NCERT Class 11 Themes in World History English

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Q.1) With reference to the Australopithecus, consider 2. the earliest stone tool makers were the
the following statements. Australopithecus
1. It is not related to the hominids. Choose the correct statement using the code given
2. With respect to the Homo, it has large brain and light below.
jaws.
a) 1 Only
Choose the correct statement using the code given b) 2 Only
below. c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above Q.5) Consider the following statements:
1. Ethnography is the study of ethnic groups and
Anthropology is the study of human culture.
Q.2) Consider the following 2. language and art developed around the same time
1. Homo habilis - the tool maker Choose the correct statement using the code given
2. Homo erectus - the wise or thinking man below.
3. Homo sapiens - the upright man
a) 1 Only
Which one of the following is correctly match? b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) All of the above
Q.6) With reference to the Mesopotamia region:
1. First cities and writing emerged in the desert region
Q.3) With reference to the food gathering techniques of 2. Agriculture of southern Mesopotamia was the most
early humans: productive, even though
the region did not have sufficient rainfall to grow
1. Early humans have obtained food through gathering,
crops.
and fishing Only.
3. Cities grew Only because of rural prosperity
2. They were planned hunters
Choose the correct statement using the code given
below.
below.
a) 1 and 2 Only
a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 3 Only
b) 2 Only
c) 2 and 3 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) All of the above
Q.7) Consider the following statements:

Q.4) With reference to the stone tools of Early Humans:
1. Akkadian is the earliest known language of
1. earliest evidence for the making of stone tools comes Mesopotamia.
from Asia 2. In Mesopotamia, around 2500BC writing was used
Only for keeping records.
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Choose the correct statement using the code given Q.11) With reference to the Tablet writing of the
below. Mesopotamian people, consider the following
statements.
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only 1. Because of the Tablets people know more about
c) Both 1 and 2 Mesopotamia than about ancient India.
d) None of the Above 2. Sound that a cuneiform sign represented was of a
single consonant
3. It helped in inter and intra generational propagation
Q.8) With reference to the Mesopotamian people: of scientific knowledge
1. Writing was a skilled craft as well as an intellectual Choose the correct statement using the code given
achievement. below.
2. Most of them could read and write. a) 1 and 2 Only
Choose the correct statement using the code given b) 1 and 3 Only
below. c) 2 and 3 Only
d) All of the above
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 Q.12) Consider the following statements:
1. Most of the Roman histories in Greek and Latin were
written by aristocracy
Q.9) With reference to the Mari city, Choose the correct 2. The Roman Empire was culturally much more diverse
statement: than that of Iran.
a) It was situated in Egypt peninsula Choose the correct statement using the code given
b) It was situated on the periphery of Indus valley below.
territories a) 1 Only
c) It was the royal capital on the banks of river b) 2 Only
Euphrates c) Both 1 and 2
d) It was situated in the northern region of d) None of the Above
Mesopotamia
Q.13) With reference to the Roman empire, consider the

Q.10) With reference to the Mesopotamian culture: following statements:
1. The dead were buried along with materialistic things 1. Army was the single largest organised body in the
and house burials was also practiced empire after the Senate
2. They believed in the after life 2. The existence of a paid army was a distinctive feature
Choose the correct statement using the code given of the Roman Empire
below. Choose the correct statement using the code given
a) 1 Only below.
b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 b) 2 Only
d) None of the Above c) Both 1 and 2
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2) the emperor and the aristocracy were the main

‘players’ in the political history of the empire
Q.14) The term Hellenistic is related to?
a) Roman below.
b) Mesopotamian
c) Persian a) 1 Only
d) Greek b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.15) The term Papyrus is related to?
a) A plant that is used to produce writing material Q.19) In Roman empire, the urban Centres were called
b) A special kind of wine in roman empire ‘the true bedrock of the imperial system’. why?
c) Forced labour
d) A religious sect 1. It was through the cities that ‘government’ was able
to generated much of the wealth of the empire.
2. Cities were the power Centres of the empire
Q.16) Consider the following statements: Choose the correct statement using the code given
1. Romans and Iranians were contemporaries. below.
2. Roman empire covered territories upto river Rhine in a) 1 Only
north, parts of North Africa in south and to b) 2 Only
Afghanistan in the west. c) Both 1 and 2
3. Mediterranean was the main trading route of d) None of the Above
Rome’s empire.
below. Q.20) Consider the following statements:
a) 1 and 2 Only 1. In the Roman empire, a city was an urban centre with
b) 1 and 3 Only its own magistrates, city council and a ‘territory.
c) 2 and 3 Only 2. Public baths were a striking feature of Roman urban
d) All of the above life
below.
Q.17) The term ‘Ta Ch’in’ is related to?
a) 1 Only
a) Democratically elected king of China b) 2 Only
b) Area between two rivers c) Both 1 and 2
c) A holy river in china d) None of the Above
d) Area dominated by the Romans and the Iranians
Q.21) With reference to the Roman society, consider the

Q.18) Consider the following statements in context of following statements:
political nature of the Roman empire:
1. Widespread prevalence of the nuclear family.
1) In Roman empire Succession to the throne was 2. Women had full rights in the property of her natal
usually based on family descent. family.
3. Divorce was relatively easy to get
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Choose the correct statement using the code given 1. Muhammad found a community of believers bound
below. by a common set of religious beliefs.
2. For survival of the believers Prophet Muhammad
a) 1 and 2 Only created a political order
b) 1 and 3 Only
c) 2 and 3 Only Choose the correct statement using the code given
d) All of the above below.
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
Q.22) With reference to the technological advancement c) Both 1 and 2
of the Roman’s, consider the following statements d) None of the Above
1. they knew about hydraulic mining techniques and
used it extensively.
2. they knew wine making and but most of their wine Q.26) Match the following
was imported
1. Kharaj A) protected subjects
Choose the correct statement using the code given 2. Amir B) non-Muslim’s right to
below. property
3. Ashraf C) chieftains
a) 1 Only 4. Dhimmis D) governors
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 Choose the correct option
a) 1-B 2-D 3-C 4-A
b) 1-A 2-C 3-D 4-B
Q.23) With reference to the workers of the Roman
c) 1-C 2-D 3-B 4-A
empire. Consider the following statements
1. All the workers increased the cost of holding d) 1-A 2-B 3-C 4-D
2. They are used as business managers
Choose the correct statement using the code given Q.27) Consider the following statements about the reign
below. of Abd al-Malik
a) 1 Only 1. He was the first Umayyad caliph
b) 2 Only 2. The Dome of the Rock was built in his reign
c) Both 1 and 2 3. Coinage reforms took place in his reign
below.
Q.24) Prophet Muhammad is related to which tribe? a) 1 and 2 Only
a) Bedouins b) 1 and 3 Only
b) Quraysh c) 2 and 3 Only
c) Basra d) All of the above
d) Kufa
Q.28) Consider the following statements about The

Q.25) Consider the following statements Abbasids
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1. They overthrow the Umayyads by a well-organized 1. The state had overall control of agricultural lands.
movement 2. The caliphs adopted a uniform policy of taxation.
2. They reorganized army and bureaucracy on a non-
tribal basis Choose the correct statement using the code given
3. The Great Mosque of al-Mutawwakil was built during below.
their reign. a) 1 Only
Choose the correct statement using the code given b) 2 Only
below. c) Both 1 and 2
a) 1 and 2 Only
b) 1 and 3 Only
c) 2 and 3 Only Q.33) Consider the following statements about Sufism
d) All of the above
1. Sufism is open to all regardless of any affiliation or
gender
Q.29) The term Mamluk is related to 2. They believed that unity with God can be achieved
through an intense love for God
a) Turkish slave officers
b) supervisor of the royal stable Choose the correct statement using the code given
c) Chief justice below.
d) Prince a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.30) Consider the following statements about The d) None of the Above
Ghaznavid sultanate
1. It was established by Mahmud of Gazni.
2. Their centre of power was in Afghanistan. Q.34) Consider the following statements about Mongols
Choose the correct statement using the code given 1. They produce large amount of literature
below. 2. They were nomads of the steppes of Central Asia
a) 1 Only Choose the correct statement using the code given

b) 2 Only below.
c) Both 1 and 2 a) 1 Only
d) None of the Above b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.31) Who were called People of the Book in medieval
times
a) Turks tribe Q.35) Consider the following statements
b) The Abbasids 1. In ancient times China’s agrarian society suffered
c) the Arabs extensively from nomad intrusion
d) Christians 2. Rapid courier system was introduced by Genghis
Khan
Q.32) Consider the following statements about Islamic Choose the correct statement using the code given
below.
state
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a) 1 Only a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above d) None of the Above
Q.36) Consider the following statements about Genghis Q.39) Consider the following statements about the
khan medieval Europe
1. He was related to the Borjigid clan 1. Earliest universities in Europe set up in Italy to help
2. He was born as Genghis Khan and then proclaimed in commercial growth
the name Temujin i.e., Universal Ruler 2. With the fall of the western Roman Empire, Italian
3. He was an extremely effective military strategist towns also ruined.
Choose the correct statement using the code given Choose the correct statement using the code given
below. below.
a) 1 and 2 Only a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 3 Only b) 2 Only
c) 2 and 3 Only c) Both 1 and 2
d) All of the above d) None of the Above
Q.37) Consider the following statements about the Q.40) Consider the following statements regarding
military organization of the Genghis khan industrial revolution in Britain
1. His army was organised according to the old steppe 1. Development of railways was the first stage of
system of decimal units industrialization in Britain.
2. Captains of his army units were called Noyan. 2. As a consequence of invention of railways, the coal
and cotton industries were developed.
below. Choose the correct statement using the code given
below.
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
Q.38) Consider the following statements about

