UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

PAINT PRODUCTION (D-PIC TOP EMULSION PAINT)

BY

IWUANYANWU CHIDOZIE AUGUSTINE

G2020/MSC/CHM/FT/003

SERIAL NUMBER: 082

DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

COURSE: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

COURSE CODE: SGS 801.2

COURSE COORDINATOR: DR I. OKONKO

DECEMBER, 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………….......3

CHAPTER TWO

2.1. Classification of paints……………………….…………………………….5

2.2. Components of paints……………………………………………………...6

2.3. Importance of paints………………. ……………………………………...7

2.4. Scale of Production………………………………………………………...7

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Methods of Production………………………………………………...…….8

3.1.1. Material……………………………………………………………...8

3.1.2. Procedures…………………………………………………...……...8

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1. Scale of Production……………………………………………...……………12

4.1.1. Market price of chemicals……………………………...…………...12

4.1.2. Production cost for twenty liters paint…………………………....13

4.1.3. Production cost for Four liters paint………………......…………13

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………...14

REFERENCES……………………..,…………………………………………15

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Paint can be defined as a liquid solution of pigment and solvent, which is applied

on different surfaces for decorative and protective reasons. It can also be defined as

a dispersion of pigment in suitable drying oil in the presence of a solvent. Paints

are normally produced into different colours. It can be stored, sold and applied as a

liquid after production. Most paints are either oil-based or water-based and each

have distinct characteristics. (Ochia, 2021)

The origin of paints dates back to prehistoric times when the inhabitants of the

earth recorded some of their activities in colours on the walls of their caves. These

crude paints consisted probably of coloured earths or clays suspended in water.

The Egyptians, starting very early, developed the art of painting and by 1500 B.C.

had a wide number and variety of colours. Around 1000 D.C. they discovered the

forerunner of our present-day varnishes, using naturally occurring resins or

beeswax for their film forming ingredient. Pliny outlined the manufacture of white

lead from lead and vinegar, and it is probable that this ancient procedure resembles

the old Dutch process. It is in more recent years, however, that the surface-coating

industry has made its greatest strides owing to the results of scientific research and

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application of modern engineering. (Shreve, 1956). The first painted objects come

from China. Furniture and utensils were covered with a layer of paint in an artistic

design. The oldest tradition work dates from around 200 B.C. The lacquer used

was the milky juice from the bark of the lacquer tree. This was coloured black or

red with minerals, and later also with gold dust or gold leaf. In the past, the

development of coatings was mainly based on technical, quality, and economic

considerations. These factors are just as important today from a business point of

view and will continue to be so in the future. However, other considerations are

now very much in the foreground, i.e., environmental protection, toxicology,

environmentally friendly disposal of paint residues and coated articles at the end of

their life cycle, the recycling of coated articles, and the conservation of raw

materials and energy. Thus, numerous low-emission paints have been developed,

including high-solids paints, waterborne paints, aqueous dispersions for industrial

use, powder coatings, and radiation-curing coatings. At the forefront in adopting

these environmentally friendly products is heavy industry, in particular the

automobile and household appliance industries. Medium-sized and smaller

businesses will profit from this experience, adapting it for their own needs. (Stoye

et al, 2008)

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT

Paints can be classified into two bases on the solvent used and these are

a) Oil-base paint: these are paints made with natural oil such as linseed oil,

paraffin oil, toluene, xylene etc. Example of oil-based paint is gross paint.

Oil paints are relatively environmentally friendly as long as harzardous

solvents and toxic pigments (e.g., red lead or zinc chromate) are not used.

The oils used in such paints have a low viscosity. They are therefore

particularly suitable for priming coats on manually derusted steel surfaces

since they wet and penetrate the residual layers of rust well, resulting in

thorough coverage. Oil paints are easily applied by conventional methods

(e.g., brushing, roller coating, spraying, and dipping), (Frietag et am, 2008).

b) Water base paint: these are paints made with water as the main solvent.

Examples are emulsion paint, satin, matte, silk etc. These paints are also

easy to clean and will help keep walls cleaner. With little to no smell, it

creates a more pleasant painting experience and makes the environment

children friendly. Water-based paints are used in swimming pools to barns,

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 roofing to railings, and floors to cladding. Eventually, water-based paints are

suitable for nearly any application requirement. (Learner. T 2008)

2.2. COMPONENT OF PAINTS

a). Base: the base serves as the solid substance that forms the body of the

paint. An example is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). It makes the paint opaque,

harder, elastic and PR even formation of shrinkage cracks.

b). Pigments: it serves as the colour usually in powder or paste form, e.g.

TiO2 red oxide (Fe2O3), yellow oxide (FeH3O3), etc.

c). Binder: this is also known as resin or vehicle. It keeps the pigment and

other component of the paint in suspension or solution. It makes the final

coat in tough or durable.

d). Solvent: this is known as thinner or carrier. It is responsible for carrying

the binder and pigment to the substrate surface. It evaporates as the paint

dries. Examples are water, petroleum like oil.

e). Drier: it helps to accelerates the process of drying the paints. Examples

are cobalt, magnesium, vanadium, etc.

f). Additives: used to modify the properties of the liquid paint. Examples are

thicker, surfactants (disperse pigment within the paint and makes application

easy).

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2.3. IMPORTANCE OF PAINT

The importance of paint in every part of the earth-that is the world at large are as

follows;

I) Paints enhance the appearance of buildings.

II) Increases the lifespan and durability of the surface on which it is applied.

III) Prevents corrosion.

2.4. SCALE OF PRODUCTION

Small Scale

Paint can be produced on a small-scale basis; in this way you don’t need a factory.

