BIO3 – Statistical Biology FINALS

Z(Mjay)= 26.2-27.2 / 0.8 = -.1.25

 Normal Distribution
Z(Ardee)= 27.3-30.1 / 1.4 = -2
 Hypothesis Testing
 Z-Test TRY THIS: 3 Students were applying to the same medical
 T-Test school. They came from undergraduate schools w/
different grading systems. Which student had the best
 One-proportion Test
GWA when compared to other students at their school?
 ANOVA
Student GWA School Ave. S.D
Micha 2.7 3.2 0.8
Jollebe 87 75 20
I. Normal Distribution Chinee 8.6 8 0.4
- symmetrical and it is a bell-shaped curve.
- considered to be the basis distribution of statistical Z(Micha)=
interference, representing the distribution of possible Z(Jollebe)=
estimates of a population parameter. Z(Chinee)=
- gives a useful approximation for other distributions
including discrete distributions (binomial) A:
- mean for a normal distribution is 0.

Probability
Ex: Crate of mangoes (m= 150g, SD=10g)

1. What is the probability that 1 mango is greater than

150g? P(x > 150g)

S: 47.5% = 50%=97.5%
A; 97.5%

𝑥−𝜇
2. Between 160g and 170g
Formula for Z-Score: 𝑧 = S: 95%-68%= 27% / 2 = 13.5%
𝜎

1. 2 Students, John and Ali, from different high schools,

wanted to find out who had the highest GWA when II. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
compared to his school:
Hypothesis- is a proposition, statement or assumption
Student GWA School Mean S.D based on previous observations about the value of a
JOHN 2.85 3.0 0.7 population parameter for testing purposes.
ALI 77 80 10
𝜇 − 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜎 − 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆. 𝐷
**Note: the higher the S.D, the more compressed 𝜎 2 − 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 − 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Z(John) = 2.85-3.00 / 0.7 = -0.21 5 steps for hypothesis testing

Z(Ali) = 77-80 / 10 = -0.3 1. Set up Ho and Ha
2. Test
Conclusion: John is smarter/brighter than Ali. 3. Compute the probability
4. Decision
2. 2 swimmers, Mjay and Ardee, from different teams, 5. Conclusion
wanted to find out who had the fastest time for the 50m
freestyle when compared to his team. Decision Ruling
 Reject Ho if p < α
Student Time (s) Team Mean S.D  Fail to reject if p ≥ α
MJAY 26.2 27.2 0.8
ARDEE 27.3 30.1 1.4
Q: Which swimmer had the fastest time when compared Rules in setting up Ho and Ha
to his team? 1. Ho must include the equal sign
2. one of the hypotheses must represent the claim
A: Ardee 3. the hypotheses must be contradicting statements.
 III. Z TEST
Null (=, ≥, ≤)
Alternative (≠, >,<)

SETTING UP HO AND HA EXAMPLES

1. A certain chemical corp. makes a fabric cleaner, the

company claims that its product successfully removes 90
percent of all stains. A consumer organization questions
this claim and decides to test the product. They select 100
stained garments and apply the product to each. They find
that the product cleaned only 78 of them. Does the sample
data provide evidence that the success rate is less than
90 percent?

Ho: P = 0.9
Ha. P < 0.9

2. We wish to claim that more than 30% of registered

voters in a certain country voted in the elections. Z test for a single population mean:
 N ≥ 30
Ho: P ≤ 0.3  When σ is knowns
Ha: P > 0.3  Normally distributed

3. We want to test whether the mean height of Ex.

sophomore students is 5’4’’. 1. a baker claims that his bread height is more than 15cm,
on average. Several of his customers do not believe him.
Ho: μ = 5’4’’ To persuade his customers that he is right, the baker
Ha: μ ≠ 5’4’’ decides to do a hypothesis test. The bakers known from
his baking hundreds of loaves of bread that the S.D for
D.R the height is 1.5cm and the distribution of heights is
Reject Ho: - Since we reject Ho, we have sufficient data normal. He makes 30 loaves of bread and finds that the
to say that the mean height of sophomore students is no mean height for the sample is 15cm. using alpha = 0.005,
equal 5’4’’ does this data provide evidence that the mean height is
more than 5cm?
Fail to reject Ho: Since we fail to reject Ho, we do not have
sufficient data to say that the mean height of sophomore Ho: μ ≤ 15 μx=15 n=30 alpha= 0.05
students is not 5’4’’ Ha: μ > 15 x=17 o=1.5

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS TEST P Value:

1. One tailed (left, right tailed test) – increase or decrease 𝑥−𝜇 17−15
of a parameter. Z= 𝜎 = 1.5 = 7.303
- Left tailed (Ha: parameter < value) √𝑛 √30
- Right tailed (Ha: parameter > value)
2. Two tailed – looks for any change in the parameter.

Ex: Ho: p > 5 yrs

Ha: p < 5 yrs (LEFT TAILED TEST)
 Assumptions
 N < 30
Other samples
 O is unknown
 Sample comes from a normally distributed
population

IV. T TEST (STUDENT’S T TEST)

 William S. Gosset

Characteristics:
 Graph of t distribution is similar to the standard
normal curve; however, it has more probability in
its tails.
 The graph of t distribution is thicker at the tails
and shorter at the center of the standard normal
distribution
 Mean is 0 and is symmetric about 0.
 Exact shape of the t distribution depends on the
degrees of freedom
 As DF increases, graph of t distribution becomes
like the graph of a normal distribution.

𝑥−𝜇
Formula : , s – simple standard deviation
𝑠√𝑛
Df= n-1