A Project Report on

ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR BY

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GGBFS

Submitted in

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Civil Engineering
by

UjjwalTripathi (19ESKCE116)
UtkarshDaukiya (19ESKCE118)
Vishal Kumar (19ESKCE124)
Pankaj Sharma (20ESKCE205)
Simran singh ( 20ESKCE211)
Under the supervision of

Mr . Deepak sharma
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

& GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR-302017

June 2023
 SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANGEMENT & GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR, INDIA-302017

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Analysis of properties

of cement mortar by partial replacement of cement with GGBFS”
which is being submitted by UjjwalTripathi (19ESKCE116),Utkarsh
daukiya (19ESKCE118),Vishal kumar (19ESKCE124), Pankaj sharma
(20ESKCE205) and Simran singh (20ESKCE211) in partial fulfillment
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering, SKIT, Jaipur is a bonafide work carried out under my
supervision.

Mr . Deepak sharma
Assistant professor
Department of Civil Engineering
SKIT, Jaipur.
 SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANGEMENT & GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR, INDIA-302017

Candidate’s Declaration

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report “Analysis of
properties of cement mortar by partial replacement of cement with
GGBFS” , in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology and submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering of the
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Mangement & Gramothan, Jaipur is an
authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from September 2022 to
May 2023 under the supervision of , Mr. Deepak sharma Assistant professor ,
Department of Civil Engineering, SKIT, Jaipur.

UjjwalTripathi (19ESKCE116)
UtkarshDaukiya (19ESKCE118)
Vishal Kumar (19ESKCE124)
Pankaj Sharma (20ESKCE205)
Simran singh ( 20ESKCE211)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to make our deepest appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Deepak
Sharma for their invaluable guidance constructive criticism and encouragement
during the course of this project.
We would also like to thank other civil teachers for his kind support and
guidance .Grateful acknowledgement is made to all the staff and faculty members of
Civil Engineering Swami Keshvanand Institute of technology management and
Gramothan Jaipur for their encouragement. We would also like to extend our sincere
thanks to all our fellow graduate students for their time, invaluable suggestions and
help.

UjjwalTripathi (19ESKCE116)
UtkarshDaukiya (19ESKCE118
Vishal kumar (19ESKCE124)
Pankaj Sharma (20ESKCE205)
Simransingh (20ESKCE211)

8th semester
Civil
Engineering
 ABSTRACT

In the present scenario where the constructions are increasing, the need to find a
supplementary cementing material for the improvement of strength and which has
less environmental effects is of great significance. Ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBFS) are the ones which can improve the strength of cement mortar by the
precipitation of calcium carbonate . In the present study Ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBFS) is used to check its applicability in this regard. Various tests
like consistency and specific gravity are done to find out the effect of Ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on cement. Tests such as compression
strength, density and water absorption test are used in the present study to identify
the variation in the mechanical properties of cement mortar.. Compressive strength
(at 7-day and at 28-day) of mortar cube found to be increasing with the increase of
concentration of Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) upto 30% The
addition of GGBFS are found to increase the average compressive strength by 65%
(at 7-day) and 99% (at 28-day) over the control specimen. The more increase in
strength after 7 day curing may be due to the increase in the density of sample and
also due to the reduce in the water cement ratio The minimum cumulative water
absorption is obtained at 30 % repalecement of cement by GGBFS is 2.93% which
signifies the hardness of mortar .
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE……………………………………………… .Page no.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………….4

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..5

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………6

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………….. 9

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………....10

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……… ……………………….12

1.1 Background………………………………………………………………..12
1.2 Objective and scopes ……………………………………………………..13
1.3 Methodology…………………………………………………….14

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………15

2. General ……………………………………………………………………….15

2.2 Introduction to GGBFS ……………………………………………………15

2.3 Previous studies on applications of GGBFS ……………………………16

2.4 Summary …………………………………………………………………19

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND RESULT…21

3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………..…21

3.2 Cement mortar ………………………………………………………..…22

3.3 Test conducted on GGBFS ………………………………………….….22

3.3.1 Finenesss of GGBFS ……………………………………………...23

3.3.2 Specific gravity of GGBFS ………………………………………..24

3.4 Test conducted on cement ……………………………………...…….....26

3..4.1 fineness test on cement………………………………………….....27

3.4.2 consistency test …………………………………………….……29

3.4.3 setting time of cement …………………………………….……....31

3.4.3.1 initial setting time ……………………………………………...31

3.4.3.2 final setting time ……………………………………………....32

3.4.4 soundness test …………………………………………………...35

3.4.5 specific gravity …………………………………….………….…38

3.5 Test conducted on sand ……………………………..…………….….40

3.5.1 Fineness of modulus of sand …………………………………..41.

3.5.2 bulking of sand………………………………………..…….…43

3.5.3 specific gravity of sand ………………………………………..45

3.6 Testing of specimen for mechanical properties ……………….…....48

3.6.1 Flowability test on cement mortar ……………………….…...48

3.6.2 Fresh density test on cement mortar ……………………..…..53

3.6.3 water absorption test on cement mortar ……………………..57

3.6.4 Compressive strength test on cement mortar …………….60

CHAPTER4 RESULT AND DISCUSSSION …….66

4.1 Summary …………………………………………………..…66

4.2 Conclusions ……………………………………………….…67

REFERENCES ………………………………… …68

 LIST OF FIGURES

1. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) ………………………….16

2. Different types of weight in specific gravity of ggbfs ……………………25

3. Weighing and sieving of cement ………………………………………….28

4. Vicat apparatus …………………………………………………………...30

5. Trowel ,mould and vicat apparatus ……………………………………….33

6. Le-chateliers apparatus ……………………………………………….….37

7. Kerosene , cement and lechatlier flask ………………………………….38

8. Sieving and weighing of sand ……………………………………..…….41

9. Mixing of sand and water ……………………………………………….43

10. Pycnometer , filter paper ………………………………………………...46

11. Flow table …………………………………………………………..…..49

12. Variation in water cement ratio …………………………………………52

13. Density glass ………………………………………………………..…53

14. Variation in density …………………………………………….……..56

15. Oven drying sample …………………………………………….……57

16. Variation in water absorption ……………………………………….60

17. Compressive strength testing machine ……………………………...61

18. Compressive strength at 7 days ………………………………..…..63

19. Compressive strength at 28 days ……………………………………65

 LIST OF TABLES

1. Fineness of GGBFS ………………………………………………..…..24

2. Specific gravity of GGBFS ……………………………………..…….26.

3. Fineness of cement …………………………………………………...29

4. Consistency of cement………………………………………………… 31

5. Soundness of cement …………………………………………………37

6. Specific gravity of cement …………………………………………...40

7. Calculation of fineness modulus of sand …………………………......42

8. Fineness modulus of sand …………………………………………....43

9. Bulking of sand ……………………………………………………...45

10. Specific gravity of sand ………………………………………………47

11. Variation in water cement ratio ………………………………………52

12. Variation in density ……………………………………………….…56

13. Water absorption test ………………………………………………..59

14. Compressive strength at 7 days ……………………………………..62

15. Compressive strength at 28 days ……………………………….…..64
 CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Mortar is considered as one of the most important building materials in the construction
sector in the world. Improvement in concrete technology can be achieved through its
strength improvement and its enhancement in durability using pollution-free and natural
methods. As the construction industry is progressing, the usage of cement is also
increased exponentially as we are in search of stronger and durable structures. This
increases the cement productivity globally and in turn increase the carbon dioxide
emission to the atmosphere. We need to find a technique which can increase the strength
and durability of structures without increasing the use of cement for a better future.
Supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) are often used in concrete mixes to reduce
cement contents, improve workability, increase strength and enhance durability through
hydraulic or pozzolanic activity. Silica fume and fly ash are commonly incorporated in
concrete as partial cement replacement as well as in mortar . All building materials are
porous. This porosity of the building material along with penetration of moisture and
other harmful chemicals such as acids, chlorides and sulphates adversely affect the
concrete and reduce the structures strength and life. An additive that seals the pores and
cracks and thus reduces the permeability of the structure, would immensely improve its
life. Conventionally, a variety of sealing agents such as latex emulsions suffer from
serious limitations of incompatible interfaces, susceptibility to ultraviolet radiations,
unstable molecular structure and high cost. There are different advantages and
applications of GGBS. These particles have a very glassy texture that makes them
increase the workability. This can help in reduction of water as well as Super plasticizers
to get adequate workability in common situations. They also have fewer chances to get
segregated during handling as well as pumping of the material. More insights on physical

