Department of Education

National Capital Region

10
` SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 3 Module 4
DNA and Protein Synthesis

Vandon T. Borela

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 What I Need to Know

The purpose of this module is to help you understand the information stored in
DNA as being used to make a protein. The modules are divided into two lessons,
namely:
● Lesson 1 – Structure of DNA and RNA
● Lesson 2 – Transcription and Translation of Protein synthesis

After going through this module, you are expected to explain how protein is
made using information from DNA. S10LT-IIId-37

Specifically, you are expected to;

● explain the complementary structure of DNA and RNA;
● compare the structure of DNA and RNA;
● explain the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis; and
● explain the events of transcription and translation of protein synthesis.

What I Know
Read each item carefully then encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which best describes a DNA molecule?
A. Ribose B. Double helix C. Contains Uracil D. Made of amino acids

2. Which units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?

A. Amino acids B. Fatty acids C. Nucleotides D. Polysaccharides

3. Which is the sugar found in RNA?

A. Amylose B. Deoxyribose C. Maltose D. Ribose

4. Which statement correctly differentiates RNA from DNA?

A. RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double-stranded
B. RNA is double-stranded and DNA is single-stranded
C. RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose
D. DNA uses Uracil and RNA uses Thymine

5. How many types of nitrogenous bases are present in nucleic acid?

A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

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6. Which statement is TRUE regarding DNA and RNA?
A. DNA's sugar is ribose; RNA's sugar is deoxyribose
B. DNA is single-stranded; RNA is double-stranded
C. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil
D. DNA is in the cytoplasm; RNA is in the nucleus

7. Which mode of information transfer usually does NOT occur?

A. DNA to DNA C. DNA to RNA
B. DNA to protein D. All occur in a working cell

8. Which is NOT a necessary component of translation?

A. Anticodon B. mRNA C. Ligase D. Amino acid

9. Which site of the tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA molecule?

A. Anticodon B. Codon C. Amino acid D. 5 prime end

10. RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called ______, which utilizes
the enzyme _______
A. translation, RNA polymerase C. transcription, RNA polymerase
B. transcription, DNA polymerase D. replication, DNA polymerase

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Lesson 1 Structure of DNA and RNA

What’s In

Let us find out how much you

remembered from your previous lesson about
the structure of DNA. Color the nucleotide on
the right using the following colors. Figure 1: Structure of Nucleotide

Brown – Phosphate group Pink – Pentose sugar

Green – Nitrogenous base

What’s New

Activity: Structure of DNA and RNA

You Will Need:

Figure 2: DNA structure coloring materials pair of scissors
Figure 3: RNA structure science notebook paste/glue
Procedure:
Part A: DNA structure
1. Secure a copy of the DNA template in Figure 2.
2. Cut the structure of each nucleotide Stand A Strand B
3. Color the DNA structure using the following Adenine - Thymine
colors: Guanine - Cytosine
Phosphate – Brown Pentose sugar – Cytosine - Guanine
Pink Thymine - Adenine
Thymine - Adenine
Adenine – Red Guanine – Yellow
Cytosine - Guanine
Cytosine – Blue Thymine – Green Guanine - Cytosine
4. After cutting and coloring the DNA structure Adenine - Thymine
template, connect each structure following the
sequence on the box (Strand A)
5. Once you are done with Step 3, do the pairing of nitrogenous bases to follow
the sequence on the box (Strand B).
Guide Questions:
1. What do you call the single unit of DNA?_______________________________
2. What are the three parts that make the monomer of DNA?
___________________________________________________________________________

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 3. Based on the pairing above, what are the complementary bases?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is your basis in pairing the nitrogen bases of DNA? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
5. How many strands are present in DNA? _________________________________

Part B: RNA structure

1. Secure a copy of the RNA template in Figure 3. Strand A
2. Cut out Figure 3: RNA structure. Adenine
3. Color the DNA structure using the following colors: Guanine
Phosphate – Brown Pentose Sugar – Pink Cytosine
Adenine – Red Guanine – Yellow Uracil
Uracil
Cytosine – Blue Uracil – Orange
Cytosine
4. After cutting and coloring the DNA structure template, Guanine
connect each structure following the sequence on the box. Adenine
Guide Questions:
1. What do you call the single unit of RNA? __________________________________
2. What are the three parts that make up the monomer of RNA?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Based on the pairing above, what are the complementary bases?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. How many strands are present in RNA?
___________________________________________________________________________

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 Figure 2 DNA Structure Figure 3: RNA structure.

