Index

‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.’

A coal gasification, 45e48, 46f

natural gas reforming, 42e45, 42fe43f
Absorber, 309
Cooling and heating, suitability for, 162e163
Absorption cooling system, 308e309
Cost competitive, 196
Abundant and extensively available, 236
Counter current or updraught gasifier, 272
Agricultural residues, 258
Cross-draught gasifier, 273
Algae, 259
Cross-flow, 209
Alkaline electrolyzer, 86e88, 86f
Cupric chloride, 120
Alkaline (ALK) fuel cells, 30e31, 31f
Aluminum-based hydrogen production, 62e63,
63f D
Ammonia cracking for hydrogen production, Devoted energy crops, 256e257
65e66, 66f Domestic production, 253
Ammonia fuel cells, 31e33, 32f Double-flash geothermal-assisted hydrogen
Anemometer, 136 production plant, 178e179, 179f
Animal waste, 258 Dryer C17, 308
Dynamic tidal power, 233e234
B
Biological hydrogen production, 71e73, 72f E
Biomass-based energy, 250 Efficient energy utilization, 296e297
Biomass-based hydrogen production methods, Electricity applied for hydrogen production,
263 221e225
Biomass gasification-assisted hydrogen Electricity applied to the grid, 220e221
production system, 326f Electrolysis, 79e88
Biomass gasification system, 58e59, 59f, 278, alkaline electrolyzer, 86e88, 86f
325f, 326, 328, 329t proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, 79e82,
Biomass power to hydrogen, 271 81f
Blades, 136 reactor C14, 308
Boiler, 241 solid oxide electrolyzer, 83e86, 83f
Brake, 136 Energy analysis, 140e141
Energy independence, 298e299
C Energy system integration, 289
Carbon dioxide emission, 197 Engineering Equation solver (EES), 303
Carbon neutral, 251e252 Entrained-flow gasifier, 274
Chlor-alkali electrochemical process, 68e70, 69f, Environmental damage, 197
70te71t Environmental issues, 163
Clean energy source, 196 Environment friendly, 162, 236
Closed-cycle systems, 226 Evaporator, 309
Closed-loop systems, 172e173 Exergy analysis, 141e144
Coal gasification, 45e48, 46f Experimental Solar PV-Based Water Electrolysis
Cocurrent or downdraught gasifiers, 272 System, 106t
Commercial natural gas, 5e6
Condenser, 184, 242, 309, 319 F
Controller, 136 Fast pyrolysis, 266
Conventional and renewable energy sources, Flash chamber, 183, 319
298f Flash pyrolysis, 266
Conventional hydrogen production methods, Fluidized bed gasifier, 273
13 Foreign oil, less dependence on, 236

