Void swelling

Steady-state concentration of
interstitials and vacancies
En-T
En absorption at dislocation loops

Displacement
Cascade
1 absorption at dislocation
lines loop unfaulting interstitial clustering;
loop formation
Vacancy 1 defect absorption at gbs
rich core
5 7
11
Recombination

Irradiation Induced
Segregation gb solute grain boundary
enrichment absorption at incoherent bubble formation
Irradiation Induced
precipitate
Precipitation
13
14 10
1
7 9
12 vacancy
clustering absorption
void at voids
Cascade Solute-defect formation
Recovery trapping

3
Vacancy cluster
collapse; loop Defect assisted
6 formation dislocation climb
2
enhanced
recombination

15 Precipitate 16
Dissolution
(1). The very high number of displacements in the cascade can cause new phases to appear (disordering,
amorphization) where the cascade hits, sometimes requiring two or more cascades to hit
(2). The vacancy rich core in the cascade can collapse into a dislocation loop
(3) or remain as a depleted zone (1).
After the intra-cascade clustering and defect interaction has produced the final defect configuration, these
isolated defects can then migrate to extended sinks. The interaction of these defects with the sink
structure creates a steady state concentration of defects that is higher than the equilibrium concentration
outside irradiation
(4).Vacancies and interstitials can react with each other (recombination (5)), in which case, both defects
disappear without any further effect on the material. The recombination reaction can be enhanced by
trapping of defects at solutes
(6). Point defects can also interact with other defects of the same type, which causes defect clusters to form
and grow
(7). The defect clustering and absorption in the material changes the original microstructure, creating voids
and loops, such that the sink density and strength at the beginning is modified all along the irradiation.
As shown in the figure, interstitials and vacancies also migrate through the material and are absorbed at
extended sinks such as network dislocations (8) (present from the material fabrication process), voids (9)
(formed under irradiation), incoherent precipitates (10) and grain boundaries (11).
Some of the defects absorbed in dislocations can cause dislocation climb, which is one of the mechanisms
for irradiation creep. Preferential interaction of the defect fluxes with solute atoms (12) can cause solute
enrichment near or away from defect sinks (e.g. grain boundaries, (13)), creating non-equilibrium local
supersaturations that can lead to grain boundary precipitation of new phases (14). At the same time, cascade
atomic mixing puts atoms of existing precipitates back into solid solution in the matrix (15), which can
destabilize and dissolve precipitates.
Material Property Effect of Radiation Damage
Yield strength Increases on irradiation, along with a decrease in plastic flow range.
Ultimate tensile strength This also increases on irradiation, but less than the yield strength.

Ductile-brittle transition This marks the transition between a material exhibiting ductile behaviour
temperature at higher temperatures and brittle behaviour at lower temperatures. It
increases significantly on irradiation, which can present a problem when
the reactor vessel cools on shut down when internal pressure within the
reactor is still high, and so fracture can occur if this is not taken into
account.
Young’s modulus Small increase on irradiation.
Hardness Increase.
High-temperature creep rate Increase during irradiation.

Ductility Decrease.
Stress-rupture strength Decrease.
Density Decrease as the material swells on irradiation.
Impact strength Decrease.
Thermal conductivity Decrease on irradiation since lattice disorder increases, thus increasing
phonon scattering.
Electrical conductivity Decrease for similar reasons to thermal conductivity.
 Introduction
Radiation Damage: Swelling of clad & Wrapper
Core
Intense Neutron Flux Swelling
PFBR (1015n/cm2/s)
MOX fuel pellet

Hexagonal Wrapper
High Temperature 400-
700oC- clad 400-600oC
wrapper
Fuel cladding

Our FBR cross section

20%CW 316 at 533oC,1.5x1023n/cm2 (75 dpa),10%

linear,33% volumetric, 1016 voids/cm3
Dimensional changes induced due to void Swelling and irradiation Creep
Displacement of Lattice Atoms
REACTOR STRUCTURAL
From Their Equilibrium positions
MATERIALS
Intense Neutron Flux Void
(1015n/cm2/s) & High
Production of Helium Hydrogen
temperature
by nuclear Reactions

V
I

Atomic displacements Point Defects (Voids)

Maximum achievable burn-up of fuel <20% due to dimensional
changes of core structure materials

SWELLING
400-700

15-30 appm
 Void swelling – Ion simulation ?