12
properties and chemical composition will be given in an upcoming series of articles.
The motivation of the present work is to study the effect due to addition of GGBFS in
the microstructure, compressive strength and capillary water absorption of cement
mortar.
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPES

Based on the conclusions of literature review presented in Chapter 2 the main objective
of the present study is identified as to improve the engineering properties of normal
strength cement mortar using Ground granulated blast furnace slag .This main objective
is divided in to following sub objectives
o To study the variation of compressive strength of cement mortar with Ground
granulated blast furnace slag.
o To study the setting time of cement in the presence of Ground granulated blast
furnace slag
o To study the capillary water absorption (sorptivity) of cement mortar using
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
o To study the effect Ground granulated blast furnace slag on the density of cement
mortar
o Reuse of the slag as a by-product helps to reduce the pollution from environment
as it reduced CO2 emission and conserves natural resources.
o In most of the cases, compressive strength decreases with the increase in
percentage of GGBFS at early age but it increases with increase in percentage of
GGBFS at later ages
o The GGBFS has positive effects on the workability , as the water/binder ratio
decreases with the increase in GGBFS content increases, for the same workability
o Chloride and sulfate resistance of concrete also increased with the increase in the
percentage of GGBFS
o The price of GGBFS is about 25 - 50% less than that of OPC and hence on
replacement of cement by GGBFS helps to reduce the cement content of concrete,
thereby reducing the cost of construction.
o With the increase in GGBFS replacement level ,workability of concrete increases.

13
1.3 METHODOLOGY

Following step by step methodology is adopted to achieve the above mentioned

objectives:
o Literature Review (on properties of fresh and hardened concrete, Bacterial
Concrete)
o Estimation of quantity of water of cement mortar
o Prepare mortar cubes with by varying the dose Ground granulated blast
furnace slag
o Find the compressive strength, capillary water absorption of hardened
mortar .
o Find the fresh density of cement mortar .
o Study the variation of fresh density of mortar and arrive at an optimum
dosage of Ground granulated blast furnace slag .
Study the variation of compressive strength and arrive at an optimum dosage
of Ground granulated blast furnace slag

Mortar mix

Flowability of mortar at 0,10,20,30 %

Fresh density of mortar at 0,10,20,30 %

Curingfor7 days,and28days

Compressive strength testfor7days,and28

days

Water absorption test at 28

days

Results and discussion

14
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL

The most extensively used construction material in the world is probably Concrete with
about six billion tones being produced every year. In terms of per capita consumption it is
only next to water. The most massive individual material element in the built
environment is concrete . Significant environmental and economic benefits may be
realized if the embodied energy of concrete can be reduced without decreasing the
performance or increasing the cost. Concrete is primarily comprised of Portland cement,
aggregates, and water. Although Portland cement typically comprises only 12% of the
concrete mass, still it accounts for approximately 93% of the total embodied energy of
concrete and 6% to 7% of the worldwide emissions of CO2. Some remedial measures can
be taken to minimize some bitter properties of concrete

2.2 INTRODUCTION OF GGBFS

The Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is a by-product of iron manufacturing

industry. Iron ore, coke and limestone are fed into the furnace and molten slag floats
above the molten iron at a temperature of about 15000C to 16000C as a resultant. The
composition of molten slag about 30% to 40% SiO2 and about 40% CaO, which is almost
equal to the chemical composition of Portland cement. The molten slag, is water-
quenched rapidly, after the molten iron is trapped off which results in the formation of a
glassy granulate. The molten slag consists of mainly siliceous and aluminous residue.
This glassy granulate is dried and ground to the required size, which is known as Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS). The production of GGBFS requires more
energy as compared with the energy needed for the production of Portland cement. By
replacing the Portland cement with GGBFS will results in reduction of carbon dioxide
gas emission. It is therefore an environmentally friendly construction material. GGBFS
from modern thermal power plants generally does not require processing prior to being

15
incorporated into concrete and is therefore considered to be an environmentally free input
material.

Figure 1

We can replace about 80% of the Portland cement by using GGBFS in concrete. GGBFS
has characteristics of better water impermeability as well as improved resistance to
corrosion and sulphate attack. Due to lower heat hydration it reduces the risk of thermal
cracking. It has higher durability, workability, reduces permeability to external agencies,
which helps in making, placing and compaction easier. As a result, the service life of a
structure is enhanced and the maintenance cost reduced.

2.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON APPLICATION OF GGBFS

Wang Ling et al. (2004)[1] Analyzed the performance and the effect of GGBS on fresh
concrete and hardened concrete. The strength of GGBS concrete is high and heat of
hydration is low and it is resistance to chemical corrosion.

Shariqet al.(2008)[2] studied the effect of curing procedure on the cement mortar and
concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag compressive strength
development. The compressive strength development of cement mortar is calculated by

16
the 20, 40 and 60 percent replacement of GGBFS for different types of sand. Similarly
the strength development of concrete is investigated with 20, 40 and 60 percent
replacement of GGBFS on two grades of concrete. Tests results show that the
incorporating 20% and 40% GGBFS is highly significant to increase the compressive
strength of mortar after 28 days and 150 days, respectively.

Md. Moinul Islam et. al.[3] discussed the results of partial replacement of cement using
slag in various percentages (10% – 70%). He tested various properties of concrete and
found that the compressive strength and tensile strength of mortar mixes with slag when
determined at the ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90 and 180 days decreases at early ages of
curing (3 and 7 days). However, the rate of decrease diminishes with the increasing age
of curing. 40% of cement replacement is the optimum use of slag in the mortar because it
has 19% compressive strength and 25% tensile strength when compared to OPC mortar.
He concluded that the use of slag reduces the amount of cement content in a motar mix as
well as heat of hydration which results in lower risk of thermal cracking. Thus the use of
slag concrete in construction becomes economical and also environmentally safe

Peter et al. (2010)[5] studied the BS 15167-1 which requires that the minimum specific
surface area of GGBS shall be 2750 cm2/g (BS 15167-1:2006). GGBS is classified into
three grades in China ; S75, S95 and S105. Minimum 3000 cm2/g surface area is required
for the GB/T18046 for grade S75 GGBS, 4000 cm2/g for grade S95 and 5000 cm2/g for
grade S105, which are higher than the BS EN’s requirements (GB/T18046-2008). Slag
with a specific surface area between 4000 cm2/g and 6000 cm2/g would significantly
improve the performance of GGBS concretes.

Veena G. Pathanet. al.[6] investigated on partial replacement of cement with GGBFS

which is obtained from Bhilai and Rourkela steel plants. In her research she noticed that
the fineness of slag sample was high so it was grounded further to match the fineness of
the cement sample. Cement consistency was also higher at 28% of the weight of sample
taken in comparison to 26% of the weight of slag sample taken. The initial setting time of
slag sample was lower than the cement sample and the final setting time was much higher

17
than the cement sample. Cement sample had lower higher specific gravity than Slag
sample. She also concluded that by increasing the percentage of GGBFS the workability
of both M20 and M25 grade of concrete will increased. Compressive strength test was
conducted on test specimens of M20 and M25 grade of concrete at 3, 7 and 28 days with
replacements varying from 30 – 50 %. At 40% and 45% cement replacements
Compressive strength of both grade of concretes of both plants increased. There are
basically three strength grades (80, 100 and 120) of GGBFS.TH all strength grades are
determined by their respective mortar strength when they are mixed with equal mass of
OPC. She found that only 100 and 120 grade GGBFS results in greater compressive
strength and hence should be used. Slag replaced concrete is not a very good conductor of
electricity also concluded by her

AtulDubeyet. al. [7] examined the effects on compressive strength of concrete by partial
replacing of cement with 5 to 30 % of BFS. The test was conducted on cubes made of
standard size of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm at 7, 14 and 28 days. He concluded that the
strength of concrete decreases as the percentage of BFS increase. The depreciation in 28
days compressive strength is being near about only 5 % on replacement of OPC with
15% blast furnace slag powder.
A.Oner and S. Akyuz [8] conducted a study in which he replaced cement by weight
partially with GGBS in various percentages from 15% - 110%. Compressive strength test
was conducted on test specimens which cured at 7, 14, 28, 63, 119, 180 and 365 days and
it was found that early age strength values of GGBS concrete mix are lower than the
strength after more passing days. This is because of the strength gain which takes longer
time for the GGBS concrete because the pozzolanic reaction is slow and depends on the
calcium hydroxide availability. It was also observed that as the percentage of GGBS is
increased, the strength gain increases. The optimum level of GGBS content is 55% – 59%
for maximizing strength. He also found out that the GGBS has positive effects on the
workability as the GGBS content increases, the water/binder ratio decreases for the same
workability
SabeerAlavi.Cet. al. [9] studied the effects of partial replacement of cement with 10
- 50% of GGBFS and found that 30% GGBFS replacement is good as beyond that

18
 the compressive strength starts decreasing. He also concluded that the split tensile
strength and flexural strength conducted at 7 and 28 days increases with increase in
GGBFS content. It was also found that the workability increases with the increase in
percentage of GGBFS.

S. Arivalagan [15] investigated the effects of partially replacing cement with 20% , 30%
and 40% GGBS at different ages on strength and strength efficiency factors of hardened
concrete. The specimens showed increase in compressive strength when tested at 7 and
28 days, for 20% replacement of cement. Split tensile strength and flexural strength of
concrete also increased at 20% cement replacement

2.4 SUMMARY

Some salient conclusions based on the studies of different researchers on partial

replacement of cement with GGBFS, are as follows:-
1. Reuse of the slag as a by-product helps to reduce the pollution from environment as it
reduced CO2 emission and conserves natural resources.
2. In most of the cases, compressive strength decreases with the increase in percentage of
GGBFS at early age but it increases with increase in percentage of GGBFS at later ages
3. The GGBFS has positive effects on the workability , as the water/binder ratio
decreases with the increase in GGBFS content increases, for the same workability.
4. In case of GGBFS concrete, risk of thermal cracking is reduced as heat of hydration is
slower in case of GGBFS cement.
5. Split tensile strength and flexural strength also decreases with the increase in
percentage of GGBFS at early age but it increases with increase in percentage of GGBFS
at later ages.
6. It was also found that in some cases the increase in percentage of GGBFS resulted in
lower strength.
7. The increase in strength is up to a certain limit of replacement, beyond which it starts
decreasing and the later age strength increases due to slower reaction of GGBFS with
Ca(OH)2 8. Chloride and sulfate resistance of concrete also increased with the increase in

19
the percentage of GGBFS.
9. When the specimens with GGBFS were tested under constant axial load and varying
lateral load, it is found that load carrying capacity of concrete increases.
10. GGBFS fails the initial absorption confirming that the surfaces of their concrete
mixes were practically impermeable.
11. The slag replaced concrete is not a very good conductor of electricity.
12. The price of GGBFS is about 25 - 50% less than that of OPC and hence on
replacement of cement by GGBFS helps to reduce the cement content of concrete,
thereby reducing the cost of construction
. 13. With the increase in GGBFS replacement level ,workability of concrete increases.

20
 CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND RESULTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

 An experimental program was planned to study the effect of Ground granulated blast
furnace slag on the different engineering properties of cement mortar. This experimental
program has four major parts: (i) selecting the appropriate material suitable for cement
mortar
 (ii) casting and curing of specimens (cement mortar),

 (iii) evaluation of mechanical properties of fresh cement mortar and hardened cement
mortar
 (iv) characterization studies on hardened cement mortar. This chapter presents the details
of these four phases of experimental program carried out as part of this project and the
results obtained from the same.
 Selection of GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast furnace slag A number of studies on
Ground granulated blast furnace slag were reported in literature to improve different
properties of concrete and cement mortar When the materials are freshly mixed,
mortars have a plastic consistency which could be easily worked with trowels to
fill in the joints in masonry or to render the surface of wall by plastering. But by
virtue of the setting properties of the binding material used, they set and become
hard subsequently
 Different types of mortar are as follows:

1. Cement Mortar
2. Lime Mortar
3. Surki Mortar
4. Lime Surki Mortar

21
 5. Mud Mortar
6. Light Weight Mortar
7. Cinder Mortar
8. Pozzolana Mortar
9. Gauged Mortar
10. Pumice Mortar
11. Grout Mortar

3.2 CEMENT MORTAR

Cement mortar is made by mixing of cement and sand with water. In case of pointing
mixing ratios are 1:2 or 3 ; 1: 3 or 4 for plastering; 1: 5 or 6 for masonry work. Cement
mortar is prepared by following three steps:

I. First step- Sand & cement are measured in a dry state and spread to a uniform
thickness on a non-porous platform, cement being spread over sand. As usual,
sand is measured in gm. The ingredients are turned over and a dry mix is thus
made.
II. Second step- The quantity of water to be added for any particular batch is
calculated and only half of that quantity is sprinkled on the above dry mix.
The mixture is again turned over twice or thrice to prepare a semi-wet mix
III. Third step- The remaining quantity of water is now added to the semiwet mix
as prepared in the second stage and again the whole mixture is turned over
twice or thrice to form cement mortar of the required consistency. It should be
used in the work before the initial setting of the cement commences. Since we
are using slag as a percentage replacement of sand, so we have add required
amount of slag with sand at the 1st stage.

3.3 TEST CONDUCTED ON GGBFS

22
3.3.1 FINENESS OF GGBFS
3.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GGBFS

3.3.1 FINENESS OF GGBFS

Fineness test of cement is done to determine the particle size of cement.

As, the rule of thumb, the finer the cement particle the best will be the cement and on
the other hand the coarser the particle it will not be that good.

The fineness of GGBFS is determined by

1. Sieving Method.
This is the most common and easiest method to test fineness of cement.

As per Indian Standard, the cement particle more than 10% shall not

retain on the sieve (90 µm).

Apparatus.
1. IS Sieve (90 µm) with lid.

2. A balance of 0.01 gm sensitivity.

3. A pure bristle or nylon brush.

4. Sieve Shaking Machine (optional)

Procedure.

1. Take 1000 grams (1 Kg) of GGBFS for the test sample and name it as (w1).
2 . place it inthe 90 µm sieve and start shaking for 15 minutes.
3. Brush the sieve base gently with the bristle brush so that nothing is left on the sieve
surface.
4. Now just weight the retained amount of cement on the sieve and note it as (w2).