What Is It
Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomeric units called nucleotides.
It has two functions it holds the genetic
information and it serves as the template for
the synthesis of proteins. There are two
important types of nucleic acids,
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic
acid (RNA). As the building blocks of the
nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of the
phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous
base (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Structure of
Nucleotide
The sugar is a 5- carbon
Pentose, Ribose is the pentose
in RNA and deoxyribose is the
pentose in DNA. The two
pentoses differ in chemical
structure. in ribose, oxygen is
attached to carbon 2 while in

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deoxyribose there is no atom attached to carbon 2 (Figure 5: Structure of
deoxyribose and ribose). Figure 5: Structure of
deoxyribose and ribose.

The phosphate group consists of a phosphorus atom at the center and four
oxygen atoms. It is also present in Adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the
cell (Figure 6).
A nitrogen base is a nitrogen-containing
molecule that acts as a base. Two types of
nitrogen bases are found in both DNA and RNA:
purines and pyrimidines. Purines are double-
Figure 6: structure of Phosphate
ring structures while pyrimidines are single-ring
structures. Due to the double ring structure,
purines are bigger than pyrimidines (Figure 7).
Also, purines can be adenine or guanine, while
pyrimidines can be thymine, cytosine, or uracil.
Figure 7: A. Pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, uracil)
Among their nitrogen bases, thymine is only B. Purines (adenine, guanine)
found in DNA whereas uracil is found only in
RNA.
The 3 structures of the nucleotide are held by a covalent bond. The pentose
and nitrogen bases are held by the glycosidic covalent bond and the phosphate
group is attached to pentose by an Esther covalent bond. The nucleotides bind
together to form a long polynucleotide with a sugar-
phosphate backbone (Figure 8)

A DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell,

mitochondria, and the chloroplast of a plant cell.
A DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides. In
DNA the four complementary bases are Adenine pairs
with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine. The DNA
is a double helix structure; it is like a twisted ladder.
The sides of the DNA “ladder” are made up of
phosphate and ribose sugar. The rungs of the DNA
‘ladder” are made of complementary bases held by a
hydrogen bond. DNA is called the “blueprint of life”
because it contains all the genetic information about
the organisms. It dictates the appearance of the
organisms and provides the information in Figure 8: structure of polynucleotides

making protein.
RNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the
cytoplasm of the cell. It is involved in the synthesis of the protein needed by the
body. In RNA, the bases are Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) and Guanine (G) pairs

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with Cytosine (C). It has three types based on functions (: messenger RNA (mRNA)
directs protein synthesis, originated from the nucleus of the cell; ribosome RNA
(rRNA) site of protein synthesis; transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as the adaptor
molecules during protein synthesis.

DNA replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during
cell division. The first step in DNA replication is to “unzip” the double helix
structure of the DNA molecule. During the unzipping, the helicase breaks the
hydrogen bond between the complementary bases of the DNA (A with T, C with G).
The separation of the DNA strand creates a “Y” shaped replication “fork”. The
strand oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction (towards replication fork), is a leading
strand, while the strand oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction (away from the replication
fork), is lagging. These strands act as templates for making the new strands of
DNA. In the leading strand, a short piece of RNA called a primer (produced by an
enzyme called primase) comes along and binds to the end of the leading strand.
The primer acts as the starting point for DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase binds to
the leading strand and then ‘walks’ along with it, adding new complementary
nucleotide bases (A, C, G, and T) to the strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction. This
sort of replication is called continuous. In the lagging strand, numerous RNA
primers are made by the primase enzyme and bind at various points along the
lagging strand. Chunks of DNA, called Okazaki fragments, are then added to the
lagging strand also in the 5’ to 3’ direction. This type of replication is called
discontinuous as the Okazaki fragments will need to be joined up later. The
enzyme exonuclease strips away the primers and the gaps are filled by
complementary nucleotides. The new strand is proofread to make sure there are no
mistakes in the new DNA sequence. Finally, DNA ligase seals up the sequence of
DNA into two continuous double strands. The result of DNA replication is two
identical DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides.
Therefore, DNA replication is described as semi-conservative, where half of the
chain is part of the original DNA molecule and half is new. Following replication,
the new DNA automatically winds up into a double helix.

What’s More
Complete Table 1: Comparing DNA and RNA by supplying the information.
Points of Comparison DNA RNA
1. Function
2. Structure
3. Size
4. Sugar structure

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5. Location
6. Nitrogen bases
7. Types

What I Have Learned

Complete the Venn Diagram to compare DNA and RNA using ALL the words below.

Copy the instructions and Make proteins Phosphate group Ribosomes

Located in Nucleus of Eukaryotes Ribonucleic acid Cytoplasm
Instructions for making proteins 5-Carbon sugar Cytosine
Nucleotide is the monomer Double helix Guanine
Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic Acid Thymine
Genetic information Ribose sugar Adenine
Deoxyribose sugar Single strand 3 Types
Double Stranded Pyrimidines Uracil

DNA SIMILARITIES RNA

What I Can Do
Activity: DNA Makes DNA

You Will Need: crayons scissors paste/tape

1/4 size illustration board or long size folder
Template DNA on Page 12
Procedure:

1. Use the patterns of the components of the DNA. Color code phosphate = blue,
deoxyribose sugar = green and nitrogenous bases as follows: adenine = yellow,
thymine = pink, guanine = violet and cytosine = red.
2. Cut out the shapes of each nucleotide.
3. Build a model of a strand of a DNA molecule.

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 The strand should contain 12 bases “rungs” following the given order of the
nucleotides on the box.
4. Tape the cutout pattern to form the nucleotides. Adenine
5. Let this arrangement represent the left half of your DNA Thymine
molecule. Guanine
6. Make a complementary strand for the first strand that you Thymine
made in step 3. Thymine
7. Tape the cut-out pattern forming nucleotides for the second Thymine
Guanine
strand of the DNA molecule. Thymine
8. Match the bases of the first strand and the second strand. Thymine
Do not tape across bases. Guanine
9. Once you have made your DNA model, separate the two Cytosine
strands of the DNA model down the middle so that there Thymine
are now two single strands of DNA.
10. Create new double-stranded DNA by matching complementary nucleotides to
the bases on every single strand.
11.Unzip the lower portion of the double-stranded DNA.
12. Cut out and then tape the pattern forming the nucleotide.
13. Match every single nucleotide to its complementary strand.
13. When you are finished, mount the original DNA model and the replicated DNA
with its complementary strand in the illustration board or folder.

Guide Questions:

1. Compare the two new strands of DNA. Are they the same or different? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do the nucleotides in a DNA pair?
________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do you compare a DNA molecule to a zipper?
_________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Complete the statement by supplying the words. Write your answers in the
space provided.
In DNA, adenine always pairs with ______ while cytosine always pairs with
_____. A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a 5-carbon___________, a nitrogen
base, and a phosphate group. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of the
information in a gene whereas ________ carries an amino acid to the ribosome to
make proteins._______ and proteins are major components of ribosomes.

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 TEMPLATE DNA

Additional Activities

Performance Task.

Search for different applications of DNA testing to humans, animals, and

plants. Create an infographic showing the importance, procedure, and
advancement of society.

Rubrics for scoring

Content (10 pts) Accurate and detailed information is provided.

Organization (10 pts) Information are systematically organized, and it is easy for
the reader to understand
Visual Appeal (5 pts) Letter, colors, images, layouts, and other visual elements
help in the expressing overall idea of the infographics

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Lesson
Transcription and Translation
2

What’s In

Complete the diagram of protein synthesis in Figure 9 by placing the letter

of the correct description of each event. Choose your answer from the box below.

A. Helicase unwinds the parental double helix.

B. Single strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA.
C. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction by the
DNA polymerase.
D. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a
short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki
fragment.
E. After the RNA primer is replaced by the DNA (by another DNA polymerase)
DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand.