Damage Rate

Damage rates in stainless attainable with

different particles
EBR-II :Experimental Breeder
Reactor II, USA;
HENS :High-Energy Neutron
Sources in USA, based on
the (d,n)stripping reaction;
p :8-MeV protons from a
cyclotron producing
homogeneous damage in
50-μm thick samples;
e :electrons in a hgih-voltage
electron microscope;
Ni :in the damage peak near the
end of range of 5-MeV
nickel ions
 Beam lines of the 1.7 MV Tandetron accelerator

Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) beam line:

UHV Beamline / implantation chamber:
Typical vacuum: UHV implantation chamber 1E-9
mBar during implantation
High temperature irradiation:1400 K
Quick sample change by load lock arrangement
Nuclear reaction analysis: Using protons upto 3.4 MeV
Automated Ion channeling experiments: Room
temperature using protons and alpha particles —
simultaneous RBS and PIXE/NRA channeling
experiments can be performed
 5 AXES SAMPLE SAMPLE
MANIPULATOR HEATER

Step height measurements of

void swelling
ION
BEAM TRANSMITTED IONS
Beam

MASK D9 ALLOY

D9 alloy Irradiation temperature range 300oC – 750oC

.temperature stability +/- 2°C
A

h
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
D9 alloy 35

100
30 He Profile
30 appm Helium pre-implanted + 100dpa 5 MeV dpa

Displacement per Atom

Ni++ ion irradiation;Damage rate : 7x10-3 dpa/s 25 80

He Conc (ppm)
20
60

Experimental Techniques 15
40
Surface Profilometry 10

20
Transmission Electron Microscopy 5

0 0
Positron Annihilation 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
o
Depth(A )
Irradiation Condition D9 (Indigenous) Alloy
2.5MeV Ni ions
1.3nm
100 appm He
150 dpa 5.71024/m3
650 C
TEM
3% swelling

20nm
Dislocation Controlled TiC Precipitates

3.91021/m3
4.5nm
TiC precipitates

50 nm
 SS-316 alloy (solution annealed)

Irradiation Condition
2.5MeV Ni ions
100 appm He
100 dpa
625 C V/V (in %)= 4/3  R3N
TEM
26% swelling

200 nm

12 nm
11022/m3

200 nm
 Temperature and Dose Rate Effects
Super saturation
Low difficult
Mobility Thermal Emission of
Vacancies from voids

Temp. Shift due to dose rate

Temperature dependence
T1  2 
Peak Swelling Temperature depends on Irradiation Dose rate  A ln  
T2  1 
Effect of Dislocation density
 Development of radiation resistance materials

Fe-Cr based ODS Alloys

Ni Cr
structure
Control of chemical composition, nanoscale
precipitates and particles can reduce both swelling
and high temperature embrittlement
Ferritic-martensitic steels Excellent swelling
resistance to doses even upto 200 dpa.
Development of Oxide dispersion strengthened
(ODS) ferritic steels for increasing high
temperature mechanical properties- clad and
wrapper.
Need to investigate the stability of oxide
precipitates under irradiation conditions
Dispersion of nano scale precipitates

Development of radiation resistant austenatic

steels rely on increasing the incubation dose by
optimising Ni, Cr content & adding minor
alloying elements Ti, Si, (D9)and P.(D(I)
Other topics
Forces of nature Particles communicate with one another via four forces:
Electromagnetism 1036 Photon
the strong force 1038 Gluon
the weak force 1025 W and Z Bosons
Gravity 1 Gravitons
(gravity does not feature in the Standard Model)
Different particles communicate through different forces, similar to the way people can
communicate in different languages.
the quarks can speak through “gluon”, While electrons can speak “photon” as well as “W
boson” and “Z boson”.

Electromagnetism - force that holds electrons in an atom. It is communicated by photons.

The strong force - keeps the nuclei of atoms together. Without it, every atom in the universe
would spontaneously explode. It is communicated by gluons.

