EMOTION SELF-REGULATION MODULE FOR ADHD ADULTS: NEEDS

ANALYSIS

Mohd. Firdaus Bin Rosli1, Mohd. Zul Azri Bin Ab Rashid2, Ruziyana Binti Md. Saleh3,
Siti Norasmindar Binti Zaidi4, Dr. Rezki Perdani Sawai5

1
Islamic Science University of Malaysia
2
Islamic Science University of Malaysia
3
Islamic Science University of Malaysia
4
Islamic Science University of Malaysia
5
Islamic Science University of Malaysia

dsazhn@gmail.com1
i_mohdzulazri@raudah.usim.edu.my2
ruziyanamdsaleh@gmail.com3
norasmindar@raudah.usim.edu.my4
rezki@usim.edu.my5

ABSTRACT
This study identifies a constructive emotional self-regulation module in the form of building a self-regulation
approach to see the behavioral changes of ADHD patients. This idea is about new systematic and therapeutic
approaches that guides us with detailed practices which using combination between new assessment of intensive
behavioral and intrinsic element to ease the treatment process. To the best of our knowledge, ADHD is about an
imbalance of the nervous system in human brain. According to the situation happened nowadays, we noticed
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among adults is an issue that needs attention. The latest study
mentions that ADHD disorder risks affecting a person's life expectancy. It shows that ADHD can be expressed as a
very serious public health threat. Among the symptoms that can be seen in adults who suffer from ADHD include 3
aspects, namely difficulty in living more regularly, failing to focus on doing something and also difficulty in
controlling emotions. The objective of this study is to help ADHD patients understand their condition better, help
patients to re-evaluate their lives and then they will be able to understand the knowledge in preparing to curb this
benefit from becoming more serious. In conjunction with that, this module will be developed by taking into the
views of local experts and 3 volunteers were selected to participate in this study This study uses an explanatory
mixed methods designs as a research methodology. The methods will be carried out by implement in three phases
includes needs analysis phase, design and development phase and evaluation phase.

Keywords: Module, Emotional Self-Regulation, ADHD, Adults

1. INTRODUCTION
The issue of ADHD is a global issue in line with the increase in prevalence worldwide every year. The
increase in this number causes the issue of social benefits to become increasingly important to be
addressed as best as possible, especially in the aspect of education to help this group prepare to continue
life for the future. Moreover, until today there is still no specific cure to treat ADHD. Just an early
intervention, which is an effort to improve their condition and condition holistically to increase the value
of their lives in a better direction. Furthermore, various crises occur that involve society's negative view
of those with ADHD. Seeing the impact of stigma on the acceptance of ADHD can be a barrier to
treatment as well as discouraging those involved. How important is the effort to convey the right
information so that the stigma against ADHD individuals can be stopped. ADHD is an explanation rather
than an excuse for this frustrating condition. Confirmation of the diagnosis is not the end but it is a
beginning for every affected individual to start a new life that is expected to be better and happier.
Indeed, ADHD is a condition that confuses, frustrates and interferes with the functioning and quality of a
person's life, family support is very important to help in the treatment and support process of those with
ADHD. According to Seifert (1999), ADHD is a difficult problem in focusing and controlling self-
impulsivity. ADHD is used to describe the behavior of children who cannot sit still, lack focus, are too
tough, impulsive, restless, like to damage property, and are easily diverted attention to something.

Corey has many characteristics of ADHD. People with this disorder have a great deal difficulty sustaining
their attention on a task or activity (Barkley, 2015). Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
among the most common neuro behavioral disorders. ADHD is a type of developmental disorder that
commonly occurs among children around the world. However, based on studies conducted by researchers,
they found that ADHD is a chronic disease that occurs throughout life. This means that the symptoms of
ADHD disorder exhibited during childhood will carry over into adulthood. Psychological intervention
aims to strengthen the mental resilience of ADHD individuals. A relationship between the therapist and
the ADHD adults must also exist in order for them to achieve positive personal change.

1.1 Literature review

A large literature on emotion systems and self-regulation has been advanced from fields ranging from
neuroscience to developmental psychology. We also outline several themes that have implications for an
interventions that teach them emotional self-regulation skills. Most current models emphasize the
functional role of emotions and the reciprocal balancing between emotion systems and higher brain
centers in self-regulation processes (Derryberry and Tucker 1992; Gross 1998).

Most current models emphasize the functional role of emotions and the reciprocal balancing between
emotion systems and higher brain centers in self-regulation processes (Derryberry and Tucker 1992;
Gross 1998). Emotions initiate a series of predictable physiological and experiential changes and
coordinate brain activity through a series of systems developed to address different adaptive challenges
(LeDoux 2002). In tandem with emotion systems, a mode of functioning characterized by reappraisal and
regulation of emotional. Within this two-mode perspective on self-regulation, simultaneous processing
and reciprocal balancing is ongoing between emotion systems characterized by automatic, reflexive and
socialization processing. This control mode characterized by expectation or past experiences shape the
interpretation of sensory information (Gazzaniga, Heatherton, 2016) which including symbolic
functioning required for planning and strategic behavior (Carver et al. 2008).

