eH ae cs Cs : (oT Ts Mee} Success Key mee 44Contents Lid Heat and Gases Unit 1 Temperature, Heat and Internal Energy Unit 2 Transfer Processes & Change of State DSB Unit 3 Gases Complete Answers and Marking Schemes [XH ‘eptesents that the material is not included in the Physics part of Combined Science [E_represents the extension part of the curriculumysics Success Key for HKDSEE 1 Name : Class : cof Date: : im 3 a Temperature, Heat and - “ Internal Energy o Te ; 7 ; = : 7 rn 2 D 7 z = 7 @ Examination Analysis Past Examination Paper Analysis . Examination Trend ... © Useful Formulae .. © Examination Scoring Techniques ... © Common Mistakes . @ Revision Test Multiple-choice Questions Short Questions ... Structured Questions .. | Essays. © 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited enc ‘Total marks ayFil 1 Heat ant Gases A > eXamination anatysis Past Examination Paper Analysis (a) Multiple-choice Questions HKCEE HEAL, Topic Year | Paper | Question No.| Year | Paper | Question No. Temperature and 2003 | mt 20 thermometers 2008 | 1B 35 Heat and internal energy 2003 | ll 19 2008 | 1A u Heat capacity and specific heat | 2001 n__|16,17,19,20| 2003 | mA 37 capacity 2003 | il 2 2006 | A 10 2007 | mA 10 2008 | WA 10 (b) Short Questions / Structured Questions Year | Paper | Question No. | Marks Content 2000 | CE | 86), (6),(@) | 12 marks | Plot a temperature-time graph by using a given set Paper of data, find the energy supplied to and the energy 1B absorbed by the water and account for the difference between the two results. Sketch the corresponding temperature-time graph if less water is used during the heating process, 2001 cE 9) 6 marks | Find the energy absorbed by the water, estimate the Paper efficiency of a heater and state one reason to explain 1B why the efficiency is less than 100%. 2004 cE B{a)-(c) 9 marks | Describe an experiment to estimate the useful output Paper power of a microwave by using the specific latent heat 1B of vaporization of water and account for the difference between the experimental value and the rated value of the power of the microwave. Distinguish the ways to improve the accuracy of the experiment. {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Suceess Key for HKDSEE 1Og 204 tno Hon nen Year | Paper | Question No. | Marks Content 2004 | AL 9 15 marks | Use the work done against friction to determine the Paper specific heat capacity of water in an experiment 1B 2005 | cE 110) — | 8 marks | Estimate the temperature of air lowing out of a dryer. Paper Apply the relationship between the heating effect and 1B the air flow rate. 2006 | CE 6(b@) | 2marks | Find the energy absorbed by a tank of water in a boiler Paper dluring the heating process 1A 2006 | cE 10(@)@) | 3marks | Find the temperature of the air in room Paper 1B 2007 | CE 7a) 2marks | Find the energy absorbed by a cup of oi Paper 1A 2008 | cE 4 11 marks | Find the specific heat capacity of a liquid by plowing the Paper joulemeter reading (E) against the mass of the liquid (m) A ‘Sketch the corresponding E-m graph if liquid with smaller specific heat capacity is used. Examination Trend (a) The relationship between different temperature scales, including the Celsius, the Kelvin and the Fahrenheit Seales. (b) The temperature-dependent properties of different kinds of thermometers, such as liquid-in-glass thermometer, thermochromic thermometer, rotary thermometer and infra-red thermometer. (© The concept of heat and internal energy. (@) The microscopic interpretation of the average kinetic energy and the temperature of « substance (©) Experiments to find the specific heat capacity of a substance. () The mixing of hot and cold substances. (g) The practical importance of the high specific capacity of water, e.g. the regulation of body temperature, the camping effect on climate and the cooling effect. ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Suecess Key for HKDSEE 1on 1 Heat and Gases @userui Bae A$ AANA ‘Useful term Formula 1. Celsius and Kelvin K=C+273 (K: absolute temperature, C: temperature in degree Celsius) Calibration of thermometers (és: length of the liquid column at O°C, yg: length of the liquid column at 100°C, ¢;: length of the liquid column at T°C) 3. Heat capacity (C) c or E=CAT aT (E: energy absorbed or released, AT: change of temperature) 4. Specific heat capacity (c) cx Es oe EemciT maT (E energy absorbed or released, m: mass, AT: change of temperature) Hence, C = me © fxamination Scoring Techniques ———————————____ 1, Stating the Concept of Heat, Internal Energy and Temperature (@) Temperature ‘Temperature is a physical quantity used to measute the degree of hotness of an object. (b) Heat Heat is the energy transferred from a hotter object to a colder object when they are in contact. (c) Internal energy Internal energy of a body is a measure of the energy stored in the body. Internal energy = KE + PE where KE and PE are the total kinetic energy and the total potential energy of the molecules in the body respectively Remarks: ‘Heat appears only when the process of heating occurs ana is not the internal encrgy of a ody '© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Suocess Key for HKDSEE 1Gp CL Temperature, Heat and internal Enon 2. Studying Temperature-time Graph and Energy-temperature Graph (a) Temperature-time graph Tempersie/"¢ For objects of equal masses, the smaller is the slope of the be temperature-time graph, the larger the specific heat ‘capacity of the object will be. Refer to the figure, ifX and Y y Ihave equal masses, then sey Timers where cy and ey are the specific heat capacity of X and that of ¥ respectively. Also, where my and my are the slope of the graph for X and that for ¥ respectively (b) Energy-temperature graph Energy/d For objects of equall masses, the smaller is the slope of the energy-temperature graph, the smaller the specific heat capacity of the object will be, Refer to the figure, ifX and ¥ have equal masses, then cx> ey Temperatore/*C where cand cy are the specific heat capacity of X and that of ¥ respectively Also, my _ fy where my and my are the slope of the graph for X and that for ¥ respectively: 3. Applying Different Experimental Methods to Measure the Specific Heat Capacity (a) Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity of a Liquid (Experimental setup julemeter ‘thermometer om = connected to |_| Aiquie { power supply t ee ~ Immersion heater {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Suecess Key for HKDSEE 1ee TL Heat and Gases Joulemeter — measuring the energy supplied E to the liquid Immersion heater — heating up the liquid Thermometer ~ measuring the change of temperature AT Let m be the mass of the liquid, then the specific heat capacity of the liquid can be found by using the formula E mA (ii) Improving the accuracy of the experiment (D) Cover the cup with a heat insulated lid. (2) Stir the liquid throughout the experiment. (3) Immerse the heater completely. (A) Use a polystyrene cup to reduce heat loss to the surroundings. (5) Take the highest temperature as the final temperature after switching off the power supply. (b) Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity of a Solid by Direct Heating @ Experimental setup ta joulemeter and ower supply ‘thormometer immersion heater solid Joulemeter ~ measuring the energy supplied F to the solid Immersion heater ~ heating up the solid ‘Thermometer ~ measuring the change of temperature AT Let m be the mass of the solid, then the specific heat capacity of the solid can be found by using the formula: E maT Note: The experiment is effective only ifthe solidi a good conductor ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -6- Physics Sueeess Key for HKDSEE |Gy, C1 Temperature, aa ond ternal nr (ii) Improving the accuracy of the experiment (2) Wiap the solid with heat insulated material, 2) Fill the space between the heater and the solid as well as the space between the thermometer and the solid with Vaseline or oil to improve thermal contact. (3) Insert the heater completely. (4) Take the highest temperature as the final temperature alter switching off the power supply. (©) Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity of a Solid by Indirect Heating (i) Experimental setup — [me ees faa = . 7 nas cold water Bunsen bumer Step I:Immerse the metal block into the boiling water for some time so that the metal block is well heated to 100°C. Step 2:The hot metal block is then transferred to a cup of cold water. The specific heat capacity of the metal ¢. can be obtained as mel, ~ 1) m,,(100 = T, where my= mass of the metal block, m, » mass of the cold water, T, = initial temperature of the cold water, inal temperature of the cold water, Specific heat capacity of water, &y (Gi) Improving the accuracy of the experiment (1) Heat the metal block in step 1 long enough so that the whole metal block is at 100°C. (2) Take the metal block out of the boiling water carefully so that hot water adhered to the metal block is minimised. (3) Transfer the hot metal block to the cold water as soon as possible (4) Immerse the metal block completely into the water in both steps, (5) Use a polystyrene cup to reduce heat loss to the surroundings in step 2. (©) Cover the cup with a heat insulated lid in step 2 (7) Stir the water in step 2. ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited aa Physi Suocess Key for HKDSEE |@ Theat and Gases & cémmon mistakes A @@@$_$_$_$_$___________ (Example 1 ) A liquid, contained in a plastic cup, is heated from room _remperaiurel*e temperature by an immersion heater. The heater is switched on for 150 s and then switched off. The variation of the |" temperature of the liquid with time is shown in the figure. 80 ‘The power of the heater is 800 W and the mass of the liquid is 0.4 kg, What is the specific heat capacity of the liquid __¢9 found from this experiment? | 40 From the Hence 20. Pt = meAT ° 60 100 150 200 250 Time/s 200 X 150 = 04 Xe X (B0~ 5000) kg ‘The student wrongly takes the temperature when the heater is switched off as the final temperature. From the graph, the highest temperature of the liquid is 84°C, — Henee, Pt = mcAT 800 x 150 = 0.4 x cx (84-20) = 4690) kg? °c ‘We should take the higthest temperature of the liquid as the final temperature. The temperature of the heater is stil higher than that of the liquid just after the heater has been switched off. Therefore, the temperature of the liquid keeps increasing for some time until the heater and the liquid attain the same temperature. ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Suocess Key for HKDSEE 1The specific heat capacity of a metal is measured by using the following method Step L: Step 2: hot metal block |— boaker PO Lene black boting cp water ji ~~ A metal block is first immersed in boiling water for some time. The block is then transferred to a cup of cold water of known mass. The specific heat capacity of the metal block can then be found by measuring the temperature change of the cold water. How will the experimental value be affected if some hot water is still adhered to the metal block when the block is transferred to the cold water? Explain briefly if there is mo hot water adhered to the metal rrr block, the cold water wouldt have a lower final Students usually have difficulties in ‘making judgment on the uncertainties of the experimental value due to various sources of error. wecperature. So some hot water adhered to the nectal blocke would cause tine experimental value be smaller than the true valu x If some hot water is still adhered to the metal block when the block is transferred to the cold water, then some energy absorbed by the cold water comes from the hot water. Hence, the net energy absorbed by the cold water from the hot metal block is less than the experimental value. As a result, the experimental value of the specific heat capacity of the metal block would be higher than the true value ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Success Key for HKDSEE |RL tronics go How the experimental value is affected by various sources of error is summarised in the following table: Experiment Source of error Measure the specific heat | Error causing the experimental value to be higher than the true capacity of a substance by | value: direct heating, Energy loss to the surroundings; energy absorbed by the container, heater not immersed completely; the air gap between the heater and the substance; take the final reading of the temperature immediately after the heater is switched off. Measure the specific heat | Error causing the experimental value to be less than the true value: capacity of a substance by | Energy loss to the surroundings; energy absorbed by the container, cooling down the substance mookwaer Error causing the experimental value to be higher than the true value: Hot water adhered to the block. ‘What must be changed in a substance if the substance is heated by a heater? e The temperature of a substance must increased if the substance is heated b eater x Students usually have a quick impression that heating process is. a temperature relating process. The total internal energy of a substance must cra be increased if the substance is heated by a heater. The total internal energy of @ substance consists Of the total kinetic energy and the total potential energy of the molecules in the substance. During @ temperature increasing process, ‘energy is absorbed to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules. However, during @ state changing process, energy is absorbed to increase the potential energy of the molecules. {© 2009°Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -10- Physies Success Key for HKDSEE |Page total @ Revision Test” (23 items, 1 mark each) 1. The temperature of an object is 20°C and that J of another object is 280 K. Find the temperature difference of the two objects, A 20K B. 260K G ie D. 533°C 2. ‘The temperature of an object increases from 250 K Jt 300 K. Find the temperature change of the object in degree Celsius (°C). AL -223°C B. -173°C Cc. 50°C ea D. 323°C 3. When a liquid-in-glass thermometer is immersed J) in melting ice, the length of the liquid thread. in the narrow tube is 2 em, When the thermometer is placed just above boiling water, the length of the liquid thread in the narrow tube is 12 em, If the length of the liquid thread in the narrow tube is 8.4 em when the thermometer is used to measure the melting point of potassium, what is the melting point of potassium? A. 36°C B. 60°C Cc. 648°C — D. 84°C 4. When a mercury-in-glass thermometer is being J heated, which of the following must expand in order to show the temperature rise? A. The glass bulb B. The glass stem C. The mercury D. The alcohol ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 5 I 6 gg 2 tor otal a Ca ie Which of the following properties of a material can be used in thermometry? (1) The color of a material varies with temperature, 2). The resistance of a resistor varies with temperature. (3) The melting point and the boiling point of @ substance, A. (only. B. G)only C. (I)and 2) only D. @)and 3) only ‘ap 5 Metal railway tracks are laid in sections and the sections are connected by metal plates with stall gaps in between as shown in the figure. What is the reason for leaving the gaps? A. To make it more convenient to change the railway tracks. B, To allow the railway tracks to expand when the temperature rises. C. To prevent electric current Howing in the railway tracks. D. To absorb more energy produced by th vibrations of the chs. 1 Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 1Part | 9 {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Heat and Gases Which of the following statements about heat is! are true? (1) When two objects of different temperatures are brought into contact, heat lows from the hotter object to the colder object 2) During a heating process, the total kinetic energy of a body must be changed. (3) If the total kinetic energy of a body is increased, heat stored in the body is also increased. A. (only B. G)only C. (I)and @) only D. (2)and (3) only Which of the following statements is/are true? (1) _ If two bodies have the same temperature, then they must have the same amount of total kinetic energy. (2) When two objects of different temperatures are brought into contact, then the two objects must have the same amount of change of temperature when they are at thermal equilibrium, (3) Internal energy is stored in a body in the forms of kinetic energy and potential energy. AL (only B. (3) only C. (Dand (2) only D. (2)and (3) only If there is no net heat flow from one body to another when they are in thermal contact, then the ‘two bodies must have the same A. temperature, B. kinetic energy. C. potential energy. D. internal energy. Page total 10. Which of the following statements about internal J 12, y -12- ‘energy, heat and temperature is/are true? (1). The internal energy of a body is a measure of the total kinetic energy and potential ‘energy of the molecules in the body. (2). Two bodies of the same temperature always have the same amount of kinetic energy. (3) Heat is a measure of the energy transferred from one body to another as a result of the internal energy difference between the two bodies. A. (only B. @)only C. (A)and 3) only D. (2)and(3) only Which of the following pairs of objects have different specific heat capacities A. A foil of aluminium of mass 1 kg and a block of aluminium of mass 1 kg B. 1 kg of oil in plastic bottle and 1 kg of oil ina glass bottle C. 1 kg of water and 2 kg of water D. 1 kg of water and 1 kg of ice The specific heat capacity of a material depends on its (1)_ state (sot, iquid oF gas). Q) mass (3) shape. AL (only B. ()only €. (A) and (2) only D. (2)and (3) only Pysies Success Key for HKDSEE 1Page total 13. Two objects, A and B, of equal masses are heated JJ at the same rate. The figure shows how the temperatures of the two objects changes with time, If the specific heat capacity of object 4 is 600 J kg" K’*, find the specific heat capacity of object 8. Temperature/*C Time/s A. 300Skg'K" B. 1200Jke'K* C1800) kg" K* D. Cannot be determined a 14, Four liquids P,Q, Rand 5 with the same mass J) are heated at the same rate, The figure shows the variation of the energies absorbed by the liquids with their temperatures. Which liquid has the highest specific heat capacity? Energy absorbod/J 2e}--- Temperature/*C P BRIO \© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited n13- On, UL Tomperaiw at on nel Er 15. ‘The temperature of some water increases from J} 20°C to 50°C in 2 minutes when it is heated by an electric kettle. How much longer: boil? A. 2005 B. 240s C. 300s D. Cannot be determined the water 16. A machine uses water as the coolant. The circulation JI) rate of water is 5 kgs! and the temperature of water changes from 26°C to 40°C. Which of the following statements are correct? (Givens Specific heat capacity of water =4200 J kg" K"!) (1) Water is used as the coolant because of its high specific heat capacity (2). The rate of energy absorbed by the water is 294 KW, ) The temperature change of water can be increased by increasing the circulation rate of water ‘A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C.@)and (3) only D. (1), 2)and 3) O Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1quo of diferent liquids heaters of ‘same power’ heating time = ¢ ‘Two different liquids of equal masses are heated by heaters of the same power from 20°C to 50°C as shown in the figure, The heating time for liquid A and B are ¢ and 21 respectively, Which of the following statements is correct? A. Both liquids have high specific heat capacity. B. Both liquids absorb the same amount of energy. C. The specific heat capacity of liquid 4 is higher than the specific heat capacity of liquid 8. ‘The heat capacity of liquid is less than the heat capacity of liquid B. heating time = 2¢ (For Questions 18 and 19) The following figure shows an experimental setup used to find the specific heat capacity of water. ‘thermometer joulemeter connected 10 power ff supply mranereton, heater ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Page total 18, The result of the experiment is as follows: J Mass ofthe cup = 0.02 kg Mass of the water and the cup = 0.42 kg Initial temperature = 25°C Final temperature = 60°C Initial joulemeter reading = 10000 J Final joulemeter reading = 70200 J Find the experimental value of the specific heat capacity of water. AL 29303 kg'K! B. 41905 kg'K" C. 43003 ke'K" D. so10skg"K" Oo 19. The experimental value obtained in Question J) 1B is deviated from the theoretical value of the specific heat capacity of water which is 4.200 Dkg-'K"!. Which of the following statements are correct? (1). The experimental error could be due to energy loss to the surroundings. Q) The experimental error could be caused by taking the final temperature of the liq immediately afier switching off the power supply. ) The accuracy of the experiment could be improved by adding more water into the eup. A. (I)and Q) only B, (1)and (3) only C. Q)and (3) only D. (1), @)and 3) (For Questions 20 and 21) ‘The following figure shows an experimental setup used to find the specific heat capacity ofa solid. tojoulometer and power supply thermometer Immersion. ester solid -14- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1Page total 20. The result of the experiment is as follows: J Mass ofthe solid block = 2 kg Initial temperature = 24°C Final temperature = 50°C Initial joulemeter reading = 20000 J Final joulemeter reading = 39760 J Find the experimental value of the specific heat ‘capacity of the solid. A. 3800ke'K! B, 398Jkg'K* C4123"! iD. 4943kg'K" 21, Which of the following statements about the J) experiment is/are correct? (1) The accuracy of the experiment can be improved by placing the