23
5. Now you need to find the percentage of the weight of cement-retained on the 90
µm sieve.
6. For calculation the formula is;
Percent of cement retained on sieve = (w2\w1) x100

7. Repeat the test for at least three times to minimize the risk of errors.

The Calculation Of GGBFS Degree Of Fineness

The following table provides a comprehensive overview of the value and significance
of GGBFS fineness

Table 1

S Weight of Weight of Fineness of

no. GGBFS sample GGBFS
sample retained on
(gm) W1 90micron
sieve W2
1 100 2.5 2.5%
2 100 1.9 1.9%
3 100 1.5 1.5%
Average 1.9 %

Result. 1.9%

3.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GGBFS

Apparatus

24
 The following apparatus is used in specific gravity tests of GGBFS

 Kerosene
 Ground granulated blast furnance slag (GGBFS )
 Le-Chatelier Flask of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer of 100 ml
 Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate

Figure 2

Procedure

 Clean the Lechatlier flask before use. It should be free from moisture.
 Now, Take the weight of the empty flask as W1.
 Take around 50 gm of GGBFS and fill in the flask.
 Fix the stopper on the flask and weigh the flask with cement as W2.
 Now fill the kerosene in the flask up to the neck of the bottle.
 Thoroughly mix cement and kerosene in the flask taking care no air bubble is left in
it. Record this weight as W3.
 Empty the flask and clean it. Now fill the kerosene in it up to the neck of the bottle
and record the weight as W4.
Observations and Calculations

The specific gravity of the GGBFS formula is as follows,

25
 = (W2 – W1) / ((W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4) X 0.81)

= 101.9-49.2/101.9-49.2 –(157-128.4)*0.81 = 52.7/52.7-28.6*0.81 = 52.7/19.52

G =2.69

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GGBFS =2.69

Where,W1 = Weight of Empty Flask , W2 = Weight of Flask +GGBFS .

W3 = Weight of Flask + GBFS + Kerosene ,W4 = Weight of Flask + Kerosene

Here, the specific gravity of kerosene is 0.81g/cc

Table 2

S NO. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GGBFS

SAMPLE 1 2.69

SAMPLE 2 2.78

SAMPLE 3 2.82

AVERAGE 2.76

3.3 TEST CONDUCTED ON CEMENT

TEST CONDUCTED ON CEMENT

A cement test is a process carried out to check the different aspects of cement to be
able to know its usability in a construction project. These tests are conducted to
understand the chemical and physical properties of the building material as per laid
out standards, codes, and technical aspects.

LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

26
The following tests are conducted on cement in the laboratory (IS: 4031 – PT 1 to 15,
1989):
3.1 Fineness Test
3.2. Consistency Test
3.3. Setting Time Test
3.4 Soundness Test
3.5 Specific gravity test on cement

3.3.1. FINENESS TEST ON CEMENT

Fineness test of cement is done to determine the particle size of cement.

As, the rule of thumb, the finer the cement particle the best will be the cement and on
the other hand the coarser the particle it will not be that good.

The fineness of cement is determined by two methods;

1. Sieving Method.
2. Air Permeability Method (Blaine Method).

1 SIEVING METHOD

This is the most common and easiest method to test fineness of cement.

As per Indian Standard, the cement particle more than 10% shall not

retain on the sieve (90 µm).

Apparatus.
1. IS Sieve (90 µm) with lid.

2. A balance of 0.01 gm sensitivity.

27
3. A pure bristle or nylon brush.

4. Sieve Shaking Machine (optional)

Figure 3

Procedure.

1. Take 1000 grams (1 Kg) of cement for the test sample and name it as (w1).
2. Rub the cement particle well with your hands so that no lumps are left.
3. Now pour the 1 Kg cement content in the sieve and close it perfectly with the sieve
lid.
4. If you have a sieve shaking machine then it’s awesome, now you just need to put
the sieve in the shaking machine and start the machine for 15 minutes.
But you need to make sure that the sieving operation is done in all the direction for a
minimum of 15 minutes.

5 just weight the retained amount of cement on the sieve and note it as (w2).
7. Now you need to find the percentage of the weight of cement-retained on the 90
µm sieve.
8. For calculation the formula is;
Percent of cement retained on sieve = (w2\w1) x100

28
.Calculation :
Table 3

S.NO. Weight of cement Weight of sample retained Fineness of cement

sample (gm) W1 on 90micron sieve W2
1 100 3.5 3.5%

2 100 4 4%

3 100 4.5 4.5%

Average 4%

Result: 4 %
According to Indian Standard, the amount of cement-retained on the 90 µm sieve
shall never exceed 10%.

3.3.2 CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

The standard consistency of cement test should be performed as per IS code 4031 part
4 specifications by the Vicat apparatus mentioned in IS code 5513.
The required water for making cement paste can be found by the plunger of the Vicat
apparatus penetrating the cement paste about 5mm to 7mm bottom from the
Vicatmould. 
Apparatus Required
Vicat apparatus – Vicat Apparatus consists of a plunger with a needle, which used to
penetrate the cement specimen up to the depth of 5mm to 7mm and above.
 Weighing balance – Up to measure 1000g with 1g accuracy
 Stop Watch
 Measuring Cylinder 200 ml
 Glass Plate
 VicatMould

29
 Tray
 Trowel

Figure 4

Test Procedure

Fix and place the Vicat apparatus on a flat surface and make necessary adjustments.
 Now take 400gm of cement specimen and add 28% of water by the weight of cement
and mix gently for up to 3 to 5 minutes.
 Then fill the cement paste into the Vicatmould and remove the excess cement paste
by the trowel.
 Now place the Vicatmould on the Vicat apparatus and release the plunger gently by
contacting the cement paste surface.
 Then release the plunger and allow it to penetrate the cement paste and note down the
reading from the gauge scale from the bottom of the Vicatmould.
 Now again, add water with cement paste at a different water ratio until the reading
lies between 5mm and 7mm.
Observation table
Table 4
S . Quantity of water Depth of penetration
no added (gm) (mm)
1 84 25
30
2 90 10
3 99 7
The required water amount has been calculated in percentage,
P = (W/C) x 100
P – Percentage of water
W – Weight water added
C – Weight of cement
P = 99/300 X 100= 33%
P = 33%
The required consistency of given cement is 33%

Test Precautions
 The test must be performed at room temperature.
 The apparatus should be clean from dust and moisture.
 The plunger should be clean after every penetration.
 The cement should be mixed on a glass sheet.
 Ensure that there is no other vibration near the apparatus.

3.3.3 SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

2.3.1 INITIAL SETTING TIME

The initial setting time of cement is the time taken by the cement paste to set and
harden to a point where it can no longer be disturbed by any external force.This is
typically measured using the Vicat apparatus, and the standard requirement is that the
initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes for ordinary Portland cement.

31
2.3.2 FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

The final setting time of cement is the time taken by the cement paste This is also
measured using the Vicat apparatus, and the standard requirement is that the final
setting time should not be more than 10 hours for ordinary Portland cement.to reach a
state of complete hardening and development of strength.

Apparatus

1. Balance – The permissible variation at a load of 1000 g shall be ± 1.0 g.

2. Vicat Apparatus – Vicat apparatus should confirm to IS: 5513-1976.

3. Stop Watch

4. Gauging or Mixing Trowel

5. Glass Plate

6. Enamel tray

32
 Figure 5

Procedure for Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement

As Per  IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988.  The initial and final setting time of cement is
calculated using the VICAT apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976.

Test Procedure

Preparation of Test

1. Consistency of cement shall be tested before conducting a test to find out % of the

water required by the weight of cement as normal consistency of cement (P).