Feudalism in Europe Q.41) Consider the following statements
1. Feudalism refers to a kind of agricultural production 1. USA and Canadian governments in Mid-twentieth
which is based on the relationship between lords and century tried to assimilate the natives into
peasants mainstream culture.
2. Feudalism was an established way of life in Europe 2. Australian authorities in those times chose to ignore
even before 10th century the culture and traditions of native people.
Choose the correct statement using the code given Choose the correct statement using the code given
below. below.
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a) 1 Only 2. 'Warsaw Pact' was a military block of mainly

b) 2 Only communist countries.
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above 3. Considering the role played by Germany in the WWII,
it was kept out of any military alliance.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
Q.42) Consider the following statements regarding
nationalisms around the world a) 1 only
1. All Nationalisms are based on the doctrine of popular b) 1 and 2 only

sovereignty. c) 1, 2 and 3
2. Most western countries except Germany are based
on the notion of Ethnic nationalism. d) 2 and 3 only

below. Q.45) Consider the following statements
a) 1 Only 1. Balfour Declaration promises homeland for Jews in
b) 2 Only Israel
c) Both 1 and 2 2. Suez Canal opened in 1869 by linking Mediterranean
d) None of the Above Sea to the Arabian sea.
Q.43) Consider the following statements: below.
1. Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and a) 1 Only

lawyer who served as the 16th president of the b) 2 Only
United States from 1861 until his assassination in c) Both 1 and 2
1865. d) None of the Above
2. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil
War, the country's greatest moral, constitutional,
and political crisis. Q.46) Consider the following statements about the
movements against colonial exploitation in the African
Choose the correct statement using the code given countries
below.
1. Abdal-Kadir leads Arab resistance against
a) 1 Only Portuguese presence in Algeria.
b) 2 Only 2. Liberia founded in West Africa as home for freed
slaves.
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above below.
a) 1 Only
Q.44) Consider the following statements: b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
1. NATO was formed during the cold war as a military d) None of the Above
alliance of mainly western European and North
American countries.
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Q.47) Which of these nations was neutral in World War Q.51) Consider the following statements with respect to
I? the French Revolution:
a) Germany 1. At the time of French Revolution, Habsburg kings
b) Norway were ruling France.
c) Italy
d) England 2. Before the French Revolution, French society was
divided into three estates.
3. Before the French Revolution, both clergy and state
Q.48) Which of the following was a direct effect of the levied taxes on common people.
expanding British presence in South Africa in the late
nineteenth century? Which of the statements given above is correct?
a) 1 Only
a) South Africa became the most economically b) 1 and 2 Only
successful of all the British colonies. c) 2 and 3 Only
b) Great Britain was penalized at the Berlin Conference d) 1, 2 and 3
with a loss of land.
c) The British engaged in a war with South African
decedents of the Dutch. Q.52) Which of the following pairs is/are correctly
d) British settlers created an independent nation. matched?
Thinker Work
1. John Locke Two Treatises of Government
Q.49) Lenin’s promise of “Peace, Land, Bread” during the
Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was made in an effort to 2. Rousseau Social Contract
a) End France’s occupation of Russia 3. Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws
b) Gain popular support to overthrow the government
c) Restore Czar Nicholas II to power Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
d) Resolve conflicts between farmers of diverse ethnic a) 1 and 2 Only
backgrounds b) 1 and 3 Only
c) 2 and 3 Only
d) All of the above
Q.50) Which sequence shows the correct chronological
order of these World War II events, from earliest to
latest? Q.53) Consider the following statements with respect to
1. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. the Jacobin Club:
2. Allies invade Europe on D-Day. 1. Its members largely came from the less prosperous
3. Germany invades Poland. sections of society.
4. Japanese attack Pearl Harbor.
2. Robespierre was the leader of Jacobin Club.
Choose the correct option
3. ‘Sans-culottes’ was a rival group of the Jacobin Club.
a) 1-2-3-4
b) 2-1-4-3 Which of the statements given above is correct?
c) 3-4 -2-1
a) 1 Only
d) 4-3-1-2
b) 2 Only
c) 3 Only
d) 1 and 2 Only
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Q.54) Arrange the following phases of the French 1. Socialist Revolutionary Party was divided into the
Revolution in the correct chronological order: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
1. National Assembly 2. Bolsheviks wanted that the party membership should
2. Convention be open to all.
3. Rule of Directory
4. Dictatorship of Bonaparte Which of the statements given above is correct?
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
a) 1-2-3-4 c) Both 1 and 2
b) 1-2-4-3 d) None of the Above
c) 2-1-3-4
d) 2-1-4-3
Q.55) Consider the following statements with respect to 1. Bolshevik Russia signed the treaty of Brest Litovsk
the important political traditions of the 19th century: with Germany in order to pull out of the WWI.
2. ‘Cheka’ was the secret police that punished the
1. Liberals supported the idea of constitutional critics of Bolshevik party.
monarchy based on the universal adult franchise.
2. Radicals were opposed to the concept of private Which of the statements given above is correct?
property. a) 1 Only
3. Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals. b) 2 Only
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: c) Both 1 and 2
a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 2 Only
c) 2 and 3 Only Q.59) Consider the following statements with respect to
d) 3 Only the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Russia:
1. The well-to-do peasants, called ‘kulaks’, were
Q.56) Which of the following individuals can be counted particularly targets during this period.
among the socialist thinkers? 2. Kolkhoz were the collective farms in which all
1. Friedrich Engels peasants were forced to work.
2. Robert Owen Which of the statements given above is correct?
3. Louis Blanc
4. Immanuel Kant a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: c) Both 1 and 2
a) 1 and 2 Only d) None of the Above
b) 1 and 3 Only
c) 1, 2 and 3 Only
d) All the above Q.60) In the context of the defeat of Germany in the
WWI, the term ‘November Criminals’ refers to which of
the following?
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a) Supporters of Weimar Republic Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
b) German Emperor
c) Allied powers a) 1 Only
d) France b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.61) The term proletarianisation refers to which of the
following?
Q.65) Consider the following statements with respect to
a) Rapid industrialisation Tanzania:
b) Economic slowdown
c) Becoming reduced to the rank of the working class 1. It was formed by the unification of Zanzibar with
d) None of the above Tanganyika.
2. Maasai pastoralists are confined to the southern
Tanzania Only.
Q.62) From which of the following countries did Hitler
wrest Sudentenland? Which of the statements given above is correct?
a) Czechoslovakia a) 1 Only
b) Austria b) 2 Only
c) Poland c) Both 1 and 2
d) France d) None of the Above
Q.63) For which of the following reasons did the Q.66) Which of the following areas was/were under the
cultivation expand rapidly in India during the colonial French colonial control?
period: 1. Vietnam
1. British directly encouraged the production of 2. Ceylon
commercial crops.
2. The colonial state thought that the forests were 3. Malay Peninsula
unproductive. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: a) 1 Only
a) 1 Only b) 1 and 2 Only
b) 2 Only c) 1 and 3 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 d) 2 and 3 Only
Q.67) In which of the following countries did the ‘Boxer

Q.64) Consider the following statements with respect to Rebellion’ take place?
the forest management in India in colonial period: a) Japan
1. Deitrich Brandis was the first Inspector General of b) China
Forests in India. c) Russia
d) France
2. A so-called concept of ‘scientific forestry’ was
introduced in India during the colonial period.
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Q.68) Consider the following statements with respect to Which of the statements given above is correct?
the WWI:
a) 1 Only
1. Triple Alliance consisted of Britain, France and Russia. b) 1 and 2 Only
c) 1 and 3 Only
2. Triple Entente consisted of Germany, Austria-
d) 1, 2 and 3
Hungary and Italy.
3. During the WWI, Italy and Japan fought on the side of
Britain. Q.72) Consider the following statements with respect to
the ‘Mandate’ System:
1. The ‘Mandate’ system was invented after the WWI.
a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 2 Only 2. Under the Mandate system, West Asia territories of
c) 1 and 3 Only the erstwhile Ottoman Empire was divided between
d) 3 Only Britain and France.
Q.69) Woodrow Wilson’s ‘fourteen-point peace a) 1 Only
proposal’ pertained to which of the following events? b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
a) Paris Peace Conference d) None of the Above
b) Solving Balkan Crisis
c) League of Nations Only
d) Disarmament Only
1. Dr. Sun Yat Sen formed the Kuomintang party in
Q.70) Consider the following statements with respect to China.
the Russian revolution:
2. Attack by the imperial Japan forced the Kuomintang
1. It took place in two stages. and the Chinese communist to unite.
2. Bolshevik faction, led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,
emerged victorious in the Russian revolution. Which of the statements given above is correct?
Which of the statements given above is correct? a) 1 Only

b) 2 Only
a) 1 Only c) Both 1 and 2
b) 2 Only d) None of the Above
c) Both 1 and 2
the Mustafa Kemal Pasha:
1. He led a nationalist reaction against the humiliating
1. The emperor of Russia was called ‘Czar’. treaty signed by the Sultan of Turkey after the WWI.
2. He converted Turkey into a republic.
2. ‘Duma’ was the Russian Parliament before the 3. He reinstated the office of Caliph which had been
Bolshevik Revolution took place. abolished under a previous treaty with the victorious
3. The term ‘Soviet’ means a council of workers. countries in the WWI.
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Which of the statements given above is correct? Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
a) 1 Only a) 1 Only
b) 2 and 3 Only b) 1 and 2 Only
c) 1 and 2 Only c) 1 and 3 Only
d) 1 and 3 Only d) 2 and 3 Only
Q.75) In which of the following cities was the Charter of Q.79) For which of the following areas was the so-called
UNO adopted? ‘Open Door Policy’ adopted?
a) San Francisco a) China
b) New York b) Japan
c) Washington c) Africa
d) London d) India
Q.76) Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) was a Q.80) Consider the following statements:
changed form of which of the following?
1. Monroe Doctrine pertains to the Latin America.
a) Baghdad Pact
b) Istanbul Pact 2. Meiji Restoration took place in Japan.
c) Bangkok Pact Which of the statements given above is correct?
d) None of the above
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
Q.77) With reference to the notifiable disease, consider c) Both 1 and 2
the following statements: d) None of the Above
1. The onus of notifying any disease and the

implementation lies with the state government. Q.81) The term ‘Shogun’ refers to which of the
2. Any failure to report a notifiable disease is a following?
criminal offence.
a) A Japanese Military general
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? b) A Japanese Banker
c) Japanese King
a) 1 only
b) 2 only d) Japanese Imperial strategy
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
the Sykes-Picot Agreement:
Q.78) Which of the following Indians attended any 1. It was signed between Britain and France.
session of ‘Second International’?
2. It was related to the West Asian territories of
1. Dadabhai Naoroji Ottoman Empire.
2. Madame Cama 3. It contained a declaration of intent to constitute a
3. Mahatma Gandhi Jewish Homeland in the Palestine area.
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Which of the statements given above is correct? Q.86) Consider the following statements with respect to
the ‘New Economic Policy’:
a) 1 Only
b) 1 and 2 Only 1. It replaced the previous measures of 'War
c) 1 and 3 Only Communism'.
d) 2 and 3 Only 2. It was adopted by Vladimir Lenin in the Bolshevik
Russia.
3. It adopted a mixed economic model.
Q.83) Which of the following agencies were created by Which of the statements given above is correct?
the League of Nations?
a) 1 Only
1. Permanent Court of International Justice b) 1 and 2 Only
2. International Labour Organisation c) 2 and 3 Only
Choose the correct answer using the code given below. d) 1, 2 and 3
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only Q.87) In context of Japanese industrialisation, the term
c) Both 1 and 2 ‘Zaibatsu’ refers to which of the following?
a) Money-cliques
b) Military Generals
Q.84) Which of the following statements is incorrect c) Emphasis on the production of capital goods
with respect to the provisions of the Treaty of d) An economic model
Versailles?
a) Poland was provided access to the sea through a Q.88) In which of the following countries did the 'May
narrow corridor that cut through the Germany.
Fourth Movement' take place?
b) Danzig was annexed by Britain as a war
compensation. a) China
c) The Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized. b) South Korea
d) The region of Alsace-Lorraine was handed back to c) Vietnam
France. d) Myanmar
Q.85) Consider the following statements with respect to Q.89) Which of the following pairs is/are correctly
the ‘New Deal’: matched?
1. It was meant to tackle the Great Depression in USA. 1. Reza Khan - Egypt
2. It was proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt. 2. Saad Zaghlul Pasha - Morocco
Which of the statements given above is correct? 3. Abdel Karim - Iran
a) 1 Only Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 a) 1 and 2 Only
d) None of the Above b) 1 and 3 Only
c) 1, 2 and 3
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the Spanish Civil War:
the ‘Boers’ community: 1. The group led by General Franco was supported by
the capitalist countries like Britain, France and USA.
1. They are mainly found in South Africa.
2. The Republicans were supported by the Soviet Union.
2. They are of Dutch origin.
3. They dominated the politics of apartheid South
Africa. a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
Which of the statements given above is correct? c) Both 1 and 2
a) 1 and 2 Only d) None of the Above
b) 1 and 3 Only
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 2 and 3 Only Q.94) The Munich pact pertained to the loss of
sovereignty of which of the following countries?
a) Poland
Q.91) Which of the following states emerged as an b) Austria
independent state in the aftermath of WWI: c) Czechoslovakia
1. Latvia d) Hungary
2. Poland
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Serbia Q.95) Which of the following two countries had signed a
‘Non-aggression Pact’ a few days before the beginning
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: of WWII?
a) 1 Only a) Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia
b) 1 and 2 Only b) France and Britain
c) 1, 2 and 3 Only c) USA and Japan
d) All the above d) Britain and Soviet Russia
Q.92) Consider the following statements with respect to Q.96) Consider the following statements with respect to
the League of Nations: the events in the aftermath of surrender of France in the
1. The League had an assembly, a council and a WWII:
secretariat. 1. The part of France that had not been occupied by
2. Germany was admitted to the league after the Germany was called the ‘Vichy France’.
‘Locarno’ conference. 2. Under Charles de Gaulle, the ‘Free France
Which of the statements given above is correct? Movement’ was organised from Britain.
a) 1 Only Which of the statements given above is correct?

