SECTION 3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Group 1 Hydraulic Circuit ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-1

Group 2 Main Circuit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-3
Group 3 Pilot Circuit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-6
Group 4 Single Operation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-13
Group 5 Combined Operation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-23
 GROUP 1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT
1. HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT (1/2)
10 11 8 9

3 (R4)
( 2 ,Px) 4 4
( 3 ,C) (P3)
2
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
SH
[LH] [RH] R1
(R2) NR2 NR1
Dr Dr Dr Dr
PG N2
( 29 ,A) [To Pi1]
DB N1
Dra ( 29 ,B) [To Pi2]
(dr#) 63
HVa
PR PR PaL XBp1
(dr#) ( 21 ,P4) [ARM HOLDING RELEASE] ( 25 ,e)
Pi Pi ( 29 ,C)
Pi Pi XBp2
[To BKT RCV sig']
N Aa[Rod]
N CCo CCk
Dr1
PB PA PA PB (dr#)
AaR
C
( 2 ,Rs1) BaR
PA PB Ba1[Head]
(Ba2)
B A A B XBa1 XBa2
[ARM IN] ( 25 ,e) ( 25 ,e) [ARM IN]
Arm 1 Arm 2
P XAa1 XAa2
[ARM OUT] ( 25 ,d) ( 25 ,d) [ARM OUT]
C
A Dr D
B
12
Pk LCa
Pna1 ARC LCAP2 LCAT2
( 2 ,Btr) ( 2 ,AtL) [SWING PRI.] ( 25 ,c)
Dr3
( 2 ,Atr) ( 21 ,A2) ( 2 ,BtL)
A(CCW) B(CW) (dr#)
( 2 ,As) (dr#)
(Bo)
1 Main pump
( 2 ,Bs) Bc [Head]
(Pd) AoR
BoR
BcR
2 Main control valve
AcR
(Ao) Ac [Rod]
PAcs
3 Swing motor
( 25 ,h) [BOOM PRIORITY]
(XAo)
Option Bucket
XAc
XBc
( 25 ,g) [BUCKET OUT] 4 Travel motor
( 25 ,f) [BUCKET IN]
( 61 ,P1) ( 61 ,T1) ( 61 ,P3) ( 61 ,T3) ( 61 ,P2) ( 61 ,T2)
(XBo)
Drb
(dr#)
5 RCV lever(LH)
LCo LCk
[SWING] P T [ARM] [BUCKET] P T [BOOM] P T [TRAVEL] Dr2 PbL
( 25 ,j) [BOOM HOLDING RELEASE] 6 RCV lever(RH)
26 26 26 (dr#)

5 6 7 AbR CCb HVb Ab [Head] 7 RCV pedal

BbR
(1) (2) (1) (4) (3) Bb [Rod]
8 Boom cylinder(LH)
(3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4)

A B D E F G H J [BOOM DOWN] ( 25 ,j)

XBb2 XBb1 ( 25 ,j) [BOOM DOWN] 9 Boom cylinder(RH)
Boom 1 XAb1
25 ( 2 ,XAtr) ( 2 ,XBtr) ( 2 ,XAtL) ( 2 ,XBtL)
XAb2
Boom 2
LCb2 LCb
( 25 ,h) [BOOM UP]
10 Arm cylinder
d1 e2 f1 g1 h1 j1 [RH-FW] [RH-BW] [LH-FW] [LH-BW] ( 3 ,A) [BOOM UP] ( 25 ,h)
a c b PS d PS e PS f g PS h PS j PS
Bs
( 12 ,B) 11 Bucket cylinder
AtL
24 24 24 29 24 24 24 As CP1

( 2 ,XBs) ( 2 ,XAs) B A
( 3 ,B) [SWING CW] ( 25 ,b) XAs
BtL
12 Turning joint
Swing ( 7 ,(4)) [RH-FW] ( 12 ,D)
XBs
[SWING CCW] [SWING CW]
C ( 2 ,XBb1) ( 2 ,XBb2) ( 2 ,PbL) [SWING CCW] ( 25 ,a)
Pns
Travel RH XAtL
( 7 ,(3)) [RH-BW]
13 Drain check valve
( 2 ,Pna1) [BOOM DOWN] [BOOM2 DOWN] [BOOM HOLDING] ( 21 ,A5) LCs XBtL
[SWING PRI.] PS 24 ( 2 ,XBc) ( 2 ,XAc) Dr4
14 Drain check valve
[BUCKET IN] [BUCKET OUT] 24 PS (dr#)
Px CPG
( 2 ,XAa1) ( 2 ,XAa2) ( 2 ,XBp2)
[BUCKET CONFLUX]
( 12 ,C) ( 3 ,SH)
Btr CP2 CT2 15 Hydraulic tank
[ARM OUT] [ARM2 OUT]