solid block above a wooden plate 2). The experiment can be used to measure the specific heat capacity of wood. (3) The accuracy of the experiment can be improved by inserting the thermometer closer to the heater. A. (only B. (3) only C. (Iand @) only D. (2)and (3) only (For Questions 22 and 23) ‘The specific heat capacity of a solid is measured by using the following experimental method: step 1 step: a ao vate [© sononeer ro = : ims = tt ne {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -18- Unit | temperature, Heat and Internal 0 ‘A metal block is first immersed into some boiling water for some time. The block is then transferred to a cup of | cold water. The change of the temperature of the water is measured by using a thermometer, 22, The results of the experiment is as follows: J Mass of metal block = m kg, Mass of water in the cup = m kg Initial temperature of water in the cup = 25°C °c Find the specific heat capacity of the metal block (ind kg"K), (Given: Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 Fkg' Ke!) AL 840 B. 1050 c. 1750 D. 2800 Final temperature of water in the cup 23. Which of the following statements about the J) experiment is incorrect? A. If'some hot water is adhered to the metal block while the block is transferring to the cold water, it will cause the experimental value to be higher than the true value. B. If some energy is lost to the surroundings during the measurement, it will cause the experimental value to be smaller than the true value, CC. Ifsome energy is absorbed by the cup, it will cause the experimental value to be smaller than the true value. D. If the metal block is still hotter than the water temperature while the final temperature of the water is being taken, it will cause the ‘experimental value to be higher than the true value. Physies Suecess Key for HKDSEE |Part | Heat Gases Page total GSEAALEStions ¢ (S items) 1, Two objects 4 and B are made of two different materials 1 and 2 respectively. The two objects are heated by JJ) the same heater for the same time. It is found that the temperatures of 4 and B are inereased by 32°C and 5°C respectively. (a) Ifthe heat capacity of 4 is 300 J °C’, find the heat capacity of B. G marks) (b) From the result obtained in (a), can you tell which material, 1 or 2, is harder to be heated up? Explain briefly. (2 marks) (Total: 5 marks) 2. A piece of metal block of mass 50 g is heated in a Bunsen flame for 3 minutes. The metal block is then J) immediately transferred to a cup of water of mass 200 g. The temperature of the water is found to increase from 20°C to 50°C. (Given: Specific heat capacity of the metal = 900 J kg '°C Specific heat capacity of water =4 200, kg"!*C~') (a) Estimate the temperature of the Bunsen flame. G marks) (b) Is the estimated value higher or lower than the true value? Explain your answer, (2 marks) (Total: 5 marks) ing (Hong Kong) Limited -16- Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE 1Ogg LL pr Ha nner Ene ie Page total 3. The following figure shows the temperature-time graph of two substances when they are heated by heaters of J the same power. Tomperature/*C ot Time/minutes (a) Why the graph of substance 1 shows that its temperature reaches a constant value after it is being heated for some time? (1 mark) (b)_ Given that the masses of the two substances are equal. Find the specific heat capacity of substance 2 if the specific heat capacity of substance | is 600 Jkg'*C"! (4 marks) (Total: § marks) (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -17- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1QE tania go Page total 4. The following figure shows an experimental setup used to find the specific heat eapacity of a liquid ’ insulated cup figuic connected to Manmesion power supply (a) What is the funetion of the stirrer? (mark) (b) The result of the experiment is as follows: Mass of the liquid = 0.5 kg, Initial temperature = 20°C Final temperature = 50°C Initial joulemeter reading = 20 360 5 Final joulemeter reading = 85 4001 Find the experimental value of the specific heat capacity of the ligu (2 marks) © How will the experimental value be affected if the heat insulated cup is replaced by a glass beaker? Explain briefly. (2 marks) (Total: 5 marks) (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -18- Physi Suecess Key for HKDSEE |9 Unit | Temperature, Heat and ner Enron Page total 5. Lae ey ere y ‘ ‘ =>! heating | ap cold rey element | warm air air S mainswitth\ pd og toz2ove! A | |e mains ‘The figure shows the cireuit diagram of a haindryer and switch Sis initially connected to P. (a) How does this dryer work? (mark (b) Use the following data to estimate the temperature of the warm air. 600 W Rate of air passing through the heating element = 0.05 kz s* Temperature of cold air=24°C Specific heat capacity of air = 750 J kg! °C"! (2 marks) Power released to the air by the heating element (©) Itis found that when switch S is connected to Q, the warm air flows out of the dryer at a ower rate but with a higher temperature. Explain briefly why. G marks) (Total: 6 marks) ‘©2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -19- Physies Snoeess Key for HIKDSEE 1oe Heat and Guses og Page total RATT Atestions ¢ (S items) 1. (a). The following figure shows a household electric kettle. I water —|— heating _| 2S, (Why should the heating element be installed at the bottom of the kettle? (2 marks) (i) If the kettle is filled with water up to the 1.5 L level, it takes 300 s for the Kettle to heat all the water to the boiling point. Estimate the power of the kettle, Given that the density of water is 1 000 kg m” and the room temperature is 20°C. G marks) (b)_ Boiling water of mass 200 g is poured into a cup of instant cup noodle of mass 100 g as shown in the following figure. © 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =20- Physies Success Key for HKDSEE |Page total yw @ di) Mq 2 1 temperate Ht and eral Enea Why is polystyrene cup used? (1 mark) Afier 3 minutes, the temperature of the water drops to 75°C and the temperature of the noodles is increased by 55°C. If 50% of energy is lost to the surroundings, find the average useful heating power of the hot water and the specific heat capacity of the noodles, (5 marks) (Given: Specific heat capacity of water=4 200 J kg"! °C") (Total: 11 marks) thermometer ‘The figure shows the setup of an experiment to study the absorption of solar energy by alr. The flask is filled with air initially at room temperature, Itis then placed directly under sunlight and the temperatures of the ai inside the flask are recorded every 2 minutes. The following table shows the readings. Timelminutes | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 ‘Temperature? | 18.0 | 242 | 304 | 35.3 | 38.0 | 405 | 42.1 | 43.2 | 440 | 44.0 | 44.0 {© 2000 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =~ Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1Part | Heat us Page total (a) Plot the temperature-time graph. | | | | | | | | | } t | | | es i e pit | | | (2 marks) (b) Explain how the air inside the flask is heated by sunlight. What is this phenomenon called? (2 marks) (©) Why does the temperature of the air inside the flask reach a steady value? (2 marks) (@) The mass of the air inside the flask is 0.001 5 kg and the specific heat capacity of air is 750 J kg" K"'. Find the net energy absorbed by the air. (2 marks) (e) From the graph plotted in (a), estimate the initial power delivered by sunlight to the air. State any assumptions made, (3 marks) (Total: 11 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 1© Unit | Temperature Heat and itera Ener $y Page total 2 tremor y | a a vlockor | atrinm ae ‘A student measures the specific heat capacity of aluminium by using an experimental setup as shown in the above figure. (a) The student intends to measure the power of the heater by using a voltmeter and an ammeter. Draw a citeuit diagram in the following space provided to show how the voltmeter and the ammeter should be connected to the heater. Assume that the resistance of the heater is small. (2 marks) (b) A teacher tells the student that there are some places in the setup that will cause inaccuracy of the experiment. How do these places affect the accuracy of the experiment? How should the student improve the setup? G marks) ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -23- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1REL Hermnicue go Page total (©) After improving the setup of the experiment, the student starts to carry out the experiment. The readings of the voltmeter and the ammeter are 80 V and 6 A respectively. The ‘temperature of the aluminium block increases from 20°C to 60°C in 1 minute and the mass of the aluminium block is 0.75 kg, Find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. marks) (Hint: Power = Voltage * Current) (@)_ Can this experimental setup be used to measure the specific heat capacity of wood? Explain briefly (2 marks) (Total: 10 marks) wy The above figure shows the schematic diagram of a thermosyphon solar heater installed in a house (a) How can water circulate inside the pipe of the solar heater without a pump? (2 marks) () Why should the surfaces of the panels of the solar collector be blackened? (1 mark) (©) If the water inside the tank is heated by the coil connected to the solar heater, why is another coil connected to a boiler be installed? (1 mak) © 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited = 24 Physics Suecess Key for HIKDSEE 1Unit | Temperature, Heat and Intern nen ie Page total (4) When water flows through the pipe in the solar heater at a rate of 0.03 kg sits temperature rises by 8°C. (Given: Specific heat capacity of water=4 200 J kg! °C") (Find the power supplied by the heater. (2 marks) (i) Estimate the minimum time taken to heat up the water in the tank if the temperature of the water in the tank is increased by 30°C at equilibrium. Given that the mass of the ‘water in the tank is 200 kg and assume that all the energy absorbed by the water in the heater is transferred to the water in the tank, (2 marks) (©) Itis found that the increment of the temperature of the water flowing through the pipe in the solar heater decreases gradually until an equilibrium temperature is reached. Explain why, (2 marks) (0 State two advantages and two disadvantages of the solar heater. (2 marks) (Total: 12 marks) Wy ee thermometer connected to nema ower supply ©2009 Times Publishing (Hong Keng) Limited -25- PPhysies Success Key for HKDSEE 1EEL tec go Page total ‘The above figure shows an experimental setup to measure the specific heat capacity of aliquid. (a) Why is the heater connected to a low voltage power supply in the experiment? (2 marks) (b) The results of the experiment is as follows: Mass of the liquid=1 kg Initial temperature of the liquid = 20°C Final temperature of the liquid = 50°C. Change of the joulemeter reading = 16 200 J