b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
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Q.97) Operation ‘Sea Lion’ pertained to the invasion of

which of the following areas by the Nazi Germany?
a) Britain
b) Soviet Union
c) Africa
d) France
Q.98) Which of the following countries started the 'Lend-

Lease System'?
a) USA
b) Soviet Union
c) Britain
Q.99) The term ‘D Day’ refers to which of the following

events during the WWII?
a) Pearl harbor attack by Japanese
b) Nuclear attack on Hiroshima
c) The opening of second front in Western Europe
d) Surrender of Nazi Germany

1. The famous ‘Iron Curtain’ speech was given by the
President of USA, Harry Truman.
2. Truman Doctrine was a significant event in the
context of cold war.
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
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Q.1) Ans: d Q.3) Ans: b

Exp: Exp:
 The name Australopithecus comes from a Latin  Statement 1 is incorrect: Early humans have
word, ‘austral’, meaning ‘southern’ and a Greek obtained food through a number of ways, such as
word, ‘pithekos’, meaning ‘ape.’ The name was given gathering, hunting, scavenging and fishing.
because this earliest form of humans still retained Gathering would involve collecting plant foods such
many features of an ape, such as a relatively small as seeds, nuts, berries, fruits and tubers.
brain size.  That gathering was practised is generally assumed
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Homidis is subdivided into rather than conclusively established, as there is very
branches, known as genus, of which little direct evidence for it.
Australopithecus and Homo are important. Each of  Statement 2 is correct: Hunting probably began later
these in turn includes several species. – about 500,000 years ago. The earliest clear
 Statement 2 is incorrect: The major differences evidence for the deliberate, planned hunting and
between Australopithecus and Homo relate to brain butchery of large mammals comes from two sites:
size, jaws and teeth. Boxgrove in southern England and Schoningen in
 The former has a smaller brain size, heavier jaws and Germany.
larger teeth than the latter. An increase in brain size
is associated with more intelligence and a better
memory. Q.4) Ans: b
 The changes in the jaws and teeth were probably
related to differences in dietary habits. Exp:
The use of tools and tool making are not confined to
humans. Birds are known to make objects to assist them
Q.2) Ans: a with feeding, hygiene and social encounters; and while
foraging for food some chimpanzees use tools that they
Exp:
have made.
Homo is a Latin word, meaning ‘man’, although there
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The earliest evidence for
were women as well! Scientists distinguish amongst
the making and use of stone tools comes from sites
several types of Homo. The names assigned to these
in Ethiopia and Kenya.
species are derived from their typical characteristics
 Statement 2 is correct: the earliest stone tool
 Statement 1 is correct: Homo habilis also known as makers were the Australopithecus. It is not known
the tool maker. Fossils of Homo habilis have been whether tool making was done by men or women or
discovered at Omo in Ethiopia and at Olduvai Gorge both
in Tanzania.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Homo erectus also known
as the upright man. The earliest fossils of Homo Q.5) Ans: c
erectus have been found both in Africa and Asia:
Koobi Fora and west Turkana, Kenya and Sangiran, Exp:
Java. This species survived for nearly a million years.  Statement 1 is correct: Anthropology is the study of
 Statement 3 is incorrect: Homo sapiens also known human culture and evolutionary aspects of human
as the wise or thinking man. The earliest fossils from Biology. Ethnography is the study of contemporary
Europe are of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo ethnic groups. It includes examination of their modes
neanderthalensis, both belong to the species of of livelihood, technology, gender roles, rituals etc.
archaic Homo sapiens.  Statement 2 is correct: language developed around
the same time as art, that is, around 40,000 35,000
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years ago. The development of spoken language has Q.8) Ans: a

been seen as closely connected with art, since both
are media for communication. Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: Writing was a skilled craft

but, more important, it was an enormous intellectual
Q.6) Ans: a achievement, conveying in visual form the system of
sounds of a particular language. Mesopotamian
Exp:
scribe had to learn and to be able to handle a wet
 Statement 1 is correct: The south is a desert and this tablet and get it written before it dried
is where the first cities and writing emerged. This  Statement 2 is incorrect: Very few Mesopotamians
desert could support cities because the rivers could read and write. Not Only were there hundreds
Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern of signs to learn, many of these were complex.
mountains, carry loads of silt.
 Statement 2 is correct: Of all ancient systems, that
of the Roman Empire included, it was the agriculture Q.9) Ans: c
of southern Mesopotamia that was the most
productive and it was because of river Euphrates, its Exp:
water flows out into small channels.  Option c is correct: It is atrading town in a pastoral
 These channels flood their banks and, in the past, zone. Mari stands not on the southern plain with its
functioned as irrigation canals: water could be let highly productive agriculture but much further
into the fields of wheat, barley, peas or lentils when upstream on the Euphrates. After 2000 BCE the royal
necessary capital of Mari flourished.
 Statement 3 is incorrect: Mesopotamians valued city
life which can be seen at the end of the Gilgamesh
Epic, which was written on twelve tablets. Cities Q.10) Ans: c
grew not Only because of rural prosperity but also
writing, the urban institution of schools, trade, Exp:
scientific temperament etc.
 Statement 1 and 2 are correct: Excavation at small
town of Abu Salabikh with a small population of
25000, it shows that the dead were buried along with
Q.7) Ans: d pig bones (for nourishment). So, we can assume that
Exp: house burials were also practiced and the people
believed in after life.
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Sumerian is the earliest
known language of Mesopotamia and I it was
gradually replaced after 2400 BCE by the Akkadian Q.11) Ans: b
language. Cuneiform writing in the Akkadian
language continued in use until the first century CE, Exp:
that is, for more than 2,000 years.
 He would carefully smoothen its surfaces. he would
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Writing was used not Only
press wedge-shaped signs on to the smoothened
for keeping records, but also for making dictionaries,
surface while it was still moist. Once dried in the sun,
giving legal validity to land transfers, narrating the
the clay would harden and tablets would be almost
deeds of kings, and announcing the changes a king
as indestructible as pottery.
had made in the customary laws of the land.
 Statement 1 is correct: Each and every transaction,
however minor, required a separate written tablet
and once it cease to be relevant then the tablet was
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thrown away. And tablets  The Roman Empire, by contrast, was a mosaic of
occur by the hundreds at Mesopotamian sites. territories and cultures that were chiefly bound
 And it is because of this wealth of sources that we together by a common system of government.
know so much more about Mesopotamia than we do  Many languages were spoken in the empire, but for
about ancient India. We get to know about their the purposes of administration Latin and Greek were
agricultural practices, political environment, temple the Only language that were used.
towns, flourishing cities etc.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: The sound that a cuneiform
sign represented was not a single consonant or Q.13) Ans: b
vowel (such as m or a in the English alphabet), but
syllables (say, -put-, or -la-, or -in-). Thus, the signs Exp:
that a Mesopotamian scribe had to learn ran into
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Next to the emperor and
hundreds, and he had to be able to handle a wet
the Senate, the other key institution of
tablet and get it written before it dried.
imperial rule was the army.
 Statement 3 is correct: While moving narratives can
 The army was the largest single organised body in
be transmitted orally, science requires written texts
the empire (600,000 by the fourth century) and it
that generations of scholars can read and build upon.
certainly had the power to determine the fate of
The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is
emperors.
its scholarly tradition of time reckoning and
 Statement 2 is correct: Unlike the army of its rival in
mathematics.
the Persian empire, which was a conscripted army (A
 The division of the year into 12 months according to
conscripted army is one which is forcibly recruited;
the revolution
military service is compulsory for certain groups or
of the moon around the earth, the division of the
categories of the population.), the Romans had a
month into four weeks, the day into 24 hours, and
paid professional army where soldiers had to put in
the hour into 60 minutes, it comes from the tablets
a minimum of 25 years of service. And the soldiers
of the Mesopotamia.
would constantly agitate for better wages and
service conditions.
Q.12) Ans: c
Exp: Q.14) Ans: d
 Statement 1 is correct: Most of the Roman histories Exp:

that survive in Greek and Latin were written by
 Option d is correct: The Greeks were called Hellenes.
people from a senatorial background (a body
The area under Alexander’s control on the whole
representing the aristocracy, that is, the wealthiest
became ‘Hellenised’.
families of Roman and, later, Italian descent, mainly
 The political unity of Alexander’s empire
landowners). From these it is clear that emperors
disintegrated quickly after his death, but for almost
were judged by how they behaved towards the
three centuries after, Hellenistic culture remained
Senate.
important in the area from parts of North Africa,
 Statement 2 is correct: A major difference between
West Asia and Iran, and up to the Beas.
the two superpowers and their respective empires
was that the Roman Empire was culturally much
more diverse than that of Iran. The Parthians and
later the Sasanians, the dynasties that ruled Iran, Q.15) Ans: a
ruled over a population that was largely Iranian. Exp:
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 Option a is correct: The ‘papyrus’ was a reed-like  Statement 1 is correct: Succession to the throne was
plant that grew along the banks of the Nile in Egypt based as far as possible on family descent, either
and was processed to produce a writing material that natural or adoptive, and even the army was strongly
was very widely used in everyday life. wedded to this principle.
 Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters and official  Tiberius (14-37 CE), the second in the long line of
documents survive ‘on papyrus’ and have been Roman emperors, was not the natural son of
published by scholars who are called ‘Papyrologists’. Augustus, the ruler who founded the Principate, but
Augustus adopted him to ensure a smooth
transition.
Q.16) Ans: b  Statement 2 is incorrect: The emperor, the
aristocracy and the army were the three main
Exp: ‘players’ in the political history of the empire. The
 Statement 1 is correct: Two powerful empires ruled success of individual emperors depended on their
over most of Europe, North Africa and the Middle control of the army, and when the armies were
East in the period between the birth of Christ and the divided, the result usually was civil war.
early part of the seventh century(630CE).  The Senate hated and feared the army, because it
 The Romans and Iranians were rivals and fought was a source of often unpredictable violence.
against each other for much of their history. Their
empires lay next to each other, separated Only by a
narrow strip of land that ran along the river Q.19) Ans: a
Euphrates. Exp:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: To the north, the
boundaries of the empire were formed by two great  All the territories of the empire were organised into
rivers, the Rhine and the Danube; to the south, by provinces and subject to taxation.
the huge expanse of the Sahara.  Statement 1 is correct: The great urban centres that
 Iran controlled the whole area south of the Caspian lined the shores of the Mediterranean (Carthage,
Sea down to eastern Arabia, and sometimes large Alexandria, Antioch) were the true bedrock of the
parts of Afghanistan as well. imperial system.
 Statement 3 is correct: Rome dominated the  It was through the cities that ‘government’ was able
Mediterranean and all the regions around that sea in to tax the provincial country sides which generated
both directions, north as well as south. The much of the wealth of the empire.
Mediterranean was the heart of Rome’s empire.  The local upper classes actively collaborated with the
Roman state in administering their own territories
and raising taxes from them.
Q.17) Ans: d  Statement 2 is incorrect: Throughout the second and
third centuries, it was the provincial upper classes
Exp: who supplied most of the cadre that governed the
 Option d is correct: Ta Ch’in (‘greater Ch’in’, roughly provinces and commanded the armies.
the west). Two superpowers i.e., Rome and Iran had  They came to form a new elite of administrators and
divided up most of the world that the Chinese called military commanders who became much more
Ta Ch’in. powerful than the senatorial class because they had
the backing of the emperors. But it doesn’t mean
that cities became power centre, it was merely an
alternative power to the emperor.
Q.18) Ans: a
Exp:
Q.20) Ans: c
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Exp: intent to dissolve the marriage by either husband or

wife.
 Statement 1 is correct: A city in the Roman sense
was an urban centre with its own magistrates, city
council and a ‘territory’ containing villages which
Q.22) Ans: c
were under its jurisdiction.
 Thus, one city could not be in the territory of another Exp:
city, but villages almost always were. Villages could
be upgraded to the status of cities, and vice versa,  Statement 1 is correct: Their cultural and economic
usually as a mark of imperial favours (or the life were necessarily backward or primitive. On the
opposite). contrary, diversified applications of water power
 Statement 2 is correct: Public baths were a striking around the Mediterranean as well as advances in
feature of Roman urban life. (When one Iranian ruler water-powered milling technology, the use of
tried to introduce them into Iran, he encountered hydraulic mining techniques in the Spanish gold and
the wrath of the clergy. silver mines and because of this advancement the
 Water was a sacred element and to use it for public industrial sector able to generate high output in the
bathing may have seemed a desecration to them), first and second centuries (with levels of output that
and urban populations also enjoyed a much higher would not be reached again till the nineteenth
level of entertainment. (Amphitheatre at the Roman century, some 1,700 years later).
cantonment town of Vindonissa (in modern  Statement 2 is correct: Wheat, wine and olive-oil
Switzerland), first century CE. Used for military drill were traded and consumed in huge quantities, and
and for staging entertainments for the soldiers). they came mainly from Spain, the Gallic provinces,
North Africa, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, Italy,
where conditions were best for these crops.
 Liquids like wine and olive oil were transported in
Q.21) Ans: d
containers called ‘amphorae’. The best kinds of wine
Exp: came from Campania.
 Statement 1 is correct: One of the more modern

features of Roman society was the widespread
Q.23) Ans: b
prevalence of the nuclear family. Adult sons did not
live with their families, and it was exceptional for Exp:
adult brothers to share a common household
 Statement 2 is correct: the typical form of marriage  Statement 1 is incorrect: As warfare became less
was one where the wife did not transfer to her widespread with the establishment of peace in the
husband’s authority but retained full rights in the first century, the supply of slaves tended to decline
property of her natal family. and the users of slave labour thus had to turn either
 While the woman’s dowry went to the husband for to slave breeding or to cheaper substitutes such as
the duration of the marriage, the woman remained wage labour which was more easily dispensable.
a primary heir of her father and became an  In fact, free labour was extensively used on public
independent property owner on her father’s death. works at Rome precisely because an extensive use of
 Thus, Roman women enjoyed considerable legal slave labour would have been too expensive.
rights in owning and managing property.  Unlike hired workers, slaves had to be fed and
 Statement 3 is correct: in law the married couple maintained throughout the year, which increased
was not one financial entity but two, and the wife the cost of holding this kind of labour.
enjoyed complete legal independence. Divorce was  Statement 2 is correct: Workers (freedmen, that is,
relatively easy and needed no more than a notice of slaves who had been set free by their masters) were
extensively used as business managers, where they
were not required in large numbers.
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 Masters often gave their slaves or freedmen capital  Administrative structure headed by
to run businesses on their behalf or even businesses governors(amirs) and tribal chieftains (ashraf).
of their own.  The non-Muslim population’s rights to property and
religious practices on payment of taxes (kharaj and
jiziya).
Q.24) Ans: b  protected subjects of the state were called dhimmis.
Exp:
 Option b is correct: The Arabs were divided into Q.27) Ans: c
tribes, each led by a chief who was chosen partly on
Exp:
the basis of his family connections but more for his
personal courage, wisdom and generosity.  Abd al-Malik (685-705) and his successors, both the
 Each tribe had its own god or goddess, who was Arab and Islamic identities were strongly
worshipped as an idol (sanam) in a shrine. Many Arab emphasised.
tribes were nomadic. Muhammad’s own tribe,  Statement 1 is incorrect: The first Umayyad caliph
Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main was Muawiya. And he moved his capital to
shrine there, a cube-like structure called Kaba, in Damascus and adopted the court ceremonies and
which idols were placed. administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire.
He also introduced hereditary succession and
persuaded the leading Muslims to accept his son as
Q.25) Ans: c his heir.
 Statement 2 is correct: Abd al-Malik also made a
Exp: highly visible contribution to the development of an
 Statement 1 is correct: Muhammad found a Arab Islamic identity, by building the Dome of the
community of believers (umma) bound by a common Rock in Jerusalem.
set of religious beliefs. The community would bear  Statement 3 is correct: Among the measures Abd
witness (shahada) to the existence of the religion al-Malik took were the adoption of Arabic as the
before God as well as before members of other language of administration and the introduction of
religious communities. an Islamic coinage.
 The umma was converted into a wider community to  The gold dinar and silver dirham that had been
include polytheists and the Jews of Medina under circulating in the caliphate were copies of Byzantine
the political leadership of Muhammad. and Iranian coins (denarius and drachm), with
 Statement 2 is correct: The survival of a religion rests symbols of crosses and fire altars and Greek and
on the survival of the community of believers. The Pahlavi (the language of Iran) inscriptions. These
community has to be consolidated internally and symbols were removed
protected from external dangers. and the coins now carried Arabic inscriptions.
 In Medina, Muhammad created a political order
from all three sources which gave his followers the
protection they needed and it also resolved the city’s Q.28) Ans: d
ongoing civil strife.
Exp:
 The Abbasids were the descendants of Abbas (the

Q.26) Ans: a Prophet’s uncle).They mustered the support of the
various dissident groups and legitimised their bid for
Exp: power by promising that a messiah from the family
Option a is correct:
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of the Prophet would liberate them from the

oppressive Umayyad regime.
Q.31) Ans: d
 Statement 1 is correct: A well-organised movement,
called dawa, brought down the Umayyads and Exp:
replaced them with another family of Meccan origin,
the Abbasids, in 750. The revolution changes the  Option d is correct: In medieval Islamic societies,
political structure and culture of Islam.( The Abbasid Christians were regarded as the People of the Book
rulers strengthened the religious status and (ahl al-kitab) since they had their own scripture (the
functions of the caliphate and patronised Islamic New Testament or Injil).
institutions and scholars).  Christians were granted safe conduct (aman) while
 Statement 2 is correct: The Abbasids established venturing into Muslim states as merchants, pilgrims,
their capital at Baghdad. The army and bureaucracy ambassadors and travellers.
were reorganised on a non-tribal basis to ensure
greater participation by Iraq and Khurasan.
 Statement 3 is correct: The Great Mosque of al- Q.32) Ans: c
Mutawwakil in Samarra (the second Abbasid capital)
Exp:
built in 850. The minar is 50 metres high, and is made
of brick. Inspired by Mesopotamian architectural  Statement 1 is correct: Agriculture was the principal
traditions, this was the largest mosque in the world occupation of the settled populations
for centuries. in the newly conquered territories. Land was owned
by big and small peasants but the state had overall
control of agricultural lands, deriving the bulk of its
Q.29) Ans: a income from land revenue.
 Statement 2 is correct: The lands conquered by the
Exp:
Arabs that remained in the hands of the owners were
 Option a is correct: Mamluk is a term most subject to a tax (kharaj), which varied from half to a
commonly referring to slave soldiers, freed slaves, fifth of the produce, according to the conditions of
Muslim converts assigned to military and cultivation whereas land held or cultivated by
administrative duties, and Muslim rulers of slave Muslims, the tax levied was one-tenth (ushr) of the
origin. produce.
 Mamluks became a powerful military knightly class  When non-Muslims started to convert to Islam to
in various societies that were controlled by Muslim pay lower taxes, this reduced the income of the
rulers. state. To address the shortfall, the caliphs
discouraged conversions and adopted a uniform
policy of taxation.
Q.30) Ans: b
Exp: Q.33) Ans: c
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ghaznavid sultanate Exp:
was established by Alptegin (961) and consolidated
by Mahmud of Ghazni (998-1030).  A group of religious-minded people in medieval
 Statement 2 is correct: The Ghaznavids were a Islam, known as Sufis, sought a deeper and more
military dynasty with a professional army of Turks personal knowledge of God through asceticism and
and Indians (one of the generals of Mahmud was an mysticism.
Indian named Tilak). But their centre of power was in  Statement 1 is correct: Sufism is open to all
Khurasan and Afghanistan and for them, the Abbasid regardless of religious affiliation, status and gender.
caliphs were not rivals but a source of legitimacy. Dhulnun Misri (Egypt) declared before the Abbasid
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caliph, al-Mutawakkil, that he ‘learnt true Islam from fortifications started to be integrated into a common
an old woman, and true chivalry from a water defensive outwork (greatest example is the ‘Great
carrier’. Wall of China’).
 By making religion more personal and less  Statement 2 is correct: A rapid courier system was in
institutional, Sufism gained popularity and posed a fashion during Genghis Khan’s reign that connected
challenge to orthodox Islam. the distant areas of his regime.
 Statement 2 is correct: Pantheism is the idea of  Fresh mounts and dispatch riders were placed in
oneness of God and His creation which implies that outposts at regularly spaced distances. For the
the human soul must be united with its Maker. Unity maintenance of this communication system the
with God can be achieved through an intense love for Mongol nomads contributed a tenth of their herd –
God. Sufis used musical sama to induce ecstasy and either horses or livestock – as provisions.
stimulate emotions of love and passion.  This was called the qubcur tax, a levy that the
nomads paid willingly for the multiple benefits that
it brought.
Q.34) Ans: b
Exp:
Q.36) Ans: b
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The steppe dwellers Exp:
themselves usually produced no literature, so our
knowledge of nomadic societies comes mainly from  Statement 1 is correct: Genghis Khan was born in a
chronicles, travelogues and documents produced by group of families related to the Borjigid clan. Temujin
city-based litterateurs. also restored old alliances with the ruler of the
 The Mongols produced little literature on their own Kereyits, Tughril/Ong Khan, his father’s old blood-
and were instead ‘written about’ by literati from brother.
foreign cultural milieus, historians, which is in  Statement 2 is incorrect: He defeat the Naiman and
contradiction with the travelogues of the time. (Igor the powerful Jamuqa in 1206, which left him as the
de Rachewiltz on The Secret History of the Mongols) dominant personality in the politics of the steppe
 Statement 2 is correct: The Mongols were a diverse lands, a position that was recognised at an assembly
body of people, linked by similarities of language to of Mongol chieftains (quriltai) where he was
the Tatars, Khitan and Manchus to the east, and the proclaimed the ‘Great Khan of the Mongols’ (Qa’an)
Turkic tribes to the west. Some of the Mongols were with the title Genghis Khan, the ‘Oceanic Khan’ or
pastoralists while others were hunter-gatherers. ‘Universal Ruler’.
They nomadized in the steppes of Central Asia in the  Statement 3 is correct: His military achievements
area of the modern state of Mongolia. were astounding and they were largely a result of his
ability to innovate and transform different aspects of
steppe combat into extremely effective military
Q.35) Ans: c strategies.
 Nomads were conventionally at a loss against
Exp: fortified encampments but Genghis Khan learnt the
 Statement 1 is correct: The frontier wars between importance of siege engines and naphtha
China and the nomadic tribes resulted in dislocated bombardment very quickly.
agriculture and plundered cities.
 Throughout its history, China suffered extensively
from nomad intrusion and different regimes – even Q.37) Ans: b
as early as the eighth century BCE. Exp:
 It’s emperor-built fortifications to protect their
subjects. Starting from the third century BCE, these
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 Genghis Khan worked to systematically erase the old Exp:

tribal identities of the different groups who joined
his confederacy.  Statement 1 is correct: The earliest universities in
Europe had been set up in Italian towns. The
 Statement 1 is incorrect: His army was organised
universities of Padua and Bologna had been Centres
according to the old steppe system of decimal units:
of legal studies from the eleventh century.
in divisions of 10s, 100s, 1,000s and [notionally]
10,000 soldiers.  Commerce being the chief activity in the city, there
was an increasing demand for lawyers and notaries
 In the old system the clan and the tribe would have
to write and interpret rules and written agreements
coexisted within the decimal units. Genghis Khan
without which trade on a large scale was not
stopped this practice.
possible.
 This altered the old steppe social order integrating
 Statement 2 is correct: After the fall of the western
different lineages and clans and providing them with
Roman Empire, many of the towns that had been
a new identity derived from its progenitor, Genghis
political and cultural Centres in Italy fell into ruin.
Khan.
 There was no unified government, and the Pope in
 Statement 2 is correct: He divided the old tribal
Rome, who was sovereign in his own state, was not
groupings and distributed their members into new
a strong political figure. With the expansion of trade
military units. The new military contingents were
between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic
required to serve under his four sons and specially
countries, the ports on the Italian coast revived.
chosen captains of his army units called noyan.
Q.40) Ans: d
Q.38) Ans: a
Exp:
Exp:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: There was rapid
 Statement 1 is correct: The term ‘feudalism’ derived
development of coal and cotton industries in the first
from the German word ‘feud’, which means ‘a piece
stage of the Industrial revolution. The invention of
of land’. In an economic sense, feudalism refers to a
railways in the subsequent stage further
kind of agricultural production which is based on the
accentuated the development of these industries.
relationship between lords and peasants.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: on the advent of industrial
 The latter cultivated their own land as well as that of
revolution in Britain, there was rapid development of
the lord. The peasants performed labour services for
coal and cotton industries in the first stage of
the lords, who in exchange provided military
industrialization itself.
protection.
 They also had extensive judicial control over
peasants. Thus, feudalism went beyond the
economic to cover the social and political aspects of Q.41) Ans: c
life as well Exp:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Although its roots have
been traced to practices that existed in the Roman  Statement 1 is correct: Due to competing interests
Empire and during the age of the French king of natives and Europeans, and bourgeoisie mentality
Charlemagne (742-814), feudalism as an established of authority made European to seek control on
way of life in large parts of Europe may be said to resources thus tried to assimilate the natives so as to
have emerged later, in the eleventh century. aid capitalism in terms of labour capital.
 Statement 2 is correct: Due to economic and political
power influences and European deluge to wipe out
Q.39) Ans: c the native cultures and propagation of mainstream
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cultures made them to ignore existing traditions and  Statement 1 is correct: A new military alliance had
cultures. come into being in April, 1949. The USA and most
countries of Western Europe Britain, France,
Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland, Norway, Denmark,
Q.42) Ans: a Portugal and Italy and Iceland and Canada formed
the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). It is
Exp: believed that the formation of NATO was stimulated
 Statement 1 is correct: Almost everywhere by the Berlin blockade by USSR.
nationalist movements arose as an answer to  Statement 2 is correct: In 1955, when West Germany
colonial exploitation. These movements vested the was admitted as a member of NATO, the Soviet
political power in the hands of people. Union and the East European countries ruled by
 Civic nationalism vests sovereignty in all people communist parties formed their military alliance
regardless of language, ethnicity, religion or gender. which is known as the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw
Pact countries, like the NATO countries, had a joint
 It seeks to create a community of rights-exercising
military command.
citizens and defines nationhood in terms of
citizenship, not ethnicity or religion.  Statement 3 is incorrect: Germany was divided into
the West and East Germany. While West Germany
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Ethnic and religious
was admitted into the NATO, the East Germany was
nationalisms try to build national solidarities around
incorporated into the 'Warsaw Pact'.
a given language, religion or set of traditions,
defining the people ethnically, not in terms of
common citizenship.
 In a multi-ethnic country, ethnic nationalists might Q.45) Ans: d
limit the exercise of sovereignty to a chosen people, Exp:
often assumed to be superior to minority
communities.  Statement 1 is incorrect: The Balfour Declaration
 Today, most western countries define their was a public statement issued by the British
nationhood in terms of common citizenship and not government in 1917 during the First World War
by common ethnicity. One prominent exception is announcing support for the establishment of a
Germany "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine,
then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish
population.
Q.43) Ans: c  Statement 2 is incorrect: The Suez Canal is an
artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the
Exp: Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the
Isthmus of Suez.
 Statement 1 is correct: Abraham Lincoln was an
American statesman and lawyer who served as the
16th president of the United States from 1861 until
his assassination in 1865. Q.46) Ans: b
 Statement 2 is correct: Lincoln led the nation Exp:
through the American Civil War, the country's
greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.  Statement 1 is incorrect: In 1830, France invaded
and occupied the coastal areas of Algeria, citing a
diplomatic incident as casus belli. Hussein Dey went
Q.44) Ans: b into exile.
 French colonization then gradually penetrated
Exp: southwards, and came to have a profound impact on
the area and its populations.
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 The European conquest, initially accepted in the Q.50) Ans: c

Algiers region, was soon met by a rebellion, led by
Exp:
Abdel Kadir, which took roughly a decade for the
French troops to put down after the "pacification  Option c is correct: The United States detonated two
campaign", in which the French used chemical nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of
weapons, mass executions of civilians and prisoners, Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945,
concentration camps and many other atrocities. respectively.
 Statement 2 is correct: Liberia is a country in West  Normandy Invasion, also called Operation Overlord
Africa which was founded by free people of color or D-Day, during World War II, the Allied invasion of
from the United States. The emigration of African western Europe, which was launched on June 6, 1944
Americans both free and recently emancipated, was (the most celebrated D-Day of the war), with the
funded and organized by the American Colonization simultaneous landing of U.S., British, and Canadian
Society (ACS). forces on five separate beachheads in Normandy,
France.
 German troops invaded Poland on September 1,
Q.47) Ans: b 1939, triggering World War II.
 On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl
Exp:
Harbor, the hub of the United States military power
 Option b is correct: Norway was neutral, meaning in the Pacific.
that it did not take sides, during World War I (1914–
18). The country did not want to enter World War II
(1939–45) either, but Nazi Germany invaded it in Q.51) Ans: c
1940.
Exp:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: In 1774, Louis XVI of the
Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of
Q.48) Ans: c
France. Bourbon dynasty had been ruling France for
Exp: a while. Louis XVI was a very powerful Bourbon King.
 Statement 2 is correct: The term Old Regime is
 Option c is correct: More famous than the Anglo- usually used to describe the society and institutions
Zulu War is the Boer War (1899–1902). The British of France before 1789.The members of the first two
came into conflict with some of the earlier European estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed
settlers of South Africa, the Boers (or Afrikaners), certain privileges by birth. Rest of the population,
who are Dutch descendants. which was more than 90% of the total, belonged to
the third estate, which included big businessmen,
merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artists,
Q.49) Ans: b landless labourers, servants etc.
 Statement 3 is correct: The Church extracted its
Exp:
share of taxes called tithe from the peasants, and all
 Option b is correct: Lenin gained the support of the the members of the third estate had to pay taxes to
Russian peasants and factory workers by promising the state. These included a direct tax, called taille,
them peace, land, and bread and preaching the ideas and a number of indirect taxes which were levied on
of Karl Marx's communism. articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco.
 Lenin's slogan gave the proletariat (poor peasants
and factory workers) hope for a better future under
communism. Q.52) Ans: d
Exp:
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 Statement 1 is correct: The ideas envisaging a  This was to set themselves apart from the
society based on freedom and equal laws and fashionable sections of society, especially nobles,
opportunities for all, were put forward by who wore knee breeches. It was a way of proclaiming
philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques the end of the power wielded by the wearers of knee
Rousseau during the 18th century. breeches.
 In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke  Statement 3 is incorrect: These Jacobins came to be
sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and known as the sans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those
absolute right of the monarch. without knee breeches. ‘Sans-culottes’ men wore in
 Statement 2 is correct: Rousseau carried the idea addition the red cap that symbolised liberty.
forward, proposing a form of government based on
a social contract between people and their
representatives. Q.54) Ans: a
 Statement 3 is correct: In The Spirit of the Laws,
Montesquieu proposed a division of power within Exp:
the government between the legislative, the Correct chronology is 1-2-3-4.
executive and the judiciary. This model of
government was put into force in the USA, after the  The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to make
thirteen colonies declared their independence from laws in the National Assembly, which was indirectly
Britain. elected. In the summer of 1792, the Jacobins
planned an insurrection.
 On the morning of August 10, they stormed the
Q.53) Ans: d Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards
and held the king himself as hostage for several
Exp: hours.
 Large sections of the population were convinced that  Elections were held. From now on all men of 21 years
the revolution had to be carried further. Political and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to
clubs became an important rallying point for people vote. The newly elected assembly was called the
who wished to discuss government policies and plan Convention.
their own forms of action.  On 21 September 1792 it abolished the monarchy
and declared France a republic. The period from
 The most successful of these clubs was that of the
Jacobins, which got its name from the former 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror.
convent of St Jacob in Paris.  Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that
 Women too, who had been active throughout this even his supporters began to demand moderation.
period, formed their own clubs. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794,
arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.
 Statement 1 is correct: The members of the Jacobin
Club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections  With the fall of Jacobins, a new constitution was
of society. They included small shopkeepers, artisans introduced which denied the vote to non-propertied
such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, sections of society. It provided for two elected
printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers. legislative councils. These then appointed a
Directory, an executive made up of five members.
 Statement 2 is correct: The leader of the Jacobin
Club was Maximilian Robespierre. When the  However, the Directors often clashed with the
Jacobins proclaimed France as a republic, legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss
Robespierre presided over the new government. them. The political instability of the Directory paved
way for the rise of a military dictator, Napoleon
 A large group among the Jacobins decided to start
Bonaparte.
wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn
by dock workers.
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Q.55) Ans: d  Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English

manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative
Exp:
community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA).
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Liberals wanted a nation  In France, for instance, Louis Blanc (1813-1882)
which tolerated all religions. They wanted to wanted the government to encourage cooperatives
safeguard the rights of individuals against and replace capitalist enterprises.
governments.  Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-
 They argued for an elected parliamentary 1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments.
government, rule of law, separation of power and an  Immanuel Kant was a German enlightenment
independent judiciary. However, they were not thinker of the previous century.
democrats.
 They did not believe in universal adult franchise, that
is, the right of every citizen to vote. They felt men of Q.57) Ans: d
property mainly should have the vote. They also did
not want the vote for women. Exp:
 Radicals wanted a government that was based on  The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was
the elected majority. Many supported women's founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx's
suffragette movements. ideas.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Unlike liberals, they  Some Russian socialists felt that the Russian peasant
opposed the privileges of great landowners and custom of dividing land periodically made them
wealthy factory owners. They were not against the natural socialists.
existence of private property but disliked  So, peasants, not workers, would be the main force
concentration of property in the hands of a few. So, of the revolution, and Russia could become socialist
statement 2 is incorrect. more quickly than other countries.
 Statement 3 is correct: Conservatives were opposed  They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in
to radicals and liberals. Earlier, in the eighteenth 1900. This party struggled for peasants' rights and
century, conservatives had been generally opposed demanded that land belonging to nobles be
to the ideas of change. transferred to peasants.
 After the French Revolution, however, even  The Social Democratic Workers Party disagreed
conservatives had opened their minds to the need with the Socialist Revolutionary Party about
for change. peasants. Lenin, a leader of the Social Democratic
 By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some Workers Party, felt that peasants were not one
change was inevitable but believed that the past had united group.
to be respected and change had to be brought  Statement 1 is incorrect: The Social Democratic
through a slow process. So, statement 3 is correct. Workers Party was also divided over the strategy of
organisation. Vladimir Lenin (who led the Bolshevik
group) thought that in a repressive society like
Q.56) Ans: c Tsarist Russia the party should be disciplined and
should control the number and quality of its
Exp:
members.
 Option c is correct: By the mid nineteenth century in  Statement 2 is incorrect: Others (Mensheviks)
Europe, socialism was a well-known body of ideas thought that the party should be open to all (as in
that attracted widespread attention. Germany).
 Socialists were against private property, and saw it
as the root of all social ills of the time. Socialists had
different visions of the future. Some believed in the Q.58) Ans: c
idea of cooperatives.
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Exp:  What followed was a collectivization programme.

From 1929, the Party forced all peasants to cultivate
 In March 1918, despite opposition by their political in collective farms (kolkhoz).
allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at
 The bulk of land and implements were transferred to
Brest Litovsk.
the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked
 Statement 1 is correct: However, this peace treaty on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared.
was very humiliating as Germany annexed almost
one third of the total European territories of Soviet
Russia in this treaty.
Q.60) Ans: a
 Lenin agreed to this treaty so that the Bolshevik
party could focus on internal consolidation and Exp:
winning the civil war.
 Statement 2 is correct: Soviet Russia soon became a  Option a is correct: The infant Weimar Republic was
one-party state as all the parties, other than the being made to pay for the sins of the old empire. In
Bolshevik Party, were banned. the Treaty of Versailles, Weimar Republic was
 Trade unions were kept under strict party control. compelled to accept the ‘war guilt’ clause, meaning
The secret police (called the Cheka first, and later that it unwillingly accepted that the Germany alone
OGPU and NKVD) punished those who criticised the was to be blamed for the WWI.
Bolsheviks.  The republic carried the burden of national
humiliation and was financially crippled by being
forced to pay compensation.
Q.59) Ans: c  Those who supported the Weimar Republic, mainly
Socialists, Catholics and Democrats, became easy
Exp: targets of attack in the conservative nationalist
circles.
 Statement 1 is correct: By 1927-1928, the towns in  They were mockingly called the ‘November
Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain criminals’.
supplies. The government fixed prices at which grain
 This mindset had a major impact on the political
must be sold, but the peasants refused to sell their
developments of the early 1930s, as we will soon
grain to government buyers at these prices.
see.
 Stalin introduced firm emergency measures. He
believed that rich peasants and traders in the
countryside were holding stocks in the hope of
higher prices. Q.61) Ans: c
 Speculation had to be stopped and supplies Exp:
confiscated. In 1928, Party members toured the
grain-producing areas, supervising enforced grain  Option c is correct: Proletarianisation literally means
collections, and raiding ‘kulaks’, the name for well- to become impoverished to the level of working
to-do peasants. classes.
 Statement 2 is correct: As shortages continued, the  The economic crisis in the aftermath of the 'Great
decision was taken to collectivize farms. After 1917, Depression' created deep anxieties in people. The
land had been given over to peasants. middle classes, especially salaried employees and
 These small-sized peasant farms could not be pensioners, saw their savings diminish when the
modernized. To develop modern farms, and run currency lost its value.
them along industrial lines with machinery, it was  Small businessmen, the self-employed and retailers
necessary to establish state-controlled large farms. suffered as their businesses got ruined. These
sections of society were filled with the fear of
proletarianisation, an anxiety of being reduced to
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the ranks of the working class, or worse still, the between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7
unemployed. million hectares.
 Only organised workers could manage to keep their
heads above water, but unemployment weakened
their bargaining power. Q.64) Ans: c
Exp:
Q.62) Ans: a  The British needed forests in order to build ships and
Exp: railways. The British were worried that the use of
forests by local people and the reckless felling of
 Option a is correct: In his foreign policy, Hitler trees by traders would destroy forests.
acquired quick successes. He pulled out of the  Statement 1 is correct: So, they decided to invite a
League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice, and
in 1936, and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 made him the first Inspector General of Forests in
under the slogan, ‘One people, One empire, and One India.
leader’.  Dietrich Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in
 He then went on to wrest German speaking 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of
Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia, and gobbled up 1865. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set
the entire country later under the Munich Pact. up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they taught here
 In all of this he had the unspoken support of England, was called 'scientific forestry’.
which had considered the Versailles verdict too  In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of
harsh. different types of trees were cut down. In their place,
one type of tree was planted in straight rows.
 Statement 2 is correct: Forest officials surveyed the
Q.63) Ans: c forests, estimated the area under different types of
trees, and made working plans for forest
Exp: management. They planned how much of the
 In 1600, approximately one-sixth of India's landmass plantation area to cut every year. The area cut was
was under cultivation. then to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut
again in some years.
 Now, that figure has gone up to about half. In the
colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for a
variety of reasons.
 First, the British directly encouraged the production Q.65) Ans: a
of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and Exp:
cotton.
 Statement 1 is correct: The demand for these crops  Statement 1 is correct: Britain conquered what had
increased in nineteenth-century Europe where been German East Africa i.e., Tanganyika during the
foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban First World War. It attained independence in 1961
population and raw materials were required for and united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania in 1964.
industrial production.  Statement 2 is incorrect: The Maasai cattle herders
 Second, in the early nineteenth century, the colonial live primarily in East Africa: 300, 000 in southern
state thought that forests were unproductive. Kenya and another 150,000 in Tanzania. In 1885,
 Statement 2 is correct: They were considered to be Maasai land was cut into half with an international
wilderness that had to be brought under cultivation boundary between British Kenya and German
so that the land could yield agricultural products and Tanganyika.
revenue, and enhance the income of the state. So,
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Q.66) Ans: a  Statement 2 is incorrect: Triple Entente was a not a

formal agreement. But, through a series of amicable
Exp:
solutions of international claims, it was established
 Statement 1 is correct and 2 and 3 are incorrect: The between Britain, France and Russia. It was a tacit
area in the south-east Asia was once called acknowledgement on their part of the fact that
Indochina. It consists of modern-day Laos, Cambodia Germany was their common and most formidable
and Vietnam. rival.
 In a series of planned steps which included threats of  Statement 3 is correct: Italy, though a part of Triple
war, France became the master of Indo-China by the Alliance, initially stayed neutral on the pretext that it
end of 19th century and the separate states were was the Germany that had attacked other countries.
grouped together under a French governor-general. Later, it joined the war on the side of Britain in lure
 Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka, was first conquered of territorial gains. Similarly, Japan was eyeing the
by the Portuguese, who lost it to the Dutch and German colonies in China. Thus, it also joined on the
eventually British became the masters of Ceylon. side of Triple Entente.
 Similarly, Malay Peninsula along with the spice
islands of Indonesia were once under the control of
Dutch. Eventually, British captured the Malay Q.69) Ans: a
Peninsula along with the Singapore.
Exp:
 Option a is correct: Woodrow Wilson was the
Q.67) Ans: b President of USA. When USA decided to join the WWI
on the side of allies, Wilson proposed a 'fourteen-
Exp: point proposal' for any future peace negotiation for
 Option b is correct: European imperial powers had the post-WWI global order.
divided China into separate spheres of influence.  This proposal was to be taken up in the Paris Peace
Concerned that her trade with China will be shut Conference held after the surrender of Germany in
down, USA proposed an 'open door policy'. WWI. Among the proposals were territorial
 It meant that all these imperial powers had the right readjustments, Polish Corridor, disarmament, free
to trade freely across China. This hustle for privileges trade, freedom of navigation, end to secret treaties,
ended Only with the Boxer Uprising during the self-determination, setting up of League of Nations,
concluding years of 19th century. etc.
 A multi-national army defeated the Boxer rebellion,
which was a popular rebellion led by the monks, and
imposed heavy reparations of the Chinese Emperor Q.70) Ans: c
for supporting it during the latter stages.
Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: Russian revolution took place

Q.68) Ans: d in two stages. The first stage occurred in the month
of February in 1917. Hence, it is called the ‘February
Exp: Revolution’.
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Triple Alliance consisted of  During this stage, the Czar was overthrown and a
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. It was signed provisional government was formed under the
during the early 1880s. It was a defensive military leadership of middle-class leaders like Kerensky.
alliance meaning that the member countries were to  During the 2nd stage, called the October Revolution,
come to the aid of a partner country Only when it Bolsheviks took over and Russia officially became
was attacked by any fourth outside power. Soviet Russia after this point.
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 Statement 2 is correct: Lenin was in exile in France received 'Syria' and 'Lebanon'. Elsewhere,
Switzerland at the time of February Revolution. Japan, South Africa, Portugal, etc. benefited from the
Under his leadership, the Bolshevik Party took over 'Mandate' system.
the command of communist movement and
overthrew the provisional government in a planned
coup. Q.73) Ans: c
Exp:
Q.71) Ans: d  Statement 1 is correct: In a revolution in 1911, China
was proclaimed a republic. Dr. Sun Yat Sen had
Exp:
played an important role in this revolution.
 Statement 1 is correct: In Russia, the form of  After this revolution failed, he formed a party called
government was tyrannical. The Emperor, Czar, Kuomintang (KMT) and led the nationalist struggle
enjoyed unbridled power without any constitutional against foreign domination and internal divisive
limit on his authority. forces for a number of years. After him, the
 Statement 2 is correct: In the Revolution of 1905, leadership of KMT was taken over by Chiang Kai
Czar was forced to grant some concessions. He Shek.
allowed formation of a parliament called Duma.  Statement 2 is correct: Communist Party of China
However, it was soon filled by the cronies of czar and was formed in 1924 CE. Mao was playing a very
became toothless. It was eventually replaced in the important role in it.
Bolshevik revolution of 1917.  For a long time, there was a civil war like situation
 Statement 3 is correct: The term ‘Soviet’ means a between the communists and the KMT. But, in 1930,
council mostly of industrial workers and locally when the Japanese attacked China with the aim of
stationed soldiers. During the Bolshevik revolution, subjugating the whole country, both sides agreed to
local soviets were formed across Russia and these work together to resist the Japanese aggression.
soviets sent delegates to a central Soviet.
Q.74) Ans: c
Q.72) Ans: c
Exp:
Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: The defeated Ottoman
 Statement 1 is correct: After the WWI was over, the Sultan had accepted a humiliating Treaty of Severs,
question of dividing the colonies and territories of in which Turkish nation itself was divided into many
defeated parties arose. It was solved by the parts and shared as spoils of war between allied
‘Mandate’ system which was devised in the charter powers. This arose the indignation of nationalist
of League of Nations. Turks. A nationalist government was formed and it
 Theoretically, these mandate holders were supposed waged a tough war against the invaders and forced
to oversee a transition to ‘responsible governments’ them back to the negotiation table to accept a more
in their mandated countries. But imperial powers reasonable solution.
had secretly divided these areas between  Statement 2 is correct: Consequent, Kemal Pasha
themselves as spoils of war. converted Turkey into a republic and held
 The Ottoman Empire had lost in the WWI. Previously, democratic elections. Under his leadership, a
it had controlled a large area in the West Asia, which modernisation program was launched.
was to be taken away. Britain and France decided to  Statement 3 is incorrect: Kemal Pasha himself, in the
split these areas among themselves. process of converting Turkey into a democratic
 Statement 2 is correct: Consequently, Britain took republic, abolished the office of Caliph.
Transjordan, Iraq and Palestine under its 'Mandate';
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 Statement 2 is correct: Any failure to report a

notifiable disease is a criminal offence and the state
Q.75) Ans: a
government can take necessary actions against
Exp: defaulters.
 Option a is correct: In the Yalta conference, it was

decided to set up a new organisation to replace the Q.78) Ans: b
League of Nations. The sole purpose was to maintain
peace and promote friendly relations between Exp:
nation-states.
 In 1864, the International Working Men’s
 Subsequently, a conference was held at San
Francisco in April, 1945. It was attended by over 50 Association was formed. It was more popularly
nations. Here, the charter of United Nations known as the ‘First International’.
Organisation (UNO) was adopted. It was then  The ‘Second International’ was formed in 1889 CE.
opened for ratification by nation-states of the world. Leaders of the international socialist movement-
maintained contacts with the leaders of the colonial
countries.
 Statement 1 is correct: Dadabhai Naoroji, the grand
Q.76) Ans: a
old man of India's freedom movement, attended a
Exp: congress of the Second International and was
greeted warmly.
 Option a is correct: The growing tension during the  Statement 2 is correct: Madame Cama, an Indian
cold war was worsened by the formation of military revolutionary, unfurled the India’s flag of freedom
alliances globally. Apart from Europe centric NATO that she had designed at a Congress of the ‘Second
and WARSAW pact, there were SEATO and Baghdad International’.
Pact.  Statement 3 is incorrect: Mahatma Gandhi did not
 The Baghdad Pact was signed in 1955 between attend any session of the Second International,
Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran and USA. These which became redundant due to the events on the
military alliances were seen as a danger to the peace eve of WWI.
and harmful for the independence of its smaller
members.
 For example, after a revolution in Iraq in 1958, it
Q.79) Ans: a
withdrew from the pact. Then, the Baghdad pact was
renamed as the Central Treaty Organisation Exp:
(CENTO).
 Option a is correct: Subjugation of China began with
the opium wars in 1840s and 1850s. One after the
other, European powers began to make inroads into
Q.77) Ans: c
Chinese politics and economy.
Exp:  Up to the 1890s, European Powers were preparing
for partition of China into their respective spheres of
 Statement 1 is correct: The Centre has notified influences.
several diseases such as cholera, diphtheria,  With their own spheres, respective European powers
encephalitis, leprosy, meningitis, pertussis were to be free to exploit the economic and human
(whooping cough), plague, tuberculosis, AIDS, resources at the exclusion of other European
hepatitis, measles, yellow fever, malaria dengue, powers.
etc. The onus of notifying any disease and the  The USA felt that it would be left out of the lucrative
implementation lies with the state government. trade of China in such a situation. It, therefore,
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declared what is known as the ‘Open Door Policy’,  These Shoguns were sitting over a feudal socio-
which meant that no country should be political system. They were comparable to the
discriminated against in China by other countries, Nayakas of Vijayanagara period in India.
including in areas in which they claimed as their  These Shoguns were maintaining a traditional social
spheres of influence. structure in Japan that hindered any sort of
modernisation. In 1853, Commodore Perry's arrival
was a bitter lesson for the Japanese that if they failed
Q.80) Ans: c to modernize, they should also be colonised.
 As part of the modernisation process, the rule of
Exp: Shoguns was an end and a new set of advisors and
 The Monroe Doctrine is the best-known U.S. policy rulers came to the fore.
towards the Latin America. Buried in a routine
annual message delivered to Congress by President
James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine Q.82) Ans: b
warns European nations that the United States
Exp:
would not tolerate further colonization or puppet
monarchs.  During the WWI, Britain and France, were fomenting
 But, up to the end of 19th century, Latin America had the dormant Arab nationalism in West Asia, which
begun to be seen as USA's special sphere of interest, was under the control of Ottoman Turks at the time.
which was open to intervention Only by the USA.  They made promises that if the Arabs helped in war,
 Statement 1 is correct: In 1904, Roosevelt declared they will be rewarded with a separate nation of their
that the USA had the right not Only to oppose own.
European intervention in the American continent but  Statement 1 is correct: But Britain and France
to intervene itself in the internal affairs of her arrived at a secret arrangement between themselves
neighbours to maintain order. This is known as a new regarding the future division of Ottoman West Asia
‘corollary’ to the 'Monroe Doctrine'. territories between themselves after the war. This
 For centuries, military generals, called Shoguns, arrangement is known as the Sykes-Picot agreement
exercised real power in Japan while the emperor was which was decided in 1916.
a mere figurehead.  Statement 2 is correct: Under this agreement,
 In 1853, Commodore Perry’s arrival was a bitter Transjordan, Iraq and Palestine were to go to Britain
lesson for the Japanese that if they failed to and Syria and Lebanon were to be awarded to France
modernize, they shall also be colonised. As a part of under the guise of 'Mandate' system.
the modernisation process, the rule of Shoguns was  Statement 3 is incorrect: In a separate case, British
an end and a new set of advisors and rulers came to government also committed itself to the
the fore. establishment in Palestine of a national home for the
 Statement 2 is correct: They ruled in the name of the Jewish people. This pledge was contained in a letter
emperor, whose authority was restored in theory. famously known as the ‘Balfour Declaration.’
This event is known as the Meiji restoration, after the
title ‘Meiji' which the new emperor took.
Q.83) Ans: c
Q.81) Ans: a Exp:
Exp:  League of Nations had three constitutional organs

the Assembly, the Council and the Secretariat. But it
 Option a is correct: For centuries, military generals, proved to be totally ineffective in maintaining peace
called Shoguns, exercised real power in Japan while
the emperor was a mere figurehead.
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and taking any effective steps against the aggressor remedied after 1933. This happened during the
countries that led the world towards WWII. presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was first
 Also, there could no progress towards the reduction elected in 1932 and won three subsequent elections.
of armaments. But, the two agencies created by the  Statement 1 is correct: The programme of reform
League did useful work. which he started is known as the 'New Deal'. A large
 Statement 1 and 2 are correct: These were the program of welfare was initiated which alleviated
Permanent Court of International Justice (popularly the misery of many sections of the population.
known as the World Court) and the International  The New Deal was inspired from the Keynesian
Labour Organisation. Both these bodies were later economic model, in which expansionary fiscal and
incorporated into the UNO system. monetary policies were used to spur the demand in
the economy. This increased demand could boost
production and employment.
Q.84) Ans: b
Exp: Q.86) Ans: d
 Option b is correct: The peace treaty signed with the Exp:
Germany after the WWI was known as the Treaty of
Versailles. According to the provisions of the treaty,  Statement 2 is correct: The First World War and the
Alsace Lorraine, which Germany had seized from Civil War in the wake of Bolshevik revolution had
France in 1871, was returned to France. ravaged the Russian economy. Famines had
 The newly created State of Poland was provided consumed millions of people.
with the access to the sea by giving it about 65 km of  Statement 1 is correct: In 1921, industrial production
corridor which separated East Prussia from the rest was 14% of what it had been before 1914.
of Germany. Danzig was made a free city under the Redistribution of land had affected food production.
political control of the League of Nations and Soviet government had adopted the War
economic control of Poland. Communism to deal with the unprecedented
 Belgium, Denmark and Lithuania gained territories situation.
from Germany. The Saara strategically important  Whatever was produced in the industries and on
coal mining area was brought under the control of farms was highly rationed. All this created
the League of Nations for fifteen years while the widespread resentment.
mines in the area were transferred to France as  Statement 3 is correct: In 1921, a new policy, called
compensation. the New Economic Policy (NEP) was adopted and the
 Germany was debarred from uniting with Austria. War Communism was withdrawn. It was launched by
The Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized Vladimir Lenin. Peasant control was restored on
and occupied by the allied troops for fifteen years. their produce, salaries were paid in cash, trade in
German military strength was severely curtailed. goods was reopened and efforts were made to
rehabilitate the economy.
 In some industries, private management was
Q.85) Ans: c introduced and many small industries were allowed
to remain in private hands. A large number of
Exp: cooperatives were set up. Along with this,
 The Great Depression, which had its origin in USA, strategically important industries remained under
affected the whole world. It was basically a deep government control.
economic recession that chipped away a significant
portion of GDP of the European states and USA.
 Statement 2 is correct: But, in USA, some of the Q.87) Ans: a
worst effects of the economic recession began to be
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Exp: The dynasty of Reza Khan is known as the Pahlavi

dynasty.
 Option a is correct: The Japanese industrial  In 1918, an organisation, called the Wafd, was set up
development had taken place under conditions of in Egypt, which led the Egyptian struggle for
extreme exploitation of the workers. independence.
 The heavily subsidized industries were set up by the  A delegation of Egyptian nationalists had prepared to
government in the beginning. When these industries go to Paris during the peace conference to demand
became self-sufficient, they were sold at nominal independence for Egypt from the British control.
value to the private sector.
 But, the members of the delegation were arrested
 This was also because maintaining these industries and the Wafd leader Saad Zaghlul Pasha was
was fiscally burdensome for the government. Due to deported.
such a large-scale privatization in such a short period
 Statement 3 is incorrect: A powerful nationalist
of time, all these industries were bought by Only a
movement arose in Morocco. In 1921, the Rif tribes
few banking houses/families.
of Spanish Morocco rose in rebellion under the
 Thus, the industry and the banks were under the
leadership of Abdel Karim.
domination of the Zaibatsu, a small group of money-
cliques. The Zaibatsu had close links with the
Japanese government.
Q.90) Ans: c
Exp:
Q.88) Ans: a
 Statement 1 is correct: In 1910, the British colonies
Exp: vis. Natal and Cape Colony, the Boer States, the
Orange Free State and the Transvaal had been
 Option a is correct: The decision of the Paris Peace brought together as a self-governing state called the
Conference to hand over Shantung in China to Japan Union of South Africa.
led to an anti-imperialist upsurge in 1919 CE.
 Statement 3 is correct: Some of these areas were
 It began with a protest demonstration by students of conquered by the British in the WWI, the white
Beijing University on 4thMay, 1919 and the population of South Africa was Only 20% of the total
movement that started with it is known as the ‘May population.
Fourth Movement’.
 Statement 2 is correct: The white people comprised
 It soon spread to various parts of China. One of its people of British origin and the Boers, who were of
aspects was the rejection of traditional knowledge Dutch origin. The Nationalist Party (NP) which was
and appeal to modernity. Many communist groups mainly the party of the Boers (or Afrikaners) was
were formed during this movement. dominated by ideas of extreme white racism.
 It remained in power for a long time, because a vast
majority simply could not vote. It advocated a policy
Q.89) Ans: d of racial separation (apartheid) in order to maintain
Exp: the social and political supremacy of the Whites.
 Statement 1 is incorrect: In 1921, the pro-British

government in Iraq was overthrown with the help of Q.91) Ans: c
Reza Khan. He was looked up to as the Kemal Pasha
of Iraq. Exp:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: In 1925, the Iranian  Option c is correct: The end of the First World War,
Constituent Assembly called the majlis, deposed the
as already mentioned, was accompanied by the
ruler of Iran and made Reza Khan the Shah of Iran.
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emergence of a number of European nations as country. At this time, Britain, France and USA
independent states. adopted a policy of non-intervention.
 These included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland,  Statement 2 is correct: The forces opposing the
Poland and Czechoslovakia by merging new group led by General Franco were called the
territories with an already existing state. Estonia, Republicans. While Germany and Italy were actively
Latvia, Lithuania and Finland were created out of the aiding the Nationalists, the Only country that came
territory annexed by Germany from Russia. to the support of the Republicans, was the Soviet
 Poland was created out of German and Russian Union.
territories. Czechoslovakia was carved out of Austria-
Hungary. Serbia had already existed before the WWI.
In fact, WWI started with the attack of Austria- Q.94) Ans: c
Hungary on Serbia.
Exp:
 Option c is correct: As Hitler was committing acts of
Q.92) Ans: c aggression one after another in Rhineland,
Exp: Sudetenland, Austria, etc. Britain and France were
accepting them one after another. This policy was
 The League of Nations was created after the Paris called the policy of appeasement.
Peace Conference to maintain peace as well as  Hitler's next demand was to annex entire
promote security and friendly relations between Czechoslovakia. The worst act of appeasement and
nations. shameful betrayal took place when Czechoslovakia
 The League had an assembly, a Council and a was handed over to Germany.
Secretariat. In the assembly, all the member-  In September 1938, a meeting was held in Munich,
countries were represented and each country had and it was decided to hand over Czechoslovakia to
one vote. Germany. In March 1939, Germany marched its
 Statement 1 is correct: The council had initially 9 troops into the remaining parts of Czechoslovakia
members out of whom five Britain, France, Italy, and occupied it. So, option c is the correct answer.
Japan and USA were to be permanent and four non-
permanent members.
 Statement 2 is correct: The US did not join the Q.95) Ans: a
League of Nations and her place on the council was
taken by Germany when she was admitted in 1926. Exp:
Germany's admission came after a conference held  Option a is correct: Soviet Russia always suspected
in Locarno, Switzerland. that the capitalist countries of Western Europe were
siding with the Fascist forces to undermine Russia.
 Still, realizing the rising threat from Nazi Germany,
Q.93) Ans: b Britain and France started negotiations with Soviet
Exp: Russia for an alliance with Germany. But the talks
broke down.
 Statement 1 is incorrect: In the Spanish civil war, the  Soviet Union was now looking for some sort of
Falange and other right-wing parties and their allies strategic protection. So, on 23rd August 1939,
the army generals made plans to overthrow the Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-
government of the Popular Front government and aggression pact.
establish a fascist rule. General Franco was their  Under this pact, both were not supposed to attack
main leader. one another. On 1st September, Germany invaded
 This group was called the Nationalists. The rebels, Poland and started WWII.
with foreign support, captured many parts of the
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opinion was favourable to the cause of Britain, but

they did not want to join in the war.
Q.96) Ans: c
 Britain was allowed to buy arms. Gradually, the US
Exp: support to the Britain grew. In March 1941, the US
Congress passed a law under which the US president
 In June 1940, France surrendered in the WWII. While was given the right to lend or lease armaments to
the northern France was occupied by the German any country whose defense was vital to the defense
troops, a French government was allowed to retain of the United States.
control over about half of France.  This was known as the ‘Lend-Lease’ system. Under
 Statement 1 is correct: This government moved to this, Britain began to receive massive supplies from
Vichy; hence it was called the Vichy government and USA. In November 1941, the ‘Lend-Lease’ system
the area under its control was called the 'Vichy was extended to the Soviet Union also.
France'. The Vichy France collaborated with the Nazi
Germany and in turn, it was allowed to maintain
control over its colonies. Q.99) Ans: c
 Statement 2 is correct: Charles de Gaulle, who had
been a colonel in the French army at the time of the Exp:
German invasion of France, had escaped to Britain
after the surrender by the French government.  Option c is correct: Even though the Soviet Union
which was already directly fighting the Nazi Germany
 Under the leadership of de Gaulle, now General de
across Eastern Europe had been demanding opening
Gaulle, the Free France movement was started and a
of a second front against the Nazi Germany in the
French army was organised in Britain to fight against
Western Europe, allied powers did not agree to it for
the Nazi Germany. Charles de Gaulle later went on to
a few years.
become the President of France.
 Eventually, in June 1944, the Allied troops opened
the 'Second Front' in Western Europe.
 On 6th June 1944, known as the 'D Day', the first
Q.97) Ans: a
allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy, on
Exp: the north coast of France. By the end of June, the
number of the Allied troops which had landed in
 Option a is correct: After having conquered about France had gone up to 1600000.
the whole of Western Europe, Germany now
planned the invasion of Britain. This plan was given
the code name of 'Sea-Lion'. Q.100) Ans: b
 German bombers and fighters started the bombing
of British ports, airfields, aircraft factories, etc. Exp:
 But, as a result of the British resistance, operation
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The first shot in the cold
'Sea-Lion' was indefinitely put off and, by November
war was fired by Winston Churchill. No longer the
1940, the German air raids on London had more or
Prime Minister of Britain, he made a speech at the
less stopped.
University of Fulton, Missouri, in the US, in the
presence of the US President, Truman, in which he
said, "From the Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Q.98) Ans: a Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Exp: continent."
 The US decision to intervene in the Greek Civil War
 Option a is correct: When the WWII started, USA may be considered as formally ushering in the Cold
announced its neutrality. The American public War. President Truman, while asking the Congress
for 400 million dollar as military and economic aid to
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the Greek government, made a policy statement

which has been called the ‘Truman Doctrine’.
 Statement 2 is correct: In his speech, he said, “I
believe that it must be the policy of the United States
to support free people who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
powers.” The Truman Doctrine proclaimed
communism as the threat to the ‘Free World.’
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Q.7) Consider the following statements:

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Q.13) With reference to the Roman empire, consider the

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2) the emperor and the aristocracy were the main

Q.21) With reference to the Roman society, consider the

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Q.28) Consider the following statements about The

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a) 1 Only Choose the correct statement using the code given

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Q.38) Consider the following statements about

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a) 1 Only 2. 'Warsaw Pact' was a military block of mainly

1. All Nationalisms are based on the doctrine of popular b) 1 and 2 only

Choose the correct statement using the code given

1. Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and a) 1 Only

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Q.57) Consider the following statements:

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Q.67) In which of the following countries did the ‘Boxer

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Which of the statements given above is correct? a) 1 Only

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1. The onus of notifying any disease and the

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Q.93) Consider the following statements with respect to

a) 1 Only Which of the statements given above is correct?

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Q.97) Operation ‘Sea Lion’ pertained to the invasion of

Q.98) Which of the following countries started the 'Lend-

Q.99) The term ‘D Day’ refers to which of the following

Q.100) Consider the following statements:

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Q.1) Ans: d Q.3) Ans: b

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years ago. The development of spoken language has Q.8) Ans: a

 Statement 1 is correct: Writing was a skilled craft

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 Statement 1 is correct: Most of the Roman histories Exp:

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Exp: intent to dissolve the marriage by either husband or

 Statement 1 is correct: One of the more modern

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 The Abbasids were the descendants of Abbas (the

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of the Prophet would liberate them from the

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 Genghis Khan worked to systematically erase the old Exp:

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 The European conquest, initially accepted in the Q.50) Ans: c

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Q.55) Ans: d  Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English

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Exp:  What followed was a collectivization programme.