The weak force causes radioactive decay. It’s transmitted by W and Z bosons.
The fundamental particles
All matter is made of two types of particles known as quarks and leptons.
Quarks: come in six “flavours”, all with weird names. It’s useful to see them as coming in pairs to make three
generations. These are “up” and “down” (first generation), “charmed” and “strange” (second generation) and “top”
and “bottom” (third generation).

Only the up and down quarks are important in day-to-day life because they make protons and neutrons.
The others make only “exotic” matter, which is too unstable to form atoms.
Physicists can create exotic matter in particle accelerators, but it usually only lasts a fraction of a second before
decaying.

Leptons: there are six leptons, the best known of which is the electron, a tiny fundamental particle with a negative
charge.
The muon (second generation) and tau (third generation) particles are like fatter versions of the electron. They also
have negative electric charge, but they are too unstable to feature in ordinary matter.
And each of these particles has a corresponding neutrino, with no charge.

Neutrinos deserve a special mention because they are perhaps the least understood of all the particles in the
Standard Model.
They are fast but interact only through the weak force, which means they can easily zip straight through a planet.
They are created in nuclear reactions, such as those powering the Sun’s core.
Standard Model
Particle Energy (GeV)
LHC
 LHC- Large Hadron Collider
Hadrons: the composite particles
Now that we know the fundamental particles of nature, we can begin to stack them together in different ways
to make bigger particles.

The most important composite particles are the baryons, made of three quarks. Protons and neutrons are
both kinds of baryon.

The European Organisation for Nuclear Research's (CERN) biggest particle collider smashes protons together.

Because protons are a kind of hadron, it’s called the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC.
Large Hadron Collider LHC
LHC - India:
• In the Construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC): Indian scientists
have been involved in the design of many components of the LHC, whereas
construction of those took place by scientists and engineers through Indian
industries.
Some of these components include
superconducting corrector magnets,
precision magnetic positioning system jacks,
accelerator protection systems,
quench detection electronics,
vacuum system design for long beam transport lines cryogenic systems.

ALICE and CMS – Higgs Boson - Nobel Prize 2013

 ALICE – A Large Ion Collider Experiment - study of Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). Hardware contributions to the ALICE
detector include the Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD), the Muon Spectrometer, the MANAS chip, and Silicon pad detectors
The PMD is a fully Indian effort from conception to commissioning.
The QGP research program of ALICE is on the quest to get a glimpse of how matter behaved within a few microseconds after
the birth of our Universe.
Indian scientists have contributed to the physics analysis, which led to the discovery of the QGP matter and its
characterization.
LHCB – LHC Beauty- study of Heavy unstable quark – very specific about bottom quark -
ATLAS– A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS - Detector - 13TeV proton beam collisions, 109 collisions per second occur,
1000 collisions will be selected for analysis
CMS– Compact Muon Solenoid – Experiment - one of the two experiments that discovered the Higgs Boson.
Our scientists have been involved in the design and manufactured the Hadron Barrel Outer Calorimeter; Silicon
strip based pre-shower detector and RPC detectors, which are installed recently.
Indian scientists have contributed to the physics analysis that led to the discovery of Higgs Boson and a detailed
study of Quark-Gluon Plasma, a form of matter in the early Universe.
WLCG - India:
• GRID computing: Experiments at CERN produce colossal amounts of data (roughly 30 petabytes a year), which are processed
using Grid computing, enabling sharing of resources belonging to computer centers located around the world. Indian scientists
have contributed substantially to the building and operation of the Large Hadron Collider Grid (LCG). LCG has a hierarchical
structure of data dissemination, of which India hosts two Tier 2 centres at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) and Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), in addition to several Tier 3 centers. The two Tier-2 Grid computing centres at VECC
and TIFR are performing large part of LHC computing.
FAIR
 Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research

GSI Darmstadt
Germany

Storage Ring
ESR

Founded 1969
Budget ~ 100 Mio€/a
Employees ~ 1100
Scientific users > 1500
33
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
GSI today Future facility

Observers

• International facility
• 1800 Mio Euro
• 2018 start of construction
• Step-wise realization until 2026
• 2019-2015 FAIR phase 0

CN DE ES FI FR GB GR IN IT PL RO RU SE
34
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
GSI today Future facility

