Ethio-Physics

UNIT - 2
Motion in a straight line
✓ Motion: Is the continuous change in position of a moving body, with respect to some
frame of reference.
Uniform motion
✓ Uniform motion: is the motion of a body with steady speed in a straight line.
✓ Distance (S): Is the actual path length travelled by a moving body.
• Distance is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is meter (m).
✓ Displacement (S): Is the shortest path length covered by a body between two points.
• Displacement is a vector quantity and its SI unit is meter (m).
✓ Speed (V): Is distance travelled by a moving body divided by the time taken.
That is, speed = distance travelled V= S
time taken t

✓ Speed is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is m/s.

✓ Average speed: Is the total distance travelled by a moving body divided by the total
time taken.
Average speed = Total distance travelled
Total time taken
Vav = ST
tT
✓ Velocity (V): Is displacement of the moving body divided by the time taken.
✓ That is, velocity = displacement V= S
time taken t

✓ Velocity is a vector quantity and its SI unit is m/s. 1m/s = 3.6 km/hr0tc0
✓ Instantaneous speed is the speed of a body at a given instant of time or particular
position.
✓ Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of a body at a given instant of time or particular
position.
Exercise 1
1. A car moves 8 km due East and then 6 km due North, if it takes 2 hours to cover the
trip. Find, a) The speed
b) The velocity of the car
2. A boy runs at 10 m/s for 4 sec, then walks at 8 m/s for 6 sec and rides a bicycle at 20
m/s for 12 sec. What is the average speed of the boy for the-entire trip?
3. A moving object increases its velocity uniformly from 20 m/s to 40 m/s in 2 min.
What is; a) Average velocity
b) Displacement of the object during the 2 min.
4. A car travels up a hill at a constant speed of 40km/h and returns down the hill at a
constant speed of 60 km/h. Calculate the average speed for the round trip.

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 Uniformly accelerated motion
✓ Acceleration (a) is the time rate of change of velocity.
✓ Uniformly accelerated motion is motion of an object along a straight line with a constant
increase in its velocity.
✓ Motion of a freely falling body is the natural example of a uniformly accelerated rectilinear
motion.
✓ Acceleration is vector and its unit is m/s2.

Acceleration= Change in velocity

Time taken
a = ∆V = Vf-Vi
t t

Exercise 2
1. A car started from rest and moves at 90 km/h in 20 seconds, find the acceleration of the car.
2. A car travelling at 4 m/s towards west accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m/s2 for 3 seconds.
What is the velocity of the car after 3 seconds?

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✓ Representation of Uniform Motion and Uniformly Accelerated Motion Using Graphs

Table Representation of Uniform Motion and Uniformly Accelerated Motion Using Graphs

Uniform Motion Uniformly Accelerated Motion

V vs t V vs t

V V
V is constant V is change uniformly

t t
✓The slope of V vs. t graph is acceleration (a). ✓The slope of V vs. t graph is acceleration
m = ∆y = ∆V = a = 0 (a).
∆x ∆t m = ∆y = ∆V = a
✓The area under V vs. t graph is distance ∆x ∆t
(displacement). ✓The area under V vs. t graph is distance
A= l x w = v x t= s (displacement).
A= ½bh = ½v x t= s = ½a x t2

S vs t S vs t

S S
V is constant

t t
✓The slope of S vs. t graph is speed (velocity). ✓The slope of S vs. t graph is speed
m = ∆y = ∆S = V (velocity).
∆x ∆t m = ∆y = ∆S = V
∆x ∆t

a vs t a vs t

a a
a= 0m/s2 since V is constant (∆V=0) a is constant

t t

Equations Of Uniformly Accelerated Motion

➢ The five basic equations of U.A.M
➢ V = u + at where S= displacement
➢ S= ½ (u+v)t V= final Velocity
➢ S= ut + ½at 2 U = initial Velocity
➢ V2 = u2 + 2as a= acceleration
➢ S = Vt – ½ at 2 t = time

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 E.g.1. A cheetah accelerates at 3m/s2 for 5s. if its final velocity is 24m/s, determine its
initial velocity?
E.g.2 A runner in area decides to accelerate right up to the moment he crosses the line. He
is initially travelling at 5m/s and accelerates at 0.4m/s2 for 5s. Find
A) The distance from the line when he decides to accelerates.
B) His final velocity at he crosses the line.
E.g.3. An athlete running at a constant rate of 4m/s2 each second covered a distance of
100m, starting from rest. How fast the athlete running at the end of the 100m?
Free fall
✓ Free fall is a kind of motion where the 𝑎⃗ of the object is just due to the acceleration due to
gravity. When an object accelerates under gravity is call free fall.
✓ Free fall is the motion of a body under the influence of gravity alone.
✓ Gravity the force of attraction between an object in the earth’s gravitational field & the
earth itself.
✓ In the absence of air resistance, all bodies fall with the same acceleration regardless of
their mass. i.e. 𝑔⃗ = 9.81 m/s2
✓ Free fall is an example of U.A.M. and we use the same formula.
➢ For a body dropped from some height => U = 0, S = h, a = g
➢ For a body thrown upward => V = 0, a = -g, s =h
E.g. 1 A ball dropped from a height of 4m.
a) How long would it take to hit the ground?
b) what is its final velocity?
E.g. 2 A ball is kicked upwards with an initial 𝑉 ⃗⃗ of 20m/s from the ground How long will it
take the ball to return to its initial position? (Use g = 10m/s
Relative Velocity
✓ Reference from a point from with measurements are taken.
✓ A form of reference refers to a certain point of view observer is stationary or moving at
a Constance velocity.
✓ The laws of motion only apply if the reference from of the observer is stationary or
moving at a constant velocity.
✓ The velocity of an object depends on the frame of reference of the observer.
✓ Relative velocity is the difference between the velocities of two moving objects.
✓ Relative velocity is the velocity of a body with respect to other body.
VRab = Va – Vb ………… if they have the same direction
VRab = Va + Vb …………...if they are moving in opposite direction.
Where VRab – Relative velocity of body A with respect to B
Va – Velocity of body A
Vb - Velocity of body B

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 Exercise 1

Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives.