Figure 9: Protein synthesis

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/types-of-rna.html

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 What’s New
Activity: From DNA to Protein
You Will Need:
Table 2: Protein synthesis
Procedure:
1. Fill in Table 2: Protein synthesis by providing the necessary information.
2. Complete the 3’ – 5’ strand in Column B by supplying the complementary base
pair of the 5’ – 3’ strand. Remember that DNA replication happens inside the
nucleus of the cell, the complementary base pairing is as follows: A pairs with T,
G pairs with C.
3. The next step is transcription, which occurs in the nucleus of the cell, where
DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA). Using the 3’ – 5’
strand you will complete Column C. Remember that in this part you are dealing
with RNA where A pairs with U, G pairs with C.
4. The next step is the translation which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the
information contained in the messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to make a
polypeptide. Complete Column D by supplying the complementary base pair of
mRNA in Column C.
5. Supply the complementary base of the new DNA strand in Column E based on
Column D. Take note, at this part RNA changes to DNA, be careful with the base
pairing of nitrogenous bases.
6. Answer the guide questions that follow below. Remember to place all your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Table 2: Protein synthesis
DNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
REPLICATION
DNA template (C) (D) (E) (F)
(A) (B) mRNA tRNA New Name of
5’ – 3’ 3’ – 5’ strand (anticodon) DNA strand Amino acid
A START
T
G
G Proline
G
A
C Glutamic acid
T
C
C Glutamic acid
T
C
T stop
A
A

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Guide Questions:

1. What is DNA replication? ________________________________________________

2. Compare and contrast transcription and translation?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. How is the tRNA base sequence similar to the original strand?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the final product of translation?
___________________________________________________________________

What Is It

Proteins are molecules that the body needs for growth and repair. It can be
provided by the food we eat or produced by the cells. How the cells make proteins
is made possible by the information from the genes. The instructions to make
proteins are contained in our DNA that contains genes. Gene is a continuous
string of nucleotides containing a region that codes for an RNA molecule. This
region begins with a promoter and ends in a terminator. Genes also contain
regulatory sequences that can be found near the promoter or at a more distant
location. For some genes, the encoded RNA is used to synthesize a protein, in a
process called gene expression. For these genes, the expression can be divided
into two processes: transcription and translation. In eukaryotic cells (plants and
animals) transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is used as a template to
make messenger RNA (mRNA). Then in translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm
of the cell, the information contained in the messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to
make a polypeptide.
During transcription, the DNA in the gene is used as a template to make a
messenger RNA (mRNA) strand with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase. This
process occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. During
the initiation, the promoter region of the gene functions as a recognition site for
RNA polymerase to bind. This is where most of the gene expression is controlled,
by either permitting or blocking access to this site by the RNA polymerase. Binding
causes the DNA helix to unwind and open. Then during elongation, the RNA
polymerase slides along the template DNA strands. As the complementary bases
pair up, the RNA polymerase links nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA
molecule. Once the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator portion of the gene, the
messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript is complete and the RNA polymerase, the DNA
strand, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript dissociate from each other. The
strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made during the transcription includes
regions called exons that code for a protein and non-coding sections called introns.
For the messenger RNA (mRNA) to be used in translation, the non-coding introns
need to be removed and modifications such as a 5’ (five prime) cap and a 3’

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(three prime) poly-A tail are added. This process is called intron splicing and is
performed by a complex made up of proteins called spliceosomes. This complex
removes the intron segments and joins the adjacent exons to produce a mature
messenger RNA (mRNA) strand that can leave the nucleus through a nuclear pore
and enter the cytoplasm to begin translation. The question now is, how the
information in the matured messenger RNA (mRNA) strand translated into a
protein?
The nitrogen bases are grouped into three-letter codes called codons. The
genetic code includes 64 codons. Most codons code for a specific amino acid.
There are four special codons: one that codes for “start” and three codes for
“stop”. Translation begins with the messenger RNA (mRNA) strand binding to the
small ribosomal (rRNA) subunit upstream of the start codon. Each amino acid is
brought to the ribosome by a specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. The type of
amino acid is determined by the anticodon of the sequence of the transfer RNA
(tRNA). Complementary base pairing occurs between the codon of the messenger
RNA (mRNA) and the anticodon of the transfer RNA (tRNA). After the initiator
transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule binds to the start codon, the large ribosomal (rRNA)
subunit binds to form the translation complex and initiation is complete. In the
large ribosomal subunit, there are three distinct regions, called the exit (E),
peptidyl (P), and aminoacyl (A) sites. During elongation, individual amino acids are
brought to the messenger RNA (mRNA) strand by a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule
through a complementary base pairing of the codons and anticodons. Each
anticodon of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule corresponds to an amino acid. A
charged transfer RNA molecule binds to the A site and a peptide bond forms
between its amino acid and the one attached to the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule
at the P site. The complex slides down one codon to the right where the now
uncharged transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule exits from the E site and the A site is
open to accept the next transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. Elongation will continue
until a stop codon is reached. A release factor binds to the A site at a stop codon
and the polypeptide is released from the transfer RNA (tRNA) in the P site. The
entire complex dissociates and can reassemble to begin the process again at the
initiation.
The purpose of translation is to produce polypeptides quickly and
accurately. After dissociation, the polypeptide may need to be modified before it is
ready to function. Modifications take place in different organelles for different
proteins. For a digestive enzyme to be secreted into the stomach or intestines, the
polypeptide is translated into the endoplasmic reticulum, modified as it passes
through the Golgi boy, then secreted using a vesicle through the plasma membrane
of the cell into the lumen of the digestive tract. Proteins are needed for most
physiological functions of the body to occur properly, such as breaking down food
particles in indigestion, and the process of transcription and translation make the
production of proteins possible.