Observers

• Nuclear Physics • International facility

• Atomic Physics • 1800 Mio Euro
• Biophysics • 2018 start of construction
• Plasma Physics • Step-wise realization until 2026
• Materials Research • 2019-2015 FAIR phase 0

CN DE ES FI FR GB GR IN IT PL RO RU SE
35
 Irradiations combined with on-line analysis

spectroscopy x-ray diffraction

electron microscopy

Instrumentation via national grant by universities including Darmstadt,

Duisburg-Essen, Dresden, Göttingen, Heidelberg, Jena, Stuttgart
NUSTAR experiments
– Nuclear STructure, Astrophysics
and Reactions

CBM Experiments – Compressed

Baryonic Matter

PANDA experiments
– Proton Anti-proton Annihilation
at DArmstadt

APPA experiments
– Atomic, Plasma Physics and
Applications
Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) Experiment at FAIR, Germany
Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) Experiment at FAIR, Germany

With the LHC providing the ideal facility for the study of matter at very high temperature and very small baryon
chemical potential, the next phase of activity in the study of strongly interacting matter will shift to the FAIR facility in
Germany which will provide lower energy beam in the range of a few GeV upto ~ 45 A.GeV but with ~103 times more
beam current.
VECC has taken a leading role in assembling a large contingent of Indian collaborators to work for the Compressed
Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR where matter will be studied at very high density, approaching that of the
core of neutron stars.
The group will be involved in making a large fraction of the Muon detector using GEM technology and the entire set of
electronics and readout boards.
 42
https://youtu.be/MlFbsYZrQck
INO

43
History of neutrino
45
46
47
48
Nobel Prize in Physics 2015
the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
India based Neutrino Observatory INO
60
 INO project
VECC Project deals with the development of detector which
is required for the Iron-Calorimeter at the upcoming INO
experiment.
INO requires 2m x 2m RPCs and a dedicated R&D effort must
be undertaken to establish the feasibility of building such
detectors from locally made bakelites.
It is also required that proper industrial sources should be
found where a large number (~9000) of RPCs could be built.
In the proposed project detailed procedures and steps will be
undertaken so that the feasibility and methodology could be
established towards building 2m x 2m large RPCs for NO.
Necessary testing and characterization will be part of this
subproject
LIGO
 Laser Interferometry based LIGO
Gravitational wave
Observatory
In Einstein's general theory of relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the
curvature of space-time. This curvature is caused by the presence of mass. Generally, the more
mass that is contained within a given volume of space, the greater the curvature of spacetime
will be at the boundary of its volume
LIGO-India
IndIGO
– Indian Iniative in Gravitational wave Observations
LIGO-India – Location site near Aundha Nagnath in the Hingoli district,
Maharashtra - -450km from Pune
Hanford Liningston
ITER
 International nuclear fusion research ITER
Energy release The Way"

In Fission - 1 MeV per Nucleon

In D-T Fusion, - 3.5 MeV per Nucleon
By comparison, fossil fuels -1 eV per Nucleon! grossly inefficient

2D + 2D  3T + p + 4.0 MeV
2D + 2D  3He + n + 3.2 MeV
2D + 3T  4He + n + 17.6 MeV
2D + 3He  4He + p + 18.4 MeV

6Li + n  4He + 3T + 4.8 MeV

6Li + p  4He + 3He + 3.9 MeV
6Li + 2D  2 4He + 22.3 MeV

The DT fusion reaction produces the highest energy gain at the

"lowest" temperatures.
Fusion techniques
• Tokamak
• create extremely hot d-t plasma and confine with
a magnetic field (it will vaporise anything it touches)
• Inertial confinement
• take small pellet of fuel and blast it with
powerful lasers
 The DT fusion reaction produces the highest energy gain at the "lowest" temperatures.

High temperatures give the nuclei enough energy to overcome their electrostatic repulsion. For deuterium and tritium, the
optimal reaction rates occur at temperatures on the order of 100,000,000 K.

