotary-wing; see airplane; military aircraft), missiles (see rocket and missile system),
space launch vehicles, and spacecraft (crewed and un crewed). Also included among its
concerns are major flight-vehicle subsystems such as propulsion and avionics (aviation
electronics) and key support systems necessary for the testing, operation, and maintenance of
flight vehicles.

In addition, the industry is engaged in the fabrication of non aerospace products and systems
that make use of aerospace technology.

The aerospace sector is one of the largest sectors in the United States, providing products
and services to the military aircraft, missile, space, commercial airline, and general aviation
markets.

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Industry profile

Indian Aviation and Aerospace Industry

The civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the fastest growing industries in the
country during the last three years. India has become the third largest domestic aviation
market in the world and is expected to overtake UK to become the third largest air passenger*
market by 2024. The term ‘aviation’ is most commonly used to describe mechanical air
transportation, which is carried out using an aircraft. The two main types of aircraft are
aeroplanes and helicopters, but most modern definitions of the word ‘aviation’ extend beyond
this to include the use of unmanned aircraft, such as drones.

With this in mind, the aviation industry can be described as all industry that surrounds these
activities.

The Indian Aerospace Industry is witnessing an unprecedented growth. Hindustan

Aeronautics Limited (HAL), which is fully owned by the Government of India, is the premier
aerospace company in the country. HAL has played a major role in the Defence aviation of
India through design, manufacture and overhaul of fighters, trainers, helicopters, transport
aircraft, engines, avionics and system equipment. HAL is now ranked 34th in the list of
world’s top 100 defence companies.

HAL is a major partner for the Space programs of Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) and manufactures structures and assemblies for the launch vehicles and satellites at
its dedicated Aerospace Division in Bangalore.

The civil aviation sector in India is growing rapidly. It has recorded annual growth of over
41% in passenger traffic during in the last two years. In fact, it has contributed significantly
to the growth of international civil aviation sector. The rapid growth of civil aviation has put
extreme pressure on the existing civil aviation infrastructure. As a result, the thrust is now on
modernization of airports, communications, navigation and surveillance systems for air traffic
management, radars and facilities for Maintenance Repair and Overhaul of aircraft and sub
systems.

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3 Large Aircraft Manufacturing Companies Within the Aviation
Industry
Aircraft manufacturing is crucial to the aviation industry and the following three companies
are among the largest:

Within the Aviation industry, Airbus is a large European aircraft manufacturing company, which
produces aircraft for both the civilian and military aviation markets. Most of its production
facilities are located in France, Germany and Spain, while its headquarters is located within the
Netherlands. It is currently the world’s largest airline manufacturer, while the Airbus A380, used
by airlines like Emirates and Lufthansa, is recognised as the world’s largest passenger airliner.

Another large manufacturing company within the aviation sector is Boeing. Based in the
United States, Boeing is generally classed as the second-largest airline manufacturer, as well
as being one of the largest defence contractors in the world. The company headquarters is
situated in Chicago, Illinois. In addition to producing commercial and military jets, Boeing is
also heavily involved in the manufacture of spacecraft. Some of its best-known commercial
aeroplane models include the Boeing 737, the Boeing 747 and the Boeing 777.

Lockheed Martin has its headquarters in Maryland, in the United States. Within the aviation
industry, Lockheed Martin is recognised as the world’s largest defence contractor,
specialising in military aviation and the production of fighter and reconnaissance aircraft for
air forces around the world. The company was formed through a merger between Lockheed
Corporation with Martin Marietta and some of its best-known aeroplanes have included the
F-16 Fighting Falcon and the F-35 Lightning I

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7 Largest Airline Companies in the World
Although there are a number of ways to measure the largest airlines in the world, one of the
most frequently used metrics is revenue passenger-kilometres (RPKs). It is calculated by
multiplying the number of annual revenue passengers by the total distance travelled. Using
this metric, the following seven airlines currently come out on top:
–

Widely recognised as the world’s largest airline, not only in terms of revenue passenger-
kilometres, but also in terms of fleet size and total passengers carried, American Airlines has
been offering passenger services since 1936. The company is based in Fort Worth, Texas, and
is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance.

American Airlines operates with a fleet of close to 1,000 aircraft, flies to almost 100
international destinations and handles more than 200 million annual passengers. Its largest
hub is Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.

Within the aviation industry, Delta Air Lines is a legacy carrier airline, which has been
offering passenger services since 1929. The company has its headquarters in Atlanta,
Georgia, and provides services to more than 200 million passengers each year, operating with
a fleet of around 900 aircraft. Its main hub is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International
Airport.

In total, the airline offers flights to more than 300 destinations, spread across 50 different
countries. Delta is also recognised as the largest member of the SkyTeam airline alliance.

Offering passenger flights since 1931, United Airlines has a fleet of around 800 aircraft and
serves more than 300 destinations. It is widely recognised as the third largest airline in the

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world and its headquarters is located in Chicago, Illinois, with Chicago O’Hare International
Airport serving as its largest hub.

United Airlines caters for more than 150 million annual passengers and is a key member of
the Star Alliance.

Emirates is a state-owned airline, based in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has
been offering passenger services since 1985 and, in addition to being the fourth largest airline
in the world, as measured by RPKs, it is also the second-largest airline in the world when it
comes to the movement of cargo or freight.

