FORENSIC

Presentation
By
Dr. Girish Mathur
Additional Director
(Rtd.) FSL

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 MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE OR
LEGAL MEDICINE
It is the branch of science and medicine involving
the study and application of scientific and medical
knowledge to legal problems.
SCOPE
Conduction and reporting in cases of unnatural
deaths and preparation of Post mortem report.
Preparation of injury report in case of injured
person.
Reporting in cases of infanticide
Reporting in cases of Rape
Collection of samples
Dying declaration
Medical
10:14:23 AM examination of Government servant
 INJURY

44 IPC

AN INURY IS ANY HARM CAUSED TO A PERSON

IN
1. REPUTATION
2. MIND
3. PROPERTY
4. BODY

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 TYPES OF INJURIES
SIMPLE GRIEVOUS OR
DANGEROUS

1. HEAL RAPIDLY 1. DO NOT HEAL

2. NO PERMANENT RAPIDLY
DEFORMITY 2. LEAVES
3. NOT DANGEROUS PERMANENT
TO LIFE DEFORMITY
3. DANGEROUS TO
LIFE

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 Grievous Injury
1. Emasculation;
2. Permanent privation of the sight of either eye;
3. Permanent privation of the hearing of either ear
4. Privation of any member or joint;
5. Destruction or permanent impairing of the powers
of any member or joint;

6. Permanent disfiguration of the head or face;

7. Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth;
8. Any hurt,which endangers life or causes the sufferer
to be,during the space of 20 days,in severe bodily pain,
or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits.
 Types of Injuries

Mechanical Thermal Chemical Others

Due to weapon etc. Due to heat

1. Burns Corrosives Due to :

2. Scalds Acid, alkalis 1. Electricity
2. Lightening
 CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL
INJURIES

1.ABRASION

2.BRUISE(CONTUSION)

3.WOUNDS
INCISED
STAB
LACERATED
FIRE ARM WOUND

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 ABRASIONS
Produced on skin due to friction of rough surface

1. SCRATCH NAIL MARKS

2. GRAZE

3. IMPRINT BITE MARKS

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 BRUISE (CONTUSION)
FORCE: Blunt
Lathi/ Stone/ Boxing
Epidermis not rupture /Blood vessel rupture
Large is Hematoma small is Petechial
hemorrhage
Time can be calculated by colour change
Found mainly in murder or accident vcases

Bruise
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 INCISED WOUND

CHARACTERISTICS

1. Sharp edged weapon

2. Margins clear cut
3. Length is more than deep
4. External bleeding more
5. Wound become spindle shape
6. Suicidal/Homicidal/Accidental can be
differentiated
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STABBING

CHARACTERISTICS

1. DEEP
2. EXTERNAL BLEEDING LESS
3. MARGINS INVERTED

TYPES

1. PERFORATED
2. PENETRATED
3. CONCEALED
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 LACERATED WOUND

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. IRREGULAR SHAPED
2. BRUISES ON THE MARGINS
3. HEALING FAST
4. BLEEDING LESS

TYPES:
1. SPLIT
2. STRETCH
3. AVULSION

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 FIRE ARM WOUND
Classification of fire arm
Smooth barrel Rifled barrel
(Shot Guns) (Rifled Guns)
e.g.12 bore gun e.g. Rifles, Pistols,
Revolvers, machine guns

CARTRIDGE PELLETS
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 SHOTGUN INJURY

CONTACT SHOT (Few Inches) - Pellets, wads, gases and flame enters wound.
CLOSE SHOT (1’-3’) - Round Hole of 1”-2” with Carbon deposition seen
NEAR SHOT (2-3 yards) - Irregular central hole with individual pellet hole
around it
DISTANT SHOT (3 yards or above)- No central hole, spread of pellets

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 FIRE ARM INJURY

CONTACT SHOT - Gases, flame powder enter with bullet.

No burning soot or tattooing
CLOSE SHOT (1”-3”) - Effect of soot (Tattooing) and flame seen
NEAR SHOT (12”-18”) - Effect of soot (Tattooing) no burning effect seen
DISTANT SHOT (18” or above) – No soot ,tattooing or burning seen
Abraded collar always present
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 SCENE OF CRIME INVOLVING FIRE ARM

-STRUGGLE

-POSITION OF WEAPON

-DISTANCE OF FIRING

-SELECTION OF SITE

-USE OF FORE HAND

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-CADAVERIC SPASM
 Thermal Injury

Burns are produced by dry heat like flame,or heated solid substance

to the surface of body.

Scalds are moist heat injuries,produced by the application of a liquid

at or near its boiling point,or in gaseous form like steam.

Scalds show reddening and vesiculation.

 Classification of Burns
1.Epidermal Burns

(a) First degree: Redness of skin due to momentary application of flame

(b) Second degree: Inflammation and blisters by scalds and blackening

and singing of hairs by flame.
2.Dermo -Epidermal Burns

(c) Third Degree: Destruction of cuticle and part of true skin, painful,
leaves scar, no contraction.