The plasma is heated to a high temperature by ohmic heating (running a current through the plasma).
India’s Contribution to ITER
• India is contributing nine Packages to ITER

• These cover a range of technologies (RF, NB, Cryo)

• Involve a strong industry partnership

• A specially created body called ITER-India is in charge of the project

execution
ITER-MACHINE IS BEING BUILT MOSTLY BY IN-
KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SEVEN PARTNERS

• 45.46% from EU
• 9.09% each from
China, India, S.
Korea, Japan, Russia
& US

Each component
of the machine
will be delivered
either by
- Single ITER
partner
OR
- More than one
partner
 ITER IN-KIND CONTRIBUTION PACKAGES:
Design approach: Two Types

Design responsibility is ITER’s Design responsibility is with the

• First of its kind
• Any of the partner supports ITER
to reach on a final design
• ITER owns the responsibility of
performance of the engineered
components
• Post manufacturing any
modifications required are ITER’s
responsibility in terms of cost
and schedule
• Such engineered packages are
called Build to Print (BTP)
partner responsible for delivery
• Functional requirements and
boundaries defined by ITER
• Partner responsible has to
engineer, fabricate and
demonstrate the system as per
the requirements
• Any modifications and the
resultant impact on schedule and
cost is partner’s responsibility
• Such engineered packages are
called Functional Specification (FS)
packages
 INDIA’S IN-KIND CONTRIBUTION TO ITER
9 packages with multi-dimensional technology development
Heavy & precision Cryostat (BTP) Machine jacket to ensure
engineering – material and vacuum environment for SC
manufacturing intensive magnet
In Wall Shields (BTP) Neutron shielding
R&D oriented and technology RF sources: Ion Cyclotron Plasma heating, current drive,
intensive Frequency (FS) wall conditioning
RF sources: Electron Startup, heating, current drive,
Cyclotron Frequency (FS) instability control
Diagnostic Neutral Beam Energetic neutral beam in
(BTP + FS) plasma to detect He ash
Power supplies (FS) Power ITER heating and beam
systems
Diagnostics (FS + BTP) Diagnosing ITER plasma
Technologically challenging & Cryolines and Cooling some ITER components
Integration intensive Cryodistribution (FS) to sub zero temperatures

Interface & integration Cooling water systems Removal of heat load from ITER
intensive (FS) components
 Cryostat: Jacket to ensure vacuum environment for SC Magnets

30 m

• Vacuum : 10-6 Torr

• 3500 tonnes of steel
• Largest stainless steel vacuum vessel to
30 m be built in the world : 16000 m3 volume
Compliance with nuclear safety requirements to limit radiation dose due to
neutron and gamma induced radioactivity, stringent control on components like Co
Highly interface sensitive package: ~ 150 design changes during execution

Material used: SS 304, SS 304L dual; Co content <0.1% JINDAL steel, Industeel
(France) & L&T Forging (Hazira)
 Cryostat: Jacket to ensure vacuum environment for SC Magnets
Prototyping: Actual size Mock-up was manufactured to know real
Tying of two sectors of Base
distortion scenario
Section back to back before
welding to minimise distortion
Top lid mock-up (30 deg.)

Base Section tier-2 mock-up (40 deg.)

Special arrangement was

done to manage distortion
at free edges
Trial assembly is been
done at factory
before shipment
 Cryostat: Jacket to ensure vacuum environment for SC Magnets

At Workshop

Lower cylinder finalized in February 2019 Base section finalized in July 2019

Wrapped Lower Cylinder for Ongoing Upper cylinder sub-assembly

storage
Base Section & Lower Cylinder handed over to IO
 In Wall Shields: Neutron shielding
• Provide shielding from neutron radiation for components situated outside of
the vacuum vessel (such as the magnets) as well as for environmental safety &
• Contribute to plasma performance by limiting perturbations due to toroidal
field ripple
• Occupy 55 % of the space between the double walls of the vacuum vessel
• Modular structure 9000 blocks made of 72000 borated (1-2% boron) or ferritic steel plates
(each 40mm thick)
Provides high neutron shielding due Reduces toroidal magnetic field
to its high Neutron Capture Cross ripple as it has high Saturation
Section Magnetization
IWS
Blocks
Support
Rib +
Lower
Bracket
Assembly
SS316L(N)-IG

9000 blocks are to be assembled for 9 These block assemblies use ~ 5,10,000
sectors of vacuum vessel & the field joints brackets, spacers, bolts and washers
 In Wall Shields: Neutron shielding