The airline operates with a fleet of more than 250 aircraft, provides flights to more than 80
countries and has its main hub at Dubai International Airport. It is not a member of any
airline alliance.

Southwest Airlines is a low-cost airline within the aviation sector, which has been offering
passenger services since 1971. Regarded as the largest low-cost carrier in the world, the
company has a fleet of more than 700 aircraft, and offers flights to around 100 destinations –
most of which are in the United States, Mexico and Central America.

The company’s headquarters is situated in Dallas, Texas, and it has a total of 11 crew bases
throughout the United States. However, rather than using a hub system, Southwest Airlines
operates via point-to-point transit.

China Southern Airlines has its headquarters in the city of Guangzhou and has been offering
passenger services since 1988. The airline has a fleet of more than 600 aircraft, provides

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flights to more than 200 global destinations and is recognised as the largest airline in Asia,
based on RPKs, fleet size and the total number of annual passengers.

It has hubs at Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing Daxing International Airport and
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport. Until 2020, China Southern was part of the
SkyTeam airline alliance.

Based in Dublin, Ireland, Ryanair is a low-cost airline within the aviation sector, which has
been offering commercial flights since 1985. Its main operational bases are Dublin Airport
and London Stanstead, and the company has several sister airlines, including Malta Air and
Lauda. In total, the airline has a fleet of more than 300 aircraft.

Ryanair is especially notable for offering more routes and carrying more international
passengers than any other airline in the world, even including the likes of American Airlines
and Delta Air Lines.

1.Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (Hal)

HAL, a Defence PSU, is a major player in the global aviation arena. It has built up
comprehensive skills in design, manufacture and overhaul of fighters, trainers,
helicopters, transport aircraft, engines, avionics and system equipment. Its product
track record consists of 12 types of aircraft from in-house R&D and 14 types by
licence production inclusive of 8 types of aero engines and over 1000 items of aircraft
system equipment (avionics, mechanical, electrical).

2-Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

Government of India established the Department of Space in 1972 to promote

development and application of space science and technology in the country for the
socio-economic benefits. Indian Space Research organization (ISRO) is the primary
agency under the Department of Space for executing space programmes. During the

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 early seventies, India undertook demonstration of space applications for
communication, television broadcasting and remote sensing building experimental
satellites namely, APPLE, Bhaskara – and experimental satellite launch vehicles,
SLV-3 and ASLV.

1. BrahMos Aerospace
BRAHMOS-supersonic cruise missile is designed for use in multiple platforms- ships,
silos, mobile launchers, aircrafts and submarines against land and sea targets.
BRAHMOS is the World leader flying all through supersonic with maneuverable
trajectories ensuring no reaction time to the enemy and a lethal punch owing to huge
kinetic energy of impact.

2. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)

BEL was established in 1954 to meet the specialized electronic needs of the country’s
defence services, is a multi-product, multi-technology, multi-unit company. It serves the
needs of domestic and foreign customers with the products/services manufactured in its nine
state-of-the-art ISO 9001/2 and ISO 14000 certified manufacturing plants in India.

BEL manufactures a wide repertoire of products in the field of Radars, Naval systems,
Defence Communication, Telecommunication and Broadcasting, Electronic Warfare, Opto
Electronics, Tank Electronics and Electronic Components. With the expertise developed over
the years, the company also provides turnkey systems solutions and Electronic Manufacturing
Services (EMS) on “Build to Print” and “Build to Spec” basis. BEL has become a US $ 1
Billion company in the financial year 2007-08.

5. Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)

BDL is fully owned by the Government of India, was established in 1970. BDL manufactures
guided weapons & related test equipment, Launchers, under water weapon systems and
decoys for the Indian Defence Services. BDL is the nominated Production Agency for the
indigenous Integrated Missile Development Programme.

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Starting with production of 1st Generation Anti tank Guided missiles, the Company has
grown into a multi technology and multi product organization. Collaborative association with
DRDO and world leaders in missile manufacturing has enabled BDL assimilate critical
technologies and emerge as a globally competitive and reliable defence equipment
manufacturer.

6. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML Limited)

BEML Limited, Government of India Company, is one of the largest manufacturers and
suppliers of earthmoving, construction and mining equipment in Asia. With over 42 years of
experience, BEML is one of the premier engineering companies in India and plays a
significant role in providing vital inputs to the core sectors of the economy, apart from
manufacturing a wide range of tailor-made equipment for the Indian Defence sector.

BEML manufactures a wide range of sophisticated hi-tech equipment like bulldozers, rear
dump truck, front-end loaders, hydraulic excavators, rope shovels, motor graders, walking
draglines, pipe layers, tyre handling equipment, aircraft towing tractor, heavy duty
transportation trailers, heavy duty trucks and its prime movers, rail coaches including day
coaches, sleeper coaches, postal vans, track-laying equipment, overhead Inspection cars,
diesel engines and gensets.