359
360 Index
Forestry residues, 257e258
Fossil fuels, 2
Francis turbine, 210
Fuel-cell applications, 24, 25f
Fuel celltypes, 26t
Fuels utilization, 7e9
G C3, 318
Gasification reactor C2, 279
Gearbox, 136
Generator, 136, 184, 308, 319
Geothermal-assisted hydrogen production
plants with reinjection, 176e181
with reinjection, 182f
Geothermal energy, 54, 55f
source, 164
utilization for hydrogen production,
166f
Geothermal energy-based hydrogen production,
159
advantages and disadvantages, 161e164
case study, 181e187
geothermal-assisted hydrogen production plants
with reinjection, 176e181
geothermal heat pumps, 170e175, 171f
closed-loop systems, 172e173
open-loop systems, 173
geothermal power plants, 165e168
types of geothermal power plants,
168e170
binary cycle power plants, 170
dry steam power plants, 169
flash steam power plants, 169e170
Geothermal energy-based power plants, 161
Geothermal heat pumps, 170e175, 171f
closed-loop systems, 172e173
open-loop systems, 173
Geothermal power plants, 165e168, 167f
construction, 163
types of, 168e170
binary cycle power plants, 170
dry steam power plants, 169
flash steam power plants, 169e170
Global climate support, 299e303
Global CO2 emissions by sector, 2f
Global electricity generation using renewable
energy, 194f
Global energy production by sectors, 1e2, 1f
Global energy transition for hydrogen industry,
12f
Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 163
Grid quality, 299
H
Head loss coefficient, 217
Heater C13, 280
Heater C16, 308, 318
Heat exchanger, 309
C1, 318
C2, 306
C4, 279
C10, 280
High comparative cost, 253
High-pressure turbine C2, 318
High-speed shaft, 136
High upfront capital costs, 197
Horizontal heat pumps, 172
Hybrid systems, 173e175
Hybrid thermochemical cycle, 73
Hydroelectric power plant and pumped storage,
206e208
Hydroelectric turbine and generator, 204e208,
205f
Hydro energy, 54e56, 56f
Hydro energy-based hydrogen production,
210e217, 328
advantages of, 195e196, 250e253
biomass as renewable energy resource
biomass-based hydrogen production methods,
263
biomass feedstocks, 256e262
biomass gasification, 267e271
case study, 274e285
absorption cooling system, 308e309
analysis, 306e310, 317e319, 326e330
performance assessment, 310
results and discussions, 310e313, 320e322,
330e332
solar-assisted rankine cycle, 306e307
solar heliostat field, 306
system description, 303e306, 314e317, 324
thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, 307e308
classification of hydropower plant, 202e204
disadvantages of, 197e202, 253e256
global electricity generation using renewable en-
ergy, 194f
head loss coefficient, 217
hydroelectric turbine and generator, 204e208
integrated energy systems, 290e303
for buildings, 294
efficient energy utilization, 296e297
energy independence, 298e299
global climate support, 299e303
grid quality, 299
 Index 361

