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Application of
CALCULUS Integration
PRESENTATION

1.Introduction
TOPICS TO COVER:
● Integration is a mathematical process of finding the area under a curve
Introduction or the accumulation of quantities over a continuous range. It involves
Sigma Notation summing infinitesimally small parts to determine a whole

Area under the graph ● Applications:

Area between the graph
The Riemann’s sum ● Calculus: Area calculation and rate analysis.
● Physics: Work, energy, and motion analysis.
● Engineering: System analysis and design optimization.
● Economics: Economic modeling and optimization problems.
● Probability: Probability calculation and distribution analysis.
● Signal Processing: Signal manipulation and analysis.

● (Subjects may be different but the main concept remain same)

2.Sigma Notation Example

● The Greek capital letter, ∑ , is used to represent the sum.

● E.g:

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Algebra with Finite Example

Sum

Sum formula for positive Example

integers

Where k is
not equal
to 0

3. Area Under the Graph 2. Area Under the Graph

● Consider a function ● Consider a function

y = f(x)
● y = f(x)
● Let the starting and ending
points be
● a and b from which we
want to measure the area

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2. Area Under the Graph

Let a = x0 and b = xn, to make it consistent . This set is called Partiation.
● Consider a ●
● P={a,b}
function ● P defines n number of closed subintervals
● y = f(x)
● Let the starting
and ending
points be
● a and b from
which we want to
measure the x0 X1 x2 x3 x4 x5 …x(k-1) x(k)……

area … …xn

Let some random

number in
subinterval be
value k so the c
difference will be x0 1
Let some point c1 in between
x0 and x1 Xx1

1)
∆xk= xk –(xk- a

The Area Between Curves:

What is Area between curves?

• The "area between curves" refers to the

region enclosed by two or more curves on a
…………
…. graph.
• It is the area of the region that lies between
these curves.

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Finding area between the curves: Formula of finding area:

To find the area between two curves, you typically need to

●
● The general formula for finding the area
determine the points of intersection between the curves.
● These points mark the boundaries of the region.
between two curves is:
● Once you have identified the boundaries, you can integrate ● Area = ∫[a, b] |f(x) - g(x)| dx
the difference between the curves over the interval between
● Here, |f(x) - g(x)| represents the absolute
the points of intersection.
value of the difference between the two
functions.

Riemann sums

● Y=f(x)
● Y= f(c1)
● Area = width × length
● nA1=∆x1 × f(c1)

● m∑ ∆xm× f(cm)
=1

Overcoming the approximation

●
● ꜛ Rectangle 1 1 1
area
Area1
||P|| = norm of P(Longest
partation)

ꜜ ||P|| →0

I is the definite
integral

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Discontinues and continues function

● The Riemann sum for discontinues function does not exist.

Because triangle are to small. To measure

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