Estimate the specific heat capacity of the liquid (in J kg” K"'). (2 marks) (©) Itis found that the experimental value is higher than the true value. Give one reason for that, (1 mark) @ an insulated cup of hot a glass of liquid with water with known mass and known mass but unknown specific heat capacity tier thermometer. specific heat capacity Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how the above apparatus can be used to measure the specific heat capacity of the liquid. Hence, find the experimental value of the specific heat capacity of the liquid by using the following experimental results Specific heat capacity of the water=4 200 Jkg'K' Initial temperature of the water = 75°C Mass of the water = 0.2 kg Initial temperature of the liquid = 20°C Mass of the liquid = 1 kg, Final temperature of the mixture = 54°C (6 marks) (Total: 11 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -26- Physics Suocess Key for HKDSEE 1% ‘nit | emperature Hea ond eral nr iy Page total Pon (item) 1 wy om = pe [as ae power supply Jouemeter MIEon SURI ermomat sie (a) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how the above apparatus can be used to measure the specific heat capacity of water, (5 marks) (b) State two reasons to explain why a Bunsen burner is not used in the experiment. (2 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing Hong Kong) Limited -2r- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1RL tar eicoes 0 Page total (©) The following figure shows how the temperature of the water varies with time ts h (Explain why the temperature does not increase linearly with time during the heating process, (2 marks) Explain why the temperature of the water continues to rise for a while after the heater hhas been switched off at time 1, (2 marks) (@) The following figure shows a water cooling system. Why is water used and how does the system work? ‘water circulation radiator fan Ss hot engine pune (4 marks) (Total: 15 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 28- Physics Suseess Key for HKDSEE 1STS oO macs Name : Class : (| air, Transfer Processes & Change of State 2 26 3 2 1 2 Total 728 @ Examination Analysis Past Examination Paper Analysis Examination Trend ... © Useful Formulae .. © Examination Scoring Techniques ... © Common Mistakes . © Revision Test Multiple-choice Questions Short Questions... Structured Questions . Essays. Tou! 730 ‘Total marks Aeeo 1 Heat and Gases A Examination Analysis —£—_—§_—_____—___,, Past Examination Paper Analysis (a) Multiple-choice Questions HKCEE N HKAL Topic Year | Paper | Question No.| Year | Paper | Question No. Transfer Processes Conduction 2005 | A 8,27 2007 -| mA 9 2008 | A 9 Convection 2005 | A 7 Radiation’ 2006 | MA 9 Change of State Three states of matter 2005 | MA 2 Evaporation 2005 | MIA 9 2006 | UB 45 2007 |B 34 aageoa | wm | us | Specific latent heat of fusion | _ 2001 IL 18 2004 | 18, 43, 44 2005 | 0B 3 + 2006 | mA 2 Specific latent heat of 2003 | tl 21 vaporization 2004 | Ul 19,20 2006 | MA uw 2007 | mA 18 (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited PPhysies Suocess Key for HKDSEE 1on 2 ans Prcenes & Change Sule le (b) Short Questions / Structured Questions Year | Paper | Question No. | Marks | Content Transfer Processes 2006 | CE 10 (@) | 2 marks | Ways to increase the rate of heat loss Paper 1B Change of State 1999 | ce 2 4 marks | Find the final temperature of a mixture Paper IA 2000 | cE 80 3 marks | The rate of energy transfer from boiling water to an Paper IB cag 2002 | cE 9 15 | Daily life applications, preparing Yunnan Guogiao- Paper 1B marks | mixian by a bow! of hot soup, of specific latent heat of vaporization and specific heat capacity. 2003 | CE 8@),(b) | 4marks | Energy required to vaporize water from room Paper 1B temperature and the amount of water that can be vaporized per second 2004 | cE 8@ 6 marks | Find the energy required to defrost a piece of meat Paper IB taken out from a freezer and sketch the corresponding temperature-time graph of the meat during the defrosting process 2005 | cE 3 6 marks | Study the cooling curve of a hot tea by adding ice Paper 1A cubes into the hot tea. 2005 | cE 11) | 2marks | Factors affecting the rate of evaporation, Paper IB. 2006 | cE 10 7 marks | Microscopic interpretation of evaporation and the Paper 1B cooling effect of evaporation in the application of dehumidifiers. Find the energy released by water vapour. 2007 | cE 4 6 marks | Study the cooling curve of water in a freezer. Paper 1A {© 2009 Times Pubshing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Saceess Key for HKDSEE 1ORL tran css 0 (c) Essays Year | Paper | Question No. Marks Content Transfer Processes 2007 | CE 3 Paper LA, 7 marks | The working principles of thermal flasks Examination Trend (a) The three ways of transferring of heat and the ways to reduce heat loss. (b) The factors (temperature, colour, texture and surface area) affecting the rate of absorption and ‘emission of radiation, (©) The microscopic interpretation of the potential energy and the change of state of a substance. (d) The microscopic interpretation of evaporation, the factors (air current, humidity and temperature) affecting the rate of evaporation and the applications of the cooling effect of evaporation (©) Experiments to find the specific latent heat of fusion and the specific latent heat of vaporization. (0 The information that can be extracted from heating and cooling curves, e.g, the melting point, the boiling point, the specific heat capacity and the spectfic latent heat. seri Formulae Useful term Formula 1. Latent heat of fusion or vaporization (L) L-E (E: energy absorbed or released) 2. Specific latent heat of fusion or vaporization () e-= or E=me (E: energy absorbed or released, m: mass of the substance) Hence, L = mé. (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1% Unit 2 Transfer Processes & Changed Sue $M © fxamination Scoring Techniques ———————_______ 1. Applying different ways to reduce heat loss (a) Vacuum: reduce heat loss by conduction and convection. (b) Insulator: reduce heat loss by conduction, (©) Stopper: reduce heat loss by convection (@) Shiny (silver) surface: reduce heat loss by radiation 2. Distinguishing the Factors Affecting Emission and Absorption of Radiation (a) Temperature If the temperature of an object is higher than the surroundings, then the object will emit radiation and becomes cooler. On the contrary, ifthe temperature of an object is lower than the surroundings, it will absorb radiation and becomes hotter. (b) Colour Dark-coloured surfaces absorb and emit radiation faster than light-coloured surfaces. (c) Texture Rough and dull surfaces absorb and emit radiation faster than smooth and shiny surfaces. (d) Surface area ‘Objects of larger surface areas absorb and emit radiation faster than objects of smaller surface areas 3. Stating the Concept of Specific Latent Heat During the process of the change of state, the temperature remains unchanged. It is because energy is absorbed (or released) to increase (or decrease) the intermolecular potential energy of the substance but not the kinetic energy of the molecules. 4, Studying the Heating Curve ‘The time variation of the temperature of a substance when it is being heated is known as the heating curve. The following figure shows a typical heating curve when the energy is absorbed at a constant rate, {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Sueeess Key for HKDSEE 1gel Heat and Gases aa @ Temperature/*C Tene/s Regions: I: Solid state where the temperature increases at a constant rate. I: State changes from solid to liquid where the temperature remains unchanged. IIL: Liquid state where the temperature increases at 2 constant rate TV: State changes from liquid to gas where the temperature remains unchanged. V: Gaseous state where the temperature increases at @ constant rate 5. Studying the Cooling Curve The time variation of the temperature of a substance when it is being cooled down is known as the cooling curve. The following figure shows a typical cooling curve when the energy is released at a constant rate ‘Temperature/*C ‘condensation | point freezing Point Time/s Regions: I: Gaseous state where the temperature decreases at a constant rate. Il: State changes from gas to liquid where the temperature remains unchanged. IM: Liquid state where the temperature decreases at a constant rate. IV: State changes from liquid to solid where the temperature remains unchanged. Vs Solid state where the temperature decreases at a constant rate (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited% Unit 2 Transfer Processes & Change Se $M 6. Applying Different Experimental Methods to Measure the Specific latent Heat (a) Measuring the Specific Latent Heat of Fusion The following figure shows the experimental setup for measuring the specific latent heat of fusion. Procedure (Taking melting ice as an example): 1, Melting ice in the funnel of the experimental set is heated by an immersion heater and melting ice in the other funnel melts naturally. 2. The energy supplied by the heater E; to melt the crushed! ice is measured by the joulemeter (or KW h meter) 3. Water collected in both beakers is weighted by a balance. 4. Then the specific latent heat of fusion of ice L, can be obtained as a m= m1, where m, is the mass of water collected in the experimental set and m, is the mass of wate collected in the control set. Methods to reduce error: 1. Crushed ice is used to increase the surface area of the melting ice to improve thermal contact. 2. Make sure the ice is melting when the experiment starts. 3. Insert the heater completely 4. The control set is used to find the mass of ice melted by the surroundings {© 2009 Timos Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE |OEP Hares 0 (b) Measuring the Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization The following figure shows the experimental setup for measuring the specific latent heat of vaporization Procedure (Taking hoiling water as an example): 1, Water is kept boiling by an immersion heater. 2. The energy supplied by the heater E, to boil the water iW tivieracn is measured by the joulemeter (or kW h meter). aatee heater 3. ‘The mass of water boiled away is found by the S¥PPY difference of the measurements of the electronic baker —f balance before and after the experiment. 4. Then the specific latent heat of vaporization can be Sauit obtained as, E = where m, is the mass of vaporized water. Methods to reduce error: 1. Make sure the water is boiling when the experiment starts. 2. Immerse the heater completely. 