The civil aviation sector in India is growing rapidly. It has recorded annual growth of over
41% in passenger traffic during in the last two years. In fact, it has contributed significantly
to the growth of international civil aviation sector. The rapid growth of civil aviation has put
extreme pressure on the existing civil aviation infrastructure. As a result, the thrust is now on
modernization of airports, communications, navigation and surveillance systems for air traffic
management, radars and facilities for Maintenance Repair and Overhaul of aircraft and sub
systems.
There is thus enormous potential and huge opportunities for collaboration and creation of
joint ventures in the aerospace sector in India for establishing Maintenance Repair Overhaul
(MRO) facilities for civil and military aircraft, overhaul and maintenance of aero engines and
production of avionics, components and accessories both in the civil and military aviation
sectors. Major global aviation industry are already eyeing the local market in India and

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scouting for outsourcing aerospace and defence products as India is fast emerging as a center
for engineering and design services.

Drivers

Rising passenger traffic

Domestic air travel demand continued an upward trend in October 2020, with a 33% increase
(over September) to ~52 lakh passengers. In June 2020, the Ministry of Civil Aviation
approved capacity increase to 45% from one-third, soon after domestic flights resumed from
May 25, 2020. It further increased to 60% from September 2, 2020. With the festive season
around, the government expects capacity to go up to 75%.
Further, under the Vande Bharat Mission, between May 7, 2020 and October 31, 2020,
international passenger traffic (inbound and outbound) stood at ~10.96 lakh.

Increasing military and defence expenditure

India’s defence budget for 2020-21 is Rs. 4,71,378 crore (US$ 67.4 billion), 9.37% higher
than that in 2019-20. Of the Ministry of Defence total allocations, Rs. 323,053 crore (US$
46.2 billion) has been provided under the Defence Services Estimates (DSE), which deals
with expenses of the three-armed forces and the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO).

Further, to support development of military procurement, in October 2020, the Modi

government lifted expenditure restrictions on defence spending amid the ongoing stand-off

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with China. As a result, the Ministry of Defence, would be able to spend in line with its
quarterly expenditure plan, which includes emergency procurement processes of over 100
contracts, each with a budget of Rs. 500 crore (US$ 67.10 million).

Strong A&D ecosystem

India ranked 19th among the world’s defence exporters in attracting foreign investments.
India’s defence exports increased 700% in two years—from Rs. 1,521 crore (US$ 204.13
million) in 2016-17 to Rs. 10,745 crores (US$ 1.44 billion) in 2018-19.
In August, the Union Ministry of Defence formulated the Defence Production and Export
Promotion Policy 2020 as an underlying guidance document to accelerate PM Modi's
commitment for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' and provide a guided, streamlined and significant boost
to the country's defence production capabilities for self-reliance and exports. The policy aims
to generate revenue worth Rs. 175,000 crore (US$ 23.49 billion), including exports of Rs.
35,000 crore (US$ 4.70 billion), in the aerospace & defence products and services space by
2025.

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Opportunities
Strong industry support
As India is rapidly modernising its military sector, the aerospace and defence industry is
expected to consume electronics worth US$ 70-72 billion over the next decade in agreement
with two industry associations—the National Association of Software & Services Companies
(NASSCOM) and the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA).

Rising initiatives by industry players

Industry players, innovators and researchers, backed up by the Indian government and space
agencies, are focussing on creating new aerospace opportunities.
For example, in October 2020, Starburst Aerospace announced plans to expand presence in
India and develop an innovation centre in Mumbai and conduct engagement activities in
Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad through partners in the aerospace and defence community.

Cost-effective environment
Aerospace requires highly qualified workers and precision capabilities. India presents an
ecosystem, which ensures quality and improves performance for the overall effectiveness of
business operations.
In the third and latest edition of FDI's Aerospace Cities of the Future 2020-21 rankings,
Hyderabad was ranked number one by FDI Intellegence.com, a division of the Financial
Times Group, under the category 'Top 10 Aerospace Cities in Cost Effectiveness.' The other
Indian cities that also made to the top 10 list include New Delhi and Bengaluru.

Government initiatives
The government is taking several measures to boost domestic manufacturing and growth
across industries.
 Aero India 2021
In line with this, in October 2020, the government announced the Aero India 2021 to position
India among the top five countries globally in defence & aerospace industries with active
participation from the public and private sectors. As of September 2020, ~36 companies from
public and private sector undertakings such as Alpha Design Technologies Pvt Ltd., Bharat

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Electronics Ltd. and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. have already registered to participate in the
five-day air show. The foreign participants in the show include Frances MBDA, Israel
Aerospace Industries Ltd., US aerospace major Boeing, Russia’s Rosoboron export JSC, etc.
To support its objective, the government is encouraging active participation from industry
players.
For example, in the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, a new category of Buying Foreign
Manufacturing in India was incorporated to include provisions for encouraging FDI to
establish manufacturing hubs. The new category involves manufacturing of equipment
(Maintenance Repair and Overall) through subsidiary of a foreign corporation in India.

 Foreign Direct Investment

Various government reform initiatives indicate a step forward in achieving objectives such as
increasing FDI to 74% via automatic routes in the defence sector.
As per data provided by 80 companies, FDI inflow of over Rs. 3,454 crore (US$ 463.55
million) has been registered in the defence and aerospace sector as of June 2020.
 Research and Development – Promoting start-ups under ‘Aatmanirbhar Mission’
In April 2018, an innovation platform called Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) was
launched. IDEX aims to build an ecosystem to encourage defence & aerospace innovation
and technology initiatives.
It engages and supports industries such as start-ups, MSMEs, innovators and institutes with
grants/funding to conduct R&D for future adoption of the Indian defence and aerospace
needs.

