SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR
Surface water
- Is collecting on the ground or in a river and
lake
- Is related to water collecting as
groundwater or atmospheric water
- Is naturally replenished by precipitation and
naturally lost through discharge to
evaporation and subsurface into the
ground
- Not that abundant
• Meteoric Water – water is in circulation
• Connate Water – “fossil” water, often
saline
• Juvenile Water – water that comes from
the interior of the earth
• Surface Water – water in rivers, lakes,
oceans, and so on
• Groundwater – located beneath the ground
surface
1. STREAM
➢ A moving body of water flows down to
the sea level dure to gravity
➢ It has clearly-defined passageways
called channels where particles and
dissolved substances are transported.
➢ A river is a stream with a considerable
volume and a well-defined channel.
➢ Interconnected, formed a tree-shaped
network of small streams, making up or
joining a large stream or river
➢ Tributaries – a smaller streams
➢ Drainage basin or watershed – it is
where water flow particularly
➢ Drainage divide – separates drainage
basin (pilapil)
➢ Interfluve – landform that separates
streams
➢ Overland flow – water moves down hill
➢ Stream flow – as water goes in the
channels in short period of time
2. LAKES
➢ Are large inland bodies of fresh
or saline water
➢ Its upper surface is exposed to
the atmosphere and is
essentially flat
➢ It forms in places where water
collects in a low area
(depression) and behind natural
or humanmade dams.
➢ Store 67% of the total surface
and atmospheric water
➢ Ponds – small and shallow
lakes
➢ Dams – are barriers
constructed along streams to
contain the flow of water
3. WETLANDS
➢ Land areas where water
covers the surface for
significant periods
➢ They vary in size – from
relatively large in flat areas to
small in steep areas
➢ Biologically diverse
environments filled with species
that rely on both the land and
water for survival
➢ Fragile ecosystem – sensitive to
the amount and quality of water
➢ Constitute about 8.5% of the
total land surface and
atmospheric water
➢ Philippines largest wetland:
Ligawasan Marsh
(Maguindanao, North Cotabato,
Sultan Kudarat)
➢ Marsh – shallow wetland
around lakes, streams, and
oceans where grasses and
reeds are the dominant
 vegetation (e.g., wetland in areas along the coasts, usually
Candaba, Pampanga) due to severe weather conditions
➢ Swamp – wetland with lush ➢ Pluvial or surface water flood –
trees and vegetation found in occurs when heavy rainfall
low-lying areas beside slow- creates a flood event independent
moving rivers (oxygen content of an overflowing stream
is low; e.g., Mangrove forests)
➢ Estuary – partly enclosed
coastal body of water where
GROUNDWATER
freshwater from stream meets
the saltwater from the sea
(e.g., Pampanga River) • Freshwater found in the rock and soil
layers beneath the surface
• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water
on Earth.
4. FLOOD • Constitutes about 30.1% of the total
➢ Natural event wherein an area freshwater on the planet
that is usually dry is submerged
• Water-bearing rock layers called
under water
aquifers are akin to a “sponge” which
➢ Usually occurs when the rate of
holds groundwater in tiny cracks,
precipitation is higher than the
cavities, and pores between mineral
rate in which it could be absorbed
grains
by the ground or carried by
• Porosity is the total amount of empty
streams
pore spaces in the rock.
➢ Can also occur even during dry
• Permeability is the ability of the rock or
periods when natural or
sediments to allow water to pass
humanmade reservoirs collapse
through it.
➢ Some floods may occur suddenly
GROUNDWATER PROFILE
and recede quickly, while other
 First layer: moist soil layer on the
lasts for few days to several
surface
weeks.
 Second layer: zone of aeration or
➢ Occurs at irregular intervals and
unsaturated zone – spaces between
varies in size, duration, and extent
the particles are filled mainly with air
of affected area
 Third layer: zone of saturation –
➢ Fluvial or riverine flood – occurs
spaces between the particles are filled
when a stream’s discharge is
with water
greater than the capacity of the
 Water table – boundary between the
channel, causing the stream to
zone of aeration and the zone of
overflow
saturation
➢ Flashfloods – characterized by
 Directly above the water table is a
intense, high-velocity torrent of
layer called capillary fringe, wherein
water that occurs in an existing
groundwater seeps up to fill the pore
river channel with little to no
spaces in the zone of aeration via
notice
capillary action
➢ Coastal flooding – occurs when
water overwhelms in low-lying