3. Use a polystyrene cup (or heat insulated cup) to reduce heat loss to the surroundings. electronic balance 7. Distinguishing the Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation A substance changes from liquid state to gaseous state even when the temperature is below its boiling Point. This process is known as evaporation. Evaporation takes place at the surface of the liquid. The molecules near the liquid surface may sometimes have large enough kinetic energy to overcome the atmospheric pressure and escape from the liquid becoming gaseous state. ‘more energetic molecules atthe surface escape ‘om the iquid| qui surface Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation: (@) Air current The better the air circulation, the faster the liquid evaporates. (b) Humidity The lower the humidity, the faster the liquid evaporates. (©) Temperature ‘The higher the temperature, the faster the liquid evaporates. {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited “8 Physics Suovess Key for HKDSEE 1% nit 2 ransler Dracus & Chane of Sate © common Mistakes Some melting ice is added into a cup of tea of mass 0.4 kg so that the temperature of the tea drops from 78°C to 3°C. Assume that the specific heat capacity of the tea is the same as water which is 4 200 J kg! K*. find the minimum amount of melting ice added into the tea. (Given: Specific latent heat of fuston of ice = 3.34 x 10°) kg") Let m be nuns of the ice, then mw X 3.34 X 10° S04 K 4 200 X (78-5) The student forgets or even doesn't know st ted Perma ta welll, O°G ust after the ice is melted. So it should absor’ some more energy to reach the equibriam temperature Correct solution Let m be the mass of the ice, then mx 3.34 x 10° +m x4 200 x (3-0) = 0.4 x 4 200 x (78-3) m= 0.364 kg The first part of LHS gives the energy absorbed by the melting ice during the state changing process and the second part gives the energy absorbed by the water from melted ice during the temperature increasing process. A boy is burnt by hot water at 100°C and other boy is burnt by the same amount of steam at 100°C. Which boy will be burnt more seriously? Explain briefly. The boy burnt by hot water will be burnt more seriously because the temperature of the hot water will aop below Seshusse Sie tonuperaiiees of Wie oe wetie oA tee Nae This wrong percention could come from the experience that the student has been bumt by hot water but not steam, 100°C, whereas the tenperoture of the steann remains wvehanged Therefor, te hot wate renee more enero {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physi Suseess Key for HKDSEE |Part | Heat and Gases ae The boy burnt by steam will be burnt more seriously because the steam at 100°C releases latent heat which is much higher than the heat capacity of the same amount of hot water at 100°C. rere Specific latent heat of vaporization of Water is 2.268 x 10° kg", whereas specific heat capacity of water is only 4 200d kg" K" The specific latent heat of ice is measured by using the following experimental sewp: to joulemeter and power supply experimental How will the experimental value be affected if there is no control set in the experiment? Explain briefly. toe will also be melt 2d by the environment without th heater, so the tives taizen to vaelt the same anaount of ise is shor ned. AS a result, the Students usually have difficulties in raking judgment on the uncertainties, due to various sources of error of the experimental value. experimental value would be higher than the true ere (sno control set. ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -10- Physics Suvcess Key for HKDSEE 1% Unit’) Transfer Processes & Ch nso Stal ie Some of the water collected in the beaker is melted by the environment, so if there is no control set in the experiment, the amount of water used to find the specific latent heat of fusion will be larger than the true value, As a result, the experimental value would be less than the true value How the experimental value is affected by various sources of error is summarised in the following table: Experiment Source of error Measure the specific latent | Error causing the experimental valae to be higher than the true heat of fusion of ice value: Energy loss to the surroundings; the ice is not crushed; the ice is not melting while the experiment start. Error causing the experimental value to be less than the true value: The control set is not carried out. Measure the specific latent | Error causing the experimental value to be higher than the true heat of vaporization of water | value: Energy lass to the surroundings; energy absorbed by the container; steam condenses back to the beaker. Error causing the experimental value to be less than the true value: Water splashes out from the container. '© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited ~4i- Physies Suceess Key for HKDSEon TL Hoat and cases & Revision Testy (28 items, 1 mark each) (For Questions 1 and 2) The following figure shows a vacuum flask with double glass walls, ‘cork stopper silver linings on the interior walls ouble glass walls foam ‘support 1, Which of the following designs can reduce the heat loss by radiation? (1) The cork stopper 2) Vacuum between the double glass walls (3). The silver linings on the interior walls A. (Donly B. (3)only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2)and (3) only 2. Which of the following designs can reduce the J beat loss by conduetion? (1). The cork stopper (2). The foam support (3). The double glass walls A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. @)and (3) only D. (1), @)and@) (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited a 4. -12- Page total A heating element is installed in a narrow sealed tube of liquid as shown in the figure. Where is the best position, marked with **, to install the heating element in order to achieve the best circulation of the liquid through the tube? 2 y L_ 4 ‘The following figures show four identical pieces of ice that are heated in four identical test tubes of water respectively. In which test-tube will the ice take the shortest time to melt? A. B. ico wound ‘with metal water, as wire c D. Joe wound with metal eter wire ‘00 water Success Key for HKDSEE | A? B, 2 C3 D4 water h%% Unit Y Transfer Processes & Change of Site Page total 5. Which of the following statements about an ice | 8. A sweet potato is usually wrapped by an J box is/are correct? J) aluminium foil in a barbeque before it is putted (1) The body of the box is made of heat into fire. Which of the following statements are insulated material in order to reduce heat correct? transfer by conduction and convection. (1) The aluminium foil should be wrapped (2) The inside of the box is black in colour in. in such a way that the shiny surface faces order to reduce heat transfer by radiation, ‘outside whereas the dull surface faces inside. (3) The box can only be used to keep things (2) The potato is heated mainly by conduction. cold but cannot be used to keep things warm (3) The foil can reduce the rate of energy lost to inside the box. the surroundings by means of radiation. A. (Lonly A. (J)and (2) only B. (3) only B. (I)and (3) only C. (I)and (2) only C. @2)and (3) only D. (2)and (3) only D. (1), 2)and (3) 6. When switching on an air conditioner, the room | 9, The adaptor used to charge up a battery is usually J temperature is lowered mainly by J inblack because A. conduction, A. material in black can conduct heat more B. convection. efficiently. C. radiation. B. material in black can reduce the heat loss to D. thermal expansion, the surroundings. CC. material in black can radiate heat more Heat is transferred from the sun to the earth by efficiently. 4) costo, dD. is a good looking colour. (2) convection, (3)_ ration 10, Which of the following statements about heat A. Q)only J transfer is/are correct? B. (I)and () only (1) Heat transfer by conduction occurs in solid C. @)and GB) only ody D. (1), @)and @) (2) Objects with black in colour and rough surfaces are good emitters but poor absorbers of radiation, G)_ Heat transfer by convection oceurs in liquid and gas only. A. (I) only B. )omly C. (I) and (2) only D. Q)and (3) only O (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 713+ Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE |oo 1 Heat and Gases u. A man stands by a fire to get himself warm as shown in the figure. His hands and legs get warm are mainly due to Hands Legs A. convection convection, B. radiation convection C. convection. radiation D. radiation radiation CO 12. Four identical metal blocks are painted with J different colowrs and rubbed to different roughness. All the plates have the same initial temperature and are placed directly under the sunlight, Which of the plates records the largest temperature change? Aen Be sun a black and nee black and Llp | | |e SG wand DM ae an Vile O 13, Which of the following statements is/are correct? JJ (1) Steam at condensation point has a higher temperature than water at boiling point. 2) When water boils, heat is absorbed by the water to increase its potential energy only. (3) Water inside pressure cooker can have boiling point higher than 100°C. A. (I)only B. (2)only C. (1) and (3) only D. Q)and (3) only bie OD ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 14, 15. cee Page total ‘Which of the following statements about water is! are correct? (1) The temperature of the water in a swimming pool changes slower than the environment because of its high specific heat capacity, 2) Steam causes a more serious burn than hot water because steam has a higher specific heat capacity. 3) Water is used as coolant in a power plant because of its high specific latent heat of vaporization. A. (1)only B. (3)only ©.) and (2) only D. (2)and (3) only The following figure shows the experimental setup used {0 observe the movement of smoke particles. It can be seen that the smoke particles moves randomly. Which of the following gives the ‘correct reason for the observation’? ~ microscope air molecules | and smoke particles light ‘A. They are driven to move by convection currents, B. They are driven to move by air molecules. Hat absorbed from the light makes them move randomly. D. The atom of the smoke particles is heavier than the air molecules. A Success Key for HKDSEE |Page total 16, ‘The temperature of some water increases from J} 25°C to its boiling point in 6 minutes when it is heated by an electric kettle. How much longer will it take to vaporize all the water? (Given: Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 ke! K, Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.268 * 10°F kg") A. 21.6 minutes B, 324 minutes C. 43.2 minutes D. 64.8 minutes 17. Some melting ice is added into a cup of coffee of J) mass 0.3 kg so that the temperature of the coffee changes from 90°C to 4°C. Assume that the specific heat capacity of the coffee is the same as water which is 4200 J kg"! K"', find the minimum amount of ice at 0°C that should be added into the coffee, (Given: Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 10°Fkg") AL 031kg B. 032kg C. 034kg D. 084g 18. Some melting ice of mass 0.1 kg is mixed with some 20°C water of mass 0.4 kg. The mixture then heated by an immersion heater. Three minutes later, the temperature of the mixture becomes 50°C. Estimate the power of the heater, (Given: Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 Fkg' Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34% 10° Tkg") A. 466W B. S80W Cc. 600W D. 769W ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -15- Umit 2 _sransfer Processes & CI nef Sate 19, Some melting ice is mixed with some 0°C water, J) The temperature of the mixture will be increased to 10°C if energy of 87 800 J is absorbed by the mixture, The temperature of the same mixture will be inereased to 20°C if energy of 108 800 1 is absorbed by the mixture. Find the mass of the melting ice. A. 0.06 kg B. 0.2kg C. O3kg + D. 0.5kg O 20, A substance initially in its solid state is taken out J) from a freezer and melts naturally under the room temperature. The following figure shows how the temperature of the substance varies with time. ‘What are the melting point and the boiling point of the substance respectively? Teripefature/* Time/minutes Melting point Boiling point A 10°C 10°C BB -10°C 28°C 10°C 25°C D. 10°C Cannot be determined 21, The following figure shows how the temperature J) of a liquid increases with time while it is being heated by an electric kettle, Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liguid, Given that the specific heat capacity of the liquid is 2100S ke! K" Physics Suocess Key for HKDSEE |RPL Haron cnes 0 [Terpstra 0 40g 1§0 240 320 400 480 | ‘Time/minutes AL 756K) kg! B. 864k kg CDK kg" D. Cannot be determined as the mass ofthe liquid is not known. 