( 12 ,A)
Atr
XAtr (PTb)
Travel Straight
(Pta)
16 Oil cooler
( 2 ,XBa1) ( 2 ,PaL) ( 2 ,XBa2) ( 2 ,XAb1) ( 2 ,XAb2) ( 2 ,PAcs) [LH-FW] ( 7 ,(2))
[ARM IN] [ARM HOLDING] [ARM2 IN] [BOOM UP] [BOOM2 UP] [BOOM PRI'] [LH-BW] ( 7 ,(1)) XBtr Travel LH
CT1
CMR1 Pz 17 Air breather
(Td#)
Py
PS
CMR2
18 Return filter w/bypass valve
MR
24 19 Strainer
PH P2 PG R3 P1
20 Drain filter
( 21 ,P3)
21 3-cartridge valve
( 21 ,P2)

PS 23
22 Pressure sensor
22 22
( 2 ,N1) a4 Psv1 A1 PS PS A2 Psv2 a5 23 Pressure sensor
( 2 ,N2) 1 a1 a2
61 29 29 24 Pressure sensor
A A
C C
RCV ( 5 ,P)
P1 T1
( 5 ,T) RCV ( 1 ,Pi2) B B
A1
25 Terminal block
PEDAL ( 7 ,P) ( 7 ,T) PEDAL A2
P2 T2 55 23 26 Last guard filter
RCV ( 6 ,P) ( 6 ,T) RCV PS
P3 T3
P
P T T ( 21 ,P2) 26 26 60
( 59 ,B)
29 Tee shuttle
(Td#) (Td#) FC2 FC1 ( 29 ,C)
14
13 A 55 2 EPPR cartridge valve
[To A2, ] 55
( 2 ,Pns) ( 12 ,Pk) Pi1 Pi2
PS 59 Fan pump
23 16
A5 A2 A1
P4
B 60 Fan motor
21 ( 3 ,PG) E
17 (Td#)
P3
( 2 ,PH)
a3 DR#,dr# 61 Cross assy
P2 62
T(dr1) P1
( 2 ,PG) ( 60 ,A)
B S
Dr1,Dr2 B1 Dr3,Dr4 B3 A3 18 62 Screw coupling
( 1 ,Psv) 15 20
(Td#) BOOM TRAVEL ( 55 ,P) 59
( 21 ,P1)
63 Plug
SAFETY ( 1 ,A3) Td#
PRIORITY 2ND SPEED
19
X

30KA-37100-01 1OF2

3-1
2. HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT (2/2)

<BOOM SAFETY LOCK VALVE> <ARM SAFETY LOCK VALVE> <SINGLE ACTING>

2
32
(Td#)
32 (Bo)

T E (Pd) AoR BoR

31 (Ao)

30 30 (XAo)
E Option
PS (Td#) (XBo)
14 13
16 A1 33
Pi1 Pi1
T Pi1 V2 Pi1 A2
(Td#) V2 PS 24
T
62 P
(Td#)
( 2 ,Aa) ( 2 ,PaL) ( 2 ,Ba1) BREAKER
( 2 ,Ab) ( 21 ,A1)
( 2 ,Bb) ( 2 ,PbL)

<QUICK COUPLER> <DOUBLE ACTING WITH PEDAL> <DOUBLE ACTING WITH PROPORTIONAL RCV>
39 ( 2 ,Pd)
39 ( 2 ,Pd)
32 ( 36 ,C)
32 ( 36 ,C)
32 35 24 ( 2 ,XBp1) 32 ( 36 ,A)
35 24 ( 2 ,XBp1)
49 B (Td#)
A1 A2
PS
P2 G.P A3
B
( 36 ,B) A1 A2
PS
P2 G.P A3
T B C
26 C 55
P T A1 A2
(Td#)
P A
34 T (Td#) P T (Td#)
22 PS A2 (1) (2) P1
T P1
a2 (Td#) [PEDAL [POWER [FLOW
[PEDAL [POWER [FLOW
1 ( 36 ,A) ( 36 ,B) SAFETY] BOOST] CONFLUX] ( 21 ,A1)
26 SAFETY] BOOST] CONFLUX] ( 21 ,A1)
14 13 14 13
16 16
2 2
( 35 ,A3) [FLOW CONFLUX] ( 35,A3) [FLOW CONFLUX]
<PATTERN CHANGE> XBp1 XBp1

