INTEGRAL CALCULUS

By

Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim

B.Sc. (Honors), M.Sc. in Mathematics (CU)
DCSA (BOU), PGD in ICT (BUET), Ph.D. (IU)

Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
International Islamic University Chittagong

12.03.2023

1 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 CONTENTS

Chapter One

01. Applications of the Indefinite Integral

1.1. Displacement from Velocity, and Velocity from Acceleration
1.2. Displacement and Velocity Formulas
1.3. Voltage across a Capacitor
02. Geometrical Interpretation
03. Finding Area of a Curve/s
3.1.Area under a Curve, which are entirely above the x-axis
3.2.Curves which are entirely below the x-axis
3.3.Part of the curve is below the x-axis and part of the curve is above the x-axis
3.4.Certain curves are much easier to sum vertically
3.5.Area between 2 Curves
3.6.Finding Area using derivative method

Chapter Two

01. Formulae
02. Some technique to integrate the functions for indefinite integral

Chapter Three

01. Reduction Formulas

02. Definite integral
Chapter Four

The Gamma and Beta Function

Chapter Five

01. Arc Length of a curve

02. Areas of Surfaces of Revolution
03. Quadrature
04. Volume of a Solid of Revolution/Volume by Disk
05. Method of Rings/ Volume by Washers

Chapter Six

01. Some Special Method

2 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 Chapter One

Integration an Inverse Process of Differentiation

01. Applications of the Indefinite Integral

1.1 Displacement from Velocity, and Velocity from Acceleration

A very useful application of calculus is displacement, velocity and acceleration.
Recall
ds
v -----------------------------------------(i)
dt
Similarly, we can find the expression for the acceleration by differentiating the expression for
velocity, and this is equivalent to finding the second derivative of the displacement:
dv d  ds  ds
a    [ v  ]
dt dt  dt  dt
dv d  ds  d 2 s
a    -----------------(ii)
dt dt  dt  dt 2
It follows (since integration is the opposite process to differentiation) that to obtain the
displacement, s of an object at time t (given the expression for velocity, v) we would use:
From (i),
ds
v
dt
 ds  vdt
  ds   vdt
 s   vdt ----------------------------------(iii)
Similarly, the velocity of an object at time t, given the acceleration a, is given by:

3 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

From (ii),
dv
a
dt
 dv  adt
  dv   adt
 v   adt ----------------------------------(iv)
-2
Example 1: A proton moves in an electric field such that its acceleration (in cms )
20
is a   ; where t is in seconds. Find the velocity as a function of time if v = 30
(1  2t ) 2
cms-1 when t = 0.

Solution: We have from (iv),

v   adt
 20dt
So  v   -------------------------------(i)
(1  2t ) 2
Put
u  1  2t
du d
  (1  2t )
dt dt
du
  0  2 .1
dt
du
 2
dt
du
 dt 
2
 20dt  20 du  10 1
From (i), v  
2
 2 .   2
du  10  2 du  10  u 2 du
(1  2t ) u 2 u u
u  2 1 u 1 1 10
 v  10   10   10  
21 1 u u
10
 v  c [u  1  2t ] --------------------(ii)
1  2t

When t = 0, v = 30
Putting these values in (ii),
10
v c
1  2t
10
 30  c
1 2 0
10
 30  c
1

4 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  30  10  c
 30  10  c
 20  c
 c  20
From (ii), So the expression for velocity as a function of time is:
10
v  20 Cm/sec
1  2t

Example 2: A flare is ejected vertically upwards from the ground at 15 m/s. Find the height of
the flare after2.5 second.
Solution: [The object has acting on it the force due to gravity, so its acceleration is
 9.8 m / sec 2 [in MKS system]
We have, v   adt
 v    9.8dt
 v  9.8t  c --------------------------------(i) [  dt  t ]
Now at t = 0, the velocity, v  15m / sec
Putting these values in (i)
v   9 .8 t  c
 15  9.8  0  c
 15  0  c
 15  c
 c  15
From (i), v  9.8t  c
 v  9.8t  15 [ c  15]
So the expression for velocity becomes: v  9.8t  15
Now, we need to find the displacement, so
We have: s   vdt
 s   vdt
 s   ( 9.8t  15) dt [ v  9.8t  15 ]
 s    9.8t dt   15dt  9.8  t 1 dt  15  dt
t 11 x n 1
 s   9 .8   15 t [  x n dx  c]
11 n1
t2
 s   9 .8   15 t  4.9  t 2  15 t
2
 s  4.9 t 2  15 t  c ------------------------------(ii)
Now, we know from the question that when t = 0, s = 0
Putting these values in (ii),
s  4.9 t 2  15 t  c
 0  4.9 .0 2  15.0  c

5 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  0  00c
 0c
 c0
From (ii), s  4.9 t 2  15 t  c
 s  4.9 t 2  15 t  0
 s  4.9 t 2  15 t ------------------------------------(iii)
At time t = 2.5
Putting this value in (iii),
s  4.9 t 2  15 t
 s  4.9  ( 2.5) 2  15  2.5  4.9  2.5  2.5  15  2.5  30.625  37.5  68.125

1. 2. Displacement and Velocity Formulas

Using integration, we can obtain the well-known expressions for displacement and velocity, given
a constant acceleration a, initial displacement zero, and an initial velocity v 0 .
We have, v   adt
 v  at  c -----------------------------(i)
Since the velocity at t = 0 is v 0 . That is v  v 0
Putting these values in (i),
v  at  c
 v0  a  0  c
 v0  c
 c  v0
From (i), v  at  c
 v  at  v 0 [ c  v 0 ] ----------------------(ii)
Similarly, we have,
s   vdt
 s   (at  v 0 ) dt [from (ii ); v  at  v 0 ]
 s   atdt   v 0 dt
 s  a  tdt  v 0  dt
 s  a  t 1dt  v 0  dt
t 11
 s  a  v 0  t  c [  dt  t ]
11
t2
 s  a  v 0t  c
2
t2
 sa  v 0 t  c ------------------------------(iii)
2
Since the displacement at t = 0 is s = 0
Putting these values in (iii),