22. Temperature /"C y Time/s ‘Two substances 4 and B of equal masses are separately cooled down from theit liquid states under the room temperature, The above figure shows the variations of their temperatures as a function of time, Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1). Substance A has a higher specific latent heat of fusion. (2) At the solid state, substance B has a smaller specific heat capacity. (3). The two substances have the same melting point. A. (Donly B. Q)only C. (1)and 3) only D. (2)and (3) only {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -16- Page total 23. The figure shows the cooling curve of a substance J) which is initially in its liquid state. Find the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance. Given that the specific heat capacity of the liquid is2 100Skg'K" [Temparaiune/ | & 10020 ‘Time/rinutos 8.0% 10° Fkg! 1.51 * 10° kgt 1.60 * 10° kg" ‘Cannot be determined as the mass of the Liquid is not known. poe (For Questions 24 and 25) The following figure shows the experimental setup for measuring the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. 10 joulemeter: ‘and power 2 ks ‘not connected supply ae to power ‘supply experimental ‘control | 5.000 ms" a ‘The figure above shows an elastic particle of mass 0.01 kg moving horizontally between two vertical walls of area 4m’, The two walls are separated by 1 m. If the velocity of the particle is 5 000.m s”, find the pressure exerted on the walls by the particle. Assume that the particle is not allected by the gravity. The change in momentu ‘Ap = nev — ne 0.01 x (5 000 ~ (-§000)) = 200 kg ms* The student wrongly takes The tine Geral be the time of flight of the sen successive collisions is At == = 2x10 particle between the two walls 5006 as the time interval between The average force acting on each wall by the partiole is successive collisions on the same Bp 100 wall. Some students even don't x 10°N know how to solve this problem a they think that the impact time ‘must be known in order to find the impact force. Henwe, the pressure exerted on the walls is F 5x10" es Pressure = — = 4.25 x 10" Pa aC AT oe The change in momentum for each collision is Ap = mv — mu = 0.01 x (5.000 ~ (~5 000) = 100 kg ms" ‘The time interval between successive collisions is 1x2 rer The distance travelled by the At =4xl0%s. patticle between every successive 5000 collisions on the same wall is The average force acting on each wall by the particle is 1 x2, Also, the impact time of _ Ap 5 a collision is negligible compared | AL oe with the time interval between Hence, the pressure exerted on the walls is successive collisions. Pressure =F . 25*10" 6.95 x 10" Pa mer ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited =. SSuceess Key for HKDSEE 1‘A metal cylinder contains an ideal gas of temperature 20°C at a pressure of 300 kPa. If the temperature of the ideal gas is increased to 30°C, find the gas pressure inside the cylindler. Assume that the volume of the cylinder remains unchanged. According to the pressure Law stant Students often forget to express the temperature in Kelvin scal According to the pressure law p P constant a Ea Kelvin = Celsius + 273 Hence, 300 20+ 273 304273 p=310 kPa ==> An ideal gas is contained in a vessel of volume 5 000 cm’ at a pressure of 600 kPa. Find the root-mean- square speed of the gas molecules if there are 0.5 moles of gas in the container and the molecular mass of the ‘gas is 2.0 x 10™° g. (Given: Avogadro constant = 6.023 x 10”) According tothe kinetic theory equation Students often mix up with the following physical quantities: Molar mass M and molecular mass m; total number of Z 7B NOT AK 10 x OF molecules M and number of moles m; mean square speed ¢* and rm.s. speed Gyms! universal gas constant Ft and Boltzmann constant k © 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited Physies Success Key for HKDSEE |The total number of molecules is N rao =n, and according to the kinetic theory equation M= Numi N= 2N43 Com R “Ns Lye k Vv = 1 Nme tee Hence, 600 x 10° x5 000 x 10° = 5 0.5 x 6025 x 10210! xe = 1.494« 10° mst = Vi49 x 10) 87x 10'ms* A vessel contains an ideal gas of molecular mass of 2.0 x 107° g and density of 0.5 kg m™. If the temperature of the gas is 30°C, find its pressure. (Given: Boltzmann constant k= 1,38 x 10 J K") eae eT rs The student just simply can’t correlate the given quantities by Using suitable equations, £32%10 "x (oF x05 x ——____ 2x4 yr Students should be able to apply the equations skilfully. +A) pkT _ 05 x 1,38 x 10 x (30+ 273) 3 m 2x10" p= 1.05 x 10° Pa {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -9- Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1Part | Heat and Gases ae & Revision Testy ETHERS Gestions ¢ (19 items, 1 mark each) Ifthe pressure of an ideal gas in a closed system is proportional to its temperature, which of the following statements can be concluded from the experiment? (1) The temperature is in absolute scale 2). The total volume of the gas molecules is negligible. (3) The gas molecules are moving at random high speeds. A. (I) only B. (2)only C. (1) and (3) only D. (2)and(3) only 2. A 8 s | pales, r <2 A and B are two containers of volume V and 1.57 respectively connected by a narrow tap S which is initially closed as shown in the figure. A contains an ideal gas at a pressure of p, and B contains the same gas at a pressure of pp. The gases in the two containers are of the same temperature 7. If the temperature remains unchanged after tap Sis, ‘opened, find the final gas pressure at equilibrium, a, 22.430 7 Be 22432, 5 Ge, + 2p, 7 p. te, 3 {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited gas =10- Page total A [ye A and B are two containers of volume V and 37 respectively connected by a narrow tap S which is initially closed as shown in the figure. An ideal gas is contained in 4 at a pressure of $00 kPa while container B is in vacuum. If tap $ is opened, which of the following statements is/are correct when equilibrium is reached? Assume that the temperature remains unchanged. (1). The gas molecules stop moving from one container to another. (2) The gas pressure is 125 kPa. (3) The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is decreased A. (only B. (2)only C. (Vand @) only D. (2)and (3) only v ol T The above graph shows the relationship between the volume ¥ and the absolute temperature 7 of a fixed mass ideal gas when it changes from state 4 to state B along the path AB. Which of the following statements are correct? Physics Suovess Key for HKDSEE 1Page total (1) The total kinetic energy of the gas is increased from state 4 to state B. (2) The pressure at state 4 is less than the pressure at state B. (3) All the states on straight line 4B satisfy the y relation © A. (1) and @) only B. (1)and (3) only €. @)and G) only D. (1),@)and 3) constant, EI The following igure shows the graphs of the pressure p against the volume ofan ideal gas at two different temperatures ao~ » pia 8 vine ‘Which of the following statements is/are correct? (1) p should be inversely proportional to ¥ for both graphs (2) The temperature of the gas in graph 4 is higher than that in graph B. (3) The gas has the same internal ene cases. A. (only B. G)only C. (and (2) only D. (2)and 3) only in both A container contains an ideal gas of pressure and volume of 2.4 « 10° Pa and 4 000 em’ respectively. If the temperature of the gas is 20°C, find the number of moles of the gas in the container (Given: Universal gas constant = 8.31 J K mot”) AL 023 B. 0,39 G17 D. 5.7 O ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited & 9. “ne 0g 3 cn An ideal gas of molar mass 16 g is contained in a vessel of volume 5 x 10° m’ at a pressure of 3 = 10° Pa, Find the r.m.s. speed of the gas molecules if there are 0.5 moles of gas in the vessel. AL 260s B. 430ms C. 610ms* D. 750ms" A vessel contains an ideal gas of mass of 30 and density of 0.5 kg m*. Ifthe pressure of the gas is 1.8 * 10° Pa, find the total internal energy of the gas, AL 135% 10° B. 449 10° C. 162% 10°F D. 54*10°5 LI Which of the following descriptions about ideal gas are correct? (1) An ideal gas must obey Boyle's law. (2) The r.m.s. speed of the molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature. )_ The molecules make elastic collisions with each other. ‘A. (1) and (2) only B. (1)and (3) only C. (2)and (3) only D. (1), @)and (3) Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 1F > Sal 1 Heat and Gases mw Y ‘©2009 Times Publishing (Hong Keng) Limited The graph shows the distribution of molecular speeds c for a gas at a temperature 7. If the ‘temperature of the gas is increased, which of the following statements about the change of the Aistribution are correct? (1). The value ¢ at which the peak of the curve ‘occurs remains unchanged. ‘The peak value Ny of the curve decreases. ‘The total area bounded by the curve with the axis remains unchanged. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. @)and (3) only D. (1), @)and@3) @ @) z w on container A container 6 ‘Two ideal gases of the same temperature are contained in two different containers A and B respectively. The number of molecules in container 4 is N and that in container B is 3N. If the two containers have the same volume, find the ratio of the average number of collisions per second that the molecules made with the walls in A to those made with wall in B. A 3: B. 3:1 Gyre B13 Oo 2. 