Constraints of IWS

• Not accessible for maintenance/repair after fabrication of Vacuum

Vessel (VV)

• These blocks remain immersed in water-passing through double wall

of VV. Hence, IWS materials should have high corrosion resistance

Development includes:
• Use of powder metallurgy route used to produce SS304B7 by Carpenter
Technology for better grain structure and boron distribution

• Corrosion study for all IWS materials under simulated operating conditions
(200 deg. C, 24 bar pressure, water, 5 weeks)

• Magnetic permeability control during component machining (Maximum

1.03)

• Vibration test for fastener anti-rotation design validation

 IWS Mock-up & Final Product
Corrosion study to validate IWS material
• Borated steel (SS304 B4 & SS 304 B7) showed marginal weight gain after exposure (water
at 200 deg. C / 24 bar) due to formation of thin layer (~sub-micron) of oxide but were
free from any crevice corrosion.
• Ferritic steel (SS 430) showed mild effect of general corrosion (1 mil/year, not critical for
ITER life time)
Various Mock-ups have been prepared to validate the manufacturing & assembly processes

Plates of SS 304 B7, SS 304 Study assembly interfaces with Validation of Anti-Rotation
B4 and SS 430 per block vacuum vessel Mechanism

Various manufacturing processes till finished product

 In-Wall Shielding

PRESENT
STATUS
Expected completion of
manufacturing: Mid 2020
RF Sources: Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF)
Functionality: Indian contribution to ITER ICRF sources: 9
• Heating nos. (8 for plasma operation + 1 spare)
• Current drive
• 2.5 MW/VSWR 2:1/35-65 MHz/CW
• Wall conditioning
• 3.0 MW/VSWR 1.5:1/40-55 MHz/CW
TL to Hot Cell Facility

RF Sources (8+1)

Transmission Lines (8)

Matching units (2)

3MW test
loads
HVPS
Pre-matching units (2)
& Antennas (2)
Movable matching
system

(PPTF)

This kind of RF source is unique in terms of its

stringent specifications
 ICRF Sources: Test Facility developed at ITER-India

Developed dedicated test facility comprises of Low power RF section, SSPA, Controls,
High Voltage & Auxiliary Power Supplies,Tx-line system, Test Rig, Cooling etc.

Diacrode based
system

RF
output

RF
input

Test
RF
input Rig
RF
output

Tetrode based
system

Test Rig: 3MW Dummy Load +

Mismatch Tx-line
 ICRF Sources: Under High Power Test at ITER-India

High Power Test on Match Load

1800.00
1600.00

Output Power (kW)

1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
600.00
Input Power (kW)
400.00
10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00
Test@36MHz Test@45MHz
Test@55MHz Test@65MHz
 RF Sources: Electron Cyclotron Resonance Frequency

Execution Plan
Phase-I Domestic Preparatory Activity
Gyrotron Test Facility Development
IIGTF to support ITER deliverables
Layout
Test Gyrotron + WG components
close to ITER specs
Prototype Auxiliaries close to ITER Specs
Test
Gyrotron Establish System Integration & Integrated
Setup System Performance

Phase-II Activity towards ITER Deliveries

Final Design Review
Procurements for ITER Deliverables
Acceptance Tests, Delivery &
Commissioning at ITER site
 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

ITER Challenges
Tokamak • Intense physics R&D
• Beam source of the largest size,
• High precision manufacturing + heavy
engineering
100 keV, 60 A beam of H-
HNB Injectors (EU – JA
DNB
procurement)
Injector

Beam transport ~20.7m from the

ion source

100 keV, 20 A beam

of H0

8 driver based
~ RF negative ion
60% source
To deflect out un-
neutralized part
 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

Development of beam
technology

Source development: Material & engineering aspects

RF based negative ion source
optimization & operation
Source development : Optimizing
source & H- beams
• Development of material
• Similar & dissimilar metal joining
• Several precision machining techniques

Achieved current density ~ 27 mA/cm2, against required 35 mA/cm2

 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

Test facility for neutral

beam production &
transportation at
ITER-India lab

Heavy engineering

Diagnostic neutral
beam line: 100 keV, 60
A beam of H-
Vacuum vessel
(10 m long, 4.5 m dia)

• SS 304 (UHV class)