‘Make in India’ initiatives

Defence and aerospace continues to be a strong pillar for India and key government systems
such as Make in India to succeed. Government policies have centred on the implementation
of advanced technologies in the defence sector, thus improving the potential of domestic
manufacturing. The Defence Ministry has set a target of 70% self-reliance in weaponry by
2027, creating huge prospects for players in the industry.
The Indian government has implemented several policies to promote self-reliance in defence
and aerospace manufacturing under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Scheme.
E.g., 74% FDI in defence manufacturing, ‘Import embargo’ on 101 military items and
Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy 2020.

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In line with this, the Government of India is also supporting start-ups and promoting active
participation in the industry. Describing MSMEs as ‘rising stars' in aerospace and defence,
the Defence Ministry estimates that their numbers would double to 16,000 over the next five
years (by 2026) as they were integrated into global supply chains.

For example, in September 2020, Dynamatic Technologies Ltd., an aerospace company based
in Bengaluru, announced a contract for constructing parts for the T-7A Red Hawk trainer, one
of the largest and most advanced aircraft programmes built by Boeing and Saab in the world.

Almost everyone is required to communicate the content, purpose and value of his or her
work to customers or colleagues. Projectors help that communication by expanding the
image of your computer screen to be large enough for a room full of people to see. When
you're selecting a projector, you need to be certain it meets your needs by evaluating its
features and characteristics.

Manufacturing

In India, Bangalore is a major center of the aerospace industry, where Hindustan Aeronautics

Limited, the National Aerospace Laboratories and the Indian Space Research
Organisation are headquartered. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched
India's first Moon orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, in October 2008.

Ministry of Civil Aviation of Government of India

The Ministry of Civil Aviation of Government of India is the nodal Ministry responsible

for the formulation of national policies and programmes for development and regulation of
Civil Aviation and for devising and implementing schemes for the orderly growth and
expansion of civil air transport. Its functions also extend to overseeing airport facilities, air
traffic services and carriage of passengers and goods by air. The Ministry also administers
implementation of the Aircraft Act, 1934, Aircraft Rules, 1937 and is administratively
responsible for the Commission of Railways Safety.

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Composition of the ministry

The ministry is under the charge of Minister of State (Independent) Hardeep Singh Puri.
The Secretary, an IAS officer, is administrative the head of the Ministry and is assisted by
one Additional Secretary & Financial Adviser, three Joint Secretaries, seven officers of the
level of Director / Deputy Secretary / Financial Controller and ten officers of the level of
Under Secretary. It is located at Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi.

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 Evolution of use of technology in aerospace industry

Since the dawn of powered flight, the aerospace industry has undergone a continuous change
in technology. We have seen the evolution in aircraft structure, aircraft systems, and the use
of electricity within the aircraft. This evolution in technology has improved the safety and
efficiency of the aircraft and its related systems.

The Role of Analog Technology in Aerospace.

In the early days of flight, analog technology was the only means of collecting data and
communicating information. This came with its share of challenges, as storing and retrieving
data was difficult. However, this means of operation was accurate for its time. When these
systems failed, the decline usually happened gradually and therefore gave aircraft operators
and controllers time to anticipate, and prepare for, repairing, or replacing them.

Air Cargo
The growth of air cargo is closely linked to GDP growth. Other growth drivers include export
promotion, new trade relationships, deregulation, open sky agreements and express logistics
business growth. Factors that can impede this segment’s growth include trade barriers, oil and
fuel prices, terrorist attacks, surface competition and industry relocation. The current
slowdown in the U.S. economy led to a decline in the global air freight movement. According
to the 2008 OAG Global Air Freight Forecast, once the world economy rebounds, the
international air freight market is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 6.1 percent
till 2017. The report also predicts that rapid growth is likely to occur in the Middle East and
in Africa. China’s growth rate will be third behind these two, and the trade lane between
China and North America will be the largest global market for air freight.

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Helicopters
Due to increasing demand, global sales of helicopters are increasing. Honeywell’s Turbine-
Powered Civil Helicopter Purchase Outlook projects deliveries of approximately 4,450 new
civil use helicopters during 2008 to 2012, driven by strong demand for light single and
intermediate twin-engine models offering newer technology. Corporate, emergency medical
services and law enforcement helicopters combined are expected to account for over 65
percent of all new civil rotorcraft sales during the five-year forecast period.

Aerospace & Defence OEMs are moving from vertically-integrated manufacturing to

design and systems integration.

The manufacturing and assembly function is a critical component of the value chain and has
high entry barriers in terms of both cost and technology. In the past, OEMs followed a
vertically integrated manufacturing approach with participation at each level of the design,
development and manufacturing process. This industry structure has changed into a tier-based
system of suppliers participating at each stage, as explained below.

The prime integrators, such as Boeing and Airbus, retain complete control of the programme
including design, selection of suppliers, detailed development and manufacturing of critical
equipments and final assembly. These integrators may also be responsible for servicing the
assembled aircraft. • Tier-1 vendors maintain responsibility for providing equipment and
systems to the primes. This includes design, assembly, services and the assumption of
technical and financial risk.