1B. YU 4 Wy -12- Page total At temperature of 20°C and pressure of 1.1 * 10° Pa, the density of an ideal gas is 0.25 kg m™. Find the rm.s. speed of the gas ‘molecules at 120°C, A. 1330ms" B. 2030ms! Cc. 2810ms" D, 3830ms fe} The following equation is derived from the kinetic theory of gases. 1 pP=sNme Which of the following about the kinetic model is/are correct? (1) The volume of the molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the gas. (2). The term Nor in the above equation is equal tothe molar mass of the gas. ) The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the temperature of the gas in absolute scale. A. (only B. Q)only C. (1)and (3) only D. (2)and (3) only ‘Two different ideal gases, 4 and B, of equal ‘masses are contained in two different vessels. If the ratio of their volumes is 3: 1 and the ratio of their rms. speeds of molecules is | : 2, find the ratio of their temperatures. AL 14 Bi: c. 3:4 D. Cannot be determined Physics Sucoess Key for HKDSEE 1Page total 15. Two different ideal gases, 4 and B, of the same JJ density are contained in two different vessels. If & the ratio of their absolute temperatures and the ratio of their molecular masses are 2: | and 1 : 2 respectively, find the ratio oftheir pressures. A 1:2 Boi:l C23 D. 4:1 16. Which of the following is NOT the basic J assumption in deriving the equation of the kinetic B_ model ofan ideal gas? ‘A. The total volume of the gas molecules is negligible B. The potential energy of the gas molecules is negligible C. The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature. D. The collisions between the gas molecules are perfectly elastic, oO 17. A fixed mass ideal gas undergoes a process from J Ato B during which its pressure p and volume 7 {B, change as shown in the p-¥ graph below, Ifthe ams. speed of the molecules at point 4 is ¢, find the ram.s speed of the molecules at point B in terms of piPa t om AL 1Sc B. 27 C16 D. O76 © 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited go~= ial Gases ‘Two ideal gases, A and B, are contained in two different vessels. Both gases have the same pressure and the molecules of the two gases have the same r.m.s. speed. Which of the following physical quantities must also be the same for the two gases? A. They must have the same volume. B. They must have the same temperature, C. They must have the same internal energy. D. They must have the same density, Which of the following statements concerning & real gas is/are correct?” (1) The number of molecules is not equal to the Avogadlro constant for each mole ofthe gas, 2) The volume of the gas molecules is not negligible. (3) The attractive forces between the gas ‘molecules are not negligible. A. (only ()only Q)and 2) only (2) and (3) only oP O > Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE |=~ Heat and Gases Page total BWWAALEtions 9 (Gitems) 1. (a) A gas is contained in a rigid vessel at 3 x 10° Pa and 315°C, and is cooled until the pressure falls to y 1.5% 10° Pa, Find the final temperature, (2 marks) 8 cB (b) A gas is contained in a rigid vessel at 2 « 10° Pa. If some of the gas in the container is released to air with constant temperature such that the pressure of the gas in the container reduces f0 1,8 * 10° Pa, find the percentage of the amount of the gas released to air. G marks) (Total: 5 marks) 2. The density of an ideal gas at s.tp. (273 K and 1.01 * 10° Pa) is 1.49 kg m7, Find the molar mass of the gas, JJ) Given: Universal gas constant R= 8.31 JK mot") a cB (Total: 5 marks) An ideal gas of mass 0.02 kg occupies a volume of 0,005 m’ at a pressure of 8 = 10° Pa and a temperature of yy Ze. (a) Find the molar mass of the gas. (@ marks) 1g (Hong Kong) Limited -14- Physics Suocess Key for HKDSEE 1Og 3 cas Re Page total (b) If the gas is allowed to expand until the pressure is 1 x 10° Pa and the volume is 0,02 m’, find the final temperature. marks) (Total: 5 marks) 4. (a) 0.3 moles of air enters a diesel engine at a pressure of 1 « 10° Pa and at a temperature of 293 K. Find the y volume of the air (2 marks) (b) The air is then compressed to one-fourteenth of the initial volume, the pressure has risen to 7 « 10° Pa. Fuel is then injected into the engine. Ifthe ignition point of the fuel is S00°C, show that the fuel will burn. G marks) (Given: Universal gas constant R= 8.31 J K' mot’) (Total: 5 marks) 5. A balloon is filled with hydrogen at atmospheric pressure 1 * 10° Pa until the volume reaches 500 m’. If the JJ hydrogen is originally stored in cylinders with a volume of 0.40 m’ at a pressure of 5 10° Pa, how many lets are required to fill the ballon? Assume that the temperature of the hydrogen remains constant. (Total: 5 marks) (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 15+ Physios Suceess Key for HKDSEE 1Heat and Gases Page total 6 Accylinder of volume 0.3 m* contains an ideal gas at a pressure of 4.2 x 10° Pa and a temperature of 10°C. Wy (a) Find the number of moles of the gas contained in the cylinder. (2 marks) co (©). If the molar mass of the gas is 4 g, find the rms. speed of the molecules. G marks) (Given: Universal gas constant = 8.31 J K' mol ') (Total: 5 marks) GSMEMAGLestions ¢ (S items) 1, The kinetic model of the gas molecules is studied by using the following experimental setup. Ww a Ds] motor The elastic plastic pellets inside the cylinder simulate the gas molecules. The ridges on the rotating disk drive the pellets to move randomly when the disk is rotated by the motor. The pellets then exert a pressure on the piston when they strike the piston. The kinetic model of the gas molecules is then studied by using the following assumptions: (Q)_ The pressure p of the “gas’ is given by the pressure exerts on the piston by the pellets which is given by p= ze «Where Mand A are the weight and the area of the piston respectively (2) The volume V of the “gas” is given by Y= AH, where H is the height of the piston above the disk. (8). The temperature T ofthe ‘gas’ is determined by the rotating speed of the disk. (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -16- Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE |Og 30s Page total (a) If the weight of the piston remains unchanged and the rotating speed of disk is increased, how will the volume of the ‘gas’ be changed? Briefly explain your answer by using the kinetic model of the gas molecules. (2 marks) (b) State three differences between this mechanical ‘gas’ model and an ideal gas. G marks) (©) How the relationship between p and V for a constant temperature process can be studied by using this simulated experiment? (2 marks) (@)_ The total mass of the pellets used is 5 g. The relationship between p and ¥ is then studied by plotting a ‘graph of p against + as shown in the following figure: pixtorPa, 1 ° top ixt0 me ‘What can be concluded from the figure? Hence, find the root-mean-square speed of the ‘gas’ molecules from the above graph. (4 marks) (Total: 11 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited size Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 1oe LHe and Gases y GB [xs] Page total ‘Two containers 4 and B of volumes 100 cm’ and 400 cm’ respectively are connected by a tube of negligible Volume as shown in the figure below. The tap T for controlling gas flow is initially closed. Container contains an ideal gas at a pressure of 1 * 10° Pa while container B contains an ideal gas at a pressure of 5% 10° Pa, Container 4 is immersed into a water bath with melting ice whereas container B is placed in a room ‘of temperature 25°C. water bath with ‘melting ies 8 (Given: Universal gas constant = 8.31 J K mol”, Avogadro constant = a molecule of the ideal gas= 4.52 « 10 kg) (a) Calculate the number of moles of the gas in container 4 and that in container B respectively. (2 marks) .02 x 10° mol", mass of (b) Find the root-mean-square speed of the gas molecules in container 4 and that in container B respectively. (2 marks) (©) Ieontainer 4 is removed from the water bath and tap T is opened, find at equilibrium the ‘gas temperature, the gas pressure and the root-mean-square speed of the gas molecules. (S marks) {© 2008 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -18- Physies Suocess Key for HKDSEE 10 Unie 3 cass Page total (@)_ Find the net change of the total kinetic energy of the gas molecules before and after the tap is opened 2 marks) (Total: 11 marks) 3. Two containers 4 and B are connected by a tube of negligible volume as shown in the figure below. The tap T J) for controlling gas flow is closed initially. Container 4 of volume 100 cm’ contains an ideal gas at a pressure B_ of 8 x 10° Pa while there is a vacuum in container B. The volume of container B can be changed by varying the position of the piston. The temperature of container A is maintained at 0°C. (Given: Universal gas constant = 8.31 JK"! mot', atmospheric pressure = 1,015 = 10° Pa) i: piston A =F 8 atmospheric [pressure (a) Open tap T until steady state, State 1, is reached by fixing the volume of container B at 500 em’. During the process, the temperature of container B is maintained at room temperature which is 25°C. Find the number of moles of the gas in container 4 before and after tap Tis opened. (4 marks) (b) After State 1 as mentioned in (a) is reached, tap T'is closed again. Then allow the piston in container 8 to move slowly towards the right until a new steady state, State 2, is reached. Find the volume of container B at State 2 (2 marks) ©2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -19- Physies Success Key for HKDSEE 1& Part | Heat and Gases Page total (©) After State 2 as mentioned in (b) is reached, container B is cooled down slowly in such a ‘way that the pressure of the gas inside container B remains constant until the piston moves back to its original position, The state at this moment is known as State 3 (The volume of container B restores to 500 em’ at State 3), Find the temperature of the gas in container B at State 3. (2 marks) (@)_ Sketch the pressure-temperature graph and the volume-temperature graph of the gas in container # from State | to State 3. (4 marks) (Total: 12 marks) 4. A cylinder of capacity 20 litres contains a compressed ideal gas at room temperature of 25°C and at an initial JJ) pressure of 3 * 10° Pa. The gas inside the cylinder is used to inflate balloons of volume 0.001 mé each. Assume I that the temperature of the gas remains unchanged at room temperature during each inflating process and the pressure of the gas inside each balloon is equal to the atmospheric pressure which is 1 * 10° Pa. (a) Find the pressure of the gas in the cylinder after 10 balloons have been inflated. (4marks) (b) Find the pressure p of the gas inside the eylinder after 1 balloons have been inflated. Express the answer in terms of (2 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Li ited 20- Physics Suecess Key for HKDSEE |ey Gass