1. Which one of the following is correct?

A. Average speed and average velocity are the same.
B. There is no difference between uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion.
C. Acceleration is the rate of change of speed.
D. Uniformly accelerated motion is a motion with constant acceleration.
2. If a moving body covers equal distances with equal time interval its motion is termed as
A. accelerated motion C. uniformly accelerated motion
B. uniform motion D. vibration motion
3. In a uniformly accelerated motion,
A. velocity changes equally in equal time intervals C. acceleration is zero
B. acceleration changes equally in equal time intervals D. velocity is constant
4. If a body moves a distance of 100m in 10 sec, what is the average speed of the body?
A. 10m/sec B. 15m/sec C. 20m/sec D. 25m/sec
5. Which one of the following defines the average acceleration?
A. it is the displacement per unit time
B. distance moved double the time taken
C. it is the change in velocity by the time taken
D. is the product of displacement and speed
6. A car is travelling from Addis Ababa to Adama. It travelled 51 km in the first one hour
and 49 km in the second one hour. What is the average speed of the car?
A. 22.5 km/h B. 25 km/h C. 25.5 km/h D. 50 km/h
7. Which of the following is an example of uniform motion?
A. Motion of an insect around a light bulb
B. A falling body in a straight line
C. Motion of a car in a flat ground with curved path
D. A car moving with constant velocity
8. Which of the following is correct about velocity? It is
A. speed with direction C. scalar quantity
B. acceleration with direction D. speed with no direction
9. The quantity that describes how fast you are going between two positions without
regard for direction is known as _______
A. velocity B. speed C. displacement D. acceleration
10. Which of the following is TRUE about uniform motions? It is
A. a motion with the same nonzero acceleration C. a motion with zero speed
B. a motion with the same nonzero speed D. a motion with increasing acceleration
11. Which one of the following graphs best describes a uniformly accelerated motion?

A. C.

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 B. D.
12. From the v-t graph above which part of the path of the graph shows uniform motion?

A. A to B B. B to C C. C to D D. D to E
13. A player run and moves with constant speed through the points A, B, x, y, P, Q, R and
S as shown in the diagram. Which of these pairs of points has the player run with
constant velocity?

A. A→B, x→y B. A→B, P→Q C. x→y, R→S D. P→Q, R→S

14. The acceleration of a moving body can be calculated from _____.
A. the area of v vs t graph C. the area of s vs t graph
B. the slope of s vs t graph D. the slope of v vs t graph
15. The graph below shows uniformly accelerated motion of a body in a straight line. What
is the acceleration of the body?

A. 10 m/s2 B. 5 m/s C. 5 m/s2 D. 15 m/s

16. The motion of a car is indicated by the following s vs t graph. What is the speed of the car?

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 A. 5 m/s B. 10 m/s C. 20 m/s D. 40 m/s
17. Which one of the following is correct about displacement-time (s-t) and velocity-time
(v-t) graphs of motion?
A. The slope of s-t graph is equal to acceleration.
B. The slope of s-t graph is equal to distance.
C. The slope of s-t graph is equal to velocity.
D. The slope of s-t graph is equal to deceleration.
18. The area under velocity-time (v-t) graphs equals to the
A. acceleration of a body C. time of a body
B. displacement of a body D. velocity of a body
19. Consider the v against t graph shown below, what is the total distance covered in 4 seconds?

A. 10 m B. 30 m C. 35 m D. 40 m
20. The area under the acceleration versus time graph gives the change in _____.
A. Acceleration B. Displacement C. Distance D. Velocity
21. Almaz has drawn v-t graph of a moving car as shown below. What is the distance
travelled by the car?

A. 350 m B. 500 m C. 550 m D. 850 m

22. Referring to the V − t graph shown below what is the acceleration and the distance
covered in 5 seconds?
⃗⃗ (m/s)
𝑉 A. 4m/s2 and 25m/s
B. 4m/s2 and 37.5m/s
20 C. 3m/s2 and 62.5m/s
15 D. 5m/s2 and 100m/s
10
5

1 5 6 t(sec)
2 3 4

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23. Two cars moving in the same direction have velocities of 20m/s and 25m/s. What is
the relative velocity of the faster car?
A. 45m/s B. 5m/s C. 40m/s D. 15m/s
24. A body initially at rest accelerates at a rate of 4 𝑚/𝑠 . How long will it take the body
2

to travel 200m?
A. 100 sec B. 10sec C. 50sec D. 25sec
25. A ball dropped from a bridge strikes the ground in 5 sec. What is the height of the
bridge? (Use g = 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
A. 250 sec B. 125 sec C. 500 sec D. 50 m/s

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“Life is like riding a bicycle. To

keep your balance, you must
keep moving!!!”

Albert Einstein

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