(d) Fourth degree: Whole skin destroyed with sloughs yellowish brown

3.Deep Burns

(e) Fifth degree: Penetration of deep fascia and muscles

(f) Sixth degree: Charring of whole limb including the bones

Percentage of Burns
Rule of nine :
 Ante-mortem Burns
1. Line of redness : Permanent line involving the whole true skin
2. Vesication: Red inflamed base during life. Skin surrounding it
is of bright red or copper colour . false vesication
after death contains air only and base is hard, dry
horny and yellow.
3. Reparative process: Signs of inflammation during life.
4. Carbon particle in trachea lung
5. Blood becomes bright red due to carboxy hemoglobin
Modes Of Death

1. COMA
2. ASPHYXIA
3. SYNCOPE
4. SHOCK
 DIFFERENCES

S.No. ANTEMORTEM WOUND POST MORTEM WOUNDS

1. Vital reaction seen Vital reaction not seen

inflammation and repair skin
gapping pus formation

2. Blood clotted and firmly Blood not firmly

adhered to tissue (not washed adhered to tissue washed
out easily with water) out easily with water)

3. Microscopy -Fibrin, WBC, Microscopy -Fibrin, WBC,

platelets, seen platelets, not seen

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 Homicidal, Suicidal or Accidental Wound
REMEMBER IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES:

BRUISE - are not suicidal

INCISED WOUND -is Suicidal if hesitation marks and site is selected cleanly.
-- is Homicidal if present at any part of body and
Defense marks on hands present

STAB WOUND - is Suicidal if site is selected cleanly.

- Stab in back is never suicidal
-is Homicidal if present at any part of body
and Defense marks on hands present

LACERATED WOUND - are not suicidal , It is accidental or homicidal

GUN SHOT WOUNDS

- Distant entrance wounds are not suicidal or accidental
- More than one entrance wound is homicidal
-Weapon tightly gripped in the hand of victim (cadaveric spasm)
indicate suicide.
MISCELLANEOUS
(I) Absence of weapon of offence at scene is a murder case.
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(II) Struggle at scene of crime indicates murder
 What is Death?

What is Somatic death?

What is Cellular death?

What is Brain death?

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AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF POST MORTEM
Identification of deceased
Age and sex of body
Cause of death
Time since death
AM/PM injury
 Cases of infanticide
Cases of burning
Murder with rape cases
Cases of Fire arm injury
Cases of Exhumation
Examination of mutilated dead body
Collection of samples
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 DECOMPOSED BODY
5 stages
1.Fresh stage
2.Bloat stage
3.Rapid decay
4.Advanced decaying stage
5. Dry stage

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 EXHUMATION
Written permission of Magistrate required
Early start
1. Identification of graveyard, grave or the place
2. Identification of coffin
3. Identification of body
4. Post mortem on the spot
5. Precaution should be be used (use of gloves and mask)
6. Portable x-ray machine if required
7.Handle body gently
8. cause of death and sampling
-Soil of spot along with control soil.Visceral organs
- bone or tooth for DNA testing
 DNA TEST

IDENTIFICATION OF PERSON
CASE OF DISPUTED PATERNITY
EXCHANGE OF BABY
SEX DETERMINATION BY ANY TISSUES
LINKING CRIMINAL WITH THE CRIME IN ANY TYPE
OF CASES ( RAPE, MURDER, ACCIDENTALS etc.)

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 Definition :
Toxicum (poison)
Toxicology  Greek words
Logous (study or
Knowledge)
Toxicology is the study of Poison.

Properties of poisons
Effect on body
Lethal dose & Lethal period
Detection in viscera

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 Poison
A substance which is capable of
producing deleterious effects in a
living organism. It may also cause
death when absorbed by the body
organs.
 Classification of poisons
I I I
Corrosive Irritants Systemic
Neurotics
Strong Inorganic Cerebral
Alkalies Nonmetallic (A) - Inebriant :Alcohol
Acid, P,Cl,Br,I (B)- Somnipherus opium
Metallic (C)-Deliriant Dhatura, Cannabis
Al, Arsenic, Cu,Zn Spinal Nux vomica
Organic Peripheral (conium)
Plant origin-cyanide, cardiac digitalis
Animal origin-snake Asphyxiates (gases)
Mechanical-Glass Medicines (Trika, valium)
powder Sedatives and Hypnotics
(Bromides)
 Action of poison
Depends upon the following factors:
Dose
Form of poison
Method of administration
Tolerance/addiction
 ANTIDOTES
These are the substance which are used to prevent a
person from deleterious effect of poison