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The Aviation Industry Goes Digital

Today, more and more systems used in aircraft are operated digitally. Industry experts have
developed integrated platforms that allow different computers and digital systems to
communicate better. They've also improved hardware and software to maintain data integrity.

Digital means allow for the seamless storage, retrieval, and transfer of data.

While some information may be lost when converting from analog to digital,

losses are minimal, and preserving data digitally typically yields better long-term

results.

The initial shift to digitization was marked by both successes and failures.

Communicating by radio, for instance, proved more difficult. Signals tended to

fade, and voice communications sometimes became garbled to the point that

they were barely intelligible. Test equipment also presented challenges to users,

as they had trouble distinguishing between extraneous information and the data

they needed.

Transitioning from Old to New.

Change and transition is never easy, especially in a field like aviation that has been
established for many years. Going digital is definitely still somewhat new in aviation, but it is
the future. For example, Garmin1000 avionics equipment in newer planes is revolutionizing
the aviation industry. This new Garmin technology is an integrated flight instrument system
that can replace most traditional flight instruments.

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 Upcoming technological advancement

I am confident that India will emerge as a major global centre for aerospace industry. We
have the basic building blocks for it in India; and, a large nation requirement. We will build
an industry that will have room for everyone – public sector, private sector and foreign firms.
”      –  Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Digital Army.
The concept of Digital Army is not limited to the use of Digital technologies; it is also about
having a seamless coordination mechanism which provides actionable and real-time
information. Defense agencies across the globe are building the capabilities which help them
to take timely decisions based on the right inputs at the right time. The Joint Information
Environment of the U.S., UK government’s Defense as a Platform (DaaP) infrastructure, and
Australian Defense Force’s Single Information Environment are some of the recent notable
initiatives around the world. Israel has taken the Digital Army initiatives much earlier than
others. In the year 2004, Elbit Systems had signed an agreement with the Israel Ministry of
Defense for the Digital Army Programme (DAP). In 2014, IDF has concluded the
deployment of the Tzayad (Digital Land Army) system in all of its field formations and now
they are working to build the next generation of the Israeli Army’s digital C4I network.

In the year 2015, the former Defense Minister of India, Mr. Manohar Parrikar has launched
the Digital Army programme. Mr. Parrikar has unveiled a series of product to promote
digitalization of the Indian Army, such as IAF-HAL ePortal- an inter-organization
information sharing system (IOIS) between the Indian Air Force and Hindustan Aeronautics
Ltd. (an Indian state-owned defense company) to facilitate better coordination, transparency
and faster decision-making, Army Cloud which includes a Central Data Centre, a Near Line
Data Centre and a Disaster Recovery site for replication of its critical data along with
virtualized servers and storage, Digi-Locker (a secure and exclusive data storage space to all
the units and formation headquarters of the Army over its dedicated data network) and
ARPAN 3.0 (Army Record Office Process Automation) etc. India has developed its first
integrated defense communication network too. DCN is a strategic, highly secure and
scalable system. It has a pan-India reach – from Ladakh to the North East to island territories.

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These steps are crucial in the process of transforming Indian Army from a platform-centric to
network-centric force.

With the aerospace industry continually making improvements,

here are ten aerospace engineering technology trends to keep on
your radar. 

1. Zero-Fuel Aircraft
Airbus recently revealed three concepts for the world’s first zero-emission hydrogen
commercial aircraft, which could enter service by 2035. These concepts each represent a
different approach to achieving zero-emission flight by exploring various technology
pathways and aerodynamic configurations in order to support their ambition of pioneering the
decarbonization of the entire aviation industry. All of the concepts presented by Airbus rely
on hydrogen as a primary power source – an option which they believe holds exceptional
promise as a clean aviation fuel and is likely to be a solution for aerospace - and many other
industries - to meet their climate-neutral targets.
2. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
Structural health monitoring involves the observation and analysis of a system over time
using periodically sampled response measurements to monitor changes to the material and
geometric properties of engineering structures such as bridges, airplanes, and buildings.
Aircraft accidents involving catastrophic fatigue failure have the potential for significant loss
of life, which makes innovation in this branch of the aerospace industry so important. 
The foundation of structural health monitoring is the ability to monitor structures using
embedded or attached nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensors and to utilize the data to
assess the state of the structure. Over the last ten years, researchers have made significant
advances in developing NDE sensors for SHM, and they have developed the hardware and
software needed for analysis and communication of the SHM results. The NDE SHM sensors
that have reached some modest degree of maturing and are able to monitor significantly large
areas of structures include fiber optics, active ultrasonics, and passive acoustic emission.
Furthermore, low-cost emerging computational hardware, such as graphics processing units
(GPUs), is enabling the growing use of advanced physics-based models for improved NDE
inspection and for advanced data analysis methods such as machine learning. This is

[Type here]
particularly relevant for NASA, for example, as new tools need to be developed in order to
support long-duration spaceflight.