You do not even need electricity. All you need is your materials, containers and

stirrer that can be use to prepare the paint. The mixing can be done by hand or you

can get a portable electric stirrer or mixer. The cost of production for small scale is

actually low. The most important thing is to ensure good quality product.

Medium Scale

For medium scale production, a small sizeable factory is needed because the

quantity of paint to be produced is actually bigger than that of small scale.

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Equipment such as, a mixing tank, sand mill and paint filter machine to produce

large volumes of paint in the least amount of time and a truck for delivery is also

needed. Assistance on production is needed, therefore in medium scale some

amount of employee is needed to assist in the factory in mixing, packaging and

trucking out produced paint. Large capital is needed to finance production in

medium scale.

Large Scale

Automated equipment is needed for large scale production. Material used are

purchased in batches and in larger quantity. Large scale production requires large

number of employees and large capital in order to be able to pay the employee and

also carry out other services needed for the paint production.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 MATERIALS AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION

3.1.1 Chemicals for the production of twenty (20) litres of D-PIC Top

emulsion paint.

i. Water - 10L

ii. Calgon - 10g

iii. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) - 200g

iv. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - 12kg

v. Polyvinylacetate (PVA) acrylic resin - 1kg

vi. Deformer - 10g

vii. Thickener (Barmacol) - 100g

viii. Anticide - 50g

ix. Ammonia – 10mL

3.1.2. Other Materials for production:

i. Two Mixing containers (20L)

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 ii. Stirring stick

iii. Nose mask

iv. Hand glove

v. Packaging containers (one 20L and two 4L)

vi. Labels.

3.1.1.1. Procedures for Production of twenty (20) L

 In a mixing container add five (5) litres of water,

 Add 200g of Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) also called Titan which has been

dissolved in two (2) Litres of water and stir very well.

 Add 12kg of CaCO3 in bit and stir continuously

 While stirring add 1kg of PVA (acrylic)

 While stirring add the 10g of Defoamer and a 50 of anticide.

 Dissolve the thickener separately in one (1) litres of water and stir.

 Then add it into the mixture as stirring continues.

 Add ammonia and finally add the remaining two (2) litres of water and stir.

 The paint can now be packaged and ready for sale.

3.1.2. Materials for the production of four (4) litres of D-PIC Top emulsion

paint.
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vii. Water – 2L

viii. Calgon – 2g

ix. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) – 40g

x. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) – 2.5kg

xi. Polyvinylacetate acrylic resin – 1/4kg

xii. Deformer – (A drop)

xiii. Thickener (Barmacol) – 20g

xiv. Acticide – (A drop)

xv. Ammonia – 2ml

3.1.3. Procedures for the production of four (4) Liters of D-PIC Top emulsion

paint.

 In a mixing container add one (1) litres of water,

 Add 40g of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) also called Titan, dissolved it in the one

Litres of water and stir very well.

 Add 2.5kg of CaCO3 in bit and stir continuously

 While stirring add 1/4kg of PVA (acrylic)

 While stirring add a drop of Defoamer and a drop of anticide.

 Dissolve the thickener separately in the remaining half (1/2) litres of water

and stir.

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  Then add it into the mixture as stirring continues.

 Add ammonia and finally add the remaining half (1/2) litres of water and

stir.

 The paint can now be packaged and ready for sale.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. Scale of production

Small Scale

The paint produced was on a small-scale production. To make paint on a small

scale, you don’t need a factory, you don’t even need electricity, all you need to do

is buy the ingredients and mix them. The mixing can be done by hand. It is that

easy!

Total costs for the production of 28L of paint is stated below:

Materials Quantity Price

Water 15litres #10

Hand gloves 1 #250

Nose Mask 1 #100

Buckets (1big (20L) and 3 #200

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2 small 4L)

Branding (1 for big 3 #500

bucket and 2 for small

bucket)

Stirring stick 1 #50

Polyvinylacetate (PVA) 2.5Kg #1300

Acrylic resins

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 0.7Kg #600

Calgon 0.2kg #160

Calcium carbonate 18Kg #700

(CaCO3)

Deformer 0.37Kg #100

Thickener (Barmacol) 0.15Kg #600

Anticide or Formalin 15ml #100

Ammonia 15ml #100

Pigment #100

Miscellaneous #1,000

Total Cost Price: #5,870

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 Selling Price for 20L: #5,000

Selling Price for each 4L: #1,200

Profit: #1,530

Just make sure that your product is good quality!

CONCLUSION

Paints is important for decorations and protection of different surfaces and object;

everyone can learn how to make quality water base paint using the procedure

above. Paint production is just an idea that was conceived and generated into

reality. It is no longer produced by paint companies alone but now a days with the

knowledge of it at finger tip, everyone who has decided to produce it will do so

because it is a skill that can be transferred from person to another. Entrepreneurs

have engaged in the production of different corrosion inhibition paints for different

environments such as marine and terrestrial. The major focus of paint production

now is the ability of any paint to prevent and inhibit corrosion for longer period of

time so that the quality of materials mostly metals cannot depreciate.

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 REFERENCE

Azah, M.H. (2009). Paint industry.

Learner. T. (2004): Analysis of modern paint. Getty trust publication. Santa

Monica, USA.

Ochia, M.C (2021): Investigating Entrepreneurial Opportunities in a typical

Nigerian Petrochemical Plant.

Shreve, R.N. (1956): The chemical process industries, second edition, McGraw-
Hill book company, Tokyo.

Stoye, D. & Freitag, W... (2007). Paints, Coatings and Solvents: Second,
Completely Revised Edition. John Wiley &Son. Doi10.1002/9783527611867.

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