1. Stomach wash and vomit fails to remove poison

2. Poison is absorbed in the blood
3. Poison enters body other than oral route

GOOD ANTIDOTE
1. Should check effect of poison
2. Should repair loss done by poison
3. Should not have side effect
 TYPES OF ANTIDOTE
I. Mechanical: 1.Charcoal 4-8 gm (Strichinine)
2.Banana- Glass powder
3. Demulcents-egg Albumin

II Chemical : 1.Alkali poison-Vinegar

2. Acid poison-Mag. Oxide
3.Alkaloids – Pott. Permanganate

III Physiological: Picrotoxin for Barbiturates

IV Universal : 2 part Charcoal+1 part Mag.Oxide

+1 part Tannic acid
 VISCERA
( Normally taken in two Jars )

Jar No. 1 1. Stomach

2. Piece of small intestine
3. Piece of large intestine
Jar No. 2 4. Piece of Liver
5. Piece of Kidney
6. Piece of Spleen
7. Piece of Lung
8. Piece of Heart
9. Piece of Brain.

Preservative Saturated solution of Salt

 Instrumental Techniques

Gas Chromatography-
UV Spectrometer - Max absorbance
noted
GCMS-> Chromatogram/ Spectrum
further matched in search library
embedded in the system.
GCMS is a Confirmatory technique.
TOXICOLOGY OF
SOME POISONS
 Phosphorus
– Yellow P stops int. Respiration. Liver Poison
Signs
Acute
-Ist stage – digestive track irritation, vomit,
diarrhea (florescence in dark), Garlic test.
-II stage - 2-3 days, Jaundice, Bleeding, N.S. effected
Chronic
Toothache, Phossy jaw
Treatment Stomach wash with KMnO4 and use of emetics
Antidote Copper sulphate, Sod. bicarbonate
I.V. Dextrose
P.M. signs- yellow skin and digestive system, Liver + Kidney
highly damage, Bleeding at places, Garlicky smell
florescence
L.D. & L.P 60-120 mg 2 hr to 6-7 days
MLA Zinc Phosphide , Aluminium phosphide
Suicide (More), Accidental Murder (Rare)
 Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

• when it is ingested , phosphine

gas is librated in the stomach
which is highly poisonous (1
tablet of 3gm is enough to kill 3
persons )
 CYANIDE

HCN, NaCN, KCN

•Cholinestrage—Nervous system affected but death by

Respiration failure
•Signs
Corrosion of mouth, Froth
Respiration slow, Bitter almond smell, Convulsions
•L.D. & L.P. NaCN, KCN 200mg 1/2 hour
•Treatment Stomach wash and use Oxygen
use of Sod. Thiosulphate=Cyanate
Amyl Nitrate (Hb—Meth Hb+CN (Cyno-meth Hb)
•P.M. signs-Asphyxial character. PM staining Cherry red colour
Bitter almond smell
 ARSENIC

•“Sankhiya”
•Signs

ACUTE
Throat, mouth with irritation, difficulty in swallow Severe
Abdominal pain ,Blackish vomit , diarrhea (Rice water type
as in Cholera), Dehydration , convulsion, COMA

•L.D. & L.P. 120-200mg 24 hr. -3to 7 days

•Treatment Stomach wash and use of emetics
Antidote BAL, Ferric oxide,
Sod. Thio sulphate
Use Butter,
Morphine, Glucose, Oxygen
CHRONIC
1. Digestive problems
2. Cold, Heavy ness, voice heavy
3. Grey spots on skin, Fall of hair, weak nails (Mees line)
4. Nervous system problems, Pain in joints
P.M. signs- Yellow face dilated eyes, Red Velvet type
stomach .Membrane red, Tardieu spot on heart

MLA Homicidal
Putrefaction late. Detection after Putrefaction
Detection Hair, nail
 Strychinine

Strychinine Nux Vomica- Crushed seeds----Spinal

cord
Signs
Irritate, React to voice, stiff neck, Convulsion (clonic
& tonic)
Opisthutonus, Painful
L.D. & L.P. 15-20 mg gm/ 1-2 hours
Treatment Stomach wash and use Chloroform ,
keep in darkness
MLA accidental mostly, Murder (rarely) ,and
Suicide no case reported
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 HAIR EXAMINATION
• Origin, grouping & DNA test
• Age & Sex
• Body parts ( head, pubic etc.)
• Comparison
• Pulled or fallen
• Time & type of cutting (sharp edge)
 SEMEN EXAMINATION
SEMEN –
SPERMATOZOA (Detected microscopically)
PLASMA( spermine, Choline, p30 detection)
 FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SEMINAL STAIN

PRELIMINARY TEST CONFIRMATORY TEST

 U.V.(350nm)
 SPERMINE
MICROSCOPIC
 CHOLINE PERIODIDE
PSA or P-30
 ACID PHOSPHATASE

Grouping
DNA analysis
BLOOD STAIN EXAMINATION

PHYSICAL EWXAMINATION

CHEMICAL TEST
Colour test
Crystal test

SEROLOGICAL TEST

Origin
Grouping