6 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 t2
sa  v0t  c
2
02
 0a  v0  0  c
2
 0c
 c0
t2
From (iii), s  a  v0t  c
2
t2
sa  v 0 t  0 [ c  0]
2
t2 1
sa  v 0 t  v 0 t  at 2
2 2
1.3 Voltage across a Capacitor
Definition: The current, i (amperes), in an electric circuit equals the time rate of change of the
charge q, (in coulombs) that passes a given point in the circuit. We can write this (with t in
dq
seconds) as: i 
dt
By writing i dt  dq and integrating, we have:
 i dt   dq
  i dt  q
 q   i dt -------------------------------------(i)
q
The voltage, VC (in volts) across a capacitor with capacitance C (in farads) is given by VC 
C
It follows that
q
VC 
C
1
 VC  q
C
1
 VC   i dt [q   i dt ]
C
1
 VC   i dt
C

Example 3: The electric current (in mA) in a computer circuit as a function of time
is i  0.3  0.2 t . What total charge passes a point in the circuit in 0.050s ?
Solution: The charge, q , is given by: q   i dt
q   (0.3  0.2 t ) dt
t 1 1
 q   0.3 dt   0.2 t dt  0.3  dt  0.2  t dt  0.3  t  0.2  c
11

7 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 t2
 q  0 .3  t  0 .2   c  0 .3  t  0 .1  t 2  c
2
2
 q  0.3 t  0.1 t  c -----------------------(i)

At t = 0, q = 0
Putting these values in (i)
q  0.3 t  0.1 t 2  c
 0  0 .3  0  0 .1  0 2  c
 0  0.  c
 0c
 c0
From (i), q  0.3 t  0.1 t 2  c
 q  0.3 t  0.1 t 2  0 [ c  0]
 q  0.3 t  0.1 t 2 -----------------------------(ii)
At time t  0.050
q  0.3 t  0.1 t 2
 q  0.3  (0.050)  0.1  (0.050) 2  0.015  0.00025  0.01475

Example 4: The voltage across a 8.50 nF capacitor in an FM receiver circuit is zero.

Find the voltage after 2.00 μs if a current i  0.042t (in mA) charges the capacitor.
Solution:
q
We have VC 
C
1
 VC   i dt ---------------------------------(i)
C
1nF  10 F and 1s  10 6 s
9

 0.042t mA  0.042  10 3 t A
1
From (i), VC   i dt
C

----------------(ii)
Now, we are told that when t = 0, VC = 0.
Putting these values in (ii)
K = 0.
Thus

So when t = 2.00 μs, we have:

8 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 02. Geometrical Interpretation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIdM2oxPttQ

Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things. It is
often used to find the area underneath the graph of a function and the x-axis

To find the area bounded by the curve y  f ( x ) , the x-axis and the ordinates at x  a and
b n 1
x  b that is prove that  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Y Q
y  f x 
P2
P1
N
P M

h h h h X
O a A A1 A2 A3 B

b
Figure 01
b
Let, I   f ( x )dx
a
Suppose that the curve of y  f ( x ) shown above the figure.
Let, P & Q be the two points on the curve, Such that
OA  a
OB  b
AA 1  h, AA 2  2h

Then AB  OB  OA  b  a ---------------------------------------------(i)

9 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Let us, divide the interval [a, b] into n equal subintervals of which each length is h. and over each
subinterval construct a rectangle that extends from the x-axis to any point on the curve y  f ( x )
that is above the subinterval.
AA 1  h
AA 2  2h
AA 3  3h
------------
------------
------------
AB  nh

That is, AB  OB  OA  b  a  nh ------------------------------------(ii)

Let P( x, y ) be a point on the curve y  f ( x )

We have, y  f ( x ) --------------------------------------------------------------(iii)
Putting the values of x in (iii),
When x  a then y  f (a )
When x  a  h then y  f (a  h )
When x  a  2h then y  f (a  2h )
When x  a  3h then y  f (a  3h )
When x  a  4h then y  f (a  4h )

 The coordinates of P( x, y )  P(a, f (a ))

The coordinates of P1 ( x, y )  P1 (a  h, f (a  h ))
The coordinates of P2 ( x, y )  P2 (a  2h, f (a  2h ))

----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Now we see the area of all inner rectangles are

The area of 1st rectangle: AA 1MP  AA 1  PA  h  y  h  f (a )

The area of 2nd rectangle: A 1 A 2 NP1  A 1 A 2  P1 A 1  h  y  h  f (a  h )
The area of 3rd rectangle is  h  y  h  f (a  2h )
th
The area of 4 rectangle is  h  y  h  f (a  3h )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The area of nth rectangle is  h  y  h  f (a  (n  1)h )
________________________________________________________________
The total area is:
h  f (a )  h  f (a  h )  h  f (a  2h )               h  f (a  (n  1)h )
n 1
 h  f (a  rh )
r0

10 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
Total area under the curve y  f ( x ) over the interval [a, b]
b n 1
=  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh ) ---------------(iv)
a h0 r  0

[Integration Area Figure # 01

PABQ iv)
1
Example 05: Evaluate the Integral I   x dx by geometrically
0
Solution: Here, f ( x )  x
 f (a  rh )  a  rh
 f (0  rh )  0  rh [Here a  0, b  1]
 f (rh )  rh ----------------------------(i)
b n 1
We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  hf (a  rh ) [From equation iv]
a h 0
r0
1 n 1
 xdx  Lim  hf (a  rh )
0 h 0 r  0
1 n 1
 xdx  Lim  hf (0  rh ) [Here a  0, b  1]
0 h 0 r  0
n 1
 Lim  hf (rh )
h0
r0
n 1
 Lim  h  (rh ) [ f (rh )  rh] [From (i)]
h0 r  0
n 1
 Lim  h  (rh ) ----------------------------(ii)
h0 r  0
n
 Lim  h  (rh ) ---------------------------(iii)
h0
r 1