2. Take about 400 gm of cement and add water about 0.85x P (P is % water required
for normal consistency of cement)

3. Mix water with cement quickly in a short time about 3 min to 5 min. Start the
stopwatch at the instance when water is added to the cement. Record this time (T1).

33
 4. Now, fill this prepared cement paste in a Vicat apparatus mould having a diameter
of 80 mm and a height of 50 mm resting on a non–porous glass plate. Properly fill
and smooth off the top surface of the mould and level it.

For Initial Setting Time

1. For determining the initial setting time of cement, place this mould filled with
cement paste below the Vicat apparatus and fit the needle used for testing the initial
setting time.

2. Lower the bottom of the needle such that it touches the top of cement paste filled in
mould.

3. Remove the locking pin from the top and quickly release the needle, allowing it to
penetrate into the cement paste.

4. At the beginning, the needle penetrates and touches the bottom of mould. Repeat
this process, like quickly releasing the needle after every 2 minutes till the needle
fails to penetrate the cement paste for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the
mould.

5.  Note Time (T2) when the needle fails to penetrate 5 mm from the bottom of the
mould.

FINAL SETTING TIME

1. For determining the final setting time of cement replace the needle with another
needle having an angular ring attachment.

2. Now, slightly release this needle on the surface of the cement paste and observe
whether it is making an impression of the ring on the surface or not. Not the time
when need fails to make an impression on the surface of cement paste. (T2)

34
 Calculation of Initial and Final Time:

Initial setting time of cement = Time when needle fails to penetrate 5mm from the
bottom of mould.(T2)  – The time when added to cement (T1) .Final setting time of
cement = Time when angular need ring impression stop on cement paste (T3) – Time
when water added to cement (T1)

Practical Calculations

Consistency of cement (P) = 33%  and Weight of cement = 300 gm

Water to be added in cement = (0.85 x P ) x 300 =  (0.85 x 33%) x 300 = 84.15=85 ml

The time when water added to cement = 12:40 pm

Time when needle fails to penetrate less than 5 mm from the bottom of mould=1:30
pm

Initial Setting Time of Cement = 12; 40 pm   – 1 ;30 pm  = 50 min.

Time When angular ring needle fails to make impression on the surface of cement
paste = 12:00 pm

Final setting Time of Cement = 12:00 pm – 7:00 am = 5 hr = 300 min.

3.3.4SOUNDNESS TEST OF CEMENT

IS Code for soundness cement Test is IS:4031-Part 3-1988

Soundness Test Apparatus

1. Le- chateliermould
2. Cement

35
3. Glass sheets
4. Mixing pan
5. Trowel
6. Weight
It consists of a small split cylinder of spring brass or other sulfa metal. Le- Chatelier
mold is 30 mm in diameter and 30 mm high.On both sides of the mold are attached
two indicator arms 165 mm long with pointed ends.Water is added to cement as 0.78
P. where P is % of water for standard consistency of cement. Well, a mixed paste is
filled in mold and covered with a glass plate on both faces of mould.

Procedure Of Soundness Test

The Soundness test of the cementing procedure is as follows,

 The mould and the glass plates are oiled before conducting the test.
 Take 400 grams of cement sample.
 For this test to be performed we need standard consistency of cement. Water is taken
as 0.78 x P (Where P is water required for Standard consistency in percentage)
 Standard consistency is 33% of water, then take water percentage for soundness is
0.78 x 33% = 25.74%. So water mixed in 400 gm of cement will be 400 x (23.4/100)
= 102.96ml.)
 Make a well-mixed paste of cement and fill in Le- Chateliermould taking care to keep
the edges of the mould gently together during the operation.
 Clean the upper surface and make it smooth and place a small weight over the cover
plate.

36
 Figure 6

atelier apparatus
 Put this assembly quickly in water at a temperature of 27º C + 2ºC and keep it there
for 24 hours.
 Take out mould from water and measure the distance between the indicators points as
Reading-1 =44mm
 Now, again put this assembly in boiling water for 25 to 30 minutes and keep at
boiling for 3 hours. The mould should be in boiled water during this period
 Remove the mould from the water and allow it to cool at room temperature.
 Measure the distance between the indicator points as Reading-2= 46mm
 The soundness of cement = (Reading-2) – (Reading-1)
= 46 mm – 44m = 2m

Observation:

Table 5

S.NO. EXPANSION (mm)

Sample 1 2
Sample 2 4
Sample 3 6
Average 6

37
Results : 6 mm

The difference between needle readings indicates the soundness of cement. The
soundness limit must exceed 10 mm for ordinary, rapid hardening, and low heat Portland
cement. If in case the c expansion is more than 10 mm as tested above, the cement is said
to be unsound

3.4.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

IS code for the Specific gravity test is IS 2720- Part 3

Apparatus

The following apparatus is used in specific gravity tests of cement,

Figure 7

38
 Specific Gravity of Cement Procedure

 Clean the Lechatlier flask before use. It should be free from moisture.
 Now, Take the weight of the empty flask as W1.
 Take around 50 gm of cement and fill in the flask.
 Fix the stopper on the flask and weigh the flask with cement as W2.
 Now fill the kerosene in the flask up to the neck of the bottle.
 Thoroughly mix cement and kerosene in the flask taking care no air bubble is left in
it. Record this weight as W3.
 Empty the flask and clean it. Now fill the kerosene in it up to the neck of the bottle
and record the weight as W4.

Calculations
The specific gravity of the cement formula is as follows,

G = (W2 – W1) / ((W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4) X 0.81)

= 101.9-49.2/101.9-49.2 –(160.7-128.4)*0.81

=52.7/52.7-32.3*0.81

G = 3.18

SPECIFIC GRAVITY =3.18

Where, W1 = Weight of Empty Flask , W2 = Weight of Flask + Cement.

W3 = Weight of Flask + Cement + Kerosene , W4 = Weight of Flask + Kerosene.

Here, the specific gravity of kerosene is 0.81g/cc

39
 Table 6

S NO. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

SAMPLE 1 3.20

SAMPLE 2 3.18

SAMPLE 3 3.16

AVERAGE 3.18

3.4 TEST CONDUCTED ON SAND

3.4.1 FINENESS MODULUS OF SAND

3.4.2 BULKING OF SAND

3.4.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND

3.4.1 FINENESS MODULUS OF SAND

Fineness modulus of sand (fine aggregate) is an index number which represents the
mean size of the particles in sand. It is calculated by performing sieve analysis with
standard sieves. The cumulative percentage retained on each sieve is added and
subtracted by 100 gives the value of fineness modulus. Fine aggregate means the
aggregate which passes through 4.75mm sieve. To find the fineness modulus of fine
aggregate we need sieve sizes of 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm and
0.15mm. Fineness modulus of finer aggregate is lower than fineness modulus of
coarse aggregate.

40
Determination of Fineness Modulus of Sand
To determine the fineness modulus, we need standard sieves, mechanical sieve
shaker (optional), dry oven and digital weight scale.
Sample preparation
Take a sample of fine aggregate in pan and placed it in dry oven at a temperature of
100 – 110oC. After drying take the sample and note down its weight.
Test Procedure - Fineness Modulus of Sand
 Take the sieves and arrange them in descending order with the largest sieve on
top.
 Then switch on the machine and shaking of sieves should be done at least 5
minutes.
 If shaking is done by the hands then pour the sample in the top sieve and close it
then hold the top two sieves and shake it inwards and outwards, vertically and
horizontally.
 After some time shake the 3rd and 4th sieves and finally last sieves. After sieving,
record the sample weights retained on each sieve.
 Then find the cumulative weight retained.
 Finally determine the cumulative percentage retained on each sieves. Add the all
cummulative percentage values and divide with 100 then we will get the value of
fineness modulus.

Figure 8

41
Calculation of Fineness Modulus of Sand
Let us say the dry weight of sample = 1000gm After sieve analysis the values appeared
are tabulated below.

Table 7

Sieve Weight Cumulative weight Cumulative percentage weight

size retained (g) retained(g) Retained (%)

4.75mm 0 0 0

2.36mm 100 100 10

1.18mm 250 350 35

0.6mm 350 700 70

0.3mm 200 900 90

0.15mm 100 1000 100

Total 275

Therefore, fineness modulus of aggregate = (cumulative % retained) / 100 = (275/100)

= 2.75
Results = 2.75

42
 Table 8

Type of sand Fineness modulus range

Fine sand 2.2 – 2.6

Medium sand 2.6 – 2.9

Coarse sand 2.9 – 3.2

3.4.2 BULKING OF SAND

APPARATUS

1. 250ml measuring cylinder

2. Weighing balance

3. Fine aggregate

Figure 9

43
Procedure

1. In a pan, 3kg of sand is taken

2. To this 1% by weight of water is added. This is properly mixed

3. The mixture is poured into a cylinder. This is consolidated by shaking

4. The surface is leveled. The reading is measured as Y1.

5. The test is repeated for the remaining quantity of sand for 1% water by weight each
time. The readings are taken as Y2, Y3.....etc until a decreasing reading of the volume
is observed.

6. After this level, 5% water is added and the test is continued until the sample become
fully saturated.

7. To the standard sample in the measuring cylinder, add about 30 ml water ore and stir
the sample well.

8. (xi) Note down the surface level of inundated sand (Y ml).

Calculations 

H = Height of sample of sand inmould

W = Addition of water in sand

W=0% H = 11 cm , V = 1942.87
W = 1% H = 13 cm V = 2296.12
W = 2% H = 13.2 cm V =2331.45
W = 3% H= 13.5 cm V=2384.43
W= 4% H= 13.8 cm V=2437.42
W = 5% H= 14 cm V=2472.75
W= 6% H= 12.7 cm V=2243.13

Bulking of sand = A- B /B * 100

44
Where A = volume of bulk sand , B = volume of dry sand

Bulking (1%) = 2296.12-1942.87/1942.87 * 100 =

Table no. 9 change in volume of sand by addition of water

Table 9

S no. Water content Bulking of sand (%)

1 0% 0
2 1% 18.18
3 2% 20.00
4 3% 22.72
5 4% 25.45
6 5% 27.27
7 6% 15.45

 A graph is plotted with percentage water content along X -axis and percentage bulking along
y-axis. From the graph the following results are obtained:

III.4.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND IS 2386 PART -3(1963)

Apparatus for Specific Gravity Test

1. A balance of capacity not less than 3kg ,readable and accurate to 0.5 gm and of such
a type as to permit the weighing of the vessel containing the aggregate and water .

2. A well ventilated oven to maintain a temperature of 100ºC to 110ºC

3. Pycnometer of about 1 litre capacity having a metal conical screw top with a 6mm
hole at its apex . The screw top shall be watertight .

45
4. A means supplying a current warm air .

5. A tray of area not less than 32cm².

6. An airtight container large enough to take the sample.

7. Filter papers and funnel

Figure 10

Procedure of Test

1. Take about 500g of sample and place it in the pycnometer.

2. Pour distilled water into it until it is full.

3. Eliminate the entrapped air by rotating thpycnometer on its side ,the hole in the apex
of the cone being covered with a finger.

4. Wipe out the outer surface of pycnometer and weigh it (W)

5. Transfer the contents of the pycnometer into a tray , care being taken to ensure that
all the aggregate is transferred .

6. Refill the pycnometer with distilled water to the same level .

7. Find out the weight (W1)

8. Drain water from the sample through a filter paper .

46
 9. Place the sample in oven in a tray at a temperature of 100ºC to 110º C for 24±0.5
hours ,during which period ,it is stirred occasionally to facilitate drying .

10. Cool the sample and weigh it (W2)

Calculations
Specific gravity of sand = D/A-(B-C)

D = weight of dry sand , A= weight of saturated dry sample , B= weight of pycnometer +

water + sand , C= pycnometer + distilled water

In our test ; A =505gm , B= 203gm ,C= 1695 gm , D= 500gm

G = D/A-(B-C)= 500/505-(2003-1695)= 500/197

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND =2.53

Table 10

S SAMPLE SPECIFIC
NO. NO. GRAVITY
OF SAND
1 1 2.57
2 2 2.56
3 3 2.54
AVERAGE 2.55

RESULT “G” OF GIVEN SAMPLE = 2.55

47
3.6 TEST CONDUCTED ON SPECIMEN FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

7. FLOWABILITY TEST

7.2 FRESH DENSITY OF MORTAR

7.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

7.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

7.1 FLOWABILITY TEST

The flow table test of cement mortar is done only to calculate the amount of water
required for gauging for conducting strength test of masonry cement and for drying
shrinkage test of cement. It also gives us some idea on the workability of cement
mortar

The apparatus and procedure for measuring the flowability of cement mortar are as
follows:

Apparatus:

 Flow table with a base of at least 60 cm x 60 cm and sides at least 10 cm deep,

and a top that is a flat, non-porous, and non-absorbent material.

 A standard cylindrical mold, 10 cm in diameter and 10 cm high.

 A steel tamping rod, 16 mm in diameter and 60 cm long.

 A stopwatch or timer.

 A balance accurate to 1 g.

 A water measuring cylinder accurate to 1 ml.

48
 A mixing bowl, trowel, and other necessary tools.

Figure 11

Procedure:

 Prepare the cement mortar by mixing the specified proportions of cement, sand,
and water in a mixing bowl. Mix the mortar for at least 3 minutes until it is
homogeneous and consistent in appearance and workability.

 Pour the freshly mixed mortar into the cylindrical mold, filling it up to the top.
Use the steel tamping rod to compact the mortar by giving 25 light blows
uniformly distributed over the entire surface.

 Strike off the excess mortar with the tamping rod and level the top surface of the
mold. Clean the surface of the mold from the mortar splashes.

 Place the mold on the center of the flow table and release the mortar by removing
the mold quickly and vertically.

 Measure the diameter of the mortar spread on the flow table in two directions
perpendicular to each other, using a scale or a ruler. Record these diameters as D1
and D2.

49
  Find the average of the two diameters (D) and record it.

 Repeat the test with two more samples of the same mix and find the average of
the three values of D.

 Calculate the flow value using the formula:

Flow Value = (D/10) x 100

The flow value is expressed as a percentage, and it represents the diameter of the spread
mortar in centimeters, divided by 10 and multiplied by 100.

Note: The flow test should be carried out at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C and within 5
minutes of the mortar being mixed.

CALCULATIONS

Sample 1: D1 = 20.1 cm, D2 = 20.5 cm

Sample 2: D1 = 19.8 cm, D2 = 20.7 cm

Sample 3: D1 = 21.2 cm, D2 = 21.5cm

To calculate the flow value, we first find the average of the two diameters for each
sample:

Sample 1: D = ( 20.1+20.5) / 2 = 20.3cm

Sample 2: D = (19.8+20.7) / 2 = 20.25 cm

Sample 3: D = (21.2=21.5) / 2 = 21.35cm

Then, we find the average of the three values of D:

Average D = (20.3+ 20.25+21.35) / 3 = 20.6 cm

50
Finally, we calculate the flow value using the formula:

Flow Value = (D/10) x 100

Flow Value = (20.6/10) x 100 = 206%

Therefore, the flow value of the cement mortar mix is 206%. This indicates that the mix
has good flow ability, which is desirable for many construction applications.

From the flow table test chart to find the W/C ratio corresponding to the desired flow
value of 206%. Let's assume the chart shows a W/C ratio of 0.59 for this flow value.