for hydrogen, 294e296 thermochemical cycles, 73e79, 74f

sustainable energy supply, 297e298
modeling of single penstock, 214e215
modeling of surge tank, 215e216
pyrolysis, 264e267
types of gasifiers, 271e274
types of hydropower turbines, 208e210
wave travel time, 216e217
working principle, 191e195
Hydrogen characteristics, 14t
Hydrogen chloride gas, 120e122
Hydrogen fuel-cell applications, 23e33
alkaline (ALK) fuel cells, 30e31, 31f
ammonia fuel cells, 31e33, 32f
fuel celltypes, 26t
phosphoric acid (PHA) fuel cells, 28, 29f
proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells,
27e28, 27f
solid oxide (SO) fuel cells, 28e30, 29f
Hydrogen fuel-cell systems, 25
Hydrogen infrastructure, transportation, and
distribution, 21e23, 21fe22f, 27f
Hydrogen production methods
aluminum-based hydrogen production, 62e63,
63f
ammonia cracking for hydrogen production,
65e66, 66f
biological hydrogen production, 71e73, 72f
chlor-alkali electrochemical process, 68e70, 69f,
70te71t
conventional hydrogen production methods
coal gasification, 45e48, 46f
natural gas reforming, 42e45, 42fe43f
electrolysis, 79e88
alkaline electrolyzer, 86e88, 86f
proton exchange membrane electrolyzer,
79e82, 81f
solid oxide electrolyzer, 83e86, 83f
nuclear energy-based hydrogen production,
60e61, 61fe62f
plasma reactor-based hydrogen production,
63e65, 64fe65f
renewable hydrogen production methods, 48e59,
49f
biomass gasification, 58e59, 59f
geothermal energy, 54, 55f
hydro energy, 54e56, 56f
ocean thermal energy conversion, 57e58, 57f
solar energy, 51, 52f
wind energy, 52e53, 53f
ultrasonic-based hydrogen production, 67e68,
67f
Hydrogen properties and sustainable develop-
ment, 12e15
Hydrogen storage, 17e20
Hydrolysis reactor C7, 307e308
Hydropower plant
classification of, 202e204, 203f, 206f
I
Impulse turbine, 208e209
Industrial wastes, 261e262
Inlet turbine pressure, 244fe245f
Integrated energy systems, 290e303
for buildings, 294
efficient energy utilization, 296e297
energy independence, 298e299
global climate support, 299e303
grid quality, 299
for hydrogen, 294e296
sustainable energy supply, 297e298
K
Kaplan, 209e210
Kinetic energy of water, 192e193
L
Less dependence on foreign oil, 236
Less fossil fuels dependency, 252
Locations suitability, 237
Low-carbon energy footprints, 300f
Low comparative cost, 252
Lower heating values (LHV), 5
Low-pressure turbine C4, 318
Low-speed shaft, 137
M
Machines converting waves into electricity, 220
Massive potential, 162
Methane, 197
Molten salt, 321
Municipal solid wastes and sewage, 260
N
Nacelle, 137
Natural gas reforming, 42e45, 42fe43f
Nuclear energy-based hydrogen production,
60e61, 61fe62f
362 Index
O Pump, 242, 309
Ocean energy
conversion, 225e230
devices and designs, 225e226
productions steps, 220e225
resources, 221f
technology, 235f
Ocean energy-based hydrogen production
advantages of, 235e237
case study, 239e246
conversion, 225e230
devices and designs, 225e226
disadvantages of, 237e238
productions steps, 220e225
types of ocean energy, 232e234
Ocean mechanical energy, 226
Ocean thermal energy, 232, 233f
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC),
57e58, 57f, 219, 229e230, 240f
Offshore wave-power harnessing, 237
Offshore wind turbines, 132e133
Onshore wind turbines, 132e133
Open-loop systems, 173
Oscillating water column, 231
Osmotic power, 232
Overtopping device, 231
P technologies, 337
Pelton, 209
Performance assessment, 151e152, 184,
243, 319
Performance indicator, 281, 328e330
Phosphoric acid (PHA) fuel cells, 28, 29f
Photocatalysis, 113e114
Photocatalytic water splitting (PCWS), 101,
113f
Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production,
97e100, 98f
Photoelectrolytic cell state, 99
Photonic hydrogen production, 100e101, 102f
Pitch, 137
Plasma reactor-based hydrogen production,
63e65, 64fe65f
Point absorber buoy, 231
Pond/lake, 173
Production costs, 238
Proton exchange membrane (PEM)
electrolysis process polarization curve, 155f
electrolyzer, 79e82, 81f, 146e149, 242e243
electrolyzer and fuel cell, 150e151
fuel cells, 27e28, 27f
water electrolysis, 154e155
Pump C1, 306
Pump C6, 318
Pure hydrogen, global demand for, 5f
Pyrolysis reactions, types of, 265e266
R
Reaction turbine, 209
Recreational opportunities, 196
Reliability, 163
Remote community development, 195
Renewable energy, 235e236, 251
global electricity generation using, 194f
sources, 3, 13e15, 193, 195, 339e341
Renewable energy-based hydrogen production
routes, 295f
techniques, 4
Renewable energy-based sustainable hydrogen
production methods, 16f
Renewable hydrogen production
methods, 48e59, 49f, 338f
biomass gasification, 58e59, 59f
geothermal energy, 54, 55f
hydro energy, 54e56, 56f
ocean thermal energy conversion, 57e58, 57f
solar energy, 51, 52f
wind energy, 52e53, 53f
Renewable nature, 162
Rotor, 137
S
Salinity gradient energy, 225
Sensitivity analyses, 152e155
Separator, 319
Separator C5, 279
Separator C15, 280, 308
Single-flash geothermal-assisted hydrogen
production plant, 177, 178f
Single penstock, modeling of, 214e215
Slow pyrolysis, 265e266
Solar-assisted rankine cycle, 306e307
Solar-assisted thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, 305f
Solar concentrating collector-based hydrogen
production system, 111f
Solar-driven steam methane, 4
Solar energy, 51, 52f
Solar energy-based hydrogen production, 91, 93f,
94t
photocatalysis, 113e114
photoelectrochemical hydrogen production,
97e100, 98f
 Index 363