 Lim h(h  2h  3h                nh )
h 0

 Lim h  h(1  2  3                  n )
h0
n(n  1) nh (nh  h ) n(n  1)
 Lim h 2  Lim [ 1  2  3      n  ]
h 0 2 h0 2 2
1(1  h )
 Lim [nh  b  a  1  0  1] From Page no 10, equation no (ii)]
h 0 2
1 1
  xdx 
0 2

11 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1
Example 06 Evaluate the Integral I   xdx
0
1 1
1  x 11  x2   12 0 2   1 0 1 n x n 1
Solution: I   xdx            [  x dx  ]
0  1  1  0  2  0  2 2   2 2  2 n1
1
Example 07 :  e x dx
0
Solution: Here, a  0, b  1, nh  b  a  1
We have, f ( x)  e x
 f (a  rh )  e a  rh ----------------------------------------------(i)
b n 1
Now,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh ) [Page no 10; From equation iv]
a h0 r  0

1 n 1
x
 e dx  Lim  hf (a  rh )
0 h0 r  0
1 n 1
  e x dx  Lim  h e a  rh [ f (a  rh )  e a  rh ; From (i)]
0 h0 r  0
n 1
0  rh
 h Lim  e [a  0]
h 0 r  0

 h Lim(e  e 0 h  e 0 2h  e 0 3h              e 0 ( n 1)h )
0
h 0

 h Lim(1  e h  e 2h  e 3h              e ( n 1)h ) [e 0  1]
h 0

 Lim h(1  e h  e 2h  e 3h              e ( n 1)h )

h 0

 Lim h(1  e h  (e h ) 2  (e h ) 3           (e h ) n 1 )
h0

(e h ) n  1 xn  1
 Lim h [ 1  x  x 2     x n 1  ; x  1]
h0 eh  1 x1
e hn  1
 Lim h
h 0 eh  1
e1
 Lim h [a  0, b  1, nh  b  a  1  0  1] [Page no 10, equation (ii)]
h0 eh  1
h
 (e  1) Lim h
h0 e 1
h h2 h3
 (e  1) Lim [ e h  1  h      ]
h 0  h2 h3  2! 3!
1  h        1
 2! 3! 

12 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 h h
 (e  1) Lim  (e  1) Lim
 h 0 h h  2 h 0 
3
h h2 
 h        h  1      
 2! 3!   2! 3! 
 
1 1
 (e  1) Lim  (e  1)
h 0 h h 2 0 0
1   1  
2! 3! 2! 3!
1
 (e  1)  (e  1)  11  (e  1)
1 0 0   
1
x
 e dx  (e  1) Answer
0

1
Example 08 :  e x dx Directly
0
1
Solution: I   e x dx
0

 ex    e 1
0
1

 e 0  e  1  e  1

 x dx
2
Example 09:
0

b n 1
Solution: We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Given, f ( x )  x 2

f (a  rh )  (a  rh ) 2
Here a  0, b  1
b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
1 n 1

 x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)
2
h 0
0 r0
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 Lim  h (a  rh ) 2  Lim  h (0  rh ) 2  Lim  h (rh ) 2  Lim h  r 2 h 2
h 0 h 0 h 0 h 0
r0 r0 r0 r0
n 1 n 1 n
 Lim h  h 2  r 2  Lim h 3
r 2
 Lim h 3  r 2
h0 h 0 h0
r0 r0 r 1
3 2 2 2 2
 Lim h (1  2  3           n )
h0
n(n  1)( 2n  1) n(n  1)( 2n  1)
 Lim h 3 [ 1 2  2 2  3 2      n 2  ]
h0 6 6

13 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 nh(nh  h )( 2nh  h )
 Lim [ nh  1]
h 0 6
1.(1  h )( 2  1  h ) (1  h )( 2  h ) (1  0)( 2  0) 2 1
 Lim  Lim    Answer
h 0 6 h  0 6 6 6 3
1

 x dx
3
Example 10:
0

b n 1
Solution: We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Given, f ( x )  x 3

f (a  rh)  (a  rh ) 3
Here a  0, b  1
b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
1 n 1

 x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)
3
h 0
0 r0
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 Lim  h (a  rh ) 3  Lim  h (0  rh ) 3  Lim  h (rh ) 3  Lim h  r 3 h 3
h 0 h 0 h 0 h0
r0 r0 r0 r0
n 1 n 1 n
 Lim h  h 3  r 3  Lim h 4
r 3
 Lim h 4  r 3
h0 h0 h 0
r0 r0 r 1


 Lim h 4 1 3  2 3  3 3           n 3
h0

2
 n(n  1)  n(n  1) n(n  1) nh(nh  h ) nh(nh  h )
 Lim h  4
  Lim h4  Lim
h 0
 2  h  0 2 2 h  0 2 2
1.(1  h ) 1.(1  h )
 Lim [ nh  1]
h 0 2 2
1.(1  0) 1.(1  0) 1.(1) 1.(1) 1
   Answer
2 2 2 2 4
2
Example 11:  x 2 dx
1

b n 1
Solution: We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Given, f ( x )  x 2

f (a  rh )  (a  rh ) 2
Here a  1, b  2

We have, b  a  nh
 2  1  nh

14 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  nh  2  1  1
 nh  1
b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
2 n 1

 x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)
2
h 0
1 r0
n 1 n 1 n 1
 Lim  h (a  rh )  Lim  h (1  rh )  Lim  h (1  2rh  r 2 h 2 )
2 2
h 0 h 0 h 0
r0 r0 r0
n 1 n 1 n 1
 Lim h (1)  Lim h  2rh  Lim h  (r 2 h 2 )
h0 h 0 h 0
r0 r0 r0
n n n
 Lim h (1)  Lim h 2rh  Lim h  (r 2 h 2 )
h 0 h 0 h 0
r 1 r 1 r 1
n n
 Lim h(1  1  1      1)  Lim 2h 2  r  Lim h 3  r 2
h 0 h 0 h 0
r 1 r 1

 Lim h  n  Lim 2h (1  2  3       n)  Lim h (1  2 2  3 3       n 2 )

2 3 2
h0 h 0 h 0

n(n  1)  n(n  1)( 2n  1) 

 Lim(nh )  Lim 2h 2  Lim h 3  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0
 6 
nh(nh  h )  nh(nh  h )( 2nh  h ) 
 Lim(nh )  Lim 2  Lim  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0
 6 
1.(1  h )  1.(1  h )( 2.1  h ) 
 Lim(1)  Lim 2  Lim  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0
 6 
1.(1  0)  1.(1  0)( 2.1  0) 
 (1)  2  
2  6 
 (1)( 2)  1 7
 (1)  1     (1)  1  = Answer
 6  3 3

 x dx
2
Example 12:
1

b n 1
Solution: We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Given, f ( x )  x 2

f (a  rh )  (a  rh ) 2
Here a  1, b  2

We have, b  a  nh
2  1  nh
 nh  2  1  3
 nh  3

15 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
2 n 1

 x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)
2
h 0
1 r0
n 1 n 1
 Lim  h (a  rh ) 2  Lim  h ( 1  rh ) 2
h 0 h0
r0 r0
n 1
 Lim  h (1  2rh  r 2 h 2 )
h0
r0
n 1 n 1 n 1
 Lim h (1)  Lim h 2rh  Lim h  (r 2 h 2 )
h 0 h 0 h 0
r0 r0 r0
n n n
 Lim h (1)  Lim h 2rh  Lim h  (r 2 h 2 )
h 0 h 0 h 0
r 1 r 1 r 1
n n
 Lim h(1  1  1      1)  Lim 2h 2  r  Lim h 3  r 2
h 0 h 0 h 0
r 1 r 1

 Lim h  n  Lim 2h 2 (1  2  3       n)  Lim h 3 (1 2  2 2  3 3       n 2 )

h0 h 0 h 0

n(n  1)  n(n  1)( 2n  1) 

 Lim(nh )  Lim 2h 2  Lim h 3  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0
 6 
nh(nh  h )  nh(nh  h )( 2nh  h ) 
 Lim(nh )  Lim 2  Lim  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0
 6 
3.( 3  h )  3.( 3  h )( 2.3  h ) 
 Lim( 3)  Lim 2  Lim  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0
 6 
3.( 3  0)  3.( 3  0)(6  0) 
 ( 3)  2  
2  6 
 (9)(6) 
 ( 3)  9     ( 3)  9  9 = 3 Answer
 6 
b


Example 13: e  x dx
a
b n 1
Solution: We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Given, f ( x )  e  x
We have,
f ( x)  e  x
 f (a  rh )  e  ( a  rh )
b n 1
Now,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h0 r  0

16 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

b n 1

 e dx  Lim  hf (a  rh)
x
h0
a r0
b n 1

e
x
dx  Lim  h e  ( a rh )
h 0
a r0
b n

e
x
dx  Lim  h e  ( a  rh )
h 0
a r 1

 Lim h (e  ( a  h )  e  ( a  2h )  e  ( a  3h )              e  ( a  nh ) )
h0

 Lim h.(e  ( a h )  e  ( a h  h )  e  ( a  h  2h )              e  ( a  h  ( n 1)h ) )

h0

 Lim h.(e  ( a  h )  e  ( a  h ) h  e  ( a  h ) 2h              e  ( a  h ) ( n 1)h ) )

h0

 Lim h.(e  ( a h )  e  ( a h ) .e  h  e  ( a  h ) .e 2h            e  ( a h ) .e  ( n 1)h ) )

h0

 Lim h.e  ( a  h ) .[1  e  h  e 2h            e  ( n 1)h ]

h0

 Lim h.e  ( a  h ) .[1  (e  h )1  (e  h ) 2            (e  h ) n 1 ]

h0

1  xn
` [ 1  x 1  x 2            x n 1  ]
1 x
1  (e  h ) n (a h) 1  e
 nh
 Lim h.e  ( a  h ) .  Lim h .e .
h0 1  e h h 0 1  e h
 (ba )
(a h ) 1  e
 Lim h.e . [ nh  b  a]
h0 1  e h
1.e  ( a  h )  e  ( b  a ) .e  ( a h ) 1.e  ( a  h )  e  b  a  a  h
 Lim h.  Lim h.
h0 1  e h h0 1  e h
1.e  ( a h )  e  b  h 1.e  a .e  h  e  b .e  h
 Lim h.  Lim h .
h 0 1  e h h 0 1  e h
e  h (e  a  e  b ) a b e h
 Lim h.  ( e  e ) Lim h .
h0 1  e h h 0 1  e h
a b h.e  h a b e h h
 (e  e ) Lim  (e  e ) Lim
h0 1  e h h0 1
e  h (  h  1)
e
h h
 (e  a  e  b ) Lim  (e  a  e  b ) Lim h
h 0 1 h  0 (e  1)
(  h  1)
e
h
 (e  a  e  b ) Lim 2 3
h0 h h h
(1             1)
1! 2! 3!
h
 (e  a  e  b ) Lim 2 3
h0 h h h
(          )
1! 2! 3!

17 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 h
 (e  a  e  b ) Lim 2
h01 h h
  h(        )
1! 2! 3!
1
 (e  a  e  b ) Lim 2
h0 1 h h
(          )
1! 2! 3!
1
 (e  a  e b ) 2
1 0 0
(          )
1! 2! 3!
1
 (e  a  e b )
1
(  0  0        )
1!
 (e  a  e  b ) Answer

2
Example 14: Evaluate sin x dx 
0
Solution:  nh  b  a
 nh    0
2
 nh  
2
Given, f ( x )  sin x
 f (a  rh)  sin(a  rh )
b n 1
We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

2 n 1

 sin x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)

0
h0
r0
n 1
 Lim  h sin(a  rh)
h 0
r0
n 1
 Lim  h sin(0  rh ) [a  0]
h 0
r0
n 1 n
 Lim  h sin rh  Lim  h sin rh
h 0 h0
r0 r 1

2

 sin x dx
0
 Lim h(sinh  sin 2h  sin 3h          sin nh ) -------------------(i)
h 0

Let S  (sinh  sin 2h  sin 3h          sin nh ) -----------------------------------(ii)

h
Multiplying by 2 sin
2
h h
 2 sin S  (sinh  sin 2h  sin 3h          sin nh )2 sin
2 2

18 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


h h h h h
S  2 sin  sinh 2 sin  sin 2h  2 sin  sin 3h  2 sin       sin nh  2 sin
2 2 2 2 2
h h h h h
 S  2 sin  2 sinh sin  2 sin 2h sin  2 sin 3h sin          2 sin nh sin
2 2 2 2 2

h  h h   h h 
S  2 sin  cos(h  )  cos(h  )  cos(2h  )  cos(2h  ) 
2  2 2   2 2 
 h h   h h 
cos(3h  )  cos(3h  )                 cos(nh  )  cos(nh  )
 2 2   2 2 
[ 2 sin A sin B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B]


h  h 3h   3h 5h   5h 7h 
S  2 sin  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )     
2  2 2   2 2   2 2 
 h h 
                 cos(nh  )  cos(nh  )
 2 2 
h h 3h 3h 5h 5h 7h
S  2 sin  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )  cos( )       
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 h h 
                      cos(nh  )  cos(nh  )
 2 2 

 S  2 sin  cos( )    cos(nh  )

h h h
2 2  2 
h h h
 S  2 sin  cos( )  cos(nh  )
2 2 2
h h
cos( )  cos(nh  )
 S 2 2 ----------------------------------(iii)
h
2 sin
2
From (1),

2
  sin x dx
0
 Lim h(sinh  sin 2h  sin 3h          sin nh )
h 0

 h h
2 cos( )  cos(nh  )
  sin x dx  Lim h  2 2 [From (iii)]
h 0 h
0
2 sin
2
h h h 

2 cos( )  cos(nh  )
  sin x dx  Lim 2  2 2 
h 0 h
0
sin
2

19 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  h
2
 
  sin x dx  Lim 2 .Lim cos( h )  cos(nh  h ) 
h 0 h  2 2 
sin 
h0
0
2

2

 1. Lim cos( )  cos(nh  )
h h
  sin x dx
0
h0
 2 2 
[ Lim
 0 sin 
 1]

2
 0
 1. cos( )  cos(  )
0
  sin x dx [ nh   ]
 2 2 2  2
0

2

  sin x dx  1. cos 0  cos(  0)
0  2 

2

  sin x dx  1. cos 0  cos( )
0  2 

2
  sin x dx
0
 1. (1  0)  1 Answer

2
  
 sin x dx   cos x   cos  cos 0  0  1  1

2
Directly: 0
0  2 
b
Example 15: Evaluate sin x dx 
a
Solution:  nh  b  a
 nh  b  a

Given, f ( x )  sin x
 f (a  rh)  sin(a  rh )
b n 1
We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
b n 1

 sin x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)

a
h0
r0
n 1
 Lim  h sin(a  rh)
h 0
r0
n
 Lim  h sin(a  rh )
h 0
r 1
b

 sin x dx  Lim hsin(a  h )  sin(a  2h )  sin(a  3h )      sin(a  nh ) ---------(i)

h 0
a
Let, S  sin(a  h )  sin(a  2h )  sin(a  3h )           sin(a  nh ) ------------(ii)
h
Multiplying by 2 sin
2

20 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 h h
 2 sin S  sin(a  h )  sin(a  2h )  sin(a  3h )           sin(a  nh )sin
2 2
h h h h
 S  2 sin  sin(a  h )  2 sin  sin(a  2h )  2 sin  sin(a  3h )  2 sin    
2 2 2 2
h
               sin(a  nh )  2 sin
2
h h h h
 S  2 sin  2 sin(a  h ) sin  2 sin(a  2h ) sin  2 sin(a  3h ) sin      
2 2 2 2
h
               2 sin(a  nh ) sin
2
h  h h   h h 
 S  2 sin  cos(a  h  )  cos(a  h  )  cos(a  2h  )  cos(a  2h  ) 
2  2 2   2 2 
 h h   h h 
cos(a  3h  )  cos(a  3h  )           cos(a  nh  )  cos(a  nh  )
 2 2   2 2 
[ 2 sin A sin B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B]

h  h 3h   3h 5h 
 S  2 sin  cos(a  )  cos(a  )  cos(a  )  cos(a  ) 
2  2 2   2 2 
 5h 7h   h h 
cos(a  )  cos(a  )             cos(a  nh  )  cos(a  nh  )
 2 2   2 2 
h h 3h 3h 5h 5h
S  2 sin  cos(a  )  cos(a  )  cos(a  )  cos(a  )  cos(a  )
2 2 2 2 2 2