Page total (©) Hence, find the maximum number of balloons that can be inflated by the gas. (2 marks) (@) The cylinder is refilled with gas to a pressure of 2.7 x 10° Pa after 100 balloons hes been inflated. The cost of the gas is $0.8 per litre when the gas is at room temperature and at a pressure of | x 10° Pa. How much does it cost to refill the cylinder? (4 marks) (Total: 12 marks) 5. An ideal gas is compressed into a metal cylinder of volume 0.005 m’ at a pressure and a temperature of J) 2 10° Pa and 20°C respectively. The cylinder is now immersed into the sea at a depth of fy where the & temperature is 10°C as shown in the figure, (Assume the volume change of the metal eylinder due to temperature variation is negligible.) soa surface (a) Find the number of moles of the gas in the eylinder. (mark) (b) Find the pressure of the gas in the eylinder at hy (mark) {© 2000 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited amis Physies Success Key for HKDSEE |on TL Heat and cases ogy Page total (©) The atmospheric pressure is 1 x 10° Pa and the pressure due to sea water is given by paid «10h ‘where isthe depth below the sea surface, Given that /y = 50:m, (Find the total pressure ath (1 mark 1 (i) 1f 5p of the gas is released from the cylinder to form a gas bubble. Find the volume 5.000 of the bubble. Assume that the temperature of the bubble is the same as sea water at hy. (2 marks) (@)_ Its found that the volume ¥’ of the bubble varies with the depth J+ while it is rising from ip to the sea surface. The temperature at the sea surface is 20°C. Find an expression of V in terms of by assuming that the temperature of the sea water varies uniformly with h. Hence, find the volume of the bubble when it just reaches the sea surface and sketch the graph of against h for 0 m= hh = 50m. (6 marks) (Total: 11 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -22- Physies Suovess Key for HKDSEE 1Page total ae, (items) 1. (a) Derive the kinetic theory equation I) 1 3 p¥ = Nme' by considering a gas in a cubical box containing N molecules each of mass m. State the assumptions made in the kinetic theory model. (7 marks) (b) Use the kinetic model of gas to explain (how gases exert pressure on the walls of their containers, (2 marks) Gi) why compressing a gas increases its temperature. (2 marks) (©) Explain why some of the assumptions of the kinetic theory of an ideal gas could not be applied to real gases at high pressures and low temperatures, (4 marks) (Total: 15 marks) {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited 23 Physies Suovess Key for HKDSEE 1oe TL Heat and Gases oe Page total 2. (a) Describe, with the aid of diagrams, different experiments to study the following gas laws and use J})—sieroscopic interpretation to explain those laws, BO Pressure law (ii) Charles” law (10 marks) (b) The following figure shows a pressure cooker, peer ‘automatle safety lock safety valve on (@ Explain how the pressure cooker shortens the cooking time. (2 marks) (ii) Describe the function of each safety measure as shown in the figure. ‘© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited -24- Physies Suevess Key for HKDSEE |POU WE RSC —_, Unit 1 ¢ Multiple-choice Questions + Le ‘The temperature difference is 20 ~ (280 -273)= 13°C Be ‘The temperature change is 300-250 = 50°C Remarks: Degree Celsius has the same seale as Kelvin. So the temperature changes ate the same for both units. 2 r ‘100 4-2 _ 5 12-2 ~ 100 T= 68 ic The mercury expands in the narrow tube of the thermometer and the expansion is proportional to the temperature as shown in the figure below. ‘expansion —— mercury ae (1) and (2) are temperature dependent propenies. So they ‘ean be used in thermometry, (GB) The melting point and the boiling point ate used to define the temperature seale but nota property to be used in thermometry. 6B ‘Metal railway tracks expand when the temperature rises So the gaps provide space forthe tracks to expand, aA (2) The total potential energy ofa body is changed if the heating process is a state changing process. (G) Heat isnot a form of internal energy. B (1) The total kinetic energy ofa body also depends on the ‘mass of the body. (2) Atthermal equilibrium, the two objects must have the ‘same temperature bat they may have diferent changes ‘of temperature which is given by mei) ~ medT- Ts) TPT Ts a8 mej mcs {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited %. 10, n 13. 4 15, 16. wo Complete Answers and Marking Schemes gg A a @) The total kinetic energy ofa body also depends on the mass of the body, G) The correct statement should be “Heat is a measure of the energy transfered from one body to snother as result of the temperature difference between the two bodies.” D Water and ice are two different states of the same substance. A Remarks: Heat capacity of an object depends on its mass sand material G Let Pe the power ofthe heater, then Px n=mx600%T and PXBH)= mx eye T 3% mx 600 T= mx cy *T n= 1 800 J kg 6 Since E = med, the specific heat capacity is given by slope For liquids of equal masses, liquid ® has the highest specific heat capacity asthe energy temperature graph for liquid R has the greatest slope. A Let P and C be the power of the heater and the heat capacity ofthe water respectively, then Px2% 60= Cx (50-20) 4P ‘The extra time taken for the water to boils Px1=C= (100-50) Px A (2) P= 54200 x (40-26) =204 kW mcAT _ om @ P ear UE water could at «higher ate, Ls, i jereased, then the temperature change AT will be decreased by assuming that P is constant. Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1Ta Complies and Marking Schemes Ny nD 20, 21 2. Let P and m be the power ofthe heater and the mass of the liquids respectively, then Pxt=mxe,% (50-20) Pe 30m and Px dumm ey X(50-20) ft 15m <6, €4 (specific heat capacity) Also, Cy meq nd Cy= me, Cs Cet capacity) c 70200-10000 _ gs yet) © (0.42 - 0.02) x (60 ~25) " D (1) There is energy loss tothe surroundings, dhe actual ‘energy used to heat up che water would be fess than the joulemeter’ reading. If the final temperature is taken immediately after switching off the power supply, the actual final temperature would be higher ) I'more water is added into the eup, more energy would be transfereed to the water and hence the Ihoating effect is improved. @ 39760 2 (50 2000 504g" K! (1) The wooden plate can reduce heat loss to the surroundings through the bottom surface of the solid block (2) Wood is a poor conductor of heat. (3) The solid should be a good conductor of hea, so the temperature ofthe solid is uniform in the block. B 4200 x(40-28) gs pyar gt - m x (100 — 40) eee D {© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited % Short Questions + (a) Since the two objects absorb equal amount of ‘nergy, we have uM 300 x32=C, 5 OM) Cy=19203°C" ual (b) The masses of the two objects are not given, so the specific heat capacities ofthe two materials are still unknown, fa) ‘That means it cannot be told that which material is harder to be heated up. ual (a) 50 « 900% (T-30)=200% 4200 [IMPIM] (50-20) T=60°C ua) (b) The estimated value is lower than the true value because ua) ~ there is energy los to the surroundings, and = the final temperature of the metal block is higher than S0°C. [LA]: Any one of the correct reasons, (@) Substance 1 starts to change its state after being heated for some time, so the temperature reaches a steady value. (©) From the graph, we have sm 600 » (60 =22) = m cs « (44-22) LIN}#{1M, (1A For all comes values . = 1040S kg 1a] (2) The stirer is used to ste the liquid during the experiment, 0 ht the temperature ofthe quid is uniform. _ 85.400 ~ 20 360 03 x (50-20) (©) tthe bea insulted cup is replaced by a glass baler, then the energy fss to the surroundings js increased ‘Asa resul the experiment value is increased. way a) * IMp{1A] We = 4340 kg oa) (a) (a) When the main switeh is closed, the motor blows eold air to the heating element. The cold air absorbs energy and then warm air flows out of the dryer (b) 600% 1 = 0.05 x 750 x (T—24) r=40°C (©) When Sis connected to Q, the rotating speed of the motor decreases, So the warm air flows out ofthe dryer ata lower rate. The power dissipated to the air remains unchanged, aay uM) ual a) ual Physies Suecess Key for HKDSEE 1which means same amount of energy is dissipated {0 less amount of eold air per unit ‘second. Therefore, the warm air bas a higher emporatue, nal Structured Questions ¢ (@) @_ Water isa poor conductor ofheat. nal Water in the kettle should be heated by cconveetion. So the heating element should be installed atthe bottom ofthe ketle. [A] i) The mass ofthe water in the ketle is m= 15% 10% 1000 15 ke nal ‘The power ofthe kettle is P= 300= 1.3 x 4200 « (100-20) um] P=1680W Al (b) Reduce heat loss tothe surroundings. [1A] (ii) The energy released by the hot water to the noodles is B= 200% 107 x 4200 » (100-75) » 50% =10 5005 uM the average useful heating power of the hot water for this 3 minutes is 10 500 ey 883 [IMPLIAT ‘The specific heat capacity of the noodles is 10 S00= 100 10° * ¢* $5 uy = 19103 kg" °C tay @ [IAT For points correctly plotted [IAI For smooth curve eorreetly plotted (b) Infra-red radiation is rapped inside the Nask and it causes the air temperature to rise. ‘This phenomenon is knawa as greenhouse effet ‘When the rate of energy lost from the air to the surroundings is equal to the rate of energy absorved by the ar rom the sun, the temperature of the air inside the flask reaches @ steady value a) ual © val ual (© 2009 Times Publishing (Hong Kong) Limited @ © « Oy © @ ae _Complee ansuers and Marking Schemes gg ‘The net energy absorbed by the ar is E= 0,001 5x 750» (44-18)=29.3.1 [IMH{1A] Assume that initially the rate of energy lost to the surroundings is zero, so the temperature of the air inereases almost linearly inthe frst few ‘minutes and the power delivered by sunlight to the air can be estimated as nal Pr= mcs? P 2-60 = 0,001 5% 750» (2418) My 0s W [ay to power supply heater [1A]: For voltmeter correetly connected [1A]: For ammeter correetly connected ‘There is an air gap between the heater and the aluminium block. The heater is not immersed completely into the block, ‘The aluminium block is open to (IAT: Forany one ofthe correct sources of error All the above factors will reduce the heating effect of the experiment and cause the experimental value to be higher than the true value ofthe specific heat capacity of aluminium. [1A] Fill the air gap with oil or vaseline Immerse the heater completely. ‘Wrap around the aluminium block with cotton wool or insulated material (1A): For any one ofthe correct improvement ‘The power ofthe heater is P=W=6*80~480W ual “The spestic heat capacity of aluminum is Pr=meA? 480% 1 60=0.75 6% (60-20) cM) = 960 kg! *C" a] No, the experimental setup cannot be sed 10 measure the specific heat capeity of wood [1A] beeause woodiisa poor conductor of heat. [1A] Physics Success Key for HKDSEE 1