3. Advanced Materials
Innovative materials can be used in a wide variety of areas - from lighter, more agile aircraft
and emerging hypersonic systems, to personal protection equipment and anywhere risks or
damage can be reduced. Progress in developing advanced materials is expected to address the
integration of functions such as energy harvesting, camouflage, structural and personal
health monitoring. For example, graphene is a carbon-based material, which is merely one
atom thick and can be used to make batteries that are lightweight, durable, and applicable in
high capacity energy storage - plus, they charge more rapidly than a typical battery. 
4. Smart Automation and Blockchain
The blockchain, which is typically associated with cryptocurrency systems, uses data
transparency to enhance security. Public-key encryption for record-level data security and
greater network resiliency are possible due to no single point of failure. In addition, access
rights and entitlement management can be automated, which frees up resources to address
other security measures or concerns.
How does this work? Instead of significant efforts to move components, equipment, and
systems along the value chain, the blockchain can arrange the interchange of internal and
external supply chain participants all the way to the end customer. It offers a secure,
auditable, traceable, and shareable record across a distributed population, too. A consensus
between the manufacturing partner and their customer can be rapidly arrived at through a
shared blockchain ledger because this leaves behind a clear and unchangeable history of the
design, all changes to it, test results, a certification record for the source of all components,
and more.
With the aerospace industry continually making improvements, here are ten aerospace
engineering technology trends to keep on your radar. 
1. Zero-Fuel Aircraft
Airbus recently revealed three concepts for the world’s first zero-emission hydrogen
commercial aircraft, which could enter service by 2035. These concepts each represent a
different approach to achieving zero-emission flight by exploring various technology
pathways and aerodynamic configurations in order to support their ambition of pioneering the
decarbonization of the entire aviation industry. All of the concepts presented by Airbus rely

[Type here]
on hydrogen as a primary power source – an option which they believe holds exceptional
promise as a clean aviation fuel and is likely to be a solution for aerospace - and many other
industries - to meet their climate-neutral targets.
2. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
Structural health monitoring involves the observation and analysis of a system over time
using periodically sampled response measurements to monitor changes to the material and
geometric properties of engineering structures such as bridges, airplanes, and buildings.
Aircraft accidents involving catastrophic fatigue failure have the potential for significant loss
of life, which makes innovation in this branch of the aerospace industry so important. 
The foundation of structural health monitoring is the ability to monitor structures using
embedded or attached nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensors and to utilize the data to
assess the state of the structure. Over the last ten years, researchers have made significant
advances in developing NDE sensors for SHM, and they have developed the hardware and
software needed for analysis and communication of the SHM results. The NDE SHM sensors
that have reached some modest degree of maturing and are able to monitor significantly large
areas of structures include fiber optics, active ultrasonics, and passive acoustic emission.
Furthermore, low-cost emerging computational hardware, such as graphics processing units
(GPUs), is enabling the growing use of advanced physics-based models for improved NDE
inspection and for advanced data analysis methods such as machine learning. This is
particularly relevant for NASA, for example, as new tools need to be developed in order to
support long-duration spaceflight.

1. Advanced Materials
Innovative materials can be used in a wide variety of areas - from lighter, more agile aircraft
and emerging hypersonic systems, to personal protection equipment and anywhere risks or
damage can be reduced. Progress in developing advanced materials is expected to address the
integration of functions such as energy harvesting, camouflage, structural and personal
health monitoring. For example, graphene is a carbon-based material, which is merely one
atom thick and can be used to make batteries that are lightweight, durable, and applicable in
high capacity energy storage - plus, they charge more rapidly than a typical battery. 
4. Smart Automation and Blockchain
The blockchain, which is typically associated with cryptocurrency systems, uses data
transparency to enhance security. Public-key encryption for record-level data security and

[Type here]
greater network resiliency are possible due to no single point of failure. In addition, access
rights and entitlement management can be automated, which frees up resources to address
other security measures or concerns.
How does this work? Instead of significant efforts to move components, equipment, and
systems along the value chain, the blockchain can arrange the interchange of internal and
external supply chain participants all the way to the end customer. It offers a secure,
auditable, traceable, and shareable record across a distributed population, too. A consensus
between the manufacturing partner and their customer can be rapidly arrived at through a
shared blockchain ledger because this leaves behind a clear and unchangeable history of the
design, all changes to it, test results, a certification record for the source of all components,
and more.

With the aerospace industry continually making improvements, here are ten aerospace
engineering technology trends to keep on your radar. 
1. Zero-Fuel Aircraft
Airbus recently revealed three concepts for the world’s first zero-emission hydrogen
commercial aircraft, which could enter service by 2035. These concepts each represent a
different approach to achieving zero-emission flight by exploring various technology
pathways and aerodynamic configurations in order to support their ambition of pioneering the
decarbonization of the entire aviation industry. All of the concepts presented by Airbus rely
on hydrogen as a primary power source – an option which they believe holds exceptional
promise as a clean aviation fuel and is likely to be a solution for aerospace - and many other
industries - to meet their climate-neutral targets.
2. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
Structural health monitoring involves the observation and analysis of a system over time
using periodically sampled response measurements to monitor changes to the material and
geometric properties of engineering structures such as bridges, airplanes, and buildings.
Aircraft accidents involving catastrophic fatigue failure have the potential for significant loss
of life, which makes innovation in this branch of the aerospace industry so important. 
The foundation of structural health monitoring is the ability to monitor structures using
embedded or attached nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensors and to utilize the data to
assess the state of the structure. Over the last ten years, researchers have made significant
advances in developing NDE sensors for SHM, and they have developed the hardware and
software needed for analysis and communication of the SHM results. The NDE SHM sensors

[Type here]
that have reached some modest degree of maturing and are able to monitor significantly large
areas of structures include fiber optics, active ultrasonics, and passive acoustic emission.
Furthermore, low-cost emerging computational hardware, such as graphics processing units
(GPUs), is enabling the growing use of advanced physics-based models for improved NDE
inspection and for advanced data analysis methods such as machine learning. This is
particularly relevant for NASA, for example, as new tools need to be developed in order to
support long-duration spaceflight.
3. Advanced Materials
Innovative materials can be used in a wide variety of areas - from lighter, more agile aircraft
and emerging hypersonic systems, to personal protection equipment and anywhere risks or
damage can be reduced. Progress in developing advanced materials is expected to address the
integration of functions such as energy harvesting, camouflage, structural and personal health
monitoring. For example, graphene is a carbon-based material, which is merely one atom
thick and can be used to make batteries that are lightweight, durable, and applicable in high
capacity energy storage - plus, they charge more rapidly than a typical battery. 
4. Smart Automation and Blockchain
The blockchain, which is typically associated with cryptocurrency systems, uses data
transparency to enhance security. Public-key encryption for record-level data security and
greater network resiliency are possible due to no single point of failure. In addition, access
rights and entitlement management can be automated, which frees up resources to address
other security measures or concerns.
How does this work? Instead of significant efforts to move components, equipment, and
systems along the value chain, the blockchain can arrange the interchange of internal and
external supply chain participants all the way to the end customer. It offers a secure,
auditable, traceable, and shareable record across a distributed population, too. A consensus
between the manufacturing partner and their customer can be rapidly arrived at through a
shared blockchain ledger because this leaves behind a clear and unchangeable history of the
design, all changes to it, test results, a certification record for the source of all components,
and more.

[Type here]
 Issues of the aerospace industry

The aerospace and defense industry is a major source of innovation and technological
advancements. It plays a critical role in national defense, enables safe and efficient air travel,
increases communication and the dissemination of knowledge, and contributes to increased
consumerism and the globalization of supply chains.
Many challenges is faced by the aerospace industry i.e.

Managing Aerospace's Supply Chain

Last year, the aerospace and defense industry (A&D) experienced growth in every
manufacturing sub-sector, from commercial aerospace to cyber. Deloitte estimates that, over
the next decade, annual global production for aircraft is predicted to increase by 25%.
Aligned with the sourcing activity on Thomasnet.com, sustained growth is expected in the
aerospace fasteners market. As the major manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus expand
their manufacturing output, the demand for fasteners will increase greatly, with a heavy
emphasis on fasteners made of titanium.
But some suppliers are struggling to keep up with the growth. Production rates for Airbus and
Boeing programs are aggressive, with record order books for commercial OEMs supporting
forward production for 8-10 years. According to EY, as OEMs ramp up production to deliver
their large backlogs, suppliers become pressured to ensure timely delivery while keeping
costs under control. Aerospace and defense groups’ supply chains can be very challenging to
manage as they depend on thousands of suppliers and subcontractors to procure raw
materials, build complicated parts and components, and offer secondary services including
specialized finishes and treatments.

Modi Policy Initiatives and Impact on Aerospace Sector.

The Defence Procurement Policy 2013 envisages higher preference to Buy (India), Buy and
Make (India), and Make options over the earlier thrust towards Buy (Global) or the import
option. It ostensibly looks at creating a better level playing field between the public and
private sector with greater impetus towards indigenization. A major departure from the

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previous policy is allowing the private Indian industry to avail of technology transfer which
was the exclusive domain of DPSUs/Ordnance factories earlier. The policy also encourages
Joint Venture with OEMs. PM Modi‟s Make-in-India campaign has added another category
to Defence Acquisition though it would include cases coming under the panoply of „Buy‟
and Make and „Make‟ where technology is indigenously developed. The aerospace sector
has been a traditional beneficiary of offset policy. India embraced this policy in 2007 post
Kelker Committee recommendations to leverage India‟s advantage of big ticket acquisition
to bring in greater outsourcing, critical technology, FDI, and increasing our export potential.
The policy was liberalized to include the civilian aerospace sector. The Offset Policy
guidelines (2012) have for the first time has allowed TOT through the JV or through non
equity route. It has also allowed multiplier for critical technology areas like FPAs, Nano
Technology based sensor, fiber laser technology & THZ technologies, which was alluded to
above. The Defence Production Policy (2011) aims at achieving substantive self reliance in
design, development and production of critical subsystems by forming consortia, JVs by
involving academia and R&D institutions. It also promised to set up a set up a defence
technology fund to support public, private sector as well as academic and scientific
institutions for pursuing high end research. However the aerospace sector as already brought
out is bedeviled by high import dependence and is predominantly an assimilator of sub
systems rather than manufacturing them.