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 What’s More

Activity: Genetic code table

You Will Need:
• Genetic code table • activity sheets
Procedure:
1. Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper and fill in the table.
2. In completing the table, provide the complementary base pair of the given
nitrogenous bases in each column.
3. Refer to the Genetic Code Table to identify the amino acid.

Order of Bases Order of Bases in Order of bases Amino Acid coded

in DNA mRNA (codon) in tRNA into Protein
TAG AUC
CAT
GUC
CCA
Methionine
Valine
ACU
ACA UGU
AAA
GAA CUU

3. To identify the amino acid, look at the bases in the mRNA codon, e.g., AUG
using the Genetic Code Table. Look for the first letter of the mRNA codon on
the left side of the genetic code table (A), the second letter of the mRNA on the
second letter column (U), and the third letter on the right-side column (G). AUG
codes for the amino acid -start/methionine.
4. Do the same with the other codons in the chart.

Guide Question:
1. Why is specific base pairing essential to the processes of transcription and
translation? _______________________________________________________________
2. How many codon/s codes for one amino acid?
______________________________________________________________________________

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 Figure 10: Genetic Code Table
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/types-of-rna.html

What I Have Learned

Complete the sentence by supplying the words related to Protein
synthesis. Choose your answer in the box.
protein synthesis transcription translation
nucleus messenger RNA DNA RNA

The _1_____________is a process of producing protein needed by the body. It

consists of two processes 2___________ and 3__________. In eukaryotic cells,
4_________ takes place in the 5______. During 6_________, DNA is used as a
template to make a molecule of 7________. The molecule of mRNA then leaves the
nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where 8_______ occurs. During
9______, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to make a protein. These two
processes are summed up by the central dogma of molecular biology:
10_________________________ → 11_____________________________→ Protein.

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 What I Can Do
Activity: Modelling Protein synthesis

You Will Need: science notebook ballpen colored paper clips

Procedure:

1. Prepare the following colored paper clips.

Blue – Adenine Green – Guanine Yellow - Uracil
Pink – Cytosine Red - Thymine
2. Using the paper clips and key above make the following DNA strand:
TAC TGT CGA ACT
3. On a separate sheet of paper make a chart with columns: DNA, DNA
complement, mRNA, tRNA. Write the letters representing these nucleotides
sequences in your chart.
DNA strand DNA complementary strand mRNA tRNA

4. Use the paper clips to construct the DNA complement, mRNA, and tRNA
strands.
5. Using the genetic code table (Figure 10), translate the mRNA strand to the
corresponding amino acid sequence.

Assessment
Analyze the numbered diagram. Choose the word from the box to provide
the correct label of the steps in the diagram.

A. Amino Acid E. Codon I. DNA

B. mRNA F. Nuclear membrane J. Protein
C. Ribosome G. tRNA K. Transport to cytoplasm
D. Transcription H. Translation

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 Additional Activities
DNA, RNA, & Crime, Oh My!

Who stole Mr. Borela’s Fuschia stapler? Berto, a student, saw a suspect was
seen fleeing with a fuchsia object in his hand. He described the suspect as green
with a plump body and pointy ears. When the investigators came, they saw a wet
lollipop on top of Mr. Borela’s table. Luckily, DNA samples were collected from the
lollipop. As a Science student, help Mr. Borela determine if the suspect indeed
committed the crime.
You Will Need: bond paper, pencil, coloring materials
Objective: Sketch the suspect who stole Mr. Borela’s fuchsia pink stapler.
Role: Investigator
Audience: the teacher and the students
Product: Mugshot of the suspect
Instruction:
1. Using the DNA sample of the suspect below, do the base pairing.
Suspect # 1 DNA SAMPLE

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 ACC GGT TAT | TAA CAG ACA | AGG CGC GGG | GGT TCG CCC | TTC
AAG AAA | GTC GTC TCC | CAG CTG CTG CGC | AAA TCA CCC | GCC
ATA ACA TTT
Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper then provide the complementary
base pairs of the DNA and RNA to complete the table.
Table 1. DNA, RNA, Trait, and Genotype

2. Use the Genetic Code

Table to answer the type
of amino acids produced
by the given DNA
template. Write your
answer in the AA part of
the table.
3. Using the Amino acid
table on the right side,
look for the trait of each
amino acid sequence you
derive from the sample DNA of the suspect.
Write your answer in Table 1.
4. The traits you obtained draw the appearance of
the suspect.

The appearance of the Suspect

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 Posttest

Read each item carefully then encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. How many nucleotides are needed to form one amino acid?
A. 5 nucleotides C. 3 nucleotides
B. 4 nucleotides D. 2 nucleotides

2. What is the process in which the original identity of DNA makes a copy of
itself?
A. DNA replication C. Transcription
B. RNA replication D. Translation

3. What is the lagging strand sequence if the leading strand sequence of DNA is
TTA CCG ATC GAA?
A. UAU CCG AUG CUA C. GCG CCG ATG GUA
B. TCG CCC AUG CUA D. AAT GGC TAG CTT

4. How many amino acids can be identified if the coded mRNA sequence
is GCAUUACAUGGCGGA ?
A. 7 B. 6 C. 5 D. 4

5. What is the nitrogen base pair of Adenine in transcription?

A. cytosine B. guanine C. thymine D. uracil

6. The central dogma of Molecular Biology states that There are four nitrogen
bases in DNA, two purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidines
(cytosine and thymine). Which process is not included in the central dogma?
A. duplication B. transcription C. translation D. translocation

7. RNA is synthesized using a DNA template in a process called ______, which

utilizes the enzyme _______.
A. translation, RNA polymerase C. transcription, RNA polymerase
B. transcription, DNA polymerase D. replication, DNA polymerase

8. Which statement correctlsy differentiates RNA from DNA?

A. RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double-stranded
B. RNA is double-stranded and DNA is single-stranded
C. DNA uses Uracil and RNA uses Thymine.
D. RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose.
9. What is the proper sequence of Protein synthesis?

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 1. mRNA copies DNA according to complimentary base pairing.
2. mRNA leaves the nucleus
3. a stop codon is reached; the newly formed protein is released.
4. amino acids bind to each other, the chain lengthens.
5. DNA strands unwind and separate
6. tRNA binds to the corresponding mRNA

A. 5,3,6,2,4,1 C. 5,6,3,4,2,1
B. 3,6,5,4,2,1 D. 5,1,2,6,4,3

10. Which statement is TRUE regarding DNA and RNA?

A. DNA's sugar is ribose; RNA's sugar is deoxyribose
B. DNA is single-stranded; RNA is double-stranded
C. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil
D. DNA is in the cytoplasm; RNA is in the nucleus

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City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Answer Key
Lesson 1

5. C
4. A
3. A
2. B
1.A

Self-check 1.1
Learned
What’s More What I have Assessment

Lesson 2

What I Have A 10.

Learned C 9.
E 1. Protein synthesis D 8.
D 2. Transcription
D 7.
3. Translation
A 4. Transcription C 6.
C 5. Nucleus D 5.
B 6. Transcription D 4.
7. Messenger RNA A 3.
In 8. Translation
What’s 9. Transcription
C 2.
10. DNA A 1.
11. RNA Assessment

References
Acosta, Herma. et al. Science 10 Learner’s Material. 1st Edition ed., Pasig City,
Department of Education, 2015.

Evangelista, Eden, and Edith Malonzo. Science in Today’s World Series: Biology.
Quezon City, Sibs Publishing House, 2006.

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City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Vandon T. Borela

Content Editors: Alma B. Castaño
Jessica S. Mateo

Language Editors: Lei B. Penaflor

Merian A. Dizon
Cover Illustrators: Luis Anthony A. Domingo
Lian Joseph A. Domingo
Illustrator: Michele Dioquino

Layout Artists: Guiller P. Belen

Jemwel Dela Paz

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

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City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE