STS 001 - INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY answers where is Science now? In pursuits of
knowledge, human keeps on asking questions like, WHAT IS MATTER? WHAT IS LIFE? WHERE ARE WE?

WHAT IS MATTER?
Science is not a single idea? It is not as stable as other disciplines are. It covers compounding
contributions of different natural Philosophers and Scientists all throughout the history. That’s why SCIENCE IS
A COMPOUNDING DISCIPLINE “Once you answer a questions, susundan ng panibagong questions” SCIENCE
IS NOT A FIXED DISCIPLIN, Nagbabago ito.

WHAT WAS TRUE THEN CAN “NOT BE TRUE” NOW, AND WHAT IS TRUE NOW, CAN BE “NOT TURE”
IN THE FUTURE.

SCIENCE IS SYSTEMATIC, it abides with rules of observations that can be universally be repeated.

OBSERVE- Charles Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION.

EXPERIMENTATION- Plays the important role in PROVING OR DISPROVING scientific principles.

TO CONVINCE AN ENGINEER OR SCIENTISTS THE CONCEPT MUST BE OBSERVABLE AND

EXPERIMENTAL.

Some Scientist in 17th century especially in WESTERN WORLD has a tattoo “NULLIUS IN VERBA” means no
one’s word that is based on “SCIENTIF METHOD”. In 1660 a group of knowledge makers founded the
“COLLEGE FOR THE PORMOTING OF PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING” this was
later re-founded in 1663 as “THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDO FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF NATURAL
KNOWLEDGE” where scientist comes and present their observations/experimentations wherein it will be
observed by their fellow scientist agreeing or disagreeing to the concepts.

SALON- eating/drinking coffee while talking about scientific concepts.

Later on knowledge that is written will be submit to the SOCIETIES PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS.

SOCIETIES PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS-it is one of the world’s oldest peer-reviewed scientific journals.

SCIENTIST ARE SKEPTIC THEY ASK QUESTIONS BEFORE THE BELIEVE.

WILLIAM WHEWELL is an English scientist/priest who recently founded the word “SCIENCE” on 1840.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS are once called for the Scientist before 1840.

DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE. What is true on the other side of the world must be
true on the other side.

KNOWLEDGE IS POWER! The knowledge of knowing how things work and why thing exists gives the bearer
power, which is why one must study the history of science.

EULER’S METHOD is an ancient method that is used for calculating the spaceship journey to the moon.

HOW THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SHAPED THE SOCIETY AND VICE VERSA?

THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY gives the glimpse on where we are today and vice versa
where Science and Technology responds to the needs of the Society.

HOW TO SCIENCE THINGS OUT?

TO OBSERVE AND TO EXPERIMENT
 STS 002 - HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ALCHEMY)
THE ALCHEMIST: NOT A WIZARD
ALCHEMY wasn’t a practice of magic as many thought it was “ALCHEMISTS”, people involved in the
practice of alchemy were experimentally skilled and theorists of understanding and answering the perennial
question WHAT IS MATTER?

ALCHEMISTS WERE THE FIRST THE ONE TO TRY AND ATTEMPTED TO ANSWER WHAT IS MATTER

FIELD OF CHEMISTRY came from the world ALCHEMY which mean BLACK EARTH that symbolizes
the rich and fertile land of Egypt the land of KHEM

ALCHEMIST wrote different books and published it, but using ALLEGORICAL CODES because it is not
available for all the people. They use code words called DECKAMEN which means the words written in their
books were “NOT WHAT IT SEEMS” that has other term for other books that is dependent to the location and
to the specialization of Alchemy.

THERE ARE 2 KINDS OF ALCHEMICAL METALS

NOBLE METALS- SUN (GOLD) MOON (SILVER)

BASE METALS- MERCURY (MERCURY), VENUS (COPPER), MARS (IRON), JUPITER (TIN), AND SATURN
(LEAD)

THERE ARE 2 FORMS OF TRANSMUITATION

TRANSMUTATION – Means to changing a specific into another form, usually Alchemist tends to do it as
they seek transforming anything into gold

PARTICULARS- only one transmutations, it is not possible on the ancient time. But with the help of NUCLEAR
SCIENCE it can be today but expensive (Cooper)

UNIVERSALS- turning anything into new form (Philosopher Stones)

ASIAN ALCHEMY CHINESE ALCHEMY “EARTH IS A LIVING ORGANISM”

MAGNETS were first used by the Chinese WAIDAN IS LIKELY SIMILAR TO ELIXIR OF LIFE (WESTERN
IMMORATALITY) also GUNPOWDER is developed by the CHINESE ALCHEMIST

INDIAN ALCHEMY “NATURAL MEDICINE/PRODUCTS” AYURVEDA

Books and compilation about understanding the universe.

SOUTH EAST ASIAN- “MORE ON SPIRITUAL AND PLANTS AS MEDICINES”

In the Philippines they are called Babaylans as they are spiritual shamans who specializes in communication
spirits. They are also predicting the weather by their observation or to their connection on the spirit world.

THE POINT IS ALCHEMIST ARE THE FIRST PEOPLE WHO TRIED TO ANSWER THE QUESTION WHAT
IS MATTER? WHERE ARE WE? WHAT IS THE SCIENCE TODAY?

THEY ALL ASKED A QUESTIONS AND THEIR SCIENCE &MATHEMATICS ARE DEEPLY ROOTED IN
THEIR RELIGION

MIDDLE-EASTERN ALCHEMIST “MORE ADVANCED IN THE CONQUEST”

But they focused into the Mathematics and to the Understanding the heavens. One Middle-eastern
Alchemist named JABIR IBN HAYYAN also known as GEBER write more than 3000 books about mineralogy,
transmutation, and medical elixirs

ALCHEMIST ARE NOT MAGICIANS BUT THEY ARE INTTELECTUAL WHO PRACTICE SCIENCE
DURING THAT TIME.
WHAT HAPPENED TO ALCHEMY?

 ALCHEMY IS A PRINCIPLE OF SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE ROOTED IN CULTURE AND RELIGIONS.

 ALCHEMY IS MORE ON LOGIC AND SCIENCE THAT’S WHYALCHEMY CHOSED TO BECOME
SCIENCE.
ALCHEMY did not completely die out, part of it lives on in the discipline of the central science, CHEMISTRY.
The death of alchemy is a proof that. NOONG NAWALA ANG ALCHEMY, NAGKAROON NG CHEMISTRY.

ALCHEMIST do not share information to other ALCHEMIST but they are picking one apprentice to train
them.

“KNOWLEDGE KEPT, DIES, BUT THE KNOWLEDGE SHARED, GROWS.”

STS 003- HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (NATURAL PHILOSOPHER)

NATURAL PHILOSOPHER: THE “HOW’S” AND “WHY’S” OF US
GREEKS CIVILIZATION (800-400 BCE)

GREEKS WERE PEOPLE OF INTEREST AND CRAFT, they also practiced NATURAL PHILOSOPHY,
which means that their PRACTICE OF INTELLECTS WAS “SELF-CONSCIOUS INQUIRY INTO NATURE.

Ancient Greek Philosophers were not purely scientist as there was no single discipline of science
then, they didn’t make detailed or any accurate knowledge based on observations, but they came up with many
theories that attempts to take account and answer “WHY’S” and “HOW’S” in the material world.

They drew lines between the abstract and the materials world, ATTEMPTED TO SEPARATE THE
MYTHS AND TRUTHS, and practice of natural philosophy became a conquest for abstract knowledge.

PRE-SOCRATICS
Before the time of SOCRATES, there were many philosophers in the Ancient Greeks who have taken the
initiatives to spark questions on the material world.

SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS which are not literal physical schools, to spread ideas of the world in which the
teachers and students will go wherever they want and they will discuss a certain topic wherein they will
be having a rational debates as they intellectually discuss using rational debates the situation in order to
generate knowledge.

EVERYTHING DISCUSSED INSIDE THE SCHOOL IS BASED ON RATIONALOITY AND LOGIC

 (Believes in IDEALISM)

APEIRON – where everything wants to go to their normal or stable state. This is also the belief where
something might turn to something and sometimes it is the opposite.
 ANAXIMANDER was the first recorded person who ask about “WHERE DID WE COME FROM?” Before
the THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY CHARLES DARWIN. But ANAXIMANDER IDEA’S WAS MIXED WITH
BELIEFS that differs from the idea of Charles Darwin.

(Believes in IDEALISM)

“MATH IS THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE” but many also believes that “MATHEMATICS IS A SEPARATE
AND INDEPENDENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE”

PHYTHAGORAS ON NUMBERS:
“NUMBERS ARE NOT JUST MERE COUNTING NUMBERS, NUMBERS ARE SACRED”

AS HE BELIEVES THAT NUMBERS CAN ANSWER ALL THE PROBLEMS IN THE UNIVERSE.

HE ALSO HATED IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, HE WANTS WHOLE NUMBERS.

The RATIONAL DEBATE on atom go through many centuries. In a rational debate, it is important to note the
“STRUCTURE OF DIALOGUE”.
 SOCRATES USED SOCRATIC METHOD “the art of questioning” is a relevant used in negative
hypothesis elimination, and improving the possibilities of what is right, but his biggest contribution in the history
were not his books, or even philosophical phrases, his biggest contribution is LEGACY as he inspired his
student, PLATO and his student’s student, ARISTOTLE.

THE ACADEMY – PLATO

LYCEUM - ARISTOTLE

METACOGNITION is a concept wherein iniisip mo kung pano ka magisip.

THE ACADEMY – PLATO (believes in IDEALISM)
PLATO’S PHILOSOPHY IS BASED ON MATHEMATICS

“ANG SCIENTIST SHOULD FIT HIS IDEALISM TO OBSERVATION, BUT PLATO FIT IS OBSERVATIONS
TO IDEA”.
“LET NO ONE ENTER HERE WHO IS IGNORANT OF GEOMETRY”
(Inscribed at the doors of the original Academy of Plato)
“HE BELIEVES THAT THE WORLD IS PERFECT AND THE HEAVINLY BODIES REVOLVING AROUND
EARTH IN A PERFECT CIRCLE ANG IKOT”

SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE ALEXANDER THE GREAT

THE ACADEMY – PLATO (IDEALISTIC and FORMAL SCHOOL)

LYCEUM – ARISTOTLE (PHILOSOPHICALLY BASED ON WALKIE AND INFORMAL SCHOOL)

- Walk and talk
 SYSTEMS OF SOULS OF ARISTOTLE (TAXONOMY)
PLANTS – Simpliest soul, vegetative soul MEANS THEY GROW.
ANIMALS – Have a mobility soul, vegetative and sensitive animal soul that MEANS THEY GROW AND
THEY MOVE.
HUMANS – Highest soul, combination of vegetative, mobility, and rational soul means we, HUMANS
ARE ABLE TO GROW, MOVE AND TO THINK.
 STS 004 - HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ENGINEERS)
THE ENGINEERS: THE ARTISTS

EGYPTIANS was one of the first civilization, dahil ito ay tinted sa NILE RIVER and invented the CUBIT
SYSTEM in order to use it to build the PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT. Also, they used the concept of REFLECTION in
building build the pyramids of Egypt.

BABLYLONIANS created the most beautiful place “THE HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON” and
there are claims that Engineers in Babylon are not all Babylonians as they conquered like JEWS AND
HEBREWS, eventually become their workers.

ROMANS CIVILIZATION mostly contributed in the field of Engineering and Architecture. There were
many builders in the world, but a certain civilization, THE ROMANS, invested their strength in TECHNOLOGY,
and building, rather than REASONING and NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
 ROMAN builds the AQUEDUCTS that is used TO CARRY TONS OF WATER to quench the thirst of
the people of the state and used for farming.

ROMANS DID NOT BOTHER TO ASK THOSE QUESSTION INSTEAD THEY FOCUSED ON QUESTION
“HOW TO APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE?”

THE THEORITICALKNOWLEDGE (REASONING/LOGIC) – Mostly done by Greeks because they do

reasoning.
THE USEFUL KNOWLEDGE (PRACTICAL) – Mostly done by romans because they use it
practically.
 TECHNE, THE USEFUL KNOWLEDGE (PRACTICAL) – root word for TECHNOLOGY and associated
to the ART OF CRAFTSMANSHIP.
EPISTEME, THE THEORITICALKNOWLEDGE (REASONING/LOGIC) - root word for
EPISTEMOLOGY and associated to SCIENCE, because SCIENCE IS ABSTRACT.
 TECHNOLOGY plays the vital role even in ancient times as SHIPS AND CATAPULTS represents the
POWER YOU GOT, as THE STRENGTH OF THE STATES depends to the STRENGTH OF THE
TECHNOLOGY.

ARCHITECTONS – BUILDERS IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN TIMES, ALSO THEY DO NOT WRITE
BUT THEY DRAW.
ARCHIMEDES was able to invent WATER CONTRAPTIONS and WATER PULLEY.
 ROMAN builds the ARC QUEDUCTS (SA TAAS) that is used TO CARRY TONS OF WATER TO
QUENCH THE THIRST OF THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE AND USED FOR FARMING. Also, found out that
the ARCHES are strong supports for weights rather than straight joints WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING THE
FORCES.
ARC CLOACA MAXIMA (SA BABA) – Where Romans drained the marches of their home city using
SEWER SYSTEM.

APIAN WAY (ROAD) is the most practical establish infrastructure become a key to many doors
especially in WARS AND EXPAND THEIR TERITORY.

“ALL ROADS LEADS TO ROME” – ALAIN DE LILLE (1775)

ROMAN ARMY DRANK WATER FROM THE DRAINAGES OF APIAN WAY IN ORDER FOR THEM TO WIN
THE WAR ACROSS ASIA, EUROPE, AND AFRICA.
FLAVIAN AMPHITHEARET (THE COLOSSEUM) – FOR ENTERTAINMENT
SHIPS AND CATAPULTS – FOR THE ARMY
ARC AQUEDOX AND ARCH CLOACA MAXIMA – FOR THE PEOPLE
STS 005 - HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (SCIENTISTS)
THE SCIENTISTS: VERSION 2.0
GALILEO GALILEI (EXPERIMENTALIST) – FIRST SCIENTIST TO REINVENT AND USE THE TELESCOPE
IN UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE. He was one of the first person suppoted HELIOCENTRISM.
 FRANCIS BACON (PRACTICAL THINKER) – HE WANTED A NEW REPLACEMENT SYSTEM OF
UNDERSTANDING NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND BELIEVED THAT SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE SHOULD
BE EXPERIMENTALLY PROVEN. HE FONDED THE “SOLOMON’S HOUSE” WHICH EXCLUSIVELY HAS
MALE PERSONNEL. ALSO HE IS THE ONE WHO PROPOSED TO STUDY BOTH TECHNE AND
EPISTEME
 SOLOMON’S HOUSE- Is filled with scientific people and it should be ALL MALE
THE TRAVELER – THEY WILL TRAVEL THE WORLD TO GATHER FACTS.
THE EXPERIMENTALIST – THEY WILL CONDUCT EXPERIMENT NEW FACTS.
THE BOOK WORM – EXTRACT FACTS FROM THE BOOKS WHICH WILL BE SUBMITTED TO
THE EXPERIMENTALISTS TO TEST IT.
THE ANALYZERS – ALL RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT WILL BE SUBMITTED TO THEM AND
WILL BE ANALYZED.
THE INTERPRETERS OF NATURE – COMPOSED OF 3 MEN WHO WILL TAKE ALL THE FACTS
AND USE THEM TO PRODUCE NES “AXIOMS’ OR NEW TRUTH.
THE BENEFACTORS – THE “DOWRY-MEN” OR RICH PEOPLE THAT WILL USE THE NEX
AXIOMS TO PUT IT IN PRACTICAL USE, THE PEOPLE OF TEHCNE.
RENE DESCARTES (“PURE PHILOSOPHER”) FOCUSES ON THE IDEA THAT SCIENTISTS SHOULD BE
“PURE PHILOSOPHER”. HE DEVELOPED THE CARTESIAN COORDINATES. HE USED THE
“SYSTEMATIC DOUBTING” METHOD, SIMPLY DOUBTING YOURSELF ON WHAT YOU REALLY KNOW.
 GALILEO GALILEI (EXPERIMENTALIST)
FRANCIS BACON (PRACTICAL THINKER
RENE DESCARTES (PURE PHILOSOPHER)
SIR ISAAC NEWTON WHO DEVELOPED THE THREE LAWS OF MOTION AND DISCOVERED
CALCULUS.
KNOWN AS “FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY” DEVELOPED THE LAW OF CONVERSATION OF
MASS, ESTABLISHED THE STATES OF MATTER, AND CLARIFIED THE PHLOGISTON THEORY.
 WHICH IS THE FIRST WOMAN TO WIN THE NOBEL PRIZE
 THE FIRST PERSON TO WIN TWO OF THEM IN TWO DIFFERENT FIELDS.
 SHE DEVELOPED THE “THEORY OF REACTIVITY”
 PROVED THAT ATOMS CAN BE DIVIDED WHILE STUDYING THE ISOTOPES OF AN ATOM.
 MARIE IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR IN THE DISCOVERY OF THORIUM, POLONIUM, AND
RADIUM.
 IN 1905 ANUS MIRABILIS (MARVELOUS YEAR) OF ALBERT EINSTEIN
BROWNIAN MOTION – RANDOM MOTION OF PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN FLUID, ALLOWED THE
COLLISION OF MOVING MOLECULES IN THE FLUID.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT – SUPPORTING THE IDEA THAT THE ENERGY SERIES OF PARTICLES AND
NOT A WAVE WHICH GAVE HIM A NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS. (NOBEL PRIZE FOR EINSTEIN)

EQUIVALENCE OF MASS AND ENERGY – MASS CAN BE TRANSFORMED TO ENERGY.

SPECIAL RELATIVE – NOTHING CAN MOVE FASTER THAN LIGHT, SPEED OF LIGHT, IT WAS ABOUT
COMPARING PHYSICAL EFFECTS FROM DIFFERENT OBSERVER POSITION IN TERMS OF VELOCITY,
OR SPEED IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTION
 WERNER HEISENBERG- MATRIX MECHANICS (THEORIZED THE MODEL OF ATOM)
ERWIN SCHRODINGER- WAVE MECHANICS (INVENTED THE THEORY UNCETAINTLY PRINCIPLE)
NIELS BOHR WON AGAINST ALBERT EINSTEIN