ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

ECS 478
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Chapter 2:
Torsion
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
DESIGN & DETAILING

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

LEARNING OUTCOME (WEEK 6): Introduction

By completing this chapter, students shall be able to:
Its can be classified into two types:-
1.0 Determine torsional moment and torsional shear
stress in beam.
2.0 Design a torsional reinforcement and link for 1.0 Equilibrium Torsion
rectangular and flanged section. 2.0 Compatibility Torsion

Equilibrium torsion
Equilibrium torsion.
• This is associated with the twisting moments that are
Cantilever roof
developed in a structural member to maintain static
equilibrium with the external load and are independent
of the torsional stiffness of the member.
• The magnitude of the twisting moment does not
depend on the torsional stiffness of the member and is T/2 Tosional Moment = T
entirely determinable from statics alone. Beam subjected

• Typically equilibrium torsion is induced in beams equilibrium torsion

supporting lateral overhang projections, and is caused

by the eccentricity in the loading.
• The member has to be designed for the full torsion, T/2

which is transmitted by the member to the support. (a) beam supporting lateral overhang (b) Freebody of beam

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 Compatibility Torsion Compatibility Torsion

• This is given to the type of torsion induced in a

structural member by rotations(twist) applied at one
or more point along the length of the member.
• The twisting moment induced are directly dependent
on the torsional stiffness of the member. Figure 1: FLOOR SYSTEM

• These moment are generally statically indeterminate

and their analysis necessarily involve(rotational)
compatibility condition. For example in the floor
beam system below.

FLOOR SYSTEM

Analysis of the Torsional Moment Occurrence torsion in building

Torque, TEd = W s x e A
2
B
Wb = Beam Load Ws (kN/m) Perimeter
B beam

A
A
A B A

Both support restraint for torsion

Ws = Slab Load
(kN) C
TORSION

SECTION A-A
e
1 2 3 4

Where e = distance from the shear center of the beam to centroid of the loading
TEd = Torque (kNm)
Ws = Total loading acting on the centriod of slab panel (kN)

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Torsion (Cl. 6.3) - Introduction Torsion (Cl. 6.3)

1. Torsional moment produce shear stresses that result in principal
2. EC2 gives the principal and the equations for torsional design
tensile stresses inclined at approximately 450 to the longitudinal
are developed from a structural model where it is assumed that
axis of the member. Diagonal cracking occurs when the tensile
the concrete beam in torsion behaves in a similar fashion to a
stresses exceed the tensile strength of the concrete. The
thin walled box section.
cracks will form a spiral around the member.

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ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Torsion (Cl. 6.3) Torsional Reinforcement

3. The applied torque (TEd) at the far end of the section produces
a shear flow (q) around the perimeter of the box section at the
near end of the diagram. The shear flow is the product of
shear stress and the thickness of the hollow section.

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Design Procedure for Torsion Design Procedure for Torsion

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Design Procedure for Torsion Design Procedure for Torsion

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ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Design Procedure for Torsion

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Torsion Design Example 1: Torsion Design Example 2: (con’t)

Flanged Section Calculation Output
A T beam shown in the below figure is subjected at ultimate to a Design the flexural/bending reinforcement, shear reinforcement as usual. Say
the output from the above design is:
vertical sagging moment of 292kNm, a mid span vertical shear of 25kN Flexural Reinforcement
and torque of 17.5kNm. Design the longitudinal steel and links required As required = 1606mm2
at the section in mid span of the beam . The characteristic material Shear Reinforcement
strengths of concrete and steel are fck=30N/mm2 and fyk=500 N/mm2 VEd=330 kN, VRd,max=650kN, θ=22o with cotθ=2.5
Asw/s = 0.49 (required)
ΔFtd=356kN

1600 Solution:
i. Determine torsion moment for flanged beam.
Assume,
cover =25mm
150 Link dia = 12mm 1 150x1600 1 1 150x650
Bottom bar dia = 25mm (2 layers)

500 d = 500-25-12-25= 438mm 2

2
300x350 300x500

Case I  Case II (selected)

 Kh 3
h
min max   (0.33150 (1600))  (0.17 300 (350))  Kh
3 3 3
h
min max   (2  0.28150 (650))  (0.21 300 (500))
3 3

300  3.389109  4.063109

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 : ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Torsion Design Example 2: (con’t) Torsion Design Example 2: (con’t)

Ref. Calculation Output
Ref. Calculation Output
i. Determine torsion moment for flanged beam. (con’t)
iii. Check if concrete section is adequate.
Torsional Moment(Torque) Ti  TEdKi (h h
3
min max 
)i /  Kh h
3
min max  v1  0.6(1 fck / 250)  0.6(1 30 / 250)  0.528
For rib:
1.33 0.528 30  93.75 83,789103
TEd =17.5x0.21[3003x500)/4.063x109]=12.21 kNm TRd ,max 
(2.5  0.4)
For flange:  57.1kNm
TEd V 12.21 330 Concrete section is
Ted=17.5x0.28[1503x650)/4.063x109]=2.65 kNm  Ed    0.21 0.51  0.72  1 adequate
TRd ,max VRd ,max 57.1 650
design for critical rib only
iv. Additional link reinforcement to resist torsion(for 1 leg)
ii. Convert the rectangular to equivalent hollow box section Cot = 1/tan

Asw TEd 12.21106

For rib:    0.07
s 2 Ak 0.87 f yk cot 2  83789 0.87  500 2.5
Thickness, tef A/u=500 x 300/(2(500+300))=93.75 mm v. Total area of link reinforcement(for 2 legs)
Ak=(b-t)(h-t)=(300-93.75)(500-93.75)=83,789 mm2
Asw
uk=2(b+h-2t)= 2(300 + 500 – 2x93.75) = 1225 mm  0.49  2  0.07  0.63
s
For 8 mm stirrups at 125 mm centres Asw/s=0.805
s=125 < a) 1225/8=153 b) 0.75d =328 c) 300 s< 153 OK

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ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – Torsion Design

Torsion Design Example 2: (con’t)

Ref. Calculation Output
vi. Area of additional torsional reinforcement (main bar)
TEd u k cot 12.21106 1225)  2.5
As1    513mm2
2 Ak 0.87 f y1k 2  83789 0.87  500

This area is to be distributed equally around the perimeter. Provide

six H12 bars(As=679mm2), one in each corner and one in each of
the face sides
vii. Arrangement of main reinforcement

Total of longitudinal bars are 1606+513=2119 mm2

Provide four H25(1960 mm2) + six H12 bars(As=679mm2)

2H12

H8@125
2H12

4H25
+ 2H12