FROM TO
2 2
50 ITEM PORT ITEM PORT
2 J1
J1J2 J3 J4 5
4 J3 (Bo) (Bo)
6
2
50
J4
[POWER BOOST] ( 35 ,A2) BoR [POWER BOOST] ( 35 ,A2) BoR 1 Main pump
ISO
4 J2 (Pd) AoR (Pd) AoR 1 Main pum
M1M2 M3 M4
50
M1
M2
25
D
J (Ao) (Ao)
2 Main cont
2 Main control valve
M3 E
M4 H 36 (XAo) 36 (XAo)
3 Swing motor
( 34 ,(2))
B B1 Option ( 55 ,A2)
B B1 Option 3 Swing mo
(XBo) (XBo)
( 35 ,P2) C
A A1
( 35 ,P2) C
A A1 8 Boom cyl 8 Boom cylinder(LH)
( 34 ,(1)) ( 55 ,A1)
9 Boom cyl 9 Boom cylinder(RH)
10 Arm cylind 10 Arm cylinder
13 Check va 13 Check valve
<FINE SWING CONTROL> <RCV LEVER(LH/RH)> <SWING MOTOR ASS'Y> 14 Check va 14 Check valve
16 Oil cooler
3 16 Oil cooler
24 Pressure
5 3 30 Boom saf
24 Pressure sensor
RCV LEVER(LH)
31 Arm safet 30 Boom safety valve(option)
[SWING] P T [ARM] SH
GB GA
32 Stop valve 31 Arm safety valve(option)
PG 34 2-way ped 32 Stop valve(option)
37 DB
35 Solenoid 34 2-way pedal(option)
B A
36 5-shuttle 35 Solenoid valve(option)
CW CCW IN OUT
3 14 2 ITEM OPT(1) OPT(2) PART NO. NOTE
37 Solenoid 36 5-shuttle
6
EJA01 31K9-21011/21 19º,EATON 38 Solenoid
5 ERR00
EJA21 31K9-21410/20 19º,DAEHYUN 37 Solenoid valve(option)
RCV LEVER(RH)
/
EJA01 31K9-21131/41 19º,EATON 39 3 way ped
<SWING PARKING BY FORCE> 6 ERR01 38 Solenoid valve(option)
[BOOM] P T [BUCKET]
EJA21 31K9-21430/40 19º,DAEHYUN
C
49 Solenoid
PA PB 50 Pattern ch 39 3 way pedal(option)
( 25 ,a) ( 25 ,b) ( 2 ,Px)
ITEM OPT PART NO. NOTE 55 2-EPPR v 49 Solenoid valve(option)
ESW02 3SAA-01000 MOTTROL
38 A1 A2 A3 3
ESW03 31QA-10153SG8 EATON 62 Screw co 50 Pattern change valve(option)
UP DOWN OUT IN 55 2-EPPR valve(option)
2 4 1 3
(dr#)
T
B1 B2 B3
62 Screw coupling(option)
A(CCW) B(CW)
( 2 ,XBs) ( 2 ,XAs) ( 3 ,SH)

30KA-37100-01 2OF2

3-2
GROUP 2 MAIN CIRCUIT

The main hydraulic circuit consists of suction circuit, delivery circuit, return circuit and drain circuit.
The hydraulic system consists of one main pump, one control valve, one swing motor, four cylinders
and two travel motors.
The swash plate type variable displacement tandem axial piston pump is used as the main pump
and is driven by the engine at ratio 1.0 of engine speed.

1. SUCTION AND DELIVERY CIRCUIT

To cylinders To motors

Main control valve To oil cooler

To hydraulic oil tank

Main pump
Suction strainer

Hydraulic oil tank

140L3CI01

The pumps receive oil from the hydraulic tank through a suction strainer. The discharged oil from
the pump flows into the control valve and goes out the tank ports.
The oil discharged from the main pump flows to the actuators through the control valve.
The control valve controls the hydraulic functions.
The return oil from the actuators flows to the hydraulic tank through the control valve and the oil
cooler.

3-3
2. RETURN CIRCUIT

1.5

3.5

400SA3CI02

All oil from each actuator returns to the hydraulic tank through the control valve.
The bypass check valves are provided in the return circuit.
The setting pressure of bypass check valves are 1.5 kgf/cm2 (21 psi) and 3.5 kgf/cm2 (50 psi). Usually,
oil returns to the hydraulic tank from the left side of control valve through oil cooler.
When oil temperature is low, viscosity becomes higher and flow resistance increases when passing
through the oil cooler. The oil pressure exceeds 3.5 kgf/cm2 (50 psi), the oil returns directly to the
hydraulic tank, resulting in the oil temperature being raised quickly at an appropriate level.
When the oil cooler is clogged, the oil returns directly to the hydraulic tank through bypass check
valve (1).
The full-flow filter and bypass relief valve are provided in the hydraulic tank.
The oil from right and left side of control valve is combined and filtered by the return filter. A bypass
relief valve is provided in the full-flow filter.
When the filter element is clogged, the bypass relief valve opens at 1.5 kgf/cm2 (21 psi) differential
pressure.

3-4
3. DRAIN CIRCUIT

Travel motor Swing motor

From return line Main pump

Turning
joint

Dr#, dr#
Hydraulic
oil tank
R5 Drain filter

Dr

Check valve
1.5kgf/cm 2

380A3CI03

Besides internal leaks from the motors and main pump, the oil for lubrication circulates. These oil
have to be fed to the hydraulic tank passing through drain filter and full flow filter in the hydraulic tank.
When the drain oil pressure exceed 1.5 kgf/cm2 (21 psi), the oil returns to the hydraulic tank directly.

1) TRAVEL MOTOR AND SWING MOTOR DRAIN CIRCUIT

Oil leaking from the right and left travel motors comes out of the drain ports provided in the
respective motor casing and join with each other. These oils pass through the turning joint and join
with oil leak line of the swing motor and return to the hydraulic tank after being filtered by return
filter.
2) MAIN PUMP DRAIN CIRCUIT
Oil leaking from main pump come out and return to the hydraulic tank passing through drain filter.

3-5
GROUP 3 PILOT CIRCUIT

Remote control valve RCV pedal Remote control valve

(LH lever) (RH lever)

Cross assy

Swing parking brake

MCV Safety lock
solenoid valve
Travel speed solenoid valve

Boom priority EPPR valve

Main pump
Line filter
Relief valve
2
40 kgf/cm

Suction strainer
Pilot pump

400SA3CI01

The pilot circuit consists of suction circuit, delivery circuit and return circuit.
The pilot pump is provided with relief valve, receives the oil from the hydraulic tank through the
suction strainer.
The discharged oil from the pilot pump flows to the remote control valve through line filter, EPPR
valve, solenoid valve assemblies, swing parking brake, main control valve and safety lock solenoid
valve.

3-6
 1. SUCTION, DELIVERY AND RETURN CIRCUIT
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

CROSS ASSY
SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM
P1 T1
P2 T2 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P3 T3 PUMP
P T
(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4)
SAFETY Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk SOLENOID
(MCV) (T/Joint) VALVE
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1
400SA3HC02

The pilot pump receive oil from the hydraulic tank. The discharged oil from the pilot pump flows to the
safety solenoid valve through the line filter. The oil is filtered by the line filter. The pilot relief valve is
provided in the pilot pump for limiting the pilot circuit pressure.
The oil filtered by line filter flows remote control valve through safety solenoid valve and cross assy.
Also, the oil flows 3-cartridge valve, main pump, main control valve, swing motor and flow control
2-EPPR valve.
The return oil from remote control valve returned to hydraulic tank thought cross assy.

3-7
 2. SAFETY SOLENOID VALVE (SAFETY KNOB)

ARM BUCKET BOOM

CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

CROSS ASSY
SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM
P1 T1
P2 T2 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P3 T3 PUMP
P T
(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4)
SAFETY
SOLENOID Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk VALVE Unlock position
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 P4 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2
Lock position
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1
400SA3HC03

When the knob of the safety solenoid valve is turned to the unlock position, oil flows into the remote
control valve through line filter, safety solenoid valve and cross assy.
When the knob of the safety solenoid valve is turned to the lock position, oil does not flows into the
remote control valve, because of blocked by the spool.

3-8
3. BOOM PRIORITY SYSTEM
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
Boom speed (XAo)
PAcs
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Swing reducing Bb
logic valve
XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM CROSS ASSY

P1 T1 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P2 T2 PUMP
P3 T3

(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4) P T

Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2 BOOM PRIORITY
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1
EPPR VALVE

400SA3HC04

When carrying out the combined operation of swing and boom up, the boom up operating speed is
lowered then normal operation.
To increase working efficiency, swing speed reducing system is used.
The pilot oil from pilot pump flow into Pns port in main control valve through boom EPPR valve. Pns
oil pressure moves swing reducing logic valve to upper position and oil flow rate to the swing motor
decreased.
Then, the boom up speed is increased. This is called the boom priority system.
The boom up speed can be adjusted by the cluster. Refer to page 3-19 of the operator's manual.
3-9
 4. TRAVEL SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

4 4
[LH] [RH]

Dr Dr Dr Dr

C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
PR PR
R1
Pi Pi (R1) NR2 NR1
Pi Pi
N2
N N Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PA PA PaL
PB PB XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
B A A B Ba1
(Ba2)

P XBa1 XBa2
A Dr D Arm 1 Arm 2
C B 12 XAa1 XAa2
Pk
ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
(dr#) Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM CROSS ASSY

P1 T1 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P2 T2 PUMP
P3 T3

(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4) P T

Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2 TRAVEL SPEED
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1 SOLENOID VALVE

400SA3HC05

When the travel speed solenoid valve was placed in the Hi position, the pressure oil from pilot pump
through line filter flows to port Pi of travel speed change over valve, and the control piston is pushed
left (RH) and right (LH), thus minimizing the displacement.
When the travel speed solenoid valve was placed in the Lo position, the oil of Pi port return to the
tank and the control piston is returned, thus maximizing the displacement.

3-10
 5. SWING PARKING BRAKE RELEASE
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1
SWING MOTOR N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
SRG ARG PaL
XBp2
Dr(RG) ( 2 ,Px)
SH CCo CCk
SGo Aa Dr1
AaR (dr#)

PG BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)
Dr
XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2
(dr#)
ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR
C AcR
( 2 ,Rs1) Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
PA PB (XAo)
XAc
Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
A(CCW) B(CW) Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM CROSS ASSY

P1 T1 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P2 T2 PUMP
P3 T3

(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4) P T

Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1
400SA3HC07

When one of the RCV lever (except travel lever) is tilted, the pilot oil flows into SH port through main
control valve (Px).
This pressure moves spool of the time delay valve so, discharged oil from pilot valve flows to swing
motor PG port. This pressure is applied to swing motor disc, thus the brake is released.
When all of the RCV lever are set in the neutral position, oil in the swing motor disc cylinder is
drained, thus the brake is applied.

3-11
 6. SWING PRIORITY SYSTEM
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL Swing priority
logic valve XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM CROSS ASSY

P1 T1 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P2 T2 PUMP
P3 T3

(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4) P T

Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1

400SA3HC08

When carrying out the combined operation of swing and arm of the left control valve, the swing
speed can be lowered than operating speed of arm.
Pna1 pressure from the swing shuttle block change the swing priority logic valve and decreases the
oil flow rate to the next section to make the swing operation more preferential.
This is called the swing priority system. For details, refer to page 2-45.

3-12
GROUP 4 SINGLE OPERATION

1. BOOM UP OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR Boom
holding valve Bb
Relief valve
XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC10

When the RH control lever is pulled back, the boom spools in the main control valve are moved to
the up position by the pilot oil pressure (XAb1, XAb2) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 and A2 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large
chamber of boom cylinders.
At the same time, the oil from the small chamber of boom cylinders returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the boom 1 spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the boom goes up.
The excessive pressure in the boom cylinder bottom end circuit is prevented by relief valve.
When the boom is up and the control lever is returned to neutral position, the circuit for the holding
pressure at the bottom end of the boom cylinder is closed by the boom holding valve.
This prevents the hydraulic drift of boom cylinders.

3-13
2. BOOM DOWN OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
Relief valve
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC11

When the RH control lever is pushed forward, the boom 1 spool in the main control valve is moved
to the down position by the pilot oil pressure (XBb1, XBb2) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the small chamber of
boom cylinders. At the same time, the oil from the large chamber of boom cylinders returns to the
hydraulic tank through the boom 2 spool in the main control valve.
When the down speed of boom is faster, the oil returned from the large chamber of boom cylinders
combines with the oil from the A2 pump, and flows into the small chamber of the boom cylinders.
This prevents cylinder cavitation by the negative pressure when the A2 pump flow can not match the
boom down speed. And the excessive pressure in the boom cylinder rod end circuit is prevented by
the relief valve.

3-14
3. ARM IN OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2
Arm holding
valve CCo CCk
Aa Dr1
AaR (dr#)
Make up valve
BaR
Ba1
Relief valve
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC12

When the LH control lever is pulled back, the arm spools in the main control valve are moved the to
roll in position by the pilot oil pressure (XBa1, XBa2) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 and A2 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large
chamber of arm cylinder.
At the same time, the oil from small chamber of arm cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank through
the arm 1 spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the arm rolls in.
The excessive pressure in the arm cylinder head side is prevented by relief valve.
The cavitation which will happen to the head side of the arm cylinder is also prevented by the make-
up valve in the main control valve.

3-15
4. ARM OUT OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2
Arm holding
valve CCo CCk
Aa Dr1
Make up (dr#)
valve AaR Relief BaR
Ba1 valve
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC13

When the LH control lever is pushed forward, the arm spools in the main control valve are moved to
the roll out position by the pilot oil pressure (XAa1, XAa2) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 and A2 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the small
chamber of arm cylinder.
At the same time, the oil from the large chamber of arm cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the arm spools in the main control valve. When this happens, the arm rolls out.
The excessive pressure in the arm cylinder rod side is prevented by relief valve.
When the arm is roll out and the control lever is returned to neutral position, the circuit for the holding
pressure at the rod side of the arm cylinder is closed by the arm holding valve.
The cavitation which will happen to the rod side of the arm cylinder is also prevented by the make-up
valve in the main control valve.

3-16
5. BUCKET IN OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)
Make up valve
(Bo) Relief valve
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC14

When the RH control lever is pulled left, the bucket spool in the main control valve is moved to the roll
in position by the pilot oil pressure (XBc) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the large chamber of
bucket cylinder. The oil from the A1 pump flows into the large chamber of bucket cylinder through
confluence oil passage in the main control valve by bypass cut pilot pressure (XBp2).
At the same time, the oil from the small chamber of bucket cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the bucket spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the bucket rolls in.
The excessive pressure in the bucket cylinder head side is prevented by relief valve.
The cavitation which will happen to the head side of the bucket cylinder is also prevented by the
make-up valve in the main control valve.

3-17
6. BUCKET OUT OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa LCAT2

Pna1 LCAP2
Dr3
Make up
valve
(dr#)
Relief
(Bo) valve Bc
BoR
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK
400SA3HC15

When the RH control lever is pushed right, the bucket spool in the main control valve is moved to the
roll out position by the pilot oil pressure (XAc) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the small chamber of
bucket cylinder. The oil from the A1 pump flows into the large chamber of bucket cylinder through
confluence oil passage in the main control valve by bypass cut pilot pressure (XBp2).
At the same time, the oil from the large chamber of bucket cylinder returns to the hydraulic oil tank
through the bucket spool in the main control valve. When this happens, the bucket rolls out.
The excessive pressure in the bucket cylinder rod side is prevented by relief valve.
The cavitation which will happen to the rod side of the bucket cylinder is also prevented by the make-
up valve in the main control valve.

3-18
7. SWING OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

SWING MOTOR Dra

N2
N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
SRG ARG PaL
XBp2
Dr(RG) ( 2 ,Px)
SH CCo CCk
SGo Aa Dr1
AaR (dr#)

PG BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)
Dr
XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2
(dr#)
ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR
C AcR
( 2 ,Rs1) Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
PA PB (XAo)
XAc
Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
A(CCW) B(CW) Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM CROSS ASSY

P1 T1 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P2 T2 PUMP
P3 T3

(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4) P T

Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1
400SA3HC16

When the LH control lever is pushed left or right, the swing spool in the main control valve is moved
to the left or right swing position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs, XBs) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the swing motor.
At the same time, the return oil from the swing motor returns to the hydraulic oil tank through the
swing spool in the main control valve.
When this happens, the upper structure swings to the left or right.
The swing parking brake, make up valve and the motor brake valve are provided in the swing motor.
The cavitation which will happen to the swing motor is also prevented by the make up valve in the
swing motor itself. Also the swing operation preference function is operated by the pilot pressure
Pna1 (refer to page 3-12).
3-19
SWING CIRCUIT OPERATION

SWING MOTOR DEVICE

PARKING BRAKE
SRr ARr
Dr(RG) BRAKE RELEASE VALVE
SGo SH
BRAKE OFF
PG

Dr BRAKE ON

(dr#)

MAKE UP VALVE

MOTOR BRAKE VALVE

C
MAKE UP PORT
PA PB

ANTI-INVERSION VALVE

A(CCW) B(CW)

TO/FROM MAIN CONTROL VALVE

400SA3HC17

1) MOTOR BRAKE VALVE

Motor brake valve for the swing motor limits to cushion the starting and stopping pressure of swing
operation and controls the swing motor operating pressure.
2) MAKE UP VALVE
The make up valves prevent cavitation by supplying return oil to the vacuum side of the motor.
3) PARKING BRAKE
This is function as a parking brake only when all of the RCV lever (except travel pedal) are not
operated.
PARKING BRAKE "OFF" OPERATION
The parking brake is released by the pilot pressure oil from the pilot pump.
When one of the RCV lever (except travel lever) placed in the operating position, the pilot oil flows
into SH port through the MCV. This pressure transferred to the brake release valve and the brake
release valve is change over. Then the pilot oil pressure PG lift the brake piston and release the
parking brake.
PARKING BRAKE "ON" OPERATION
When all of the RCV lever placed in the neutral position, the pressure of the pilot oil passage down.
Then the brake release valve returned to the neutral position and the oil is returned from the brake
piston to the tank. And the brake is set to 'ON".
4) ANTI-INVERSION VALVE
This anti-inversion valve absorbs shocks produced as swing motion stops and reduced oscillation
cause by swing motion.

3-20
8. TRAVEL FORWARD AND REVERSE
REVERSE OPERATION
OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

4 4
[LH] [RH]

Dr Dr Dr Dr

C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
PR PR
R1
Pi Pi (R1) NR2 NR1
Pi Pi
N2
N N Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PA PA PaL
PB PB XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
B A A B Ba1
(Ba2)

P XBa1 XBa2
A Dr D Arm 1 Arm 2
C B 12 XAa1 XAa2
Pk
ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
(dr#) Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
TRAVEL Pns
P T Dr4
(dr#) Px CPG
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR
(2) (1) (4) (3)
XAtr XBtr XAtL XBtL PH P2 PG R3 P1

SWING P T ARM BUCKET P T BOOM CROSS ASSY

P1 T1 A1 A2
PUMP PUMP PILOT
P2 T2 PUMP
P3 T3

(1) (3) (2) (4) (3) (1) (2) (4) P T

Dr#,dr#
A B D E F G H J Pns Pk
(MCV) (T/Joint)
PG(S/Motor)
A5 A2 A1 P4
a c b d1 d e2 e f1 f g g1 h h1 j j1 PH(MCV)
XBs XAs PS PS PS PS PS PS P3 PG(MCV) Tdr#
Psv1(M/PUMP)
Pna1 P2 P(2-EPPR)
XAa1 XAa2
PS B A P1 HYDRAULIC TANK
C T
XBa1 PaL XBa2 XBc XBp2 XAc PbL LINE FILTER
XBb2 TRAVEL SPEED
XAb1 XAb2 PAcs XBb1 SOLENOID VALVE
400SA3HC18

When the travel levers are pushed forward or reverse position, the travel spools in the main control
valve are moved to the forward or reverse travel position by the pilot oil pressure (XAtr, XBtr, XAtL,
XBtL) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the each pump flows into the main control valve and then goes to the each travel motor
through the turning joint.
The return oil from both travel motors returns to the hydraulic oil tank through the turning joint and
the travel spools in the main control valve.
When this happens, the machine moves to the forward or reverse.

3-21
TRAVEL CIRCUIT OPERATION

TRAVEL MOTOR DEVICE

[LH] [RH]

Dr Dr Dr Dr

PR PR
Pi Pi
Pi Pi
N N

PA PA
PB PB

OVERLOAD
RELIEF VALVE
B A A B

P COUNTER BALANCE
A Dr D
C B 12 VALVE
Pk

(dr#)

TO/FROM MAIN CONTROL VALVE

380A3HC19

Valves are provided on travel motors to offer the following functions.

1) COUNTER BALANCE VALVE

When stopping the motor of slope descending, this valve to prevent the motor over run.
2) OVERLOAD RELIEF VALVE
Relief valve limit the circuit pressure below 350 kgf/cm2 (4980 psi) to prevent high pressure
generated at a time of stopping the machine. Stopping the motor, this valve sucks the oil from lower
pressure passage for preventing the negative pressure and the cavitation of the motor.

3-22
GROUP 5 COMBINED OPERATION

1. OUTLINE
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Travel Straight
Atr Travel LH (PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS STRAIGHT CMR2 MR
TRAVEL
SPOOL
Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC20

The oil from the A1 and A2 pump flows through the neutral oil passage, bypass oil passage and
confluence oil passage in the main control valve. Then the oil goes to each actuator and operates
them. Check valves and orifices are located on these oil passage in the main control valve. These
control the oil from the main pumps so as to correspond to the operation of each actuator and
smooth the combined operation.

STRAIGHT TRAVEL SPOOL

This straight travel spool is provided in the main control valve.
If any actuator is operated when traveling, the straight travel spool is pushed to the right by the pilot
oil pressure from the pilot pump.
Consequently, the left and right travel oil supply passage are connected, and equivalent amount of
oil flows into the left and right travel motors. This keeps the straight travel.

3-23
2. COMBINED SWING AND BOOM UP OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR Boom
holding valve Bb
Relief valve
XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC21

When the swing and boom up functions are operated simultaneously, the swing spool and boom
spools in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs,
XBs, XAb1, XAb2) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the swing motor through swing spool and the boom cylinder
through boom 2 spool.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the boom cylinders through the boom 1 spool in the P1 housing
side of the main control valve. The upper structure swings and the boom is operated.
Refer to page 3-9 for the boom priority system.

3-24
3. COMBINED SWING AND ARM OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2
Arm holding
valve CCo CCk
Aa Dr1
AaR (dr#)
Make up valve
BaR
Ba1
Relief valve
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC22

When the swing and arm functions are operated simultaneously, the swing spool and arm spools in
the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs, XBs, XAa1,
XAa2, XBa1, XBa2) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the swing motor through swing spool and the arm cylinder
through arm 1 spool.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the arm cylinder through the arm 2 spool of the P1 housing side
of the main control valve. The upper structure swings and the arm is operated.
Refer to page 2-45 for the swing operation preference function.

3-25
4. COMBINED SWING AND BUCKET OPERATION

ARM BUCKET BOOM

CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC23

When the swing and bucket functions are operated simultaneously, the swing spool and bucket spool
in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs, XBs,
XAc, XBc) from the remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the swing motor through the swing spool in the P2 housing side
of the main control valve.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the bucket cylinder through the bucket spool in the P1 housing
side of the main control valve.
The upper structure swings and the bucket is operated.

3-26
5. COMBINED SWING AND TRAVEL OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr
Travel Straight
Travel LH (PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS STRAIGHT CMR2 MR
TRAVEL
SPOOL
Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC24

When the swing and travel functions are operated simultaneously, the swing spool and travel spools
in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs, XBs,
XAtr, XBtr, XAtL, XBtL) from the remote control valve and straight travel spool is pushed to the right
by the pilot oil pressure from the pilot pump.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the travel motors through the RH travel spool of the P2 housing
side and the LH travel spool of the P1 housing side via the straight travel spool.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the swing motor through the swing spool via the straight travel
spool.
When the pressure of the travel motors is lower than the pressure of the swing motor, some oil from
the A2 pump flows into the travel motors through the check valve and orifice in the straight travel
spool. This prevents the rapid slowdown of the travel.
The upper structure swings and the machine travels straight.
3-27
6. COMBINED BOOM AND TRAVEL OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr
Travel Straight
Travel LH (PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS STRAIGHT CMR2 MR
TRAVEL
SPOOL
Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC25

When the boom and travel functions are operated simultaneously, the boom spools and travel spools
in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs, XBs,
XAb1, XAb2, XBb1, XBb2) from the remote control valve and the straight travel spool is pushed to
the right by the oil pressure from pilot pump.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the travel motors through the RH travel spool of the P2 housing
side and the LH travel spool of the P1 housing side via the straight travel spool.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the boom cylinders through the boom 2 spool and boom 1 spool
via the parallel and confluence oil passage in case boom up operation.
When the pressure of the travel motors is lower than the pressure of the boom cylinders, some oil
from the A2 pump flows into the travel motors through the check valve and orifice in the straight
travel spool. This prevents the rapid slowdown of the travel.
The boom is operated and the machine travels straight.

3-28
7. COMBINED ARM AND TRAVEL OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC26

When the arm and travel functions are operated simultaneously, the arm spools and travel spools in
the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs, XBs, XAa1,
XAa2, XBa1, XBa2) from the remote control valve and the straight travel spool is pushed to the right
by the oil pressure from pilot pump.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the travel motors through the RH travel spool of the P2 housing
side and the LH travel spool of the P1 housing side via the straight travel spool.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the arm cylinder through the arm 1 spool and arm 2 spool via
the parallel and confluence oil passage.
When the pressure of the travel motors is lower than the pressure of the arm cylinder, some oil from
the A2 pump flows into the travel motors through the check valve and orifice in the straight travel
spool. This prevents the rapid slowdown of the travel.
The arm is operated and the machine travels straight.

3-29
8. COMBINED BUCKET AND TRAVEL OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)

(Bo)
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
Ab
BbR
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC27

When the bucket and travel functions are operated simultaneously, the bucket spool and travel
spools in the main control valve are moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAs,
XBs, XAc, XBc) from the remote control valve, and the straight travel spool is pushed to the right by
the oil pressure from pilot pump. The oil from the A1 pump flows into the travel motors through the
RH travel spool of the P2 housing side and the LH travel spool of the P1 housing side via the straight
travel spool of the control valve.
The oil from the A2 pump flows into the bucket cylinder through the bucket spool via the confluence
oil passage.
When the pressure of the travel motors is lower than the pressure of the bucket cylinder, some oil
from the A2 pump flows into the travel motors through the check valve and orifice in the straight
travel spool. This prevents the rapid slowdown of the travel.
The bucket is operated and the machine travels straight.

3-30
9. COMBINED BOOM UP AND BUCKET OPERATION
ARM BUCKET BOOM
CYLINDER CYLINDER CYLINDER

TRAVEL MOTOR
C (R4)(P3)
Rs1 Rs2 (P4)
R1
(R1) NR2 NR1

N2
Dra N1
(dr#) HVa XBp1
PaL
XBp2

CCo CCk Dr1

Aa
AaR (dr#)

BaR
Ba1
(Ba2)

XBa1 XBa2
Arm 1 Arm 2
XAa1 XAa2

ARC LCa
LCAP2 LCAT2
Pna1
Dr3
(dr#)
Bucket in stroke
(Bo) limit spool
BoR Bc
AoR BcR AcR
Ac
(Ao)
PAcs
(XAo)
XAc
SWING MOTOR Option Bucket XBc
(XBo) Drb
LCo LCk (dr#)
Dr2 PbL
(dr#)
AbR CCb HVb
BbR Ab
Bb

XBb2 XBb1
Boom 1
Boom 2 XAb1
LCb2 LCb
XAb2
Bs
As CP1 AtL
XAs
BtL
Swing XAtL
XBs Travel RH
LCs XBtL
Pns
Dr4 CPG
(dr#) Px
CP2 CT2
Btr
Atr Travel LH Travel Straight
(PTb) (Pta)
XAtr
XBtr CMR1
CT1 Pz
Py
PS CMR2 MR

Dr#,dr# PH P2 PG R3 P1

A1 A2
PUMP PILOT
PUMP PUMP
HYDRAULIC TANK

400SA3HC28

When the boom up and bucket functions are operated simultaneously, each spool in the main control
valve is moved to the functional position by the pilot oil pressure (XAb1, XAb2, XAc, XBc) from the
remote control valve.
The oil from the A1 pump flows into the boom cylinders through the boom 2 spool in the P2 housing
side. The oil from the A2 pump flows into the boom cylinders and bucket cylinder through the boom 1
spool, bucket spool and the parallel and confluence oil passage in the P1 housing side.
Also, when the boom up and bucket in functions are operated simultaneously, the boom up operation
preference function is operated by the pilot pressure PAcs and then the bucket spool transfers in the
half stroke not full stroke (Refer to page 2-42). Therefore, the most of pressurized oil flows into boom
1 spool than the bucket spool to make the boom up operation more preferential.
The boom and bucket are operated.

3-31