• Top lid openable
• Sealing using double O
ring seals
 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

Precision Engineering

Aperture zoomed
H-
100 keV 60 A ion source view
forextractor
3 grid beam DNB & accelerator
system of ion source need to focus Four segmented
beam at 21 m without much beam loss grid – 1280
apertures
Aperture position accuracy: 50 microns
Flatness of the plane 40 microns
Angle accuracy 0.01o
 Power Supplies: for Beam & RF systems

Multi MW power supplies for Diagnostics Neutral Beam and RF systems

Diagnostic Neutral beam

RF Systems :
Beam power supply : ICRH:
10 kV, 140 A (1.4 MW) Extraction 27kV/190A Dual power
PS supply
90 kV, 70 A (6.3 MW) Driver Stage : 8-18 kV /
Acceleration PS 20A,
End stage : 27 kV / 170A
RF generators for ion source
1 MHz, 200 kW each (4 nos.) ECRH :
55 kV, 110 A
8 kV 60 A power supply for the
electrostatic RID
 Power Supplies: for RF & DNB systems
Several multi-MW power supplies developed to support
operations of the RF based plasma heating systems in ITER and
the Diagnostic neutral beam system
Power supplies for DNB system PSM based HVPS for ICRF system

Design
successfully
tested,
Exceeds ITER
specifications

100 kV, 7.2 MW acceleration system

power supplies for ion source
manufactured in India and working in
Padua Italy on ion source dev. Test bed
 Diagnostics: Diagnosing ITER Plasma
The diagnostic package includes India’s participation in
X-Ray Crystal Spectroscopy (XRCS) - Survey & Edge: Real-time monitoring of
impurity content in ITER core & edge plasma
Set of spectrometers (X-ray crystals, Detectors, Vacuum chamber), Calibration
source, Instrumentation & Control (I&C)
 Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE): measures radiated power in EC
frequency range and provides electron temperature profile & temperature
fluctuations
Set of Michelson Interferometers & Radiometers, Polarization splitter unit,
Transmission line, Calibration source, I&C
 Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS): measures plasma
Ion temperature, Velocity and Impurity density
Optical Fibers, Detectors, Visible Spectrometers, Opto-mechanical components
like filters, mounts, I&C
 Upper Port- 09 (UP#09): Complex integration with Interspace Support
Structure (ISS) & Port Cell Support Structure (PCSS) etc., and customization
for CXRS(Edge)
 Cryolines and Cryodistribution system: cryo-cooling to ITER
machine components
ITER Cryogenic System:
Cryoplant Cryolines + Cryodistribution Clients
75 kW @ 4.5K LHe; (IO)
1.2 MW @ 80K LN2 (EU)
CRYOLINES
Used to cool
CRYODISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• ITER superconducting magnets;
supercritical He @ 4K CRYOPLANT

• Cryostat and thermal shields; forced

flow of He @ 80K
• Cryosorption pumps; supercritical He
@ 4K shielded by He gas @ 80K at
different pumping locations

Indian scope includes to and fro transport of cryogens to the desired cooling
locations:
• 5 km long cryolines
• 5.5 km long warm lines
• 7 cryodistribution boxes (local storage houses)
 Prototyping of Cryolines
Prototype cryoline 1 (INOX) Prototype cryoline 2 (ALAT)
DESIGN MANUFACTURING

INSTALLATION

Both PTCLs Installed & tested at ITER-India lab

Test Objectives Test Results Benefits of prototyping
• Validation of structural
• All PTCL test activities (multiple sources and
objectives are designs) :
and mechanical integrity
fulfilled by both
• Measurement of heat • Risk mitigated
PTCL-1 and PTCL-2.
load at 80K and 4.5K • Performance testing and
• All stringent
• Thermal profile of
thermal shield
technical and quality comparison
requirements were • Develop industry
• Break of insulation
met by both
vacuum test • State of the art facilities
industrial partners.
• Helium leak tightness developed in Indian industry
tests
 Installation of Cryoline and Cryodistribution System at ITER