W\C = 0.59

Therefore water content are W /C = 0.59

Cement = 200gm

Water = 0.59*200= 118gm

FOR MIX RATIO 1:3

 Flow at o% replacement

Cement = 200gm ;Sand = 60; Water = 118gm

W/C = 0.59

 Flow at 10% replacement of cement by GGBFS

Cement = 180gm ;Sand =600gm ;GGBFS = 20gm ;Water = 115gm

W/C = 0.57

 Flow at 20% replacement

51
 Cement = 160gm ;Sand =600gm ;GGBFS= 40gm ;Water = 111gm

W/C = 0.55

 Flow at 30% replacement

Cement = 140gm ;Sand =600gm ;GGBFS= 60gm ;Water = 106gm

W/C = 0.53

Table 11 : Variation in W/C ratio by addition of GGBFS

S REPLACEMENT IN PERCENTAGE W/ C RATIO

NO.

1 0 0.59

2 10 0.57

3 20 0.55

4 30 0.53

52
 w/ c ratio
0.6
0.59
0.58
0.57
water cement atio

0.56 w/ c ratio
0.55 Linear (w/ c ratio )
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.5
0 10 20 30

GGBFS (%)

Figure 12 showing change in water cement ratio by addition GGBFS

From the above table and graph we can conclude that with the increase in the percentage
of GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast furnace slag ) in the mortar sample of ratio 1;3
there is reduction in the quantity of water.

From this we can say that by adding the GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast furnace slag)
there is decrease in water cement ratio .

7.2 FRESH DENSITY OF MORTAR

The fresh density of cement mortar is an important parameter that provides

information about the workability, consistency, and quality of the mortar. By
measuring the fresh density, we can determine the amount of solid particles in a
given volume of the cement mortar

The fresh density of cement mortar can be determined using the following
apparatus and procedure:

Apparatus:A cylindrical metal container with a flat base and a height of 10 cm.

53
 1. A tamping rod with a circular cross-section and a diameter of 1.6 cm and a length
of 60 cm.

2. Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1 g.

3. Measuring cylinder with a capacity of 1 litre.

4. Stopwatch or timer.

Figure 13

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry the cylindrical metal container and weigh it. Record the weight as
W1.

2. Weight of container and water W2

3. Fill the container with freshly mixed cement mortar to about two-thirds of its
height.

54
 4. Compact the mortar with the tamping rod by giving 25 blows at a rate of one blow
per second. Ensure that the blows are distributed uniformly over the entire surface
area of the mortar.

5. After compacting the mortar, add more mortar to fill the container completely,
without tamping.

6. Level the surface of the mortar with a trowel or a straight edge.

7. Weigh the container with the compacted mortar and record the weight as W3.

8. Calculate the fresh density of the cement mortar using the following formula:

9. Fresh density = (W2 - W1) / Volume of the container

10. The volume of the container can be calculated by filling it with water up to the
brim and measuring the volume of water using the measuring cylinder.

11. Repeat the procedure for at least two more specimens and take the average of the
results as the fresh density of the cement mortar.

Note: The temperature of the laboratory and the materials used should be maintained at a
constant level during the test.

Calculations

Density of mortar at 0% replacement

W1= 85gm ;W2 =378gm ; W3 =703gm

Fresh density =weight of container +mortar( W3) –weight of container with

water (W2)/volume of container (W2-W1)

Density = W3-W1/W2-W1

55
 Density = 703-378/378-85 = 325/293

Density = 1.10gm/ml

Density of mortar at 10% replacementby GGBFS

W1= 85gm ;W2 =378gm ; W3 =712gm

Fresh density = weight of container +mortar( W3) – weight of container with

water (W2)/volume of container (W2-W1)

Density = W3-W1/W2-W1 = 712 -378/378-85 = 334/293

Density = 1.13gm/ml

Density of mortar at 20% replacementby GGBFS

W1= 85gm ;W2 =378gm ;W3 =719gm

Fresh density = weight of container +mortar( W3) – weight of container with

water (W2)/volume of container (W2-W1)

Density = W3-W1/W2-W1 = 719-378/378-85 = 341/293

Density = 1.16gm/ml

Density of mortar at 30% replacement by GGBFS

W1= 85gm ;W2 =378gm ;W3 =726gm

Fresh density = weight of container +mortar( W3) – weight of container with

water (W2)/volume of container (W2-W1)

Density = W3-W1/W = 726-378/378-85 = 348/293

Density = 1.18gm/ml

56
 Table 12

S.no Replacement ( in %) Density (gm/ml)

1 0 1.10

2 10 1.13

3 20 1.16

4 30 1.18

density (gm/l)

30 1.18
GGBFS (%)

20 1.16 density (gm/l)

Linear (density (gm/l))
10 1.13

0 1.1
1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
DENSITY

Figure 14 variations in density

From the above table and graph we can conclude that with the increase in the percentage
of GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast furnace slag ) in the mortar sample of ratio 1;3
there is reduction in the the voids ,as we know that GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast
furnace slag) is very fine so that due to its fineness property it fills the voids and makes
our sample more densible

57
So with the increase in the percentage of GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast furnace slag)
there is linearly increase in the density of mortar

7.3 WATER ABSORPTION OF MORTAR

The water absorption test for mortar after 28 days is conducted to determine the
ability of the mortar to absorb water after it has cured. This test can provide
information on the quality and durability of the mortar.

Apparatus:

1. Mortar samples

2. Measuring cylinder

3. Water

4. Drying oven

Figure 15

Procedure:

Prepare the mortar samples according to the specifications.

58
Allow the mortar to cure for 28 days.

Weigh the dry mortar samples using a weighing balance and record their weights.

Fill a measuring cylinder with water to a height of 50 mm.

Immerse the mortar samples into the water-filled measuring cylinder and leave them in
the water for 24 hours.

After 24 hours, remove the samples from the water and use a cloth to wipe off any excess
water on the surface of the mortar.

Weigh the samples again and record their weights.

Calculate the water absorption of the mortar using the formula:

Water absorption = (W2 - W1) / W1 x 100

Where,

W1 = initial weight of the dry mortar sample

W2 = weight of the mortar sample after immersion in water for 24 hours

Repeat the test with three samples and take the average of the three readings

59
 Table 13

S no. Replacement in(%) Sample Water absorption

no.
1 0 1 8.35

2 8.32

3 8.36

8.35%

2 10 1 6.35

2 6.40

3 6.31

6.35 %

3 20 1 4.30

2 5.14

3 5.10

4.84%

4 30 1 2.90

2 2.98

60
 3 2.88

2.92

water absopti on

9
8.35000000000001
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5 6.35
6
water absorption

5.5
5 4.84
4.5
4 water absoption
3.5 Linear (water absoption )
2.92
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30

GGBFS

Figure 16: variation in water absorption

From the above table and graph we can conclude that with the increase in the
percentage of GGBFS ( Ground granulated blast furnace slag ) in the mortar sample of
ratio 1;3 there is reduction in the the voids ,as we know that GGBFS ( Ground granulated
blast furnace slag) is very fine so that due to its fineness property it fills the voids and
makes our sample more densible which prevents the entry of water in the mortar so we
can say that by addition of Ggbfs in the samples there is linearly decrease in the water
absorption

61
7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF MORTAR

The compressive strength test is a common method used to determine the strength of
mortar. To perform this test, you will need the following apparatus:

Apparatus

 Cube moulds: These are used to prepare the mortar specimens. The moulds
should be made of steel or cast iron and have a size of 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm x 70.6
mm.

 Mixing apparatus: A mixing apparatus such as a mechanical mixer or a mixing

paddle attached to a drill should be used to ensure consistent mixing of the
mortar.

 Testing machine: A compression testing machine with a capacity of at least 500

kN (50 tonnes) should be used to test the specimens.

 Gauging trowel: A gauging trowel is used to transfer the mortar into the moulds.

 Tamper: A tamper is used to compact the mortar inside the moulds.

62
 Figure 17 : Compressive strength testing machine

Table 14 compressive strength at 7 days

Curing Replacement Sample Applied Average Compressive Average

period (in %) no. load (KN) load stress stress
(MPA)
0 1 23.20 20.30 8.15 7.38
2 19.11 8.11
3 18.60 7.9
10 1 23.40 22.23 8.25 9.58
2 21.19 9.30
7 DAYS 3 22.10 11.20
20 1 25.50 28.66 11.15 11.81
2 28.40 13.18
3 32.10 11.10
30 1 37.25 41.26 16.21 14.37

63
 2 41.45 12.80
3 45.10 14.12

Procedure

 Prepare the mortar: Mix the mortar ingredients (cement, sand, and water) in the
required proportions using the mixing apparatus. The mixing should be done for
at least 3 minutes to ensure that the mortar is thoroughly mixed.

 Fill the cube moulds: Use the gauging trowel to fill the cube moulds with the
prepared mortar. Fill the moulds in three equal layers, tamping each layer 25
times with the tamper.

 Finish the surface: Smooth the surface of the mortar with the trowel and remove
any excess mortar.

 Curing: Cover the filled moulds with a damp cloth or polythene sheet and keep
them in a temperature-controlled environment at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24
hours.

 Demoulding: After 24 hours, carefully remove the moulds from the specimens.

Testing:

 Place the specimens in the compression testing machine and apply a compressive
load at a constant rate of 0.5 N/mm² per second until failure occurs. Record the
maximum load applied and the corresponding deformation.

 Calculation: Calculate the compressive strength of the mortar using the formula:

64
 Compressive strength = Maximum load (in N) / Cross-sectional area of specimen
(in mm²)

 The cross-sectional area of the specimen is calculated by multiplying the length

and width of the specimen

Figure 18 :compressive strength at 7 days

65
Curin Replacement Sample Applied Averag Compressive Average
g (in %) no. load e load stress stress
period (KN) (MPA)

0 1 30.10 31.80 11.20 11.36

2 33.20 12.50

28 3 32.10 10.40
DAYS
10 1 33.60 34.07 14.20 16.21

2 36.50 16.88

3 32.11 17.55

20 1 48.20 47.58 20.11 18.51

2 49.10 17.20

3 45.44 18.23

30 1 70.56 72.35 26.50 26.18

2 72.30 25.48

3 74.20 26.58

66
Table 15 compressive strength at 28 days

Figure 19 compressive strength at 28 days

67
 CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 SUMMARY

The feasibility of position granulated flash furnace slag as limited substitution of cement
is studied. The replacement of 10%, 20%, and 30% is added. The mechanical properties
of ggbfs mortar are studied by casting mortar cubes .
We found the different parameters and properties of mortar at different replacement level
at 7 days and 28 days .
The study is discussed in below figure

Mortar mix

Flowability of mortar at 0,10,20,30 %

Fresh density of mortar at 0,10,20,30 %

Curingfor7 days,and28days

Compressive strength testfor7days,and28

days

Water absorption test at 28

days

Results and discussion

68
4.2 CONCLUSIONS
 This work experiential with the aim of GGBS based concrete include to achieve
an increase in density of mortar
 The substitution of concrete by GGBS expands the compressive strength as well
as diminishes the concrete substance, which declines in the emanation of CO2.
 The addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag in cement mortar as a partial
replacement is very helpful because of decreasing the water cement ratio and by
the decrease in water cement ratio there is increase in strength of mortar
 By the addition of Ggbfs in the cement mortar as a partial replacement of cement
we can also achieve a good densible mass or we can say that there is increase in
density of mortar which ultimately imparts in the compressive strength of mortar
 As there is increase in density of mortar by the addition of Ggbfs there is decrease
in the absorption of water that means there is more resistance against moisture
which increases the strength of mortar
 As far as cost is concerned, the expense of GGBS in the market, including
bundling and moving is multiple times not exactly of OPC.
 In this way, the incomplete substitution of OPC in cement by GGBFS is not just
practical yet also encourages environmentally-friendly removal of the waste slag
into a valuable item produced in enormous amounts from the iron and steel
enterprises.
 From our experimental work we can say that we can add ggbfs as a partial
replacement of cement in the mortar which increases its strength , density and
reduces water cement ratio and water absorption

69
References
 IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1996. Fineness test of cement by sieve analysis
 IS 4031(Part 3):1988 Methods of Physical Test for Hydraulic Cement:
 As Per  IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988.  Initial and final setting time of cement is
calculated using VICAT apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976
 IS Code for Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate: IS: 383 -1970
 Soundness of cement by Le- chateliers method(IS : 4031-PART 3 1988)
 Gupreetsingh (2012) “strength and durability studies of concrete containing waste
foundry sand “ (2012) – IJIREM. [9]. Ondovaa. M, “The study of the properties
of fly ash based concrete composites with various chemical admixtures “(2012) –
IJIREM.
 Prof. Shaheen S. Gupta," A Review Paper on Uses of Mount Crushed Rock as
Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete,” (2020) - (IRJET).
 VikasSrivastava,” Stone Dust in Concrete: Effect on Compressive Strength,”
(2015) International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research
 T.V. S. Vara Lakshmi," A Study on Preparing Of High-Performance Concrete
Using Silica Fume and Fly Ash," (2016) - (IJES).
 S.k.Sirajuddin, T.Venkat Das,” Experimental Investigation on Properties of
Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS and Fine Aggregate with
Quarry Dust,” (IJRTE).
 Mehta, P. K., &Meryman, H. (2009). Tools for reducing carbon emissions due to
cement consumption. Structure
 Tasong, W. A., Wild, S., & Tilley, R. J. (1999). Mechanisms by which ground
granulated blastfurnace slag prevents sulphate attack of lime-stabilised kaolinite.
Cement and concrete research

70
 . An experimental study on optimum usage of GGBS for the compressive strength
of concrete. Cement and concrete composites, 29(6), 505-514
 Shi, H. S., Xu, B. W., & Zhou, X. C. (2009). Influence of mineral admixtures on
compressive strength, gas permeability and carbonation of high performance
concrete.
 Wan, H., Shui, Z., & Lin, Z. (2004). Analysis of geometric characteristics of
GGBS particles and their influences on cement properties. Cement and concrete
research, 34(1), 133-137
 Performance of sustainable concretes containing very high volume Class-F fly ash
and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162,
1407-1417.
 Karri, S. K., Rao, G. R., &Raju, P. M. (2015). Strength and durability studies on
GGBS concrete. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE),
2(10), 34-41.
 Sustainable studies on concrete with GGBS as a replacement material in cement.
Jordan journal of civil Engineering, 8(3), 263-270.
 Awasare, V., &Nagendra, M. V. (2014). Analysis of strength characteristics of
GGBS concrete. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology,
5(2), 82-4.
 Mangamma, B., Babu, N. V., &Hymavathi, G. (2016). An Experimental Study on
Behavior of Partial Replacement of Cement with Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application ISSN, 2248-
9622.
 Yeau, K. Y., & Kim, E. K. (2005). An experimental study on corrosion resistance
of concrete with ground granulate blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete
Research, 35(7), 1391-1399.
 Bilim, C., Atiş, C. D., Tanyildizi, H., &Karahan, O. (2009). Predicting the
compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete using
artificial neural network. Advances in Engineering Software.

71
72