1.2 Emotional self-regulation

One of the efforts to reduce this kind of disorder is by implementing self-regulation emotions exercises.
The ability to self-regulate as an adult has roots since childhood. In essence, maturity reflects the ability
to face emotional, social, and cognitive threats in the environment with patience, kind-hearted and also
thoughtfulness. If this description reminds you of mindfulness, that's no accident or harm will happen.
Learning how to self-regulate is an important skill that children learn both for emotional maturity and,
later, for social connections. Self regulation of uncontrolled emotions which this type of unhealthy
emotion can disrupt interpersonal relationships, such as express anger freely. This pattern of behavior will
increase the number of ADHD. Ability in regulating one's emotions is an important aspect in establish
relationships with others.

Self-regulation of emotions are related to the etiology and maintenance of diverse problems including
depression. Emotional regulation means ability an individual to control his emotions in human adaptation.
Regulation emotions can be explained in two ways, which are behavioral actions and emotional
regulation. The article focuses on the importance of emotional management or regulation of individuals
regardless of age. This aims to find the suitable approach that will be help in an effort to ensure that this
mental health disorder can be recovered. Emotional regulation is an ability to remain calm when under
pressure (Katzman, 2017). In conclusion, the ADHD treatment plan is very helpful for ADHD individuals
to enjoy a better life. Seek expert advice immediately at a nearby health facility.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research methodology is a very important thing in doing research. The results of the study are also very
depend on the methodology used in a study. Without a clear research methodology, the data obtained will
be questioned and the conclusions of the study can also be doubted. Therefore, in this section will
describe the methodology, data collection methods, as well as analysis methods used in this study. Things
this is done to form a good methodology, resulting in a study of good quality. This study is generally a
qualitative study. The nature of this study is theoretical and practical as well as descriptive analysis.
descriptive precisely the characteristics of an individual, certain conditions or pattern of the situation.This
research can also be classified as library research and field research because of the source The data is
obtained from library sources and field sources.

A specific sampling technique was chosen to understand and learn something discussed more seriously
and deeply. This method is also seen to be more practical to implement and it is hope that they will be
able to provide complete data as a result of their own experience. In this writing, the research
methodology is a very important element to ensure that the research results are reliable and valid.
According to Kamarul Azmi Jasmi (2018), the main goal of in-depth interviews is to understand the
views of the research subject about the life, experience, or situation of the research subject, as expressed
in his own language. Qualitative research has its own form of data that is different from quantitative
research. Qualitative data is in the form of interviews, observations, and document analysis. Field notes
and the researcher's diary are the main support in validating the field work carried out in a qualitative
study. This chapter tries to cover in depth the form of data, the strengths and weaknesses of the
methodology for each data collected, as well as the data collection process in qualitative research.

2.1 Library Research

Before the writer conducts field research, the writer will conduct a library research first. Library research
aims to strengthen and explain business ethics in Islam. In this case, the author will study and analyze
books, journals, articles and various types of sources other literature related to the study. In obtaining
library research data, the writer uses the service some libraries in Malaysia, such as library of USIM, the
main library of the University of Malaya, the Za'ba Library and Tun Sri Lanang Library as well as several
other libraries to support the author's research.

2.2 Field Research

In obtaining all the data, the author uses field research using interview and observation methods. The
Interviews and observations are conducted on a group of individuals who are experts in the 3 main
approaches that are combined and intertwined in the construction of this module. The writer also go to
rehab centre to do a group session.
2.1.1 Focus Group Interview (FGD)

An interview or what is known as an interview is a process of interaction and communication between

two or more people (subject and object). This method is done to obtain information by asking the
respondent directly. As for the interview method that the author did in this research, it was a structured
and unstructured interview where the author visited the study site. A list of questions has been prepared in
advance, and when the interview process is carried out, questions related to issues arise when deemed
necessary, the writer will immediately ask the respondents.

The FGD method is a popular qualitative method. Through this method, the researcher selected group of
people with certain characteristics will attend session to hold a discussion. A facilitator is appointed to
determine the direction of the discussion. Anything that group members say is important data in FGD and
this method provides an opportunity to share and compare the experiences and views of the participants
and provides an opportunity to chat about things that happen in the real world. This method is used to
gain a deeper understanding of a topic, for example motivation, behavior, feelings, decision-making
strategies, or the opinion of certain people on an issue or topic. In addition, FGD aims to study a research
topic in depth and intensively. Furthermore, FGD is a strategy to understand the audience or consumer
attitudes and behaviors.

2.1.2 Observation Method

The observation method is divided into two, namely direct observation and observation through
involvement and usually called participant-observation. This direct observation method involves direct
observation such as counting the number of occupant at the rehab centre. This technique usually does not
involve communication with humans. The method of observation through involvement comes from the
field of anthropology, which is the study of community life. Researchers usually involve themselves with
the community they want to study to clearly understand an issue related to the community. The
advantage of observation is that the writer can obtain data that the writer does not obtain from
interviews. There are some data that the respondents did not state can be obtained through
observation at the rehab centre. The data obtained will be recorded by the writer to be analyzed
with interview data.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The construction module framework of the emotional self regulation module was developed based on the
self regulation model. Whereas, various approaches are based on spiritual, physical elements and a few
elements that are based on the art of music. By combining the three elements, each of which has an
element of recovery in treating individuals who are dealing with ADHD disorders. For each activity
model planned in each approach has been harmonized with behavioral adaptations for ADHD symptoms.
These three models are adapted through the Guided Repentance Theory and integrated through a
psychological approach through various cognitive behavioral modules (Noor Shakirah, 2008)

Emotional self regulation is the suitable approach to improve subjective well being will use a combination
of cognitive behavioral approaches to change emotional aspects. This approach was chosen on the
grounds that many studies were only done with a cognitive approach that caused a drop-out effect on the
patient. Through each research procedure that has been conducted to the group of respondents involved in
the process of building this module, the result is a module of self-regulation of emotions that is seen to be
able to build a new goal in the process of healing and treatment for ADHD disorders. The number of
patient drop-outs using the cognitive approach is also greater, so the combination of all the approaches
needs to be applied into multiple techniques.

The early stage of this self regulation training is to teach people with ADHD the skills to recognize
emotions. Before trying to express and manage their emotions, ADHD adults are expected to recognize
their emotions first. The identification of these emotions is both positive and negative emotions. From the
results of previous research conducted by Ghom (2003) explained that the ability to recognize emotions
will be able to prevent individuals from psychological distress. The second stage in the emotional
regulation process is the skill of expressing emotions. Emotional expression skills can be done both
verbally or express the feeling. The third level in emotional regulation is the skill of managing emotions.
The skill of managing emotions is done by practicing relaxation techniques, especially muscle relaxation.
The results of previous research show that this relaxation technique aims to provide skills to manage
emotions that appear after a stressful event according three approaches.
3.1 Physical approach

Regular exercise can help in the prevention and management of health conditions such as diabetes, high
blood pressure, heart disease and obesity. In addition, it can also treat psychology by improving mood,
lifting spirits and making a person feel better about himself. Exercise is one of the most effective ways to
fight depression and there are many ways to make it an enjoyable activity. learning muscle control and
relaxation techniques is one of the ways in this module to effectively control stress and anxiety.

The body can produce chemicals (dopamine, nor epinephrine and serotonin) that reduce pain, strengthen
immunity and help a person to relax. This feeling can reduce hormones that cause feelings of depression
and anxiety. Through exercise and physical activity, it will promote the production of endorphins, in
addition to reducing the production of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline that promote feelings of
anxiety. With this, daily exercise can help achieve a more positive state of mind, also improve
concentration and a better quality of life for ADHD patients in particular.

3.2 Music and meditation approach

By implement this activities, it will help ADHD patients to understand their condition better. It will make
they know how to observe themselves and focus on something. ADHD patients also willing to take the
mind to travel back in time when distracted. ADHD patients are exposed to a calm musical mood that can
calm the emotions of ADHD patients. In addition of all the suggestion activities, always remember that
ADHD patients still in the process in overcome their under controlled life. Music has the ability to
influence emotions actively or passively and help reduce stress and potentially be used as therapy to
regulate emotions. Therefore consciously or unconsciously, the music or song played can change the
environment and the emotional state of the people around.

3.3 Spiritual approach

Human life will not run away from tests and guesses from God. As ordinary people, we need to always be
prepared for these various tests and take a positive attitude that all these tests signify God's love for us.
Every problem educates us to always return to the greatness of God and always ask to be given guidance
and guidance. Every event has a reason hidden behind great wisdom. Therefore, humans need to be
satisfied with the destiny that God has set in addition to trying to live a better life with divine provisions.
Look at destiny with a positive outlook.
4. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, self regulation of emotions is an individual ability which refers to the ability to think,
manage emotions, organize and control oneself in behaving managed in order to achieve goals and
resolve problem. Someone who can show self regulation of emotions will reduce the tendency of
behaving dysfunction. This module book should be used by students with intensive counselor assistance,
until the results maximum obtained. In a meantime, as is expected to provide knowledge, awareness and
subsequently lead to long term behavioral changes.

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