Cryoplant
building
Gas He &
LN2
LHe storage storage
tank tanks

Cryolines and Warmlines ready for dispatch Cryo facility at ITER site

CTCB Cold Box internal movement in factory Installation of cryolines at ITER site
Cryolines installed inside Cryoplant
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution
Indian scope includes the following subsytems: The delivery under the CWS include
 Component Cooling Water System (CCWS) : ~4500 pipe spools upto 2m diameter, in
Provides cooling water at 31oC, specified flow varying lengths and piping geometries,
rate, pressure and water quality
 Chilled Water System (CHWS) : Provides chilled ~ 18 km of piping and ~ 105 inch
water at 6oC, specified flow rate and pressure diameter of welding
 Heat Rejection System (HRS): Final heat sink.
Also stores excess heat during pulse operation
and rejects the same during dwell period

The scope of supply includes

10 cells of Cooling Tower: Avg. 510 MW; Peak~1.2 GW
14 Plate type Heat Exchanger: 70 MW each: Possibly at
the highest range of design
4MW Chiller: Highest capacity manufactured in India
40 Pumps: different capacity (Max1.4MW motor Challenges:
capacity)
• Extremely high flow rates (>20000 m3/hr) & meeting requirements of low conductivity
• Highly interface intensive configuration
Design - Procurement (vendor availability) - Manufacturing - Quality – logistic
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution
Several important components of the cooling water
system developed

Flow Splitter to smoothen 1.4 MW Motor with

the flow to vertical pump strict noise level limit
4MW chiller with requirement of
seismic qualification for nuclear site
ever manufactured indigenously Mock-up of basin & pumping arrangement at
Kirloskar factory

Innovative Pipe-in-pipe concept

developed to allow thermal
expansion in buried network
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution

18 km of piping network manufactured under

PED protocol, involves ~ 105 inch diameter of
welding & their examination to ensure their
correctness
~ 4200 spools delivered, all major
components like pumps, chiller, heat
exchanger, cooling tower etc.
delivered (95% delivery completed)
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution
Site service building in ITER France houses the chiller systems, pumps, electrical
panels and interconnecting piping network delivered by ITER India

Pumps delivered by ITER-India

being installed at ITER site

Cooling Tower components

Delivered by ITER-India, erected by ITER delivered by ITER-India under
Organization assembly at site
 India’s activity on site
Cryogenic lines
Cryostat Workshop Electrical
components
installation

Diagnostic
Neutral
Beam
Heating and
Current Drive
In-Wall Shielding

Heat Rejection system

Slide courtesy : Mr. Laban Coblentz, IO, France

ADS
Spallation Physics - An Overview
I. WHAT IS SPALLATION?
Spallation refers to nuclear reactions that occur when energetic particles (for example, protons, neutrons,
or pions) interact with an atomic nucleus.

spallation can be thought of as a two-stage process.

First stage : the primary particle reacts with nucleons-neutrons and protons-inside the nucleus. The reactions that follow create an
intranuclear cascade of high-energy (greater than 20 MeV) protons, neutrons, and pions within the nucleus. During the
intranuclear cascade, some of these energetic hadrons escape as secondary particles. Others deposit their kinetic energy in the
nucleus leaving it in an excited state.
Second stage: (nuclear de-excitation), evaporation takes place when the excited nucleus relaxes by emitting low-energy
(less than 20 MeV) neutrons, protons, alpha particles, etc., with the majority of the particles being neutrons. The low-energy
neutrons produced during nuclear de-excitation are important in a spallation source because they can be moderated (reduced) to
even lower energies for use as research probes.

After evaporation, the nucleus that remains may be radioactive and may emit gamma rays.
Secondary high-energy particles produced during the intranuclear cascade move roughly in the same direction as that of the
incident proton and can collide with other nuclei in the target. The reactions that follow are a series of secondary spallation
reactions (see Fig. 2) that generate more secondary particles and low-energy neutrons. The so-called hadronic cascade is the
accumulation of all reactions caused by primary and secondary particles in a target
If the target is very heavy (for example, depleted uranium or lead), high-energy fission can compete witli
evaporation during nuclear de-excitation (see Fig. 3). Even more fission events can occur in fissile
targets such as ^ U or 238U.
ADS Gain

G0=2 Experiments confirmed

Safety
High Energy Neutrons incinerate MA
Do We need Accelerator for reactor?
BARC work
ADSS