There probably existed quite a few other types of projectors but evidence is scarce and
reports are often unclear about their nature. Spectators did not always provide the details
needed to differentiate between for instance a shadow play and a lantern projection. Many did
not understand the nature of what they had seen and few had ever seen other comparable
media. Projections were often presented or perceived as magic or even as religious
experiences, with most projectionists unwilling to share their secrets. Joseph Needham sums
up some possible projection examples from China in his 1962 book series Science and
Civilization in China.

Suggestions to Ramp up the Capability of Aerospace Sector to Bolster Make-In-India

Campaign.

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The sectoral share of primary, secondary and tertiary segments show a tectonic shift since
liberalization wafting through the corridors since 1990s. The share of agriculture in GDP
shows a significant reduction while the share of industry has remained stagnant and the
service sector showing the way as the sunshine sector.
A disaggregation of the secondary sector shows that the share of manufacturing sector has
remained constant around 15% which is now targeted to increase to 25%. The experience of
manufacturing giants like Germany, South Korea and China reveal that manufacturing
account for 30% of their GDP. Therefore the thrust of the government to encourage
Make-in-India option by facilitating the enabling environment to manufacture,
improving ease of doing business, encouraging creation of national manufacturing zones
in tandem with the states and investing one trillion dollar through PPP route in the
infrastructural sector make eminent sense. Prof. Basu rightly observes out that the success
of the Make Indian policy will critically hinge on cost of doing business in India.

Regional Transport Aircraft.

During 2009 a proposal was mooted to develop a regional transport aircraft by collaborating
with a foreign company and a private sector player given the fact that NAL has design
capability. This was considered to be a viable project. The civil aviation ministry has also
against interest. However this initiative has not been taken forward and needs to be revived
since there is a huge demand for mid size aircrafts for better connectivity between small
cities.

Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul.

Manufacture, repair and overhaul constitute 50billion dollar global market. The market is
presently dominated by North America and best trend is likely to continue in future. There
are four key factors for building successful airframe MRO business namely, significant
technical capability, robust talent pipeline, sustainable cost advantage and assured base load.
Globally labour accounts 70% of cost of air frame and countries like India would have
substantial cost advantage in terms labour rates. For instance while in India the man hour cost
in dollar is about 6$ for technician in US it 36$. Similarly in case of engineer the differential

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is 1:5 i.e. 12$ per hour in India as against 60$ in USA. In the offset contract that India had
concluded for MIG 29 upgrade VVIP helicopter and globe master the offset benefits would
be given by the company to HAL in terms of maintenance, repair and overhaul. This would
need to be harness and tremendous potential for public private partnership.

FDI Policy.
Their FDI policy and providing high modicum of „Ease of Doing‟ business compared to
India.
The OEMs for setting up business in India in partnership with public/private players
want to have a major say in the management of manufacturing. While the announcement to
upscale the FDI limit from 26% to 49% in the last budget has been a step in the right
direction, it is unlikely to enthuse reputed global manufacturing houses to set up
manufacturing bases and bring in front end technology though some joint venture intents has
been evinced for companies like the TATAs. On the other hand countries like China and
South Korea have become major manufacturing hubs in aeronautics and ship building
technology by being very liberal in their fdi policy.

R&D Allocation.
Besides the FDI policy, inadequate investment in R&D and lip service to technology funding
by making a token allocation of Rs.100 crore to Defence Technology Fund in the last budget
is adequate commentary on our lack of seriousness in the area of research and development.
The allocation to DRDO remains sticky around 6% of defence expenditure though
successive parliamentary committees have recommended a minimum allocation of 10%. The
private sector giants like the TATA, L&T and Mahindra and Mahindra invest less than 1% of
their turn over in R&D unlike countries like France where corporate invest more than 10% in
R&D. It would be also be interesting to note that the overall allocation to R&D is
significantly lower (0.85%) in India compared to advanced countries which spend in the
range of 2.2% to 3.5%.

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[Type here]
 Conclusions
India has the competitive advantage over other countries due to low-cost
production of components. With low labour cost, presence of resources and
supporting government regulations, the country provides huge growth
opportunities in the aerospace industry. The sector, backed by the government’s
“Make in India” policies, promotes global players to invest in the manufacturing
process and optimise it.

Further, India is considered a strategic geographical location and significant

international market with high aircraft demand, technical skills and competitive
labour costs by Boeing, Airbus and other leading OEMs. To meet the needs of
Tier 1 suppliers and build an aerospace industry ecosystem in the country,
manufacturers worldwide are partnering with Indian suppliers and small and
medium enterprises. Active participation of global players is expected to further
boost growth of the aerospace industry in India.

Thus we know after going through this report is that even after facing certain
challenges by the aerospace industry of India, it is doing perfectly fine and with
the use of new technologies emerging in it this industry will reach new heights.

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 References

https://www.cmtc.com › emerging-aerospace-technologies
https://www.ibef.org/blogs/indian-aerospace-industry-on-a-trajectory-for-
higher-growth
http://www.mmindia.co.in/article/93/indian-aerospace-industry-on-a-high-
growth-trajectory
https://www.maiervidorno.com/industry-expertise/aerospace-defence/
#:~:text=The%20Aerospace%20and%20Defence%20Industry,the%20world's
%20largest%20volunteer%20army.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace
https://www.ibef.org › industry › indian-aviation

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