photonic hydrogen production, 100e101, 102f Triple-flash geothermal-assisted hydrogen

solar heliostat, 115e122 production plant, 179e181, 180f
solar photovoltaic energy, 102e110, 103f Triton system, 223
solar thermal collector, 111e112 Turbine, 184, 242, 319
solar thermal energy, 110 Turbine C3, 279
thermolysis, 114
Solar energy-based thermochemical cycle, U
118e120 Ultrasonic-based hydrogen production, 67e68,
Solar heliostat, 115e122 67f
based hydrogen production system, 116f
field, 117e122, 306
Solar photovoltaic energy, 102e110, 103f
V
Vapor-dominated systems, 177
Solar photovoltaic panels, 294e296
Versatile, 252
Solar photovoltaic systems, 325f, 326
Vertical-axis wind turbines, 130e131
Solar PV energy-based hydrogen production
Vertical heat pumps, 173
system, 105f
Visual and noise pollution, 238
Solar thermal collector, 111e112

W
Solar thermal energy, 110, 317e318, 320e321
Solar thermal energy-driven conventional
Waste reduction, 252
thermolysis process, 114f
Water electrolysis process-based hydrogen
Solar thermal hydrogenproduction systems, 104t
production system, 339
Solar-to-hydrogen technique, 98e99
Water-gas shift reaction C14, 280
Solid biomass feedstock, 249
Wave carpet, 231
Solid oxide electrolyzer, 83e86, 83f
Wave energy, 219, 225
Solid oxide fuel cells, 28e30, 29f
Wavelength, 238
Sorted municipal waste, 259
Wave power generation, 226e230
Standard electrode potentials, 79, 80t
Waves approach land, 220
Standard photovoltaic cells, 99
Waves encounter machines, 220
Steam turbine C3, 307
Wave surge converter, oscillating, 231e232
3-Step thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, 76, 76f
Wave travel time, 216e217
4-Step thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, 76, 77f
Weak rough weather performance, 238
5-Step thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, 76, 78f
Wet waste, 260e262
2-Step water-splitting thermochemical cycle., 75,
Wind blows create waves, 220
75f
Wind energy, 52e53, 53f
Surface attenuator, 231
Wind energy-based hydrogen production, 123,
Surface instability (earthquakes), 163
137e155
Surge tank, modeling of, 215e216
onshore and offshore wind turbines,
Sustainable development, 162, 196
132e133
Sustainable energy supply, 297e298
types of wind turbines, 127e131

T horizontal-axis wind turbines, 127e128

vertical-axis wind turbines, 129e131
Thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, 307e308
wind turbine configuration, 134e137
Thermochemical cycles, 73e79, 74f
wind turbine thermodynamic analysis
Thermolysis, 114
energy analysis, 140e141
Thermolysis reactor C10, 308
exergy analysis, 141e144
Throttling valve, 309
PEM electrolyzer and fuel cell,
Tidal barrage, 233
150e151
Tidal current turbine, 234
performance assessment, 151e152
Tidal energy, 219
sensitivity analyses, 152e155
Tidal-stream development, 224f
wind turbine farm analysis, 149e150
Tides and currents, 233e234
working principle and advantages of wind energy,
Tower, 137
124e126
364 Index

Wind energy effect sensitivity analyses, 152e155

on exergetic destruction rates of different system wind turbine farm analysis, 149e150
components, 153f types of, 127e131
on wind power and hydrogen production rates, horizontal-axis wind turbines, 127e128
153f vertical-axis wind turbines, 129e131
on work and exergy destruction rates of Wind vane, 137
compressor, 154f Wood processing residues, 259e260
Wind turbines Wood wastes, 260
configuration, 134e137 Working principle, 232
farm analysis, 149e150
thermodynamic analysis Y
energy analysis, 140e141 Yaw drive, 137
exergy analysis, 141e144 Yaw motor, 137
PEM electrolyzer and fuel cell, 150e151 Yield reactor C1, 278
performance assessment, 151e152