7h  h h 
 cos(a  )                   cos(a  nh  )  cos(a  nh  )
2  2 2 

 S  2 sin  cos(a  )    cos(a  nh  )

h h h
2 2  2 
h h h
 S  2 sin  cos(a  )  cos(a  nh  )
2 2 2
h h
cos(a  )  cos(a  nh  )
 S 2 2 -------------------------------------(iii)
h
2 sin
2
From (i),
b
  sin x dx  Lim hsin(a  h )  sin(a  2h )  sin(a  3h )      sin(a  nh )
h 0
a
h h
b cos(a  )  cos(a  nh  )
  sin x dx  Lim h 2 2 [From (iii)]
h 0 h
a
2 sin
2

21 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 h h h 
b cos(a  )  cos(a  nh  )
  sin x dx  Lim 2  2 2 
h 0 h
a
sin
2
b
h
 
  sin x dx  Lim 2 .Lim cos(a  h )  cos(a  nh  h ) 
h 0 h h0  2 2 
a
sin 
2
b

  sin x dx  1. Lim cos(a  )  cos(a  nh  )
h h
[ Lim  1]
a
h0
 2 2   0 sin 
b
  sin x dx  1. cos(a  )  cos(a  b  a  ) [ nh  b  a]
0 0
a  2 2 
b
  sin x dx  1. cos a  cos(b )  (cos a  cos b )
a
b
  sin x dx  cos a  cos b Answer
a
b

 sin x dx   cos x  cos b  cos a  cos a  cos b Answer

b
Directly: a
a
3
Example 16: x 3 dx
2
b n 1
Solution: We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

Given, f ( x )  x 3

f (a  rh)  (a  rh ) 3
Here a  2, b  3
 nh  b  a
 nh  3  2  1
b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0
3 n 1

 x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)
3
h 0
2 r0
n 1
 Lim  h (a  rh ) 3
h 0
r0
n 1
 Lim  h ( 2  rh ) 3 [ a  2, b  3]
h 0
r0
n
 Lim h  ( 2  rh ) 3
h 0
r 1

22 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  
n
 Lim h 2 3  3  2 2  rh  3  2  (rh ) 2  (rh ) 3
h 0
r 1

 
n
 Lim h 8  12rh  6r 2 h 2  r 3 h 3
h0
r 1
n n n n
 Lim h 8  Lim h  12rh  Lim h 6r h  Lim h r 3 h 3 2 2
h0 h 0 h0 h 0
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1
n n n n
 Lim h8  Lim 12h 2  r  Lim 6h 3  r 2  Lim h 4  r 3
h 0 h 0 h 0 h0
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1

 Lim h8(1  1  1      1)  Lim 12h (1  2  3      n )  2

h 0 h 0

Lim 6h (1  2  3       n 2 )  Lim h 4 (1 3  2 3  3 3       n 3 )
3 2 2 2
h 0 h 0
2
n(n  1) n(n  1)( 2n  1)  n(n  1) 
 Lim 8nh  Lim 12h   Lim 6h 3  2
 Lim h 4   
h0 h 0 2 h0 6 h 0
 2 
2
nh( nh  h) nh( nh  h)( 2nh  h)  nh( nh  h) 
 Lim 8nh  Lim 12   Lim 6   Lim  
h 0 h 0 2 h 0 6 h 0
 2 
2
1  (1  h ) 1  (1  h )( 2  1  h )  1  (1  h ) 
 Lim 8  1  Lim 12   Lim  Lim  
h0 h0 2 h  0 6 h  0
 2 
2
1  (1  0) 1  (1  0)( 2  1  0)  1  (1  0) 
 8  1  12    
2 6  2 
2
1 2 1 1 32  24  8  1 65
 8  1  12       8  6  2    Answer
2 6 2 4 4 4


2
Example 17: Evaluate cos x dx 
0

Solution:  nh  b  a
 nh    0
2
 nh  
2
Given, f ( x )  cos x
 f (a  rh )  cos(a  rh )
b n 1
We have,  f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
a h 0 r  0

2 n 1

 cos x dx  Lim  h f (a  rh)

0
h0
r0
n 1
 Lim  h cos(a  rh )
h 0
r0

23 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 n 1
 Lim  h cos(0  rh ) [a  0]
h 0
r0
n 1 n
 Lim  h cos rh  Lim  h cos rh
h 0 h 0
r0 r 1

2

 cos x dx
0
 Lim h(cosh  cos 2h  cos 3h          cos nh ) -------------------(i)
h 0

Let S  (cosh  cos 2h  cos 3h          cos nh ) -----------------------------------(ii)

h
Multiplying by 2 sin
2
h h
2 sin S  (cosh  cos 2h  cos 3h          cos nh )2 sin
2 2

h h h h h
S  2 sin  cosh 2 sin  cos 2h  2 sin  cos 3h  2 sin       cos nh  2 sin
2 2 2 2 2
h h h h h
 S  2 sin  2 cosh sin  2 cos 2h sin  2 cos 3h sin          2 cos nh sin
2 2 2 2 2
h  h h   h h 
S  2 sin  sin( h  )  sin( h  )  sin( 2h  )  sin( 2h  ) 
2  2 2   2 2 

 h h   h h 
sin( 3h  )  sin( 3h  )                 sin( nh  )  sin( nh  )
 2 2   2 2 
h  3h h   5h 3h   7h 5h 
 S  2 sin  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )   
2  2 2   2 2   2 2 
 h h 
             sin(nh  )  sin(nh  )
 2 2 
h 3h h 5h 3h 7h 5h
 S  2 sin  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )  sin( )   
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h h h 3h h
         sin(nh  )  sin(nh  )  S  2 sin  sin( )  sin( )
2 2
2 2 2
h h h
 S  2 sin   sin( )  sin( nh  ) 5h 3h
2 2 2  sin( )  sin( )
2 2
h h h
 S  2 sin  sin( nh  )  sin( ) 7h 5h
2 2 2  sin( )  sin( ) 
h h 2 2
sin( nh  )  sin( ) --------------------------
 S 2 2 -------------(iii)
h
--------------------------
2 sin h h
2  sin(nh  )  sin(nh  )
From (i), 2 2


2
  cos x dx
0
 Lim h(cosh  cos 2h  cos 3h          cos nh )
h 0

24 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  h h
2 sin(nh )  sin( )
  cos x dx  Lim h 2 2 [From (iii)]
h 0 h
0
2 sin
2
h  h h 

2 sin(nh  )  sin( )
  cos x dx  Lim 2  2 2 
h 0 h
0
sin
2
 h
2
 
  cos x dx  Lim 2 .Lim sin(nh  h )  sin( h ) 
h 0 h  2 2 
sin 
h  0
0
2

2

 1. Lim sin(nh  )  sin( )
h h
  cos x dx
0
h0
 2 2 
[ Lim
 0 sin 
 1]

2
 0
 1. sin(  )  sin( )
0
  cos x dx [ nh   ]
 2 2 2  2
0

2

  cos x dx  1. sin( )  sin 0  1. (1  0)  1 Answer
0  2 
1
Putting h
n
n n
Example 18: Evaluate Lim
n 
r
r0
2
 n2
 nh  1
1
n
n and if n   then h
Solution:: Let S  Lim  2 n
r0 r  n
n  2
1
n h
n n
 S  Lim  2
r0 n  r
2
n 1
h
n
n 
 S  Lim 
n 
r0 r2 h0
n 2 (1  2 ) That is n   then h  0
n
n n
1 1
 Lim   Lim  We have,
r0   r  
2
n 
r0 r n   2 b n 1
n(1  2 ) n 1      f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
n   n   a h 0 r  0
Where, b  a  nh
1 n 1
 S  Lim   b  a  nh
r0 
  r  
n  n 2

 1    
  n   Where x  rh
n
 x  0  rh
n  x  a  rh
Therefore, S  Lim  2
r0 r  n
2
n 
That is a  0 , is the lower limit.

Also, b  a  nh
b  01
b  1 ; is the upper limit
25 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC
 1 n 1
S  Lim 
r0 
  r  
n  n 2

1    
  n  
n
1
 Lim h
r0  
h0 2
 2 1  
 1  r   
  n  
n
1
 Lim h 
h 0
r0 1  r h 
2 2

n
1
S  Lim h
h 0 
r0 1  r h
2 2

1
dx
  1 x
0
2
[h  dx]


 tan 1 x  1
0  tan 1 1  tan 1 0  tan 1 tan

4

 tan 1 tan 0   0 
4

4
n
n 
 Lim   Answer
r0 r  n
2 2
n  4

n
r3
Example 19: Evaluate Lim
n 

r 1 r  n
4 4 Putting
1
h
n
r3 n  nh  1
Solution: Let, S  Lim 
n 
r 1 r  n
4 4 1
and if n   then h
n
r3 n
 S  Lim  4 1
r 1 n  r
4
n
h
n
n
r3
 S  Lim  1
n 
r 1  r4  h
n 4 1  4  
 n  h0
r3 That is n   then h  0
n
 Lim  n3 We have,
r 1    r  
n  4
b n 1
n 1      f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
  n   a h 0 r  0
3 Where, b  a  nh
r
n
   b  a  nh
n
 Lim 
n 
r 1   r  4  Where x  rh
n 1      x  0  rh
  n  
 x  a  rh
That is a  0 , is the lower limit.

Also, b  a  nh
b  01
26  1Dr.; is
bProf. the upper
A.N.M. limit
Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC
 3
r
 
1 n n
S  Lim
n 

n r 1   r  4 
1    
  n  
Therefore,
3
r
 
1 n n
S  Lim r 1 
  r  
n  n 4

1    
  n  

S  Lim h
n
rh 3
h 0
r  1 1  rh  
4

    
1 3 1 3
x dx 1 4x dx 1 1 1
  1 x
0
4
 
4 0 1 x 4
 log 1  x 4
4 0 
4
log(1  1 4 )  log(1  0)

1
 log 2  log 1  1 log 2  0 S  1 log 2 Answer
4 4 4

 1 22 32 n2 
Example 20: Evaluate Lim     .................  
n   1  n 3 23  n 3 33  n 3 n 3  n 3 

 1 22 32 n2 
Solution: Let S  Lim     .......... .......  
n   1  n 3 23  n 3 33  n 3 n 3  n 3 

n r2
 S  Lim 
n   r 1 r 3  n3
n r2 n
r2 n
r2
 S  Lim   Lim   Lim 
n   r 1 n 3  r3 n 
r 1 n3 r3  n 
r 1  r3 
n  3  3
3
n 3 1  3 
n n   n 
r2
n r2 n
n2
 S  Lim   Lim  1
n  r 1   r  3  n    r  3  Putting h
3 r 1
n 1    
n 1     n
  n     n   nh  1
2 1
r and if n   then h
n
  n
n
S  Lim  ----------------------------(i) 1
n   r 1   r  3  h
n 1     n
  n   1
h

h0
That is n   then h  0

27 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 2
r
n
 
n
 S  Lim 
n   r 1   r  3 
n 1    
  n  
2
1 1
n
r  
n n
 S  Lim 
n   r 1  3
  1 
1   r   
  n 
n h(rh ) 2 We have,
 S  Lim 
h  0 r 1 1  (rh)  3 b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
n (rh) 2 a h 0 r  0
 S  Lim h 
h 0 r 1 1  (rh)  3 Where, b  a  nh
 b  a  nh
1 x2
S dx
01 x3 Where x  rh
x  0  rh
1 x2
 S   dx x  a  rh
01 x3 That is a  0 , is the lower limit.
1 1 3x 2
S  dx Also, b  a  nh
3 0 1  x3
b  01
S
1
3
 3 1
ln(1  x ) 0  b  1 ; is the upper limit

S
1
3

ln(1  1 3 )  ln(1  0 3 ) 
1
S ln 2  ln 1
3
1  2 a
S  ln  [ log a  log b  log ]
3  1 b
1
S ln 2 Answer
3

1 n2 n2 1
Example 21: Evaluate Lim     .................  
n   n
 (n  1) 3 (n  2 ) 3 8n 

1 n2 n2 1
Solution: Let S  Lim     .......... .......  
n   n
 (n  1) 3 (n  2) 3 8n 

28 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  1 n2 n2 n2 
 S  Lim     .................  
n    (n  0) 3 (n  1) 3 (n  2) 3 (n  n ) 3 

n n2 n
n2
 S  Lim 
n   r  0 (n  r ) 3
 Lim
n 
 3
r0  r
n 3 1  
 n
n n2
 S  Lim  3
n  r  0
3 r
n 1  
 n
n 1
 S  Lim  3
---------------(i) 1
n r  0  r Putting h
n 1   n
 n nh  1
n 1
 S  Lim  1
n r  0 3 and if n   then h
 r n
n 1  
 n 1
h
1 n
n
n 1
 S  Lim  h
h 0 r  0  1
3 
1  r   h0
 n
That is n   then h  0
n h
 S  Lim 
h 0 r  0 1  rh3
n 1
 S  Lim h 

h 0 r  0 1  rh 3 
-----------------(ii)
Where, x  1  rh
n 1 x  a  rh
 S  Lim h 

h 0 r  0 1  rh 3   a  1 is the lower
2 limit.
2 dx 2
 x  31 
 S   3   x  3 dx    Also, b  a  nh
1x 1   3  11 b  1  nh
2 b  11
 x 2   2 2 1  2 
 S     b2
  2  1   2  2 
1 1 1 1 1 
S   2  1
 2 2 2
1   2  4 
1 1  4  1  3 3
S   Answer
 2  4   2  4  8
 

29 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 1 1 1 
Example 22: Evaluate Lim    ................ 
n   na na  1 nb 
1 1 1 
Solution: Let S  Lim    ................ 
n   na na  1 nb 
 1 1 1 1 
 S  Lim     ................ 
n    na  0 na  1 na  2 nb  na  na 
n(b a ) 1
 S  Lim 
n  r  0 na  r
n( b a ) 1
 S  Lim 
n r  0  r
n a  
 n
n(b a ) 1
 S  Lim  n 1
Putting  h
n  r  0  1 n
a  r  
 n  nh  1
n(b a ) h 1 Where x  a  rh
 S  Lim  and if n   then  h
h 0 r  0 a  rh  n  the lower limit is a
n(b a ) 1 1
 S  Lim h  h
and the upper limit is
h 0 
r  0 a  rh  n
a  nh(b  a )
n(b a ) 1
1 h  a  nh(b  a )
 S  Lim h  
h 0 r  0 a  rh   a  (b  a )
h0
b dx
S That is n   then h  0 b
a x
 S  ln x ba  ln b  ln a  Answer

 110  210  310  ..................  n 10 

Example 23: Evaluate Lim  
n 
 n 11 
 110  210  310  .....................  n 10 
Solution: Let S  Lim  
n  
 n 11 
1  110  210  310  .........................  n 10 
 S  Lim  
n  n 
 n 10 
 110 210 3 10
1 n 10 
 S  Lim  10    .......... .......... .  
n  n
 n n 10 n 10 n 10 
1  1 1 1 1 
 S  Lim 110 ( )10  210 ( )10  310 ( )10  .....................  n 10 ( )10 
n  n  n n n n 

30 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
 S  Lim h 110 (h )10  210 (h )10  310 (h )10  ..........................  n 10 (h )10
h0

n 1 We have,
 S  Lim h  (rh )10 Putting h
h0 r 1 n b n 1
 f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
n nh  1 h 0 r  0
 S  Lim h  (rh )10 a
h0 r 1 1 Where, b  a  nh
and if n   then  h
1 n  b  a  nh
 S   x 10 dx 1 Where x  rh
0 h x  0  rh
1 n
 x 101  x  a  rh
S 1
 h That is a  0 , is the lower limit.
 10  1  0  Also, b  a  nh
1 h0 b  01
 x 11  That is n   then h  0
S  b  1 ; is the upper limit
 11  0
 111 011   111  111 1
S  
   0   Answer
 11 11   11  11 11

 1 1 1 
Example 24: Evaluate Lim    ................  1
n   n  1m
 n  2m n  nm  Putting h
n
 1 1 1  nh  1
Solution: Let Lim    ................ 
n   n  1m
 n  2m n  nm  1
n
and if n   then h
1 n
 S  Lim 
n 
r 1 n  r m
1
h
n
1 n
 S  Lim  1
r 1  rm 
n 
n 1   h
 n  
h0
n 1
n That is n   then h  0
 S  Lim 
r 1  1
n 
 1  rm  
 n We have,
n
h b n 1
 S  Lim   f ( x ) dx  Lim  h f (a  rh )
r 1 1  rm h 
h 0
a h 0 r  0
n
1 Where, b  a  nh
 S  Lim h 
r  1 1  rmh 
h 0  b  a  nh
n
1
 S  Lim h  Where x  rh
r  1 1  mrh 
h 0
x  0  rh
1
dx 1
1 mdx x  a  rh
S  1  mx
0
 
m 0 1  mx That is a  0 , is the lower limit.

Also, b  a  nh
b  01
b  1 ; is the upper limit
31 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC
 1
S ln(1  mx ) 10
m
1
S ln(1  m.1)  ln(1  m.0)
m
1
S ln(1  m)  ln(1)
m
1
S ln(1  m)  0
m
